near miss

江西历年学位英语考试真题Part1 Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:After reading so much, you may wonder how to make a book. It’s time for you to have a try!Have you ever wondered how a book is made? It takes a lot of people to make a book. It can take months, or even years, for a book to go from an idea to a finished product.A book begins when an author comes up with an idea for a book. Authors get ideas in different ways. They may get ideas from their own lives, from watching the world around them, orfrom reading.Next, an author may plan the book by making an outline ( 提纲 ). Sometimes authors do research to gather information. They may read books or articles. They may interview people orvisit places.Then, the author begins to write. Authors may write for months or years to finish a manuscript. A manuscript is the text an author produces for publication.Finally, the author sends the completed manuscript to a publisher. If the publisher decides topublish the book, the author works with an editor. An editor reads the manuscript. Then he or sherecommends changes to improve the book. A copy editor reads the manuscript to correct anygrammatical mistake.After an author makes the suggested changes, a designer may decide how the book will look.The designer may choose the size, shape, and type styles for the book. Some picture book authorscreate their own illustrations（插图）. If not, an illustrator is chosen to create pictures for the book.The illustrator makes sketches of pictures that will go on each page. The sketches are sent tothe publishing company. The editor makes sure the pictures clearly tell the story. The designerchecks how the words and pictures will fit together on the pages.2After the design changes are made, the illustrator begins creating the final pictures. He or shemay change the colours, the perspective, or the composition of pictures. It may take months tocreate all the pictures.The finished art is then sent to the publisher. The designer adjusts（调整）how the picturesand words fit together on the pages. The completed pages are sent to the printer. Many books arestill made into books with paper pages.The printer uses huge printing presses to make the pages. The pages are fixed together. Thebook cover is added. The finished books are then sent to the publisher’s warehouse. They arestored there until they are bought by libraries and bookstores.E-readers have changed how some books are made. Some authors do not use a publisheratall. Instead of sending a manuscript to a publisher, some authors turn their manuscripts intoeBooks themselves. Finally, an author’s eBook is uploaded（上传）to virtual bookstores on theInternet. Customers can buy and download eBooks from these websites.1. According to the passage, the designer’s job is to ________. [单选题] *A. create pictures for the book.B. make an outline of the book.C. decide how the book will look.(正确答案)D. correct grammatical mistakes in the book.2. Your first book will be published soon. What will first happen to it after the illustrator hascreated the final pictures? [单选题] *A. B.C.(正确答案)D.3. The writer uses the LAST paragraph to ________. [单选题] *A. introduce the history of eBooks.B. describe the disadvantages of eBooks.C. show the development of making a book.(正确答案)D. ask customers to support authors in making a book.4. The writer explains how to make a book by ________. [单选题] *A. giving causesB. showing steps(正确答案)C. providing examplesD. expressing opinions5. What is the best title for the passage? *A. From Idea to Book(正确答案)B. Different Kinds of BooksC. Workers in the Publishing HouseD. Between Publishers and CustomersPassage TwoGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming foryears can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle aftermany years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother whohas not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle,twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning , which can be stated as follows: Once we havelearned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will rememberit.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves ofwords such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things weoverlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination, though itmay result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, astudent may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon toforget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary forone's future development.6. What is the main idea of paragraph 1? [单选题] *A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.(正确答案)B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children arc easy to remember.7. The author explains the law of overlearning by_________. [单选题] *A. presenting research findingsB. selling down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples(正确答案)8. According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is_______.4 [单选题] *A. a result of overlearning(正确答案)B. a special case of crammingC. a skill to deal with math problemsD. a basic step towards advanced studies9. What does the word "they" in Paragraph 4 refer to? [单选题] *A. Commonly accepted rules.B. The multiplication tables.(正确答案)C. Things easily forgotten.D. School subjects.10. What is the author's opinion on cramming? [单选题] *A. It leads to failure in college exams.B. It's helpful only in a limited way.(正确答案)C. It's possible to result in poor memory.D. It increases students' learning interest.Passage ThreeQuestions1 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Not so long ago, most people didn’t know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was justanother Jamaican teenager without much of a future. However, one person wanted to change this.Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convincedthat he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but evenso, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlookedwhen they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in hisvery strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later atJamaica's Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in theworld, beat Jamaica's unchallenged queen of the sprint (短跑).“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear againwithout signs. But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At theBeijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 meters Olympic gold. She did it again oneyear on at the World Championships in Berlin, becoming world champion with a time of 10.73 —the fourth fastest time ever.Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not comeabout by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything butsmooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaica's toughest inner-city communities known asWaterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother andtwo brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent andoverpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Ann's friends and family were caught up in the killings;one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes herfamily didn't have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because shecouldn't afford shoes. Her mother Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had been an athlete herselfas a young girl, but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby.5Maxime's early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination toensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse's roundabout of poverty. One of the firstthings Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready tosacrifice everything.It didn't take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse.On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commitmentfinally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty,surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports. But Shelly-Ann's victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped.The dark cloud above one of the world's toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared fora few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,” Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. Shehopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it awoman's as well as a man's world.As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions aren't made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.” One of the things Shelly-Anncan be proud of is her understanding of this truth.11. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann? [单选题] *A. He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.B. He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.(正确答案)C. She had big problems maintaining her performance.D. She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.12. What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games? [单选题] *A. She would become a promising star.B. She badly needed to set higher goals.C. Her sprinting career would not last long.(正确答案)D. Her talent for sprinting was known to all.13. What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track? [单选题] *A. Her success and lessons in her career.B. Her interest in Shelly-Ann’s quick profit.C. Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.D. Her early entrance into the sprinting world.(正确答案)D. Her early entrance into the sprinting world.14. What can we infer from Shelly-Ann’s statement underlined in Paragraph 5? [单选题] *A. She was highly rewarded for her efforts.B. She was eager to do more for her country.(正确答案)C. She became an athletic star in her country.D. She was the envy of the whole community.15. By mentioning Muhammad Ali’s words, the author intends to tell usthat______________. [单选题] *A. players should be highly inspired by coachesB. great athletes need to concentrate on patienceC. hard work is necessary in one’s achievementsD. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top(正确答案)Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:One evening in February 2007, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on aremote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path .That’s when sheheard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railwayline. Seconds later, she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.6Ceely’s near miss made the news because she blamed it on he GPS (导航仪). She had neverdriven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS, but itmade no mention of the crossing. “I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right intothe path of a speeding train,” she told the BBC.Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely’s story in his book When MachinesFail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, hesays, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small problems.And it’s not just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards.The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other possible causes. A map-maker mighthave left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention.Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor singalling system. Or maybe someone hasstudied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with theGPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say.It’s a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account ofthe advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. Heoffers two independent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of thecountry. He says that once again not all new locks have proved reliable. Perhaps, but maybe it’salso due to the shortage of policemen on the streets. Or changing social circumstances. Or somecombination of these factors.The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. It is shaped byeconomics and psychology and the cultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces theremay be a way for a wiser use of technology.If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings ofour machines. After all, we have lived with them for thousands of years. They have probably beenfooling us for just as long.16.What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident？ [单选题] *A. She was not familiar with the road.B. It was dark and raining heavily then.C. The railway workers failed to give the signal.D. Her GPS device didn’t tell her about the crossing.(正确答案)17.The phrase “near miss” (Paragraph 2) can best be replaced by______. [单选题] *A. close hitB. heavy lossC. narrow escape(正确答案)D. big mistake18. Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with? [单选题] *A. Modern technology is what we can’t live without.B. Digital technology often falls short of our expectation.(正确答案)C. Digital devices are more reliable than they used to be.D. GPS error is not the only cause for Ceely’s accident.19. In the writer’s opinion, Stevenson’s argume nt is _______. [单选题] *A. one-sided(正确答案)B. reasonableC. puzzlingD. well-based20. What is the real concern of the writer of this article? [单选题] *A. The major causes of traffic accidents and car thefts.B. The relationship between human and technology.(正确答案)C. The shortcomings of digital devices we use.D. The human unawareness of technical problems.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence thereare four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer thatbest completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.21.__________got in the wheat than it began to rain heavily. [单选题] *A) No sooner had they(正确答案)B) No sooner have theyC) No sooner theyD) No sooner they had22. He bought her what she wanted,_____________the fact that they were costly. [单选题] *A) even ifB) as thoughC) only ifD) regardless of(正确答案)23. We have produced twice as much steel this year___________4 years ago. [单选题] *A) than we didB) as we did(正确答案)C) than we have producedD) as we have produced24. Her hair and coat were wet because it______________. [单选题] *A) would be rainingB) had been raining(正确答案)C) would have been rainingD) had rained25.I became a teacher because I preferred books and people_________politics. [单选题] *A) thanB) to(正确答案)C) ratherD)against26.The farmers, _________ houses had been destroyed by the serious flood, were given help bythe government. [单选题] *A) whoB) whatC)whichD) whose(正确答案)27.The experience _________________in the war will be of great value to us. [单选题] *A) to gainB) gainingC) gained(正确答案)D) gain28. In our company, everybody is well taken care of, ____________position he is in. [单选题] *A) as long asB) even ifC)now thatD) no matter what(正确答案)29.Under no circumstances_____________leave his post. [单选题] *A)a soldier mustn'tB) a solider mustC) mustn't a soldierD) must a solider(正确答案)30.As a biologist and ecologist, he is___________all forms of hunting. [单选题] *A) against(正确答案)B) downC) backD) off31.It is often the case______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. [单选题] *A) whyB) whatC) asD) that(正确答案)32.More efforts, as reported, ______in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structuralreform. [单选题] *A) are madeB) will be made(正确答案)C) are being madeD) have been made33.Many young people, most______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams. [单选题] *A) of whichB) of themC) of whom(正确答案)D) of those34. —Can you tell us your________for happiness and a long life?—Living every day to the full, definitely. [单选题] *A) recipe(正确答案)B) recordC) rangeD) receipt35.He did not ________easily, but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy8cause. [单选题] *A) approachB) wrestleC) compromise(正确答案)D) communicate36.______some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear offailure. [单选题] *A) BecauseB) IfC) UnlessD) While(正确答案)37.If it______for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now. [单选题] *A) had not been(正确答案)B) should not beC) were not to beD) should not have been38. In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message________within the work. [单选题] *A) to hideB) hidden(正确答案)C) hidingD) being hidden39.Dashan, who_______crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it upwith the Western stand-up tradition. [单选题] *A) will be learningB) is learningC) had been learningD) has been learning(正确答案)40.Many businesses started up by college students have_________thanks to the comfortableclimate for business creation. [单选题] *A) fallen offB) taken off(正确答案)C) turned offD) left off41. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much___________ . [单选题] *A) the bestB) bestC) betterD) the better(正确答案)42. Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can___________almost every word herteacher says. [单选题] *A) put outB) put down(正确答案)C) put awayD) put together43. The party will be held in the garden, weather______________. [单选题] *A)permitting(正确答案)B) to permitC) permittedD) permit44. This restaurant wasn’t____________ that other restaurant we went to. [单选题] *A) half as good as(正确答案)B) as half good asC) as good as halfD) good as half as45. I____________use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comesby my house. [单选题] *A) couldn’tB) mustn’tC) shouldn’tD) needn’t(正确答案)46. Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but_________of them wants to, becausethey have work to do. [单选题] *A) eitherB) anyC) neither(正确答案)D) none47. Film has a much shorter history, especially when____________such art forms as music andpainting. [单选题] *A) having compared toB) comparing toC) compare toD) compared to(正确答案)48. I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers_______before my eyes. [单选题] *A) swimB) swumC) swam(正确答案)D) had swum49. You have to move out of the way, __________the truck cannot get past you. [单选题] *A) soB) or(正确答案)C) andD) but50. If she doesn’t want to go, nothing you can say will _________ her. [单选题] *A) persuade(正确答案)B) promiseC) inviteD) support51. In such a big country like China the agricultural development will and must______ economicdevelopment in the coming years. [单选题] *A) precede(正确答案)B) processC) provideD) possess52. My mother is an excellent housewife and she likes to keep everything______.9 [单选题] *A) in place(正确答案)B) out of placeC) on placeD) at place53. It is not the right way you______speak with your parents. [单选题] *A) are going toB) mustC) are supposed to(正确答案)D) can54. To be frank, your project is not______with our company’s long-term aims; we can’t approveit. [单选题] *A) competitiveB) comparativeC) convertibleD) compatible(正确答案)55. I end up getting my heart______. For so many years, I was never expressive with my feelings. [单选题] *A) hardened(正确答案)B) hardeningC) hardensD) being hardened56. “Marquis,” said the boy,______to the man, his eyes______wide, and his right hand raised. [单选题] *A) turned…openedB) turning…openingC) turning…opened(正确答案)D) turned…opening57. He was taken on for a three-month trial period before being accepted as a (an)_______member of staff. [单选题] *A) lastingB) eternalC) persistentD) permanent(正确答案)58. First reported in 1981, almost 38,000 individuals in the United States had ________ AIDS bythe end of 1986. [单选题] *A) infectedB) contactedC) contracted(正确答案)D) affected59. If the story did______to be true, though, I think he might be pushing his luck. [单选题] *A) turn onB) turn out(正确答案)C) turn upD) turn over60. It is difficult to know what horses have______, and they must find us equally frustrating to [单选题] *A) over mindB) to mindC) up mindD) in mind(正确答案)Part III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section, there are ten blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Although I love my life, it hasn’t been a lot of fun as I’ve been ill for 28 years.Music has always been a great love of mine and, in my 20s, when my 61 was more manageable , I enjoyed ten years as a professional singer in restaurants, playing and singing folk songs.62 that was years ago and times have changed. Now I live with my mother on a country farm.Two years ago, I decided that I would need to have some kind of extra work to 63 my disability pension (残疾抚恤金). As I needed to sleep in the afternoons, I was limited in my 64. I decided that I would consider 65 to singing in restaurants. My family are all musicians, so I was 66 when I went into our local music store. Iexplained that I wanted to sing again but using recorded karaoke music. I knew that discs werevery expensive and I really didn’t have a lot of money to get started. And 67 you find only three to four songs out of ten on a disc that you can 68 use.10 When I told the owner of the shop about my idea; he gave me a long thoughtful 69“This means a lot to you, doesn’t it?” he said. “Come with me.” He led me through the crowded shop and to a bench with a large professional karaoke box onit. He placed h is large hand lovingly on his treasure and said, “I have 800 karaoke songs in here.You can take your 70 and I’ll record them for you. That should get you started.”I could have cried. Thanking him, I made a time with him to listen to all the songs and choose theones that I could sing. I have come full circle with his help.His kindness still warms my heart and makes me do just that bit extra, when I have the chance.61. [单选题] *A. lonelinessB. sadnessC. tirednessD. sickness(正确答案)62. [单选题] *A. GladlyB. EventuallyC. Unfortunately(正确答案)D. Surprisingly63. [单选题] *. A. add up toB. make up for(正确答案)C. get rid ofD. take advantage of64. [单选题] *A. movementB. conditioC. choices(正确答案)D. positions65. [单选题] *A. reaching outB. living upC. getting onD. going back(正确答案)66. [单选题] *A. recognized(正确答案)B. interviewedC. foundD. invited67. [单选题] *A. thusB. onceC. seldomD. often(正确答案)68. [单选题] *A. actually(正确答案)B. hardlyC. nearlyD. formerly69. [单选题] *.A. faceB. viewC. look(正确答案)D. sight70. [单选题] *A. pick(正确答案)B. turnC. roleD. stepPart IV: Translation from English into Chinese, write your answerson Answer Sheet 1 (15%)71.People were not fully aware that peace of mind was very important for health [单选题] *人们过去并未充分了解心灵的宁静对健康极为重要。

Title 文件名Near Miss and Deviation 未遂事件及偏差Code编号P-HS-GE-008Revision版本Rev 02Responsible department负责部门Author作者Verifier审核者Approver批准者Validity date生效期Content目录:1.Purpose目的2.Scope 范围3.Definitions 定义4.Report & Processing Process报告及处理流程5.Training 培训6.Related Document and Sheet 相关文件及表格7.Records Retention 记录保存8.Annex 附件1.Purpose目的This procedure 本程序：Defines near misses and deviations定义了未遂事件和偏差；Explains how associates and contractors must react when facing such situations 解释了当公司员工及承包商在面临未遂事件及偏差必须采取的处理方式；Reduce accident happened 减少事故发生。

2.Scope 范围This procedure applies to associates or contractors.适用于公司员工或承包商。

3.Definitions 定义3.1Near Miss未遂事件: An unplanned event that could have reasonably resulted inpersonal injury or illness, equipment or property damage, or environmental pollution.意外发生的，可能导致人员受伤或疾病，设备财产损失或环境污染，但未导致不良后果的事件。

到底什么是Near Miss？这次彻底讲清楚！2017-01-11中国化学品安全协会经常看到大家在问，什么是Near Miss？有人说，Near Miss是未遂事故，是未遂事件，是准事故；还有人说，Near Miss 是险肇事故，险肇事件，先兆事件，侥幸脱险；更有人说，Near Miss是差一点出事儿，虚惊事件，吓一跳事件；有一位确凿地说：我们企业翻译成“尼尔小姐”，这样工人听起来比较亲切。

好家伙！如果你们企业的老张来汇报一起Near Miss，你会这样说感谢话吗？“谢谢你，老张，感谢您报（抱）了一个尼尔小姐。

”结果旁边刚来不久的工人一脸迷茫，心中暗想：老张，你到底跟这个尼尔小姐啥关系啊？为啥要抱一个美女？于是，一位更不明白的女行政经理在旁边说道：“老张，老实交代你跟那个尼尔小姐到底啥关系。

想过你老婆的感受吗?”还有一位总经理级人物说，尊重英文原意嘛，就直接翻译成“接近小姐”嘛或者“靠近小姐。

这多形象！燕子姐忍不住去某著名在线的中英文在线词典里输入“near miss”, 结果真是目瞪口呆，屏幕上显现的竟然是：附近的小姐。

至此，燕子姐姐已经坐不住了，干了这么多年安全，顿时觉得非常不安全了。

连小姐都出来了。

笑过之后，我忽然想，其实蛮有意思的，比如菠萝，大陆叫菠萝，台湾叫凤梨；国宝，大陆叫熊猫，台湾叫猫熊。

那么在交流一个事物一件事情上，我们必须有共同语言才可以继续交流，否则会很费劲。

尤其对于像Near Miss这样的国外事故分级里的名称，因为中国国家事故分级里还没有，所以，正确理解和翻译就显得尤为重要。

因为目前不但外企，更多的国企、民企也开始引进使用这个事故分类，有的企业甚至把near miss 作为领先性指标/先进性指标作为企业安全业绩衡量和考核指标来设置，以促进企业安全业绩的提升。

所以，一个公认的统一的称谓，要呼之欲出了。

不过，我们也不着急，因为即将上任的美国总统的名字，翻译过来，不是也有好几个嘛。

险兆事件管理系统在地铁施工安全管理中的应用摘要：大量的地铁事故调查中发现，每起地铁安全事故都不是毫无征兆的偶然发生，在其发生之前，都会出现许多无伤害无损失小事件，即Near-miss（险兆事件），通过管理“Near-miss”，可以有效减少安全事故的发生。

目前地铁行业中，基于事故的安全管理方式大多忽略了Near-miss，是一种被动的问题出发型的管理方法，并不能做到防患于未然，不能从根本上解决地铁施工安全管理问题。

本文首先对险兆事件（Near-miss）的定义进行了阐述，然后介绍了加强安全管理，最后分析了Near-miss管理系统的步骤和子系统。

弱化地铁建设安全，突出地铁运营施工安全管理。

关键词：险兆事件管理系统；地铁施工；安全管理；应用1引言我国正处于城市地铁建设高潮期，成为世界上最大的城市地铁建设市场。

地铁以其高效、节能环保、客运量大、安全性好、占用城市地面空间少等优点，成为大城市公共交通体系中的重要组成部分。

然而，在城市地铁建设的同时，各种类型的地铁事故却频繁发生。

为地铁的建设带来了无形的阴影。

因此，地铁施工的安全管理成为了地铁管理的重要内容，对如何保证地铁建设和施工的安全，杜绝地铁事故的发生具有重大意义。

地铁施工安全管理一直是国内外研究人员和工程管理人员关心的话题，现有的研究中已经取得一定的成果，并运用到实践过程中，促进了地铁施工安全管理能力有所提高。

2险兆事件（Near-miss）的定义地铁施工安全管理中Near-miss的定义：地铁工程中，由于某些条件的发生，使得产生安全事故的机会因素消失，本来有可能导致地铁安全事故的事件，没有发展为安全事故，称这样的事件为“Near-miss”。

Near-miss与安全事故的发生机理是高度相似的，两者唯一区别就是产生的结果不一样。

前者没有产生任何伤害，后者引起财产损失或者人员伤亡。

从表1对安全事故和险兆事件的对比中可以发现：相对于研究安全事故而言，研究险兆事件（Near-miss）具有更为积极的意义。

到底什么是Near Miss？经常看到大家在问，什么是Near Miss？有人说，Near Miss是未遂事故，是未遂事件，是准事故；还有人说，Near Miss 是险肇事故，险肇事件，先兆事件，侥幸脱险；更有人说，Near Miss是差一点出事儿，虚惊事件，吓一跳事件；有一位确凿地说：我们企业翻译成“尼尔小姐”，这样工人听起来比较亲切。

好家伙！如果你们企业的老张来汇报一起Near Miss，你会这样说感谢话吗？“谢谢你，老张，感谢您报（抱）了一个尼尔小姐。

”结果旁边刚来不久的工人一脸迷茫，心中暗想：老张，你到底跟这个尼尔小姐啥关系啊？为啥要抱一个美女？于是，一位更不明白的女行政经理在旁边说道：“老张，老实交代你跟那个尼尔小姐到底啥关系。

想过你老婆的感受吗?”还有一位总经理级人物说，尊重英文原意嘛，就直接翻译成“接近小姐”嘛或者“靠近小姐。

这多形象！燕子姐忍不住去某著名在线的中英文在线词典里输入“near miss”, 结果真是目瞪口呆，屏幕上显现的竟然是：附近的小姐。

至此，燕子姐姐已经坐不住了，干了这么多年安全，顿时觉得非常不安全了。

连小姐都出来了。

笑过之后，我忽然想，其实蛮有意思的，比如菠萝，大陆叫菠萝，台湾叫凤梨；国宝，大陆叫熊猫，台湾叫猫熊。

那么在交流一个事物一件事情上，我们必须有共同语言才可以继续交流，否则会很费劲。

尤其对于像Near Miss这样的国外事故分级里的名称，因为中国国家事故分级里还没有，所以，正确理解和翻译就显得尤为重要。

因为目前不但外企，更多的国企、民企也开始引进使用这个事故分类，有的企业甚至把near miss 作为领先性指标/先进性指标作为企业安全业绩衡量和考核指标来设置，以促进企业安全业绩的提升。

所以，一个公认的统一的称谓，要呼之欲出了。

不过，我们也不着急，因为即将上任的美国总统的名字，翻译过来，不是也有好几个嘛。

有的叫“特朗普”，有的叫“川普”，有的叫“床破”……..好dirty啊！对于床破这个名字，估计很多少女子不敢直视，更别说叫出这个名字了。

到底什么是Near Miss？经常看到大家在问，什么是Near Miss？有人说，Near Miss是未遂事故，是未遂事件，是准事故；还有人说，Near Miss 是险肇事故，险肇事件，先兆事件，侥幸脱险；更有人说，Near Miss是差一点出事儿，虚惊事件，吓一跳事件；有一位确凿地说：我们企业翻译成“尼尔小姐”，这样工人听起来比较亲切。

好家伙！如果你们企业的老张来汇报一起Near Miss，你会这样说感谢话吗？“谢谢你，老张，感谢您报（抱）了一个尼尔小姐。

”结果旁边刚来不久的工人一脸迷茫，心中暗想：老张，你到底跟这个尼尔小姐啥关系啊？为啥要抱一个美女？于是，一位更不明白的女行政经理在旁边说道：“老张，老实交代你跟那个尼尔小姐到底啥关系。

想过你老婆的感受吗?”还有一位总经理级人物说，尊重英文原意嘛，就直接翻译成“接近小姐”嘛或者“靠近小姐。

这多形象！燕子姐忍不住去某著名在线的中英文在线词典里输入“near miss”, 结果真是目瞪口呆，屏幕上显现的竟然是：附近的小姐。

至此，燕子姐姐已经坐不住了，干了这么多年安全，顿时觉得非常不安全了。

连小姐都出来了。

笑过之后，我忽然想，其实蛮有意思的，比如菠萝，大陆叫菠萝，台湾叫凤梨；国宝，大陆叫熊猫，台湾叫猫熊。

那么在交流一个事物一件事情上，我们必须有共同语言才可以继续交流，否则会很费劲。

尤其对于像Near Miss这样的国外事故分级里的名称，因为中国国家事故分级里还没有，所以，正确理解和翻译就显得尤为重要。

因为目前不但外企，更多的国企、民企也开始引进使用这个事故分类，有的企业甚至把near miss 作为领先性指标/先进性指标作为企业安全业绩衡量和考核指标来设置，以促进企业安全业绩的提升。

所以，一个公认的统一的称谓，要呼之欲出了。

不过，我们也不着急，因为即将上任的美国总统的名字，翻译过来，不是也有好几个嘛。

有的叫“特朗普”，有的叫“川普”，有的叫“床破”……..好dirty啊！对于床破这个名字，估计很多少女子不敢直视，更别说叫出这个名字了。