【专题七】非谓语动词

专题七非谓语动词一个简单句只能有一个动词做谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词；在这个简单句中，其他没有做谓语的动词，不管有多少个，都不能做谓语，这些动词就叫非谓语动词。

谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来，非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来。

非谓语动词包括：动词不定式-to do动名词-doing现在分词-doing过去分词-done非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不是做谓语的动词；非谓语动词除了不做谓语，可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分。

要掌握非谓语动词的用法，就是要掌握不同非谓语动词在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法。

一、非谓语动词的用法区别从含义上大略可以区别：过去分词-done一般表示被动、完成的意思，所以从主动和被动方面先可以把过去分词和动词不定式、现在分词、动名词区分开来。

动词不定式一般表示目的、还未发生的动作。

现在分词一般表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。

动名词具有名词的特性，在句中一般做主语、宾语、表语。

所以，就区别to do与doing的区别就可以了。

1、to do与doing（动名词）的区别（主要是在做主语、表语和宾语时的区别）（1）做主语和表语的区别一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为或者经常性行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来发生的动作，多作不定式。

做主语:Smoking is prohibited here.此地禁止抽烟。

To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀请他参加明天的聚会是必要的。

做表语：My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英语。

Our task now is to increase food production.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。

表语是以下一些词，一般用动名词做真正主语：注意：it是形式主语，动名词是真正主语。

It’s no use talking like that.It’s a waste of time arguing with him.这种句型，表语是其他词，用不定式做真正主语。

专题七非谓语动词动词的非谓语有三种形式：不定式；动名词；分词一．非谓语动词的句法功能1.不定式：1)不定式作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语It is right to give up smoking.2)不定式作表语My job is to teach students.3)不定式作宾语He deserved to win because she was the best.I can’t afford to live in a five-star hotel.下列动词后常接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, claim, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, think, threaten, undertake, venture, want, wish等4)不定式作宾补My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary.He asked me to do the work with him.常跟不定式作宾补的动词：advise, allow, ask, beg, compel, convince, command, recommend, enable, encourage, expect, force, hate, help, inspire, intend, invite, lead, instruct, notice, observe, order, permit, persuade, press, remind, request, teach, tell, urge, want, watch, warn, wish等*注意：（1）下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾补（但在被动语态中要还原to）: “五看三使两听一感觉“五看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）三使（make, let, have）两听（hear, listen to）一感觉（feel）例：I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.（2）在下列结构的than之后常接不带to的不定式：(would rather…than; rather than; do more than; do less than)例：I would rather go than stay.5)Hope, demand, suggest等后不能接动词不定式作宾补I hope/demand/suggest you to come. (错)I hope that you can come. （正确）6)不定式作定语a)不定式作定语大都用于表示即将发生的动作He’s finally made a decision to leave.The farmers thought of ways to protect their corps.b)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式的地点、工具等，不定式后面要有相应的介词The Jacks have a comfortable house to live in.(如果不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去)He had no money and no place to live (in).c)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系Jack is the best man to do this job.Liuxiang was the first Asian athlete to win the gold medal of man’s 110mhurdle race in the Olympic Games.d)被修饰词是抽象名词时用不定式：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse,promise, answer, belief, attempt, way, reason, moment, time等Do you have the ability to read this English novel?I got no chance to go fishing.7)不定式作状语a)作目的状语I came here to see you.Jack had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of music.*注：（不定式本身有自己的主语时，可用“for…to”来表示）My father bought a book for me to read.目的状语还可以用以下方法表达：（in order to 可置于句首表示强调；so as to 通常不至于句首）b)作结果状语He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(表达令人意外的结果用only +to find/realize)He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.c)作条件状语To look at him, you would like him.（某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐，后跟不定式表示原因）I’m very glad to see you.I should be happy to be of any service to you.d)作原因状语We were very excited to hear the news.e)带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度He was too excited not to say a word.He is old enough to go to school.8)不定式作独立成分常用的短语有：to be frank坦白地说；to be exact确切的说；To make a long story short 长话短说; needless to say 不用说9)不定时的时态(一)不定式的一般式（to do; to be done）1.表示与谓语动词同时（或几乎同时发生）I saw him go out.2.表示在谓语动词之后发生I plan to attend the meeting tomorrow.(二)不定式进行时（to be doing）1.表示谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行He pretended to be sleeping when I came in.2.表示在谓语动词之后发生He is believed to be coming.(三)不定式完成时（to have done; to have been done）1.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成时The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.(不定式的完成时常用在appear, believe, hope, pretend, seem等表示看法与想法的动词后)2.如果不定式由持续动词构成，而且句中有for, since等表示段时间的时间状语，则不定式的完成时表示持续到谓语动词之时仍没有结束He seems to have been ill for a long time. (强调现在还病着)I’m happy to have lived with you since I came to this school. （强调现在仍住在一起）3.不定式的完成时表示没有实现的愿望I hoped to have finished the work earlier. (我本希望能够尽早完成工作)I intend to have come to see you. (我本打算来看你)2.动名词：1)作主语Seeing is believing. 眼见为实2)作表语My job is teaching.3)作宾语He finished reading the book yesterday.i.下列动词只能接动名词作宾语：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, admit, delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escapeii.动词词组正能接动名词作宾语：Be used to, devote to, lead to, stick to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy in, have difficulty/trouble in, have a good time in, spend time in等iii.动词need, require, want作“需要”讲时，deserve作“应得”讲时，其后跟动词作它的宾语表示主语是该动作的承受者时，必须用动名词主动式（或不定式的被动式）表示被动意义The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.He deserved hanging/ to be hanged. (他罪当被绞死)iv.在excuse, forgive, pardon后接动名词时通常需要再动名词之前加上形容词性物主代词，也可接宾格人称代词+for+-ingExcuse me for opening your letter.=Excuse my opening your letter.Forgive me for interrupting you.=forgive my interrupting you.4)动名词的时态(一)一般式（v-ing; being done）如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生还是在谓语动作之前发生，用一般式We are interested in playing cards.His coming will be of great help to us.(二)完成式（having done; having been done）动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所发生的动作之前，通常用动名词完成式I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.*注：动名词语态（在to be worth doing 句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动，修饰worth用well）例：The book is well worth reading.5)动名词和不定式结构在意义上的区别：动名词表示一般习惯，抽象概念，用于描述发生在主要动词之前的行为不定式表示具体的或特定的动作，用于描述发生在主要动词之后的行为Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火)To play with fire is dangerous. (指这一具体动作)下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但在意义上有所差别：1.forget to do sth. 忘记做某事；forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事2.remember to do sth. 记得要做某事；remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事3.stop to do sth. 定下来去做里一件事；stop doing sth. 停止做某事4.try to do sth. 努力做某事；try doing sht. 尝试着做某事5.go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事情；go on doing sth. 接着做同一件事情6.can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事；can’t help doing sht. 情不自禁做某事3.分词1)做表语：（表示主语的性质或特征）He was very amusing.That book was rather boring.2)作宾补：现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语，例如：see, hear,catch, find, keep , have 等.I see him passing my house every day.I caught him stealing things in that shop.We found her greatly changed.3)作定语(一)单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；副词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water are harmful to pelple’s health.Most of people questioned refused to answer.(二)现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，或表示某个经常性的动作或状态The gentleman standing there is my teacher.(三)现在分词的被动式作定语强调动作正在进行中The house being built will be our office building.Did you see the boy being questioned by the police?(四)分词完成式不能做定语。

专题07 非谓语动词易错题【01】非谓语动词做状语易错题【02】非谓语动词做主语、宾语和表语易错题【03】非谓语动词做定语易错题【04】非谓语动词做补语01非谓语动词做状语（2020年全国Ⅰ，语法填空，1.5分）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Chang’e-4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.【警示】本题容易出错的主要原因是句子结构分析不清楚。

【问诊】句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。

此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。

【答案】to find【叮嘱】非谓语动词作状语1．动词不定式作状语(1)动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do，so as to do，to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。

In order to pass the exam，he worked hard.为了通过考试，他努力学习。

(2)动词不定式作结果状语时常用于too...to do，enough to do，so/such...as to，only/just to do结构中。

He is such a good teacher as to be respected by all his students.他是个如此好的老师，以至于受到他所有学生的尊敬。

He rushed to the station，only to find that the train had left.他匆忙赶到火车站，却发现火车已经开走了。

(3)在be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth结构中作原因状语。

He was surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这一消息，他感到吃惊。

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词命题规律非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。

动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点。

考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。

非谓语动词高考常考点：（1）非谓语动词的时态和语态主动形式被动形式动词不定式一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have beendone完成进行式to have beendoing动词－ing 形式一般式doing being done完成式having donehaving beendone过去分词只有一种形式done（2）非谓语动词作状语①不定式作状语：a.作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。

b. 作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too...to...，only to等。

c. 作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。

d. 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。

②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语：a. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。

b. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。

③过去分词作状语：a. 过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。

b. 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。

专题七非谓语动词2011. 12. 19五年高考A组2011年全国高考题组1. The next thing he saw was smoke _______ from behind the house.A. roseB. risingC. to riseD. risen2. The island, ________ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.A. joiningB. to joinC. joinedD. having joined3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ________ nothing about the argument.A. saysB. saidC. to sayD. saying4. Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path _______ up to the house.A. leadingB. leadsC. ledD. to lead5. Passengers are permitted _________ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carryB. carryingC. to be carriedD. being carried6. __________ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. TranslatingB. TranslatedC. To translateD. Having translated7. On receiving a phone call from his wife _______ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.A. saysB. saidC. sayingD. to say8. Claire had her luggage ________ an hour before her plane left.A. checkB. checkingC. to checkD. checked9. More highways have been built in China, _______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.A. makingB. madeC. to makeD. having made10. It’s important for the figures _________ regularly.A. to be updatedB. to have been updatedC. to updateD. to have updated11. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, _________ on your feet.A. to keepB. keepingC. having keptD. to have kept12. Tsinghua University, ________ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. foundB. foundingC. foundedD. to be founded13. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ___________.A. heldB. holdingC. be heldD. to hold14. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ________ a life span of around 20 years.A. havingB. hadC. haveD. to have15. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _________ for words.A. loseB. lostC. to loseD. having lost16. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ________ by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheeredB. be cheeredC. to be cheeredD. were cheered17. Recently a survey _________ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.A. comparedB. comparingC. comparesD. being compared18. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ________ into smalll pieces.A. breakB. breakingC. brokenD. to break19. The ability ________ an idea is as important as the idea itself.A. expressingB. expressedC. to expressD. to be expressed20. The players _________ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.A. selectingB. to selectC. selectedD. having selected21. Do you wake up every morning ________ energetic and ready to start a new day?A. feelB. to feelC. feelingD. felt22. ________ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.A. GatherB. To gatherC. GatheringD. To be gathering23. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ________ people’s concern over food safety.A. to raiseB. raisingC. to have raisedD. having raised24. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams.A. remindingB. to remindC. remindedD. remind25. Lydia doesn’t feel like ________ abroad. Her parents are old.A. studyB. studyingC. studiedD. to study26. Simon made a big bamboo box ________ the little sick bird till it could fly.A. keepB. keptC. keepingD. to keep27. _________ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.A. OfferB. OfferingC. OfferedD. To offer28. It’s no use ________ without taking any action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained29. The rare fish, ________ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved30. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ________ that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized31. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, e-mailing…but we seem _______ the art of communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostB组2007—2010年全国高考题组1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ________ from the library.A. to borrowB. to be borrowedC. borrowedD. borrowing2. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ________ presents for my dad.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. to have bought3. I have a lot of readings ________ before the end of this term.A. completingB. to completeC. completedD. being completed4. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ for a meal to be cooked.A. laidB. layingC. to layD. being laid5. It rained heavily in the south, _______ serious flooding in several provinces.A. causedB. having causedC. causingD. to cause6. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues _______ with her stories.A. amusedB. amusingC. to amuseD. to be amused7. ________ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.A. ApproachingB. ApproachedC. To approachD. To be approached8. That is the only way we can imagine _______ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms.A. reducingB. to reduceC. reducedD. reduce9. ________ at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. LookingB. LookC. To lookD. Looked10. I’m calling to enquire about the position _______ in yesterday’s China Daily.A. advertisedB. to be advertisedC. advertisingD. having advertised11. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _______ the students to return to their classrooms.A. enablingB. having enabledC. to enableD. to have enabled12. ________ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A. SeenB. SeeingC. Having seenD. To see13. His first book ________ next month is based on a true story.A. publishedB. to be publishedC. to publishD. being published14. The lady walked around the shops, ________ an eye out for bargains.A. keepB. keptC. keepingD. to keep15. There were many talented actors out there just waiting ________.A. to discoverB. to be discoveredC. discoveredD. being discovered16. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _______ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A. sendingB. to sendC. having sentD. to have sent17. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A. stickingB. stuckC. to be stuckD. to have stuck18. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _______ regularly, can improve our health.A. being carried outB. carrying outC. carried outD. to carry out19. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ________ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.A. being weighedB. to weighC. weighedD. weighing20. He had a wonderful childhood, ________ with his mother to all corners of the world.A. travelB. to travelC. traveledD. traveling21. We were astonished ________ the temple still in its original condition.A. findingB. to findC. findD. to be found22. –It’s no use having ideas only. –Don’t worry. Peter can show you _______ to turn an idea into an act.A. howB. whoC. whatD. where23. Alexander tried to get his work ________ in the medical circles.A. to recognizeB. recognizingC. recognizeD. recognized24. Dina, _______ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A. strugglingB. struggledC. having struggledD. to struggle25. We are invited to a party ________ in our club next Friday.A. to be heldB. heldC. being heldD. holding26. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, ________ all four people on board.A. killedB. killingC. killsD. to kill27. With the government’s aid, those _______ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.A. affectB. affectingC. affectedD. were affected28. ________ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.A. CompletingB. Having completedC. To have completedD. To complete29. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _______ on his own farm.A. grownB. being grownC. to be grownD. to grow30. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _________ information in a more effective way.A. presentingB. presentedC. being presentedD. to present31. _________ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A. Being encouragedB. EncouragingC. EncouragedD. Having encouraged32. David threatened _______ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reportedB. reportingC. to reportD. having reported33. _________, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.A. Generally speakingB. On the contraryC. In particularD. To be honest34. ________ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.A. Being bittenB. BittenC. Having bittenD. To be bitten35. _______ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remindD. Having reminded36. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, _______ in a small apartment near Boston and _______ what to do abouthis future.A. living; wonderingB. lived; wonderingC. lived; wonderedD. living; wondered37. The children all turned ________ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked atB. to look atC. to looking atD. look at38. The government plans to bring in new laws ________ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A. forcedB. forcingC. to be forcedD. having forced39. I still remember _______ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A. to takeB. to be takenC. takingD. being taken40. It is worth considering what makes ―convenience‖ foods so popular, and _______ better ones of your own.A. introducesB. to introduceC. introducingD. introduced41. ________ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A. To throwB. ThrownC. ThrowingD. Being thrown42. _______ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A. WaitingB. To waitC. Having waitedD. To have waited43. He was busy writing a story, only ________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.A. to stopB. stoppingC. to have stoppedD. having stopped44. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launchedC. being launchedD. to be launched45. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ________ home in the snowstorm.A. walkedB. walkC. to walkD. walking三年模拟A组2009—2011年模拟探究专项基础测试1. With tiny shops _______ all the streets, the city of Cairo arouses tourists’ interest in shopping here.A. lineB. lined withC. liningD. line along2. _________ every day, our web provides readers with the latest news.A. To updateB. UpdateC. UpdatingD. Updated3. As time went by, the plan stuck ________ fairly practical.A. to provedB. to provingC. provedD. to prove4. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _______ in making the earth a better place to live on.A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playing5. Exciting as its special effects are _______, there is too much violence in the film.A. to watchB. to be watchedC. watchingD. being watched6. I don’t think it easy, even if we work hard, ________ the South Korea and the North Korea to sit down to talk at present.A. persuadedB. to persuadeC. persuadeD. persuading7. Only _______ in this way can the coffee taste proper and savory.A. madeB. makingC. being madeD. having made8. His play was popular and every time _______ about it, he owed his success to the support of his friends.A. talkingB. talkedC. to talkD. when talking9. Even since my childhood, I have dreamed of ________ a heavy snow in my hometown in winter.A. there beB. there beingC. there will beD. being10. With all the novels he was interested in ________, he left the library and went back to his dorm.A. borrowedB. borrowingC. to borrowD. borrow11.。

专题七非谓语动词1.【2015·湖南】30.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ________ whether to stay or leave.A. wonderingB. wonderC．to wonder D．wondered【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。

主句的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系，因此用v.­ing形式作伴随状语，故选A。

句意：当那个小职员看到一张善良的面孔泛起皱纹并歉意地一笑时，她像生了根一样站在那儿，不知道是走还是留。

【考点定位】考查非谓语动词【名师点睛】非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done;不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。

非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。

方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了;2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。

方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。

3、判断主被动关系。

方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。

4、判断时间关系。

方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。

之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.从本题来看主句的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系，因此用v.­ing形式作伴随状语。

2.【2015·北京】21._____the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.A.Catching.B.Caught.C.To catch.D.Catch【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。