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积极心理和品格优势积极心理和品格优势：基础认知资料来源：维基百科积极心理学是心理学的一个最新分支，“研究能使个人和社区繁盛的力量和美德”。
积极心理学家希冀“发现和培养天才和能力”，并“使正常的生活更充实”，而不仅仅是治疗精神病。
一些人本主义心理学家，如亚伯拉罕·马斯洛，卡尔·罗哲斯，和埃里希·弗洛姆倡导过与人类幸福有关的理论和实践。
最近，这些人本主义心理学家关于人类繁盛的理论从积极心理学家的研究那里找到了实验支持。
积极心理学也向一些新的方向迈进了。
现在，积极心理学研究者包括马丁·塞利格曼，埃德·迪纳, 米哈里·奇克森特米哈伊, , C. R.斯奈德, 克里斯·彼得森,芭芭拉·弗雷德里克松, Donald Clifton, Albert Bandura, Shelley Taylor, Charles S. Carver, Michael F. Scheier, and Jonathan Haidt.1.背景虽然积极心理学这一词起源于亚伯拉罕·马斯洛在1954年的书《动机与人格》，但它作为心理学的新领域，开始于被认为是现代积极心理学运动之父的马丁·赛里格曼，在1998年选择它为自己在美国心理学协会主席任期的主题。
塞利格曼同意马斯洛的看法，指出半世纪以来的临床心理学“被同一个主题所吸引——精神疾病“他敦促心理学家继续心理学在早期时提出的培养人才和提高正常生活的任务。
第一届积极心理学峰会于1999年召开。
第一届国际积极心理学会于2002年举行。
在2009年6月，召开了第一届积极心理学世界大会。
积极心理学从20世纪里重点关注快乐和满足的人本主义心理学那里找到根源。
对积极心理学的更早影响主要来自于哲学和宗教，因为直到19世纪后期，心理学才形成现代的科学形式。
犹太教对幸福的看法是一种神命论：幸福和奖励来自于顺从神命。
The Ethical Principles of ConfucianismConfucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; Analects (《论语》), Mencius (《孟子》)，The Mean (《中庸》),The Great Learning (《大学》) ; and Book of Change（《易经》）, Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) ，Book of Odes (《诗经》), and Spring and Autumn Anna ls(《春秋》)。
For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, friend-friend and ruler-minister. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: "Within the four seas all men are brothers. " ( 四海之内皆兄弟) " Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. " (己所不欲，勿施于人)Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. "A man of ren loves others" (仁者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about " ren". Confucius said, "Love all men. " (樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; "Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "（所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地，固然是驾乎外国人，说到和平的道德，更是驾乎外国人。
美德英文作文英语模板英文回答：Virtue。
Virtue is a moral excellence. It is a trait or quality that is considered to be morally good and desirable. Virtues are often contrasted with vices, which are moral flaws or shortcomings.Aristotle identified four cardinal virtues: prudence, temperance, courage, and justice. These virtues are essential for living a good and fulfilling life.Prudence is the virtue of practical wisdom. It is the ability to make sound judgments and decisions, even in difficult or uncertain situations.Temperance is the virtue of self-control. It is the ability to moderate one's desires and to avoid excess.Courage is the virtue of facing danger or difficulty with strength and determination. It is the opposite of cowardice.Justice is the virtue of fairness and impartiality. It is the ability to give everyone their due and to treat others as equals.These four cardinal virtues are just a few of the many virtues that are important for living a good life. Other virtues include kindness, compassion, generosity, honesty, and loyalty.Virtues are not always easy to come by. They require effort and practice. But they are worth striving for, because they can help us to live happier, more fulfilling lives.中文回答：美德。
四德何以为“一”？———柏拉图《理想国》中德性关系辨析邓向玲【摘要】一种常见的观点认为，柏拉图在《理想国》中对四主德下了不同的定义，它们分属于城邦或者灵魂的不同部分，因而可以彼此分离。
这种看法不仅与柏拉图在早期对话录（尤其是《普罗泰戈拉》）所主张的德性是“一”的观点相违背，而且在文本解释上存在困难。
事实上，在柏拉图那里，德性“是什么”的问题不仅可以在定义，也可以在灵魂状态的意义上被理解。
在《理想国》中，柏拉图并没有在严格的意义上对四主德进行定义，而是在描述它们所指向的灵魂状态。
这一状态是同一的，即理智拥有知识、意气坚定执行理性命令、欲望温和平静，整个灵魂和谐一致。
尽管智慧本身不需要非理性部分的配合，但从生成角度来看，当人获得智慧时，他的灵魂状态与上述状态无异。
【关键词】《理想国》；四主德；德性关系；一中图分类号：Ｂ５０２ ２３２ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００－７６６０（２０２３）０５－００８６－０７作者简介：邓向玲，湖南娄底人，哲学博士，（天津３００３５０）南开大学哲学院讲师。
基金项目：天津市社科规划项目“新柏拉图主义第一本原‘悖论’研究”（ＴＪＺＸＱＮ２２－００２）众所周知，苏格拉底－柏拉图主张“德性即知识”，即所有的德性最终可以归结为关于善／好的知识。
由之而来的一个推论是：一旦人拥有了真正的知识，那么他不可能只有一种德性而没有其它德性，而是同时拥有所有德性，因而诸如勇敢而不义、节制而怯懦是不可能的。
这种德性统一论①自苏格拉底－柏拉图以降成为古希腊主要哲学家的共识②。
柏拉图在多部早期对话录，尤其是《普罗泰戈拉》中为之辩护。
学界关于柏拉图德性统一论的研究主要集中于早期对话录。
然而，相比以单一德性为主题的早期对话录，《理想国》第４卷探讨了智慧、勇敢、节制、正义这四种主要德性（“四主德”），因而是我们研究柏拉图德性统一问题不可忽视的文本。
一种流行的观点认为，柏拉图在《理想国》中对四主德下了不同定义，它们分属于城邦或者灵魂的不同部分，因而可以彼此分离，比如辅助者／意气是勇敢的、生产者／欲望是节制的（尽管都没有智慧）。
亚里士多德的美德伦理学英文回答：Aristotle's virtue ethics is a teleological ethical theory that holds that the good for humans (eudaimonia) is achieved through the exercise of virtue. Virtue is a habitual disposition to act in a way that is excellent and in accordance with reason. According to Aristotle, there are four cardinal virtues: courage, temperance, justice, and prudence. These virtues are necessary for achieving eudaimonia, as they enable us to live in accordance with our nature and to fulfill our potential.Aristotle's virtue ethics is based on the idea that humans are rational beings with a natural desire to live a good life. He believed that the good life is one that is lived in accordance with virtue. Virtue, in turn, is a habitual disposition to act in a way that is excellent and in accordance with reason. Aristotle identified four cardinal virtues: courage, temperance, justice, andprudence. He believed that these virtues are essential for achieving eudaimonia.Aristotle's virtue ethics has been influential in Western thought for centuries. It has been used to justifya wide range of moral and political theories, from the classical liberalism of John Locke to the Christian ethicsof Thomas Aquinas. However, Aristotle's virtue ethics has also been criticized for its elitism and its neglect of the role of emotions in moral behavior.中文回答：亚里士多德的美德伦理学是一种目的论伦理理论，它认为人的善（幸福）是通过实践美德来实现的。
第1堂：芳香植物概说 (精油的形成) / 大秘仪太阳牌1. 精质（essence）与精油（essential oil）的不同2. 植物为什么会产生精质3. 精质（essence）的产生过程4. 依分泌细胞之构造来分类植物5. 芳香植物大家族（芸香科、松科、柏科、杜鹃花科、伞型科、橄榄科、桃金娘科、马鞭草科、唇形科、菊科、豆科、姜科、樟6. 精油：葡萄柚、桔、苦橙、柠檬、莱姆7. 植物油：向日葵油第2堂：精油化学概念与基础调配技巧 / 塔罗牌入门一 (类型与选购)1. 芳香疗法的定义2. 精油的名称定义3. 精油的特性4. 芳香分子生物合成途径5. 决定精油功能的关键6. 基本的调配使用7. 单萜烯专论（单萜烯的特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：欧洲冷杉、胶冷杉、西伯利亚冷杉、道格拉斯杉、欧洲赤松、落叶松、黑云杉第3堂：各种萃取方法比较 / 塔罗牌入门二 (起源与历史)1. （一般）水蒸气蒸馏法 Stream Distillation2. 特殊水蒸气蒸馏法（渗透蒸馏法 Percolation、低温蒸馏法、分馏、精馏）3. （一般）水蒸馏法 Hydro-Distillation4. 特殊水蒸馏法（循环水蒸馏法Cohobation、Attar蒸馏法）5. 从炼金术看蒸馏精油的心灵意义6. 溶剂萃取法 Solvent Extraction7. 超临界流体萃取法/CO2萃取法 FSE-CO28. 压榨法 Pressin9. 脂吸法 Enflerage10. 精油：杜松浆果、高地杜松、丝柏、格陵兰喇叭茶、杜鹃11. 植物油：甜杏仁油第4堂：精油作用之生物基础与使用 / 大秘仪教皇牌1. 嗅觉生理学2. 大脑演化三阶理论3. 嗅觉与生理机能4. 嗅觉与情绪（芳香心理学）5. 精油：欧白芷根、白松香、莳萝、榄香脂、乳香6. 植物油：荷荷巴油第5堂：四象限图模型与精油能量特性 / 塔罗牌入门三 (符号象征元素概念)1. 芳香分子之四象限模型图（Pierre Franchomme、Daniel Peneol）2. 四象限图的分子族群属性分析3. 各种芳香分子的药学属性特性4. 四象限图与体质选油5. 塔罗牌的四元素和其他象征6. 精油：卡奴卡、岩玫瑰、黑胡椒、熏陆香、贞节树第6堂：蛋型模型与身心牵系 / 大秘仪月亮牌1. 神经传导物质（Neuro-transmitter）与身心牵系2. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（上方分子VS.下方分子）3. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（左边分子VS.右边分子）4. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（外圈分子VS.内圈分子）5. 如何进行香气抓周6. 酸类专论（有机酸的种类以及酸的特性）7. 酯类专论（酯化反应式、酯类的特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：快乐鼠尾草、苦橙叶、柠檬薄荷9. 植物油：月见草油第7堂：精油的品管与评选 / 大秘仪力量牌1. 精油的评选要件2. 品种-植物鉴别的重要与限制3. 怎么念拉丁学名4. 拉丁文的神秘世界5. 拉丁文的注记方法6. 常见的精油植物种名7. 产地（化学类型CT）8. 栽种方式9. 萃取部位10. 植物的发育阶段11. 成份鉴别-化学分析法（GC/MS）12. 成份鉴别-物理分析法（比重、折射率、旋光性）13. 精油：佛手柑、真正熏衣草、醒目熏衣草、罗马洋甘菊14. 植物油：榛果油第8堂：精油之药理动力学 / 大秘仪死神牌1. 从药理动力学（pharmacokinetics）看精油2. 精油的吸收3. 精油的分布4. 精油的代谢5. 精油的排出6. 精油：黄桦、白珠树、安息香、秘鲁香脂7. 植物油：沙棘油第9堂：从药学属性看精油 / 塔罗牌入门四 (基本牌阵)1. 精油应用于医疗的限制2. 神经系统药学属性（抗痉挛、镇静、止痛）3. 循环系统药学属性（止血、抗凝血、局部充血、调整血压、利肾）4. 内分泌系统药学属性（调整性荷尔蒙、调节腺体）5. 免疫系统药学属性（抗菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、驱虫、消炎、抗组织胺、提升免疫力、抗肿瘤）6. 消化系统药学属性（助消化、祛风、养肝利胆）7. 呼吸系统药学属性（抗黏膜炎）8. 精油：鹰爪豆、银合欢、桔叶、大高良姜、阿密茴第10堂：使用精油的安全守则 / 大秘仪恋人牌1. 用油安全的基本观念2. 使用精油不当可能产生的负面反应（负面反应、需注意之精油、预防或处理方式）3. 精油：香草、摩洛哥玫瑰、摩洛哥茉莉、阿拉伯茉莉4. 植物油：玫瑰籽油第11堂：植物油的重要性 / 塔罗牌入门五 (灵数学)1. 植物油之内在意义2. 优良脂肪之生理益处（建构健康的细胞膜、影响大脑与神经系统、是合成‘信使’（讯息传导物质）的材料、利消化、利心血管、3. 由双键个数来区分脂肪酸（饱和、单元不饱和、多元不饱和）4. 由双键位置来区分脂肪酸（Ω3、Ω6、Ω9）5. 由几何结构来区分脂肪酸（顺式、反式）6. 其它有益成份7. 制造方式与影响8. 如何选购植物油9. 植物油的使用方式10. 精油：黄玉兰、白玉兰、水仙、晚香玉、红花缅栀11. 植物油：芝麻油第12堂：纯露的应用 / 塔罗牌入门六 (认识小秘仪数字牌)1. 纯露是什么2. 纯露的制造与质量3. 纯露的运销与保存4. 纯露的成份5. 纯露的生理作用6. 纯露的疗愈本质7. 纯露基本用法与剂量8. 十二宫纯露9. 单萜醇专论（单萜醇的特性以及药学属性）10. 精油：花梨木、芳樟、芫荽、沈香醇百里香、侧柏醇百里香、龙脑百里香第13堂：生殖系统用油 / 大秘仪皇后牌1. 生理周期2. 雌激素与黄体素（雌激素占压倒性势力的负面影响、黄体素对全身的正面效应）3. 相生相成的性荷尔蒙4. 生殖器官的内在意义5. 常见生殖系统问题与适用精油（不孕、孕期不适、月经问题、更年期、卵巢问题、子宫问题、发炎感染、性机能与性欲问题）6. 精油：蜂香薄荷、玫瑰草、波旁&玫瑰天竺葵、大马士革玫瑰、橙花7. 植物油：小麦胚芽油第14堂：内分泌系统用油 / 大秘仪愚者牌1. 神经系统与外皮系统（胚胎分化）2. 皮肤的构造与内在意义3. 皮肤系统的适用芳香分子4. 颜面视诊与适用精油（消化系统问题、毒素与感染问题、生殖系统问题、内分泌系统问题、神经系统问题、呼吸系统问题）5. 不同需求的护肤用油（保湿、抗老、美白、敏感、油性、面疱）6. 精油：茶树、马郁兰、胡椒薄荷、野洋甘菊、甜罗勒7. 植物油：雷公根油第15堂：神经系统用油 / 大秘仪女祭司牌1. 末梢神经系统2. 中枢神经系统3. 自主神经系统（交感、副交感）4. 神经系统适用精油（头痛、偏头痛、其他疼痛、记忆力减退阿滋海默症、帕金森氏症、多发性硬化症、癫痫、神经性皮肤炎、5. 倍半萜酮专论（特性以及药学属性）6. 精油：松红梅、永久花、大西洋雪松、喜马拉雅雪松7. 植物油：圣约翰草油第16堂：外皮系统用油 / 大秘仪节制牌1. 古典四枢德（Cardinal Virtues）与内分泌腺体2. 精油：大根老鹳草、马缨丹、印蒿、桂花、紫罗兰、鸢尾草3. 植物油：椰子油第17堂：循环与泌尿系统用油 / 大秘仪星星牌1. 血液、海洋、与生命力2. 循环系统的内在意义3. 泌尿系统的内在意义4. 循环系统与泌尿系统适用的精油（高血压、低血压、心悸/心跳过快/心律不整、血栓、动脉硬化、中风、静脉曲张/痔疮、手脚5. 香豆素、内酯专论（内酯的特性以及药学属性、香豆素的特性以及药学属性）6. 精油：零陵香豆、土木香、圆叶当归、芹菜7. 植物油：琉璃苣油第18堂：肌肉骨骼系统用油 / 大秘仪战车牌1. 肢体的内在意义2. 从解剖学了解运动系统3. 肌肉骨骼问题适用精油（痛风、僵直性脊椎炎、风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、椎间盘突出、坐骨神经痛、黏液囊炎、膝盖疼痛、4. 醛类专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：柠檬香桃木、柠檬细籽、柠檬香茅、柠檬尤加利6. 植物油：山金车油第19堂：消化系统用油 / 塔罗牌入门七 (认识小秘仪宫廷牌)1. 吞吃食物和能量交换2. 消化系统的内在意义3. 消化系统适用精油（口腔问题、消化不良、胀气、肠炎/胃炎、胃溃疡/十二指肠溃疡、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、胆结石、糖尿病4. 精油：山鸡椒、柠檬马鞭草、香蜂草、小茴香5. 植物油：橄榄油第20堂：淋巴系统用油 / 塔罗牌入门八 (基本解牌技巧)1. 四体液说与淋巴2. 淋巴系统的功能与运作3. 淋巴与免疫4. 淋巴引流5. 适用于淋巴系统的精油6. 淋巴系统相关问题7. 氧化物专论（特性与药学属性）8. 精油：蓝胶、澳洲、史密斯等尤加利、绿花白千层、白千层、香桃木9. 植物油：琼崖海棠油第21堂：呼吸系统用油 / 大秘仪魔法师牌1. 生命气息与灵魂2. 呼吸过程3. 呼吸作用4. 呼吸系统的内在意义5. 精油用于呼吸系统的作用6. 呼吸系统适用精油（一般感冒、流行性感冒、咳嗽、黏膜发炎/鼻涕多痰/支气管炎、肺炎、气喘、花粉症、鼻窦炎/过敏性鼻炎7. 精油：罗文莎叶、月桂、高地牛膝草、桉油醇迷迭香、豆蔻、穗花熏衣草8. 植物油：胡桃油第22堂：免疫系统用油 / 大秘仪塔牌1. 抗原的基本概念2. 认识人体的免疫器官3. 认识人体的免疫细胞4. 免疫系统其他帮手5. 认识病原体6. 免疫系统问题7. 酚类专论（特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：多香果、中国肉桂、锡兰肉桂、丁香、神圣罗勒9. 植物油：黑种草油第23堂：古代芳香传统的历史/ 大秘仪皇帝牌1. 古埃及传说2. 希腊罗马哲人3. 阿拉伯人的实验精神4. 中世纪心灵复兴5. 革命与新世界6. 精油：野马郁兰、冬季香薄荷、印度藏茴香、野地&百里酚百里香7. 植物油：昆士兰坚果油第24堂：现代芳香疗法之发展 / 大秘仪隐士牌1. 法系芳疗名家2. 英系芳疗名家3. 德系芳疗名家4. 其他地区芳疗名家5. 单萜酮专论（特性与药学属性）6. 精油：头状熏衣草、艾草、鼠尾草、牛膝草7. 植物油：大麻籽油第25堂：压力理论 / 塔罗牌入门九 (牌阵冥想)1. 能量解读2. 性格解读3. 精油：绿薄荷、藏茴香、万寿菊、樟树4. 植物油：雪亚脂第26堂：个案研究与咨询技巧 ( 3 种 Dosha ) / 大秘仪审判牌1. 芳疗咨询的目的2. 咨询的流程3. 自我介绍-芳疗的特色与限制4. ‘咨询资料表’的要素5. 访谈与视诊6. 按摩与触诊7. 分享与教育8. 订定治疗计划9. 设计处方的选油方式10. 个案史记录与追踪11. 精油：薄荷尤加利、多苞叶尤加利、樟脑迷迭香、马鞭草酮迷迭香12. 植物油：大豆油第27堂：芳疗情绪人格分析 (七脉轮) / 大秘仪恶魔牌1. 调香程序（识香、谱香、调香、定香）2. 识香练习3. 谱香技巧4. 醚类专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：热带罗勒、龙艾、肉豆蔻、洋茴香、茴香、欧芹6. 植物油：红花籽油第28堂：梦的解析 / 大秘仪命运之轮牌1. REM快速眼动睡眠VS.精油2. 梦的解析3. 梦的塔罗原型4. 倍半萜烯专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：西洋蓍草、德国洋甘菊、南木蒿、摩洛哥蓝艾菊、没药6. 植物油：金盏菊油第29堂：炼金术进阶调香艺术 / 大秘仪吊人牌1. 什么是压力2. 压力荷尔蒙3. 压力引起的生理反应4. GAS普遍适应症候群5. 大脑中的恶性循环6. 器官系统的恶性循环（神经系统问题、内分泌问题、免疫系统问题、心血管问题、消化系统问题、生殖系统问题、皮肤问题）7. 精油：穗甘松、缬草、蛇麻草、维吉尼亚雪松、依兰8. 植物油：杏桃仁油第30堂：按摩流派 / 大秘仪正义牌、大秘仪世界牌1. 触觉感受器2. 按摩的生理效果3. 按摩的非生理面4. 按摩流派（瑞典式按摩、淋巴引流按摩、摩利夫人英系芳疗按摩、直觉式按摩、依沙兰按摩、能量按摩、灵气按摩、深层组织5. 按摩对疼痛控制的影响6. 精油：郁金、姜、古巴香脂、一枝黄花、檀香、胡萝卜籽、岩兰草、广藿香、暹逻木第1堂：芳香植物概说 (精油的形成) / 大秘仪太阳牌1. 精质（essence）与精油（essential oil）的不同2. 植物为什么会产生精质3. 精质（essence）的产生过程4. 依分泌细胞之构造来分类植物5. 芳香植物大家族（芸香科、松科、柏科、杜鹃花科、伞型科、橄榄科、桃金娘科、马鞭草科、唇形科、菊科、豆科、姜科、樟科、6. 精油：葡萄柚、桔、苦橙、柠檬、莱姆7. 植物油：向日葵油第2堂：精油化学概念与基础调配技巧 / 塔罗牌入门一 (类型与选购)1. 芳香疗法的定义2. 精油的名称定义3. 精油的特性4. 芳香分子生物合成途径5. 决定精油功能的关键6. 基本的调配使用7. 单萜烯专论（单萜烯的特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：欧洲冷杉、胶冷杉、西伯利亚冷杉、道格拉斯杉、欧洲赤松、落叶松、黑云杉第3堂：各种萃取方法比较 / 塔罗牌入门二 (起源与历史)1. （一般）水蒸气蒸馏法 Stream Distillation2. 特殊水蒸气蒸馏法（渗透蒸馏法 Percolation、低温蒸馏法、分馏、精馏）3. （一般）水蒸馏法 Hydro-Distillation4. 特殊水蒸馏法（循环水蒸馏法Cohobation、Attar蒸馏法）5. 从炼金术看蒸馏精油的心灵意义6. 溶剂萃取法 Solvent Extraction7. 超临界流体萃取法/CO2萃取法 FSE-CO28. 压榨法 Pressin9. 脂吸法 Enflerage10. 精油：杜松浆果、高地杜松、丝柏、格陵兰喇叭茶、杜鹃11. 植物油：甜杏仁油第4堂：精油作用之生物基础与使用 / 大秘仪教皇牌1. 嗅觉生理学2. 大脑演化三阶理论3. 嗅觉与生理机能4. 嗅觉与情绪（芳香心理学）5. 精油：欧白芷根、白松香、莳萝、榄香脂、乳香6. 植物油：荷荷巴油第5堂：四象限图模型与精油能量特性 / 塔罗牌入门三 (符号象征元素概念)1. 芳香分子之四象限模型图（Pierre Franchomme、Daniel Peneol）2. 四象限图的分子族群属性分析3. 各种芳香分子的药学属性特性4. 四象限图与体质选油5. 塔罗牌的四元素和其他象征6. 精油：卡奴卡、岩玫瑰、黑胡椒、熏陆香、贞节树第6堂：蛋型模型与身心牵系 / 大秘仪月亮牌1. 神经传导物质（Neuro-transmitter）与身心牵系2. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（上方分子VS.下方分子）3. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（左边分子VS.右边分子）4. 解读‘茹丝的蛋’模型（外圈分子VS.内圈分子）5. 如何进行香气抓周6. 酸类专论（有机酸的种类以及酸的特性）7. 酯类专论（酯化反应式、酯类的特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：快乐鼠尾草、苦橙叶、柠檬薄荷9. 植物油：月见草油第7堂：精油的品管与评选 / 大秘仪力量牌1. 精油的评选要件2. 品种-植物鉴别的重要与限制3. 怎么念拉丁学名4. 拉丁文的神秘世界5. 拉丁文的注记方法6. 常见的精油植物种名7. 产地（化学类型CT）8. 栽种方式9. 萃取部位10. 植物的发育阶段11. 成份鉴别-化学分析法（GC/MS）12. 成份鉴别-物理分析法（比重、折射率、旋光性）13. 精油：佛手柑、真正熏衣草、醒目熏衣草、罗马洋甘菊14. 植物油：榛果油第8堂：精油之药理动力学 / 大秘仪死神牌1. 从药理动力学（pharmacokinetics）看精油2. 精油的吸收3. 精油的分布4. 精油的代谢5. 精油的排出6. 精油：黄桦、白珠树、安息香、秘鲁香脂7. 植物油：沙棘油第9堂：从药学属性看精油 / 塔罗牌入门四 (基本牌阵)1. 精油应用于医疗的限制2. 神经系统药学属性（抗痉挛、镇静、止痛）3. 循环系统药学属性（止血、抗凝血、局部充血、调整血压、利肾）4. 内分泌系统药学属性（调整性荷尔蒙、调节腺体）5. 免疫系统药学属性（抗菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、驱虫、消炎、抗组织胺、提升免疫力、抗肿瘤）6. 消化系统药学属性（助消化、祛风、养肝利胆）7. 呼吸系统药学属性（抗黏膜炎）8. 精油：鹰爪豆、银合欢、桔叶、大高良姜、阿密茴第10堂：使用精油的安全守则 / 大秘仪恋人牌1. 用油安全的基本观念2. 使用精油不当可能产生的负面反应（负面反应、需注意之精油、预防或处理方式）3. 精油：香草、摩洛哥玫瑰、摩洛哥茉莉、阿拉伯茉莉4. 植物油：玫瑰籽油第11堂：植物油的重要性 / 塔罗牌入门五 (灵数学)1. 植物油之内在意义2. 优良脂肪之生理益处（建构健康的细胞膜、影响大脑与神经系统、是合成‘信使’（讯息传导物质）的材料、利消化、利心血管、护3. 由双键个数来区分脂肪酸（饱和、单元不饱和、多元不饱和）4. 由双键位置来区分脂肪酸（Ω3、Ω6、Ω9）5. 由几何结构来区分脂肪酸（顺式、反式）6. 其它有益成份7. 制造方式与影响8. 如何选购植物油9. 植物油的使用方式10. 精油：黄玉兰、白玉兰、水仙、晚香玉、红花缅栀11. 植物油：芝麻油第12堂：纯露的应用 / 塔罗牌入门六 (认识小秘仪数字牌)1. 纯露是什么2. 纯露的制造与质量3. 纯露的运销与保存4. 纯露的成份5. 纯露的生理作用6. 纯露的疗愈本质7. 纯露基本用法与剂量8. 十二宫纯露9. 单萜醇专论（单萜醇的特性以及药学属性）10. 精油：花梨木、芳樟、芫荽、沈香醇百里香、侧柏醇百里香、龙脑百里香第13堂：生殖系统用油 / 大秘仪皇后牌1. 生理周期2. 雌激素与黄体素（雌激素占压倒性势力的负面影响、黄体素对全身的正面效应）3. 相生相成的性荷尔蒙4. 生殖器官的内在意义5. 常见生殖系统问题与适用精油（不孕、孕期不适、月经问题、更年期、卵巢问题、子宫问题、发炎感染、性机能与性欲问题）6. 精油：蜂香薄荷、玫瑰草、波旁&玫瑰天竺葵、大马士革玫瑰、橙花7. 植物油：小麦胚芽油第14堂：内分泌系统用油 / 大秘仪愚者牌1. 神经系统与外皮系统（胚胎分化）2. 皮肤的构造与内在意义3. 皮肤系统的适用芳香分子4. 颜面视诊与适用精油（消化系统问题、毒素与感染问题、生殖系统问题、内分泌系统问题、神经系统问题、呼吸系统问题）5. 不同需求的护肤用油（保湿、抗老、美白、敏感、油性、面疱）6. 精油：茶树、马郁兰、胡椒薄荷、野洋甘菊、甜罗勒7. 植物油：雷公根油第15堂：神经系统用油 / 大秘仪女祭司牌1. 末梢神经系统2. 中枢神经系统3. 自主神经系统（交感、副交感）4. 神经系统适用精油（头痛、偏头痛、其他疼痛、记忆力减退阿滋海默症、帕金森氏症、多发性硬化症、癫痫、神经性皮肤炎、带状5. 倍半萜酮专论（特性以及药学属性）6. 精油：松红梅、永久花、大西洋雪松、喜马拉雅雪松7. 植物油：圣约翰草油第16堂：外皮系统用油 / 大秘仪节制牌1. 古典四枢德（Cardinal Virtues）与内分泌腺体2. 精油：大根老鹳草、马缨丹、印蒿、桂花、紫罗兰、鸢尾草3. 植物油：椰子油第17堂：循环与泌尿系统用油 / 大秘仪星星牌1. 血液、海洋、与生命力2. 循环系统的内在意义3. 泌尿系统的内在意义4. 循环系统与泌尿系统适用的精油（高血压、低血压、心悸/心跳过快/心律不整、血栓、动脉硬化、中风、静脉曲张/痔疮、手脚冰冷5. 香豆素、内酯专论（内酯的特性以及药学属性、香豆素的特性以及药学属性）6. 精油：零陵香豆、土木香、圆叶当归、芹菜7. 植物油：琉璃苣油第18堂：肌肉骨骼系统用油 / 大秘仪战车牌1. 肢体的内在意义2. 从解剖学了解运动系统3. 肌肉骨骼问题适用精油（痛风、僵直性脊椎炎、风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、椎间盘突出、坐骨神经痛、黏液囊炎、膝盖疼痛、瘀伤4. 醛类专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：柠檬香桃木、柠檬细籽、柠檬香茅、柠檬尤加利6. 植物油：山金车油第19堂：消化系统用油 / 塔罗牌入门七 (认识小秘仪宫廷牌)1. 吞吃食物和能量交换2. 消化系统的内在意义3. 消化系统适用精油（口腔问题、消化不良、胀气、肠炎/胃炎、胃溃疡/十二指肠溃疡、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、胆结石、糖尿病、腹4. 精油：山鸡椒、柠檬马鞭草、香蜂草、小茴香5. 植物油：橄榄油第20堂：淋巴系统用油 / 塔罗牌入门八 (基本解牌技巧)1. 四体液说与淋巴2. 淋巴系统的功能与运作3. 淋巴与免疫4. 淋巴引流5. 适用于淋巴系统的精油6. 淋巴系统相关问题7. 氧化物专论（特性与药学属性）8. 精油：蓝胶、澳洲、史密斯等尤加利、绿花白千层、白千层、香桃木9. 植物油：琼崖海棠油第21堂：呼吸系统用油 / 大秘仪魔法师牌1. 生命气息与灵魂2. 呼吸过程3. 呼吸作用4. 呼吸系统的内在意义5. 精油用于呼吸系统的作用6. 呼吸系统适用精油（一般感冒、流行性感冒、咳嗽、黏膜发炎/鼻涕多痰/支气管炎、肺炎、气喘、花粉症、鼻窦炎/过敏性鼻炎、扁7. 精油：罗文莎叶、月桂、高地牛膝草、桉油醇迷迭香、豆蔻、穗花熏衣草8. 植物油：胡桃油第22堂：免疫系统用油 / 大秘仪塔牌1. 抗原的基本概念2. 认识人体的免疫器官3. 认识人体的免疫细胞4. 免疫系统其他帮手5. 认识病原体6. 免疫系统问题7. 酚类专论（特性以及药学属性）8. 精油：多香果、中国肉桂、锡兰肉桂、丁香、神圣罗勒9. 植物油：黑种草油第23堂：古代芳香传统的历史/ 大秘仪皇帝牌1. 古埃及传说2. 希腊罗马哲人3. 阿拉伯人的实验精神4. 中世纪心灵复兴5. 革命与新世界6. 精油：野马郁兰、冬季香薄荷、印度藏茴香、野地&百里酚百里香7. 植物油：昆士兰坚果油第24堂：现代芳香疗法之发展 / 大秘仪隐士牌1. 法系芳疗名家2. 英系芳疗名家3. 德系芳疗名家4. 其他地区芳疗名家5. 单萜酮专论（特性与药学属性）6. 精油：头状熏衣草、艾草、鼠尾草、牛膝草7. 植物油：大麻籽油第25堂：压力理论 / 塔罗牌入门九 (牌阵冥想)1. 能量解读2. 性格解读3. 精油：绿薄荷、藏茴香、万寿菊、樟树4. 植物油：雪亚脂第26堂：个案研究与咨询技巧 ( 3 种 Dosha ) / 大秘仪审判牌1. 芳疗咨询的目的2. 咨询的流程3. 自我介绍-芳疗的特色与限制4. ‘咨询资料表’的要素5. 访谈与视诊6. 按摩与触诊7. 分享与教育8. 订定治疗计划9. 设计处方的选油方式10. 个案史记录与追踪11. 精油：薄荷尤加利、多苞叶尤加利、樟脑迷迭香、马鞭草酮迷迭香12. 植物油：大豆油第27堂：芳疗情绪人格分析 (七脉轮) / 大秘仪恶魔牌1. 调香程序（识香、谱香、调香、定香）2. 识香练习3. 谱香技巧4. 醚类专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：热带罗勒、龙艾、肉豆蔻、洋茴香、茴香、欧芹6. 植物油：红花籽油第28堂：梦的解析 / 大秘仪命运之轮牌1. REM快速眼动睡眠VS.精油2. 梦的解析3. 梦的塔罗原型4. 倍半萜烯专论（特性以及药学属性）5. 精油：西洋蓍草、德国洋甘菊、南木蒿、摩洛哥蓝艾菊、没药6. 植物油：金盏菊油第29堂：炼金术进阶调香艺术 / 大秘仪吊人牌1. 什么是压力2. 压力荷尔蒙3. 压力引起的生理反应4. GAS普遍适应症候群5. 大脑中的恶性循环6. 器官系统的恶性循环（神经系统问题、内分泌问题、免疫系统问题、心血管问题、消化系统问题、生殖系统问题、皮肤问题）7. 精油：穗甘松、缬草、蛇麻草、维吉尼亚雪松、依兰8. 植物油：杏桃仁油第30堂：按摩流派 / 大秘仪正义牌、大秘仪世界牌1. 触觉感受器2. 按摩的生理效果3. 按摩的非生理面4. 按摩流派（瑞典式按摩、淋巴引流按摩、摩利夫人英系芳疗按摩、直觉式按摩、依沙兰按摩、能量按摩、灵气按摩、深层组织按5. 按摩对疼痛控制的影响6. 精油：郁金、姜、古巴香脂、一枝黄花、檀香、胡萝卜籽、岩兰草、广藿香、暹逻木、菊科、豆科、姜科、樟科、禾本科）材料、利消化、利心血管、护肤效果）染、性机能与性欲问题）问题、呼吸系统问题）、癫痫、神经性皮肤炎、带状疱疹、失眠、成瘾、厌食症/暴食症、忧郁症/躁郁症、过动儿）风、静脉曲张/痔疮、手脚冰冷/冻疮/雷诺氏症、肾结石、肾炎、膀胱炎/尿道炎）、黏液囊炎、膝盖疼痛、瘀伤/挫伤/扭伤、阿基里斯腱伤害、足底筋膜炎、拇指外翻、腕隧道症候群）性肝炎、胆结石、糖尿病、腹泻、大肠激躁症、便秘、憩室、大肠息肉/直肠癌）粉症、鼻窦炎/过敏性鼻炎、扁桃腺炎/喉咙痛、耳炎、老烟枪）殖系统问题、皮肤问题）摩、灵气按摩、深层组织按摩、指压（穴位按摩）、脚底反射按摩）。
四德发言稿英文回答：Integrity, righteousness, propriety, and a sense of honor—these are the four virtues that are essential to a well-rounded individual. I believe that embodying these virtues in my daily life is not only beneficial to myself but also to the society I live in.Integrity is the quality of being honest and truthful in all my dealings. It means being consistent in my words and actions, and always striving to do the right thing, even when it is difficult. Righteousness is the quality of being morally correct and just. It means standing up for what is right, even when it is unpopular, and always treating others with fairness and compassion. Propriety is the quality of behaving in a way that is socially acceptable and appropriate. It means being respectful of others and their customs, and always striving to maintain a positive and harmonious environment. A sense of honor isthe quality of having a strong moral compass and a commitment to living a life of integrity. It means being true to my values, even when faced with adversity, and always striving to do what is right.These four virtues are interconnected and interdependent. They form the foundation of a strong and ethical character, and they are essential for a fulfilling and meaningful life. When I embody these virtues, I not only feel good about myself, but I also inspire others to do the same. I believe that by living a life of integrity, righteousness, propriety, and honor, I can make a positive contribution to the world and help to create a better future for all.中文回答：四德，即仁、义、礼、智，是构成一个人格健全不可或缺的四个要素。
开封文化艺术职业学院学报Journal of Kaifeng Vocational College of Culture & Art 2021年3月20日Mar.20, 2021第41卷 第3期Vo1.41 No.3doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-7853.2021.03.005柏拉图“节制”与其他“三主德”的关系论析张蕴睿（曲阜师范大学 政治与公共管理学院，山东 日照 276826）摘 要：节制美德是柏拉图美德思想的重要组成部分，在“四主德”中占有重要地位。
柏拉图节制美德是正义实现的前提条件，是智慧显化的手段，也是勇敢得以实现的可能。
但就目前的研究来看，学界对其关注远远不够，对节制美德的排他性认识尚不能达成一致。
因此，加强对节制美德的研究尤为重要。
关键词：柏拉图；“节制”；“四主德”中图分类号：B82 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2096-7853（2021）03-0013-03节制是古希腊“四主德”（节制、勇敢、智慧、正义）之一，更是柏拉图所认为的城邦各阶级都应具有的美德。
柏拉图的节制美德，是能够使个人在认知基础上适当地调控自身欲望并自愿服从统治者统治的品质或德性，这种德性不仅适用于古希腊特定的时空背景，在当今社会依然具有重要的借鉴意义。
但就目前的研究来看，学界对其关注不够，对节制与其他“三主德”关系尚有争论。
一、“节制”与“正义”学界对于节制与正义的关系争论最多，争论主要集中在“节制是否等同于正义”这一问题上。
首先，节制即正义。
刘晓欣和赵璟指出，柏拉图认为，如果三个等级都能履行好自己的职责、互不干扰，劳动者能够克制欲望和快乐，该统治的统治，该服从的服从，形成一个和谐统一、协调一致的整体，这就是“正义”，节制就是正义［1］38。
罗朝明和王晓涵也持这种观点，并进一步指出，就作用方式来讲，与勇敢和智慧分别存在于城邦的不同部分有别，节制“延伸扩展到全体公民，把各种各样的公民联合到一起，无论是最强的、最弱的，还是中等的”，正义“做自己分内的事和拥有属于自己的东西”的含义与节制德性并无二致［2］。
关于孝心的英文作文英文回答：Filial piety is a virtue that emphasizes respect and care for one's parents. It is a fundamental value in many cultures around the world, particularly in East Asian societies. In Confucianism, filial piety is considered one of the five Cardinal Virtues and is seen as a cornerstone of social harmony and family stability. Children are expected to show their parents respect, obedience, and support throughout their lives, and in return, parents are expected to provide love, guidance, and care for their children.In modern times, the traditional concept of filial piety has evolved in many societies. While the core principles remain important, the ways in which children express their devotion to their parents have changed. In many Western cultures, for example, children are more likely to prioritize their own independence and autonomy,while still valuing their relationships with their parents.Despite these changing perspectives, filial piety continues to play an important role in many families around the world. It is a virtue that promotes respect, gratitude, and compassion, and it helps to strengthen family bonds and create a harmonious society.中文回答：孝道是一种强调尊敬和照顾父母的美德。
Cardinal virtuesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn Christian traditions there are 4 cardinal virtues:▪Prudence- able to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time▪Justice- proper moderation between self-interest and the rights and needs of others▪Restraint or Temperance- practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation▪Courage or Fortitude- forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear and uncertainty, or intimidationThese were derived initially from Plato's scheme (see Protagoras 330b, which also includes piety (hosiotes)) and adapted by Saint Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Thomas Aquinas (see Summa Theologica II(I).61). The term "cardinal" comes from the Latin cardo or hinge; the cardinal virtues are so called because they are hinges upon which the door of the moral life swings.The Cardinal virtuesas depicted on thetomb of PopeClement II inBambergCathedral Iustitia(justice)Fortitudo (fortitude) Prudentia (prudence)Temperantia(temperance)Plato identified them with the classes of the city described in The Republic, and with the faculties of man. Temperance was common to all classes, but primarily associated with the producing classes, the farmers and craftsmen, and with the animal appetites, to whom no special virtue was assigned; fortitude was assigned to the warrior class and to the spirited element in man; prudence to the rulers and to reason. Justice stands outside the class system and divisions of man, and rules the proper relationship among the three of them.It may have been taken up from there into Jewish philosophy; Wisdom 8:7 reads, "She [Wisdom] teacheth temperance, and prudence, and justice, and fortitude, which are such things as men can have nothing more profitable in life.It was certainly taken up in Christianity, as St. Augustine, discussing the morals of the church, described them:For these four virtues (would that all felt their influence in their minds as they have their names in their mouths!), I should have no hesitation in defining them: that temperance is love giving itself entirely to that which is loved; fortitude is love readily bearing all things for the sake of the loved object; justice is love serving only the loved object, and therefore ruling rightly; prudence is love distinguishing with sagacity between what hinders it and what helps it.These "cardinal" virtues are not the same as the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity (see 1 Corinthians 13). Together, they comprise what is known as the seven virtues, also known as the theological virtues.Contents▪ 1 History of the Virtues▪ 2 Depictions of theVirtues▪ 3 See also▪ 4 References▪ 5 External linksHistory of the VirtuesWhile history suggests that the first four date back to Greek philosophers and were applicable to all people seeking to live moral lives, the theological virtues appear to be specific to Christians as written by Paul in The New Testament.In the Republic Plato narrates a discussion of the character of a good city where the following is agreed upon. ―C learly, then, it will be wise, brave, sober, and just.‖ (427e; see also 435b)Cicero (106-43 BC) writes: ―Virtue may be defined as a habit of mind (animi) in harmony with reason and the order of nature. It has four parts: wisdom (prudentiam), justice, courage, temperance.‖ (De Inventione, II, LIII)In the Old Testament the four cardinal virtues are listed in the deuterocanonical Book of Wisdom(8:7): ―Or if one loves justice the fruits of her works are virtues; For she teaches moderation and prudence, justice and fortitude, and nothing in life is more useful for men than these.‖ (1st c BC)They are also listed in Jewish apocryphal literature. 4 Maccabees 1:18-19 relates: ―Now the kinds of wisdom are right judgment, justice, courage, and self-control. Right judgment is supreme over all of these since by means of it reason rules over the emotions.‖ The Father blesses those who express the use of these holy virtues, and they will go to heaven, and be holy. (~40 AD)St. Ambrose (330s-397 AD) was the first to use the expression ―cardinal virtues.‖ ―And we know that there are four cardinal virtues temperance, justice, prudence, fortitude.‖ (Commentary on Luke, V, 62)In the Book of Genesis (28:10-22) Jacob describes his vision of a ladder or stairway leading to heaven. In oral tradition, the three principal rungs on the ladder were denominated Faith, Hope and Love. (The King James Version of the Bible uses "charity," but "charity" was derived from caritas, or "love.") These three are mentioned in 1 Corinthians 13: And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. Because of this reference, the seven attributes are sometimes grouped as four cardinal virtues (prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice) and three heavenly graces (faith, hope, charity).But efforts to relate the cardinal and theological virtues differ. St. Augustine sees faith as coming under justice. Beginning with a wry comment about the moral mischief of pagan deities, he writes:" They [the pagans] have made Virtue also a goddess, which, indeed, if it could be a goddess, had been preferable to many. And now, because it is not a goddess, but a gift of God, let it be obtained by prayer from Him, by whom alone it can be given, and the whole crowd of false gods vanishes. For as much as they have thought proper to distribute virtue into four divisions--prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance--and as each of these divisions has its own virtues, faith is among the parts of justice, and has the chief place with as many of us as know what that saying means, ‗The just shall live by faith.‘" (City of God, IV, 20)Depictions of the VirtuesThe Tomb of Sir John Hotham, supported by figures of the cardinal virtues.The Cardinal Virtues are often depicted as female allegorical figures and were a popular subject for funerary sculpture. The attributes and names of these figures may vary according to local tradition.In many churches and artwork the Cardinal Virtues are depicted with symbolic items:▪Justice– sword, balance and scales, crown▪Temperance– wheel, bridle and reins, vegetables and fish, cup, water and wine in two jugs▪Fortitude– armor, club, with a lion, palm, tower, yoke, broken column▪Prudence– book, scroll, mirror (occasionally attacked by a serpent)Notable depictions include sculptures on the tomb of Francis II, Duke of Brittany and the tomb of John Hotham. They were also depicted in the garden at Edzell Castle.See also▪Seven virtues▪Theological VirtuesReferences▪St. Ambrose, "On the Duties of the Clergy" Book 1, chapter 24 (paragraph 115) and following▪St. Augustine, "Of the Morals of the Catholic Church"External links▪Catholic Encyclopedia "Cardinal Virtues"▪Seven Virtues ()▪Cardinal Virtues according to Aquinas (New Advent)基本道德From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia从―维基百科‖,免费的百科全书Part of a series on系列产品之一St. Thomas Aquinas托马斯•阿奎那至ThomismThomismScholasticism经院哲学negative theology负面神学divine simplicity神圣的简单Quinquae viaeQuinquae viaeBeatific vision幸福视觉Actus purus犯罪客观purusSacraments圣礼correspondence theory of truth对应理论的真理的hylomorphismhylomorphismsubstance theory物质理论(OusiaOusia)accident事故substantial form实质性的形式quiddityquiddity(essence本质/nature自然)peripatetic axiom公理的建筑principle of double effect原理的双重效果cardinal virtues基本道德theological virtues神学美德intellectual virtues智力美德natural law自然法则Just War正义的战争just price只是价格concupiscence色欲Works作品Summa Theologica综合性理论Theologica Summa contra Gentiles魂斗罗外邦人的综合性理论Contra Errores Graecorum魂斗罗ErroresGraecorumCommentaries on Aristotle评论对亚里士多德Influences and people影响和人们Aristotle亚里士多德("The Philosopher")(―哲学家‖) St. Paul至保罗。
