Metonymy共61页

Metonymy: 转喻的定义与用法用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。

这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。

转喻通常用下列几种方式指代。

（1）根据人名或商品品牌名：Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)——Americans or the American government(美国人/美国政府)John Bull(约翰牛)——the English nation or a typical Englishman(英国/地道英国人)He is reading Shakespeare. 他在读莎士比亚作品（Shakespeare’s works 用作者指代作品）He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses.他为了玉邻里攀比而负债（Joneses ：neighbors 用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”）We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。

（Ford ：a car whose make is Ford 用品牌名指代实物）（2）根据实物名称Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。

（a rich man用“钱”指代“有钱人”）I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.我住在飞机场附近，日夜可听到过往的飞机声。

（the noise made by passing planes用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”）（3）根据动植物名称The big apple(大苹果)——New York city(纽约市)Russian bear(俄国熊)——Russians or the Russian government(俄国/俄国政府)British lion(英国狮)——England or the English government(英国/英国政府) The flower of the nation was sent off to war.该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。

幻灯片1Chapter 6 Metonymy 借代幻灯片26.1 What is metonymy?meto|nymy: changing namesMetonymy: using Name B to replace Name A-- Name B and Name A are closely associated with (联想) each other.幻灯片3Why didn’t I think of it?-- Find out what they are associated with.Name BThe kettle is boiling.mother tongueWe can’t turn the clock back.to climb up the social ladderthe cradleName Awaterspoken languagetimemeans of promotionchildhood幻灯片46.2 Difference between metonymy and metaphorWhen the two phenomena resemble each other, metaphor is involved.When the two phenomena are related to each other, metonymy is concerned. Metaphor works by similarity.Metonymy works by contiguity.幻灯片56.3 The classifications of metonymy幻灯片66.3.1 By using some tools, equipment, or instrumentsEric Liu has spent most of his lifeclimbing up the social ladder without looking back.-- to improve one’s social statusOne of America’s most cherished values is giving its people the ability to move upeconomic ladder over their lifetimes.-- to be better-off / richersocial laddereconomic laddercareer ladder幻灯片7ropes, reins & chairHe learned the political ropes in the New York legislature.-- the political experienceHe was handed the reins to the KFC and Pizza Hut units in 1996. -- the means of control or guidanceNow submit your question to the Chair.-- chairpersonto know the ropesreinschair-- to know the ropes: to learn how to do a particular work幻灯片86.3.2 By using part of the body:-- the act of watching-- the ability to appreciate music-- a liking for things that are sweet-- talented people-- emotion, reasoning abilityWithout a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control.I have no ear for music.Add more honey if you have a sweet tooth.Google hoped some really big brains would tackle the problems. Her heart ruled her head.幻灯片96.3.3 By using containers to refer to what is containedThe kettle is boiling.Baked apples are his favorite dish.This hotel is well known for its excellent table.Poor John’s on the bottle again!-- water-- food-- food-- wine, alcoholic drink幻灯片106.3.4 By using names of persons:Ten years ago, Colonel Sanders was losing the global fast-food war to the Golden Arches.They’re ready to defend themselves against Uncle Sam’s imperialist policies. “Let’s Give Our Kids Bach Before Britney”Yesterday a Rembrandt was stolen.KFCThe United States / its governmentclassical music, pop musicA painting by Rembrandt幻灯片116.3.5 To refer to some professionsbarbenchHe decided to enter the bar after college. (become a lawyer)The Senate finally approved his appointment to the bench of the federal Supreme Court. 参议院最后批准任命他担任联邦最高法院法官。

幻灯片6Metonymy 联代（异类替代）The word “metonymy”derives from the Greek word “metonymia”, which means “change of name”.Metonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.联代属于非同类事物之间的替代，只有所代事物名称出现，要通过联想才能找出所指事物的名称或所指的实在含义。

幻灯片7Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, "London," as the capital of the United Kingdom, could be used as a metonym for its government. .../wiki/Metonymy幻灯片8Metonymy works by the contiguity (association) between two concepts, whereas metaphor works by the similarity between them.幻灯片9metonymynoun[U] (technical) the act of referring to sth by the name of sth else that is closely connected with it, for example using the White House for the US president《牛津高阶英语词典》幻灯片10Men have heads while women have hearts.“heart”代替“tender feelings, love”等情感，“head”代替“智慧”，“理智”。

MetonymyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn rhetoric, metonymy(IPA: /mɨˈtɒnɨmi/) is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word.Metonymy may be instructively contrasted with metaphor. Both figures involve the substitution of one term for another. In metaphor, this substitution is based on similarity, while in metonymy, the substitution is based on contiguity.Metaphor example: That man is a pig(using pig instead of unhygienic person. An unhygienic person is like a pig, but there is no contiguity between the two).Metonymy example: The White House supports the bill (using White House instead of President. The President is not like the White House, but there is contiguity between them).It uses closely related subjectsIn cognitive linguistics, metonymy refers to the use of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity and is one of the basic characteristics of cognition. It is common for people to take onewell-understood or easy-to-perceive aspect of something and use that aspect to stand either for the thing as a whole or for some other aspect or part of it.Metonymy is attested in cognitive processes underlying language (e.g. the infant's association of the nipple with milk). Objects that appear strongly in a single context emerge as cognitive labels for the whole concept, thus fueling linguistic labels such as "sweat" to refer to hard work that might produce it.The word metonymy is derived from the Greekμετωνυμία (metōnymia) "a change of name", from μετά-(meta-) "beyond/changed" and -ωνυμία (-onymia), a suffix used to name figures of speech, from ὄνομα(onoma), "name" (OED)).Metonymy compared to metaphor in cognitive science and linguisticsMetaphor and metonymy are both figures of speech where one word may be used in place of another. However, especially in cognitive science and linguistics, the two figures of speech work very differently. Roman Jakobson argued that they represent two fundamentally different ways of processing language; he noted that different forms of aphasia affected the ability to interpret the two figures differently (Jakobson, Roman (2002), "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Disturbances", written at Cambridge, MA, in Linda Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston, On Language, Harvard University Press,</catalog/JAKONL.html?show=catalogcopy>).Metonymy works by the contiguity (association) between two concepts, whereas metaphor works by the similarity between them. When people use metonymy, they do not typically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do with metaphor: there is nothing press-like about reporters or crown-like about a monarch, but "the press" and "the crown" are both common metonyms.Two examples using the term "fishing" help make the distinction better (example drawn from Dirven, 1996). The phrase "to fish pearls" uses metonymy, drawing from "fishing" the idea of taking things from the ocean. What is carried across from "fishing fish" to "fishing pearls" is the domain of usage and the associations with the ocean and boats, but we understand the phrase in spite of rather than because of the literal meaning of fishing: we know you do not use a fishing rod or net to get pearls and we know that pearls are not, and do not originate from, fish.In contrast, the metaphorical phrase "fishing for information", transfers the concept of fishing into a new domain. If someone is "fishing" for information, we do not imagine that he or she is anywhere near the ocean, rather we transfer elements of the action of fishing (waiting, hoping to catch something that cannot be seen) into a new domain (a conversation). Thus, metonymy works by calling up a domain of usage and an array of associations (in the example above, boats, the ocean, gathering life from the sea) whereas metaphor picks a target set of meanings and transfers them to a new domain of usage.Example: "Lend me your ear"Sometimes, metaphor and metonymy can both be at work in the same figure of speech, or one could interpret a phrase metaphorically or metonymically. For example, the phrase "lend me your ear" could be analyzed in a number of ways. We could imagine the following interpretations:1.Metonymy only: Analyze "ear" metonymically first — "ear" means"attention" (because we use ears to pay attention to someone'sspeech). Now when we hear the phrase "lending ear (attention)", we stretch the base meaning of "lend" (to let someone borrow an object) to include the "lending" of non-material things (attention), but beyond this slight extension of the verb, no metaphor is at work.2.Metaphor only: Imagine the whole phrase literally — imagine thatthe speaker literally borrows the listener's ear as a physicalobject (and presumably the person's head with it). Then the speaker has temporary possession of the listener's ear, so the listener has granted the speaker temporary control over what the listener hears.We then interpret the phrase "lend me your ear" metaphorically to mean that the speaker wants the listener to grant the speakertemporary control over what the listener hears.3.Metaphor and metonymy: First, analyze the verb phrase "lend me yourear" metaphorically to mean "turn your ear in my direction," since we know that literally lending a body is nonsensical. Then, analyze the motion of ears metonymically —we associate "turning ears" with "paying attention", which is what the speaker wants the listeners to do.It is difficult to say which of the above analyses most closely represents the way a listener interprets the expression, and it is possible that the phrase is analysed in different ways by different listeners, or even by one and the same listener at different times. Regardless, all three analyses yield the same interpretation; thus, metaphor and metonymy, though quite different in their mechanism, can work together seamlessly. For further analysis of idioms in which metaphor and metonymy work together, including an example very similar to the one given here, see Geeraerts, Dirk (2002), "The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions", written at Berlin, in René Dirven & Ralf Pörings, Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast, Mouton de Gruyter,</url?sa=U&q=http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac .be/qlvl/PDFPublications/02Theinteraction.pdf>. Retrieved on August 20, 2006.Metonymy in polysemyThe concept of metonymy also informs the nature of polysemy— i.e. how the same phonological form (word) has different semantic mappings (meanings). If the two meanings are unrelated, as in the word pen meaning writing instrument versus enclosure, they are considered homonyms.Within logical polysemies, a large class of mappings can be considered to be a case of metonymic transfer (e.g. chicken for the animal, as well as its meat; crown for the object, as well as the institution). Other cases where the meaning is polysemous however, may turn out to be more metaphorical, e.g. eye as in the eye of the needle.Metonymy as a rhetorical strategyMetonymy can also refer to the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. For example, in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, the main character Elizabeth's change of heart and love for her suitor, Mr. Darcy, is first revealed when she sees his house:They gradually ascended for half-a-mile, and then found themselves at the top of a considerable eminence, where the wood ceased, and the eye was instantly caught by Pemberley House, situated on the opposite side of a valley, into which the road with some abruptness wound. It was a large, handsome stone building, standing well on rising ground, and backed by a ridge of high woody hills; and in front, a stream of some natural importance was swelled into greater, but without any artificial appearance. Its banks were neither formal nor falsely adorned. Elizabeth was delighted. She had never seen a place for which nature had done more, or where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter 43.Austen describes the house and Elizabeth's admiration for the estate at length as an indirect way of describing her feelings for Mr. Darcy himself. One could attempt to read this as an extended metaphor, but such a reading would break down as one tried to find a way to map the elements of her description (rising ground, swollen river) directly to attributes of her suitor. Furthermore, an extended metaphor typically highlights the author's ingenuity by maintaining an unlikely similarity to an unusual degree of detail.In this description, on the other hand, although there are many elements of the description that we could transfer directly from the grounds to the suitor (natural beauty, lack of artifice), Austen is emphasizing the consistency of the domain of usage rather than stretching to make a fresh comparison: each of the things she describes she associates with Darcy, and in the end we feel that Darcy is as beautiful as the place to which he is compared and that he belongs within it. Metonymy of this kind thus helps define a person or thing through a set of mutually reinforcing associations rather than through a comparison. Advertising frequently uses this kind of metonymy, putting a product in close proximity tosomething desirable in order to make an indirect association that would seem crass if made with a direct comparison.Metonymy and synecdocheSynecdoche, where a specific part of something is used to refer to the whole, is usually understood as a specific kind of metonymy. Sometimes, however, people make an absolute distinction between a metonymy and a synecdoche, treating metonymy as different from rather than inclusive of synecdoche. There is a similar problem with the usage of simile and metaphor.When the distinction is made, it is the following: when A is used to refer to B, it is a synecdoche if A is a component of B and a metonymy if A is commonly associated with B but not actually part of its whole.Thus, "The White House said" would be a metonymy for the president and his staff, because the White House (A) is not part of the president or his staff (B) but is closely associated with them. On the other hand, "20,000 hungry mouths to feed" is a synecdoche because mouths (A) are a part of the people (B) actually referred to.An example of a single sentence that displays synecdoche, metaphor and metonymy would be: "Fifty keels ploughed the deep", where "keels" is the synecdoche as it names the whole (the ship) after a particular part (of the ship); "ploughed" is the metaphor as it substitutes the concept of ploughing a field for moving through the ocean; and "the deep" is the metonym, as "depth" is an attribute associated with the ocean.Examples of metonymiesIn fact, the capital of any nation can be used to refer to that nation's government, especially in terms of foreign relations. Thus, a dispute between the governments of Jordan and Iran might be described as a fight between Amman and Tehran. Another frequent example of metonymy is the use of a football (soccer) team's stadium to refer to the club itself, such as "Old Trafford" as a reference to Manchester United.References1.^ Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the FirstLord of the Treasury, not the Prime Minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.∙Corbett, Edward P.J. (1971). Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. New York: Oxford University Press.∙Dirven, René. Conversion as a Conceptual Metonymy of Basic Event Schemata.∙Fass, Dan. Processing Metonymy and Metaphor.∙Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p. 680. ISBN 0-674-36250-0.∙Blank, Andreas (1998), Prinzipien des lexikalischenBedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen, Tübingen: Niemeyer.∙Grzega, Joachim(2004), Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie, Heidelberg: Winter.Retrieved from "/wiki/Metonymy"。

Metonymy (metonymia <Greek> = change of name)metaphor (interchangeable with simile: similarity) Vs metonymy (association, e.g. spatial proximity)Exercise 1: Can you sense any differences between the following sentences?●All the world is a stage.●She is a peacock.●The kettle is boiling.●He liked to read Shakespeare.Metaphor: All the world is a stage.She is a peacock.Metonymy: The kettle is boiling.He liked to read Shakespeare.Merits1. vividThe river is crowded with masts.2. conciseHe is meeting the press now.3. variedWall Street; the White House; Downing Street; the Pentagon4. expressivePlease drink a cup or two.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.Body part – abilityHe has a good ear for music. (ability to appreciate and enjoy)That writer has a sharp tongue. (using biting words in speech)Producer – products / styleWill you play me some Tchaikovsky? (his music)She was reading Dickens and consulting Webster.Sign of object / person – nameThe silver heart left the office, swinging and banging itself independently against the office furniture as it indignantly departed.Name of place / origin – event / productWere it not for your help, I should have met my Waterloo.He was wearing a panama巴拿马草帽and smoking a havana 雪茄烟.Instrument / container – position / contentThe pen is mightier than the sword.He is next in line to the throne.The kettle is boiling.The hall applauded.We have more will than wallet; but will is what we need. (George Bush)The White House invited the Kremlin.Trademark – productsShe has gone to shop for some Kleenex and Colgate.He was driving a Ford.Location – institutions / government …Wall Street is in crisis now. (financial centre)Did he really write to Downing Street? (the prime minister)Exercise: Translate the metonymic words.●the gray hair●the egg head●black gown / the cap and gown●Only a knife could save him.●The pen is mightier than the sword.●He has a torrential tongue.●The emblems on the party tickets tell their members to vote for the "big chick" or the"bird on the dollar".● A pilot should know there must be 18 hours between bottle and throttle.老年人秃头大学生/ 上大学动手术文治武攻口若悬河民主党共和党喝酒飞行。