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中考英语大数据的价值与挑战单选题40题1. In the age of big data, schools can use data to ______ teaching resources more effectively, like choosing the most suitable textbooks.A. allocateB. collectC. createD. waste答案解析：A。
本题考查动词词义辨析。
大数据在英语教学资源分配方面的一个重要价值就是能够更有效地分配资源。
选项A“allocate”有“分配”的意思，符合题意。
选项B“collect”是“收集”，侧重于把资源收集起来，而不是分配，不符合语境。
选项C“create”是“创造”，与资源分配无关。
选项D“waste”是“浪费”，这与大数据的价值背道而驰。
2. Big data helps teachers ______ which courses should be arranged first according to students' needs.A. decideB. wonderC. forgetD. avoid答案解析：A。
这里考查动词用法。
大数据有助于教师根据学生需求决定先安排哪些课程。
选项A“decide”表示“决定”，是合适的。
选项B“wonder”是“想知道、疑惑”，不能表达根据数据做出安排的意思。
选项C“forget”是“忘记”，不符合语境。
选项D“avoid”是“避免”，与题意不符。
3. With big data, educational institutions can ______ the popularity of different English textbooks among students.A. analyzeB. ignoreC. decreaseD. increase答案解析：A。
大学英语六级考试试题及答案解析(六十七)一、Writing （本大题1小题．每题106.0分，共106.0分。
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition . You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: ）第1题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Creating a Healthy Internet. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1．随着社会和经济发展．网络成为了每个人必不可少的获取信息的工具2．但是，在网络上也出现了一些不健康的因素，如垃圾信息、黄色网站、虚假新闻、网络炒作等3．我们应采取措施制止这些，并建立—个健康的网络环境The Importance of Creating a Healthy Internet____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【正确答案】：答案:The Importance of Creating a Healthy Internet[范文与解析][1] With the development of our society and economy, the Internet becomesa necessary tool for everyone to obtain information. [2] However, there are also some unhealthy contents in the Internet, such as trash information, pornographic pictures and video clips, fabled news, and annoying online drumbeatings.[3] I think it is high time that we made efforts to create a healthy Internet. [4] First, creating a healthy Internet helps to eliminate online crimes. [5] Second, creating a healthy Internet helps to protect children. Nowadays many children have access to computers and the Internet, so they might be exposed to unhealthy contents and might be misled. [6] Third, a healthy Internet brings great convenience to our lives, while an unhealthy one does great harm to us. When trash information and online drumbeating jam the network, we will certainly spend much more time to search for the information we really need.[7] In one word, creating a healthy Internet should be Netizens' common responsibility, and let's all contribute to a clean and harmonious virtual environment.[本题分数]： 106.0 分【答案解析】[写作指南]作文标题是“创建健康网络环境的重要性”，这已经表明，写作的重点是说明“为什么要创建健康的网络环境”。
中考英语大数据应用场景单选题40题1. Big data can ______ students' learning progress, which helps teachers adjust their teaching plans.A. trackB. loseC. ignoreD. mislead答案：A。
解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析。
大数据在教育领域的一个重要应用就是跟踪学生的学习进度，track有跟踪、追踪的意思，符合语境。
选项B lose表示失去，与大数据的应用场景相悖。
选项C ignore是忽视，大数据不是用来忽视学生学习进度的。
选项D mislead是误导，也不符合大数据在教育中的积极应用。
从语法上看，这里需要一个及物动词原形，track符合要求。
2. According to big data analysis, students who ______ more time on reading usually have better English grades.A. spendB. takeC. costD. pay答案：A。
解析：本题考查表示花费的动词用法。
在这个句子中，主语是students，是人，人花费时间做某事用spend。
take一般用于it takes sb. some time to do sth.的结构。
cost的主语是物，表示某物花费某人多少钱。
pay表示付款，通常用于支付金钱，且主语是人。
这里说的是学生花费时间阅读，根据大数据分析，所以选A。
3. Big data shows that students' performance in English ______ when they use multimedia resources regularly.A. improveB. improvesC. improvedD. has improved答案：B。
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试卷与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Read the following passage and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage:In recent years, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and access information. However, along with its numerous benefits, the internet also brings along a set of challenges and risks. One of the most significant concerns is the issue of online privacy.The internet allows users to share personal information with ease. While this can be advantageous in certain situations, it also exposes individuals to potential privacy breaches. Cybercriminals often target unsuspecting users to steal sensitive data such as bank account details, credit card information, and social security numbers.To protect their privacy, individuals need to be cautious about the information they share online. They should only provide personal details onsecure websites and use strong passwords for their online accounts. Additionally, it is important to keep software and security systems up to date to prevent cyberattacks.Despite the risks, the internet continues to offer numerous advantages. It has made communication faster and more convenient. People can now connect with friends and family across the globe through social media platforms and instant messaging apps. It has also facilitated access to a vast amount of information, enabling users to learn and grow in their respective fields.1、The internet has become a crucial part of our lives.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage2、Sharing personal information online can be dangerous.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage3、It is important to use strong passwords for online accounts.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage4、The internet has made communication faster.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage5、The passage focuses on the risks of using the internet.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passageAnswers:1、A2、A3、A4、A5、B第二题Reading ComprehensionPlease read the following passage and then answer the questions by choosing the best answer (T for True, F for False).Passage:In recent years, the importance of lifelong learning has been increasingly recognized. Many adults are returning to school to further their education, either through traditional college programs or through self-study. One of the most popular self-study options is the Self-Testing Examination (STE) for Higher Education, commonly known as “Self-Taught Examination.”The Self-Taught Examination is a form of self-study examination for higher education in China, which allows individuals to assess their knowledge and skills in specific subjects without attending regular classes. It is particularly beneficial for working adults who want to enhance their professional qualifications or simply gain a deeper understanding of a subject.The examination is divided into different levels, with Level Two being the second level of difficulty. English is one of the subjects offered in this level. The English Level Two examination focuses on practical communication skills and the ability to understand and produce written English.1、The Self-Testing Examination is a traditional college program that requires regular classes to be attended.2、The Self-Taught Examination is only available for students in China.3、The English Level Two examination is designed to improve practical communication skills and the ability to write in English.4、The Self-Taught Examination is not suitable for working adults who want to enhance their professional qualifications.5、The Self-Testing Examination is the only way for adults to further theireducation in China.Answers:1、F2、F3、T4、F5、F二、阅读理解（共10分）Title: Higher Education Self-study Examination Test Paper for English Level 2Part II: Reading ComprehensionPassage:The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. One of the most significant impacts of the Internet is the rise of social media platforms. These platforms have transformed the way people interact, share information, and express themselves. However, the rapid growth of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the potential for misinformation.The following article discusses the benefits and challenges of social media in the modern age.Article:The Benefits and Challenges of Social MediaSocial media has brought numerous benefits to society. It has democratized information, allowing individuals to access a wide range of content and perspectives from around the world. This has led to increased awareness and understanding of global issues. Additionally, social media has provided a platform for marginalized groups to voice their concerns and advocate for change.On the other hand, social media also poses several challenges. One of the most pressing concerns is privacy. Many users are unaware of the extent to which their personal information is being collected and used by social media platforms. Another challenge is the spread of misinformation, which can have serious consequences, such as influencing elections and undermining public health initiatives.Question:What is one of the main concerns raised by the article about the use of social media?A)The decline of face-to-face communicationB)The spread of misinformationC)The difficulty in finding reliable news sourcesD)The cost of maintaining social media accountsE)The lack of privacy protection for usersAnswer:B) The spread of misinformation三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）第一题Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions that follow.In the modern era, the role of technology in education has become increasingly significant. With the advent of online learning platforms and digital resources, students now have access to a wealth of information and tools that can enhance their learning experience. However, this convenience also brings challenges, such as the potential for distractions and the need for self-discipline. As a result, educators must adapt their teaching methods to incorporate technology effectively while maintaining a focus on student engagement and academic integrity.Questions:1、The paragraph discusses the impact of technology on education by mentioning its:a)Increased costb)Availability of informationc)Decreasing teacher-student interactiond)Negative influence on student discipline2、According to the paragraph, what is one of the challenges brought by the use of technology in education?a)The need for more physical textbooksb)The risk of student lazinessc)The potential for distractionsd)The difficulty in assessing student progress3、The paragraph suggests that educators need to:a)Eliminate technology from the classroomb)Focus solely on traditional teaching methodsc)Adapt teaching methods to incorporate technologyd)Increase the number of students in each class4、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of the integration of technology in education?a)Improved student engagementb)Increased academic dishonestyc)Enhanced learning resourcesd)Reduced need for libraries5、The paragraph implies that maintaining a focus on what aspect is crucial in the use of technology in education?a)Teacher salariesb)Student attendancec)Academic integrityd)Classroom sizeAnswers:1、b) Availability of information2、c) The potential for distractions3、c) Adapt teaching methods to incorporate technology4、b) Increased academic dishonesty5、c) Academic integrity第二题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rapid development of technology has greatly impacted the way we live and work. One of the most significant changes is the advent of the internet, which has revolutionized the way we access information and communicate with others. This essay discusses the benefits and challenges of living in the digital age.1、The passage primarily focuses on the impact of technology on:a)Educationb)Communicationc)Transportationd)HealthcareAnswer: b) Communication2、The author mentions that the internet has “revolutionized the way we access information.” What does this imply about the internet’s role in our lives?a)It has made information more accessible.b)It has eliminated the need for traditional libraries.c)It has made information less reliable.d)It has reduced the need for face-to-face interactions.Answer: a) It has made information more accessible.3、The passage states that the digital age has both “benefits and challenges.” What are two challenges mentioned in the passage?a)Information overload and loss of privacyb)Increased social isolation and reduced attention spansc)The decline of face-to-face communication and the rise of cyberbullyingd)Job displacement and the loss of traditional cultural practicesAnswer: a) Information overload and loss of privacy4、According to the author, what is one of the main benefits of living in the digital age?a)Enhanced productivity in the workplaceb)Improved access to educational resourcesc)Greater opportunities for social networkingd) A more sustainable way of livingAnswer: b) Improved access to educational resources5、The author concludes by suggesting that despite the challenges, the digital age offers many opportunities. What is the author’s overall attitude towards the digital age?a)Cautious optimismb)Pessimistic skepticismc)Indifferent resignationd)Passionate enthusiasmAnswer: a) Cautious optimism四、填空补文（共10分）Read the following passage and complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list given below.After graduating from high school, many students choose to further their education through self-study examinations (SSEs). One of the most popular SSEs in China is the National Self-study Examination for Higher Education (NSEE). The NSEE offers a wide range of subjects, including English. The English section, known as English Level 2, is particularly challenging and requires a solid foundation in the language.The English Level 2 examination tests the candidate’s ability to understand and use English in practical situations. It consists of four parts: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Below is a passage that needs to be completed with the appropriate words or phrases.Many students find the__________section of the English Level 2 examination the most difficult. They often struggle with understanding the meaning of complex sentences and identifying the main ideas of a passage. To improve their reading skills, candidates are advised to practice regularly and expand their vocabulary.1.The__________section requires candidates to listen to a variety of accents and comprehend spoken English.2.The__________section tests candidates’ ability to read and understanda range of texts, including academic articles, news reports, and literature.3.The__________section challenges candidates to express their thoughts clearly and coherently in English.4.The__________section involves translating a passage from Chinese to English or vice versa.5.Candidates are encouraged to practice__________and__________to improve their reading skills.List of options:a) listening comprehensionb) reading comprehensionc) writingd) translatione) vocabularyf) grammarg) pronunciationh) regular practiceAnswer key:1.a2.b3.c4.d5.e, h五、填词补文（共15分）第一题阅读内容：After spending a long day at work, Sarah decided to take a break and relax. She had been looking forward to this moment for hours. She turned on her favorite music, sat down on the couch, and began to read a book that had been on her shelf for months. The story was captivating, and she found herself completely immersed in it.As she continued to read, she noticed a word that she wasn’t sure of. She paused to think about its meaning and context. Here’s the paragraph with the missing words:“After f inishing her dinner, she decided to take a short walk. The weather was perfect, with a gentle breeze and the sun setting beautifully in the background. She walked for about 20 minutes, enjoying the peacefulness of the neighborhood. Then, she decided to stop by the park. She sat on a bench and watched the children play. The laughter was infectious, and she couldn’t help but smile. As she watched, she noticed a group of teenagers playing basketball. Their skills were impressive, and she was amazed at how they moved so effortlessly. She realized that she hadn’t been to the park in a long time. It was a great way to end her evening.”Now, please fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list below:1、_________ the children play.2、The weather was perfect, with a gentle breeze and the_________setting beautifully in the background.3、She walked for about 20 minutes, enjoying the peacefulness of the neighborhood.4、She sat on a bench and watched _________.5、Their skills were impressive, and she was amazed at how they _________.答案：1、watching2、sun3、sunset4、the teenagers5、moved第二题Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate word to fill in each of the blanks. Each blank will have four options to choose from.Passage:In the small coastal town of Seabreeze, the local library was a hub of community activity. It was known for its cozy atmosphere and extensive collection of books. Every Thursday evening, a group of eager readers would gather to discuss the latest bestsellers. The library also hosted various workshops and events, which were always well-attended.One day, the librarian, Mrs. Johnson, noticed that the attendance at the workshops was dropping. She decided to take action and came up with a new idea to boost interest. She planned to organize a “Book Swap” event, where readers could exchange their favorite books with others.The first “Book Swap” event was a great success. The library was filled with people of all ages, from children to grandparents. The atmosphere was lively, and the exchange of books was seamless. However, Mrs. Johnson realized that she needed a better way to organize the event.1、She began by creating a list of categories for the books, such as “Mystery,” “Romance,” and “Science Fiction.” This made it easier for readers to find books that matched their interests.2、Next, she thought of a way to track the books that were being swapped. She decided to use a simple spreadsheet to keep a record of the exchanges.3、To encourage more people to participate, Mrs. Johnson offered small prizes for those who brought the most interesting books or who engaged in the most meaningful discussions.4、She also reached out to local schools and community centers to promote the event and invite more people to join in the fun.5、The “Book Swap” event has become a monthly tradition at the Seabreeze Library, and it has greatly contributed to the revitalization of the community.Choose the most appropriate word to fill in each blank:1、A) categories B) organize C) interesting D) promote2、A) creating B) record C) discuss D) search3、A) prizes B) ideas C) books D) discussions4、A) schools B) promote C) organize D) encourage5、A) tradition B) event C) collection D) atmosphereAnswers:1、A) categories2、B) record3、A) prizes4、B) promote5、A) tradition六、完型补文（共15分）第一题阅读内容：In the modern world, communication is more important than ever. With the advancement of technology, people can connect with each other across the globe in seconds. However, effective communication is not just about speaking or writing. It involves listening, understanding, and responding appropriately. In this passage, we will explore the importance of communication in various aspects of life.1._(1)__A. Communication is the key to success in business.B. Communication skills are essential for personal relationships.C. Effective communication can lead to better health outcomes.D. Communication is vital in educational settings.2._(2)__A. Good communication skills can help resolve conflicts.B. Communication is necessary for staying updated with current events.C. Effective communication can improve one’s self-confidence.D. Communication is crucial for managing time effectively.3._(3)__A. Verbal communication is the most important form of communication.B. Non-verbal communication is more effective than verbal communication.C. Listening is just as important as speaking in communication.D. Writing skills are not necessary for effective communication.4._(4)__A. Effective communication can lead to better teamwork.B. Communication is unnecessary in a well-organized workplace.C. Communication can be a barrier to productivity.D. Communication is only important in personal relationships.5._(5)__A. Improving communication skills is beneficial for everyone.B. Communication is not important in the digital age.C. Effective communication is only important for professionals.D. Communication skills cannot be improved with practice.答案：1.B2.A3.C4.A5.A第二题Read the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the list given below the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter (A, B, C, or D) on Answer Sheet 2.Many people believe that 1, the ability to learn, is one of the most important skills we can possess. However, not everyone is born with the same natural talent for learning. While some individuals can quickly grasp new concepts and master complex information, others find it much more challenging.The process of learning can be influenced by various factors. 2, the right environment plays a crucial role in fostering a love for knowledge and curiosity. For instance, parents who encourage their children to explore and ask questions are more likely to raise a generation of lifelong learners.Moreover, the way we approach learning also matters. 3, a positive attitude towards learning can make the process more enjoyable and less stressful. When we view challenges as opportunities for growth, we are more likely to persistand eventually succeed.Here are some tips to enhance your learning experience:1.4, make sure you have a quiet and comfortable study space. This will help you focus better and absorb information more effectively.2.5, engage in active learning. Instead of passively reading or listening, try to engage with the material by taking notes, asking questions, and discussing it with others.3.Keep a balanced lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and proper nutrition can all contribute to better cognitive function and, consequently, improved learning.4.Set realistic goals and celebrate your progress. This will help you stay motivated and focused on your learning journey.5.Finally, be patient with yourself. Learning is a gradual process, and it’s normal to encounter setbacks along the way. Remember that each challenge is an opportunity to learn and grow.Now, read the passage again and complete the following sentences by choosing the appropriate words from the list below.1.The key to successful learning is (A) natural talent (B) perseverance (C) a supportive environment (D) constant practice2.A child’s curiosity can be (A) nurtured (B) hindered (C) ignored (D) discouraged3.A positive mindset can (A) improve (B) hinder (C) have no effect on (D) determine the outcome of4.To enhance your learning, it is important to (A) create a conducive study environment (B) avoid distractions (C) study for long hours (D) rely solely on textbooks5.To maintain a healthy learning process, you should (A) take regular breaks(B) avoid exercise (C) consume excessive caffeine (D) skip mealsAnswers:1.C2.A3.A4.A5.A七、写作（30分）Task:Write an essay of approximately 200 words on the following topic:“Education has always been a vital factor in personal development and societal progress. With the rapid development of technology, online education has become increasingly popular. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online education, and give your own opinion on whether it is a positive or n egative change.”Example:In recent years, the advent of online education has revolutionized the waywe acquire knowledge. On the one hand, online education offers numerous advantages. Firstly, it provides flexibility in terms of time and location. Students can attend classes from the comfort of their homes, which is particularly beneficial for those with busy schedules. Moreover, online platforms often offer a wide range of resources and interactive tools that can enhance the learning experience.However, there are also some drawbacks to online education. One major concern is the lack of face-to-face interaction, which can lead to feelings of isolation and reduced social skills. Additionally, self-discipline and time management are crucial for online learners, as they need to stay motivated and focused without the guidance of a traditional classroom environment.In my opinion, online education is a positive change. While it does have its drawbacks, the flexibility and accessibility it offers far outweigh the negatives. With the right mindset and support, online education can empower individuals to pursue their dreams and contribute to societal progress.Analysis:The essay presents a clear and concise argument about the advantages and disadvantages of online education. The writer begins by acknowledging the rapid development of technology and its impact on education. The advantages of online education are highlighted first, such as flexibility and access to a wide range of resources. The disadvantages are then mentioned, such as the lack of face-to-face interaction and the need for self-discipline. The writer concludesby expressing their own opinion, emphasizing the positive aspects of online education while acknowledging its challenges.The essay follows a logical structure, with clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The writer uses appropriate vocabulary and sentence structures to convey their ideas effectively. Overall, the essay demonstrates a strong understanding of the topic and provides a balanced perspective on the issue.。
【含答案解析】人教版中考英语大数据的分析方法与应用练习题40题1. In the process of big data collection for a shopping website, which of the following is the most important?A. The number of clicks on product picturesB. The color of the website interfaceC. The background music of the websiteD. The font style of product descriptions答案解析：A。
在购物网站的大数据收集过程中，产品图片的点击量是非常重要的数据，它能反映出顾客对产品的兴趣程度等重要信息，与大数据收集密切相关。
B选项网站界面的颜色与大数据收集本身没有直接关系，它更多是关于网站设计方面的元素。
C选项网站的背景音乐同样是网站设计的一部分，对大数据收集没有直接意义。
D选项产品描述的字体风格也属于网站设计范畴，并非大数据收集的关键因素。
2. When we are organizing big data about students' study habits, which method is not suitable?A. Grouping by the time they spend on different subjectsB. Classifying by the color of their textbooksC. Categorizing according to their test scoresD. Sorting based on the frequency of using learning apps答案解析：B。
在整理学生学习习惯的大数据时，根据他们在不同科目上花费的时间（A选项）、考试分数（C选项）以及使用学习应用的频率（D选项）都是合理的方法，这些都能反映出学生的学习习惯。
中考英语地理信息系统的应用案例单选题40题1. In the process of urban planning, GIS (Geographic Information System) can help planners to ____ the distribution of population density most effectively.A. analyzeB. createC. ignoreD. forget答案：A。
解析：在城市规划中，地理信息系统（GIS）的一个重要作用就是分析人口密度分布等各类地理数据，“analyze”有分析的意思，符合GIS在城市规划中的应用；“create”是创造，GIS主要不是用于创造人口密度分布，而是分析它，所以B错误；“ignore”是忽视，“forget”是忘记，这两个词与GIS在城市规划中的功能相悖，不符合题意。
这题主要考查词汇的理解与GIS在城市规划中的基本功能相关的词汇运用。
2. When using GIS for urban planning, it is very useful for finding suitable areas for ____.A. building parksB. making noiseC. causing pollutionD. wasting resources答案：A。
解析：在城市规划中利用GIS是为了做有益的规划，像寻找适合建造公园的区域，“building parks”符合积极的城市规划目的；“making noise”制造噪音、“causing pollution”造成污染、“wasting resources”浪费资源都是负面的，不是GIS在城市规划中所支持的，不符合题意。
本题考查对GIS在城市规划中的积极应用相关的词汇理解。
3. GIS can provide accurate ____ about the terrain in urban planning.A. informationB. storiesC. liesD. dreams答案：A。
高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注解读单选题30题(带答案)1.The discovery of a new planet is an exciting scientific _____.A.eventB.accidentC.incidentD.occurrence答案：A。
“event”通常指重大的、有意义的事件；“accident”指意外事故；“incident”指小事件或附带事件；“occurrence”指发生的事情，比较宽泛。
这里发现新行星是重大的科学事件，所以选A。
2.The development of artificial intelligence is a major scientific _____.A.progressB.advanceC.improvementD.prosperity答案：B。
“progress”指进步，常与in 搭配；“advance”有进展、进步的意思，尤其指科学技术方面的进步；“improvement”指改善、改进；“prosperity”指繁荣。
这里人工智能的发展是重大科学进步，选B。
3.The study of black holes is a fascinating scientific _____.A.phenomenonB.subjectC.topicD.theme答案：C。
“phenomenon”指现象；“subject”学科、主题；“topic”话题；“theme”主题、主旋律。
这里研究黑洞是一个迷人的科学话题，选C。
4.The exploration of space is a significant scientific _____.A.undertakingB.enterpriseC.ventureD.project答案：A。
“undertaking”指事业、任务；“enterprise”企业、事业；“venture”冒险、投机；“project”项目。
中考英语大数据的价值与挑战单选题40题1. In a middle school, the use of big data helps teachers know which English grammar points students find most difficult. Then, teachers can allocate more teaching resources to these points. Big data in this case mainly plays a role in:A. Saving teaching timeB. Discovering students' needsC. Reducing teaching materialsD. Ignoring students' interests答案：B。
解析：A选项节省教学时间，题干重点强调的是根据大数据发现学生的学习难点从而分配资源，不是节省时间，所以A错误。
B选项发现学生需求，因为大数据能让老师知道学生觉得困难的语法点，这就是发现学生需求，以便合理分配资源，B正确。
C选项减少教材，题干未涉及教材的增减，C错误。
D选项忽视学生兴趣，这与题干中大数据帮助发现学生学习难点来分配资源相悖，D错误。
2. Big data shows that in a certain area, most students lack listening practice resources in English learning. So, schools start to allocate more funds to purchase listening materials. This reflects that big data can:A. Create new teaching methodsB. Guide resource allocationC. Replace teachers' judgmentD. Decide students' learning levels答案：B。
大数据给我们带来的影响英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic "The Impact of Big Data on Our Lives", with a word count of over 600 words:Big data has become an increasingly prevalent aspect of our modern world, transforming the way we live, work, and make decisions. As the amount of data generated globally continues to exponentially increase, the potential for harnessing this information to drive innovation and improve our lives has never been greater. However, the rise of big data also brings with it a host of challenges and ethical considerations that we must grapple with as a society.One of the most significant impacts of big data is its ability to drive more informed and personalized decision-making. Businesses can now leverage vast troves of customer data to better understand their target markets, tailor their products and services to individual preferences, and optimize their operations for greater efficiency and profitability. In the healthcare sector, the analysis of large datasets can lead to more accurate diagnoses, the development of personalized treatment plans, and the identification of new trends and patterns in disease outbreaks. In the public sector, big data can inform urban planning, transportation infrastructure, and theallocation of resources to better serve the needs of local communities.Moreover, big data is transforming the way we interact with the world around us. The proliferation of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled the collection of vast amounts of data on our daily activities, preferences, and behaviors. This information can be leveraged to provide us with personalized recommendations, automate routine tasks, and even anticipate our needs before we're aware of them ourselves. For example, smart home systems can adjust the temperature and lighting in our homes based on our schedules and preferences, while personal digital assistants can help us manage our schedules, set reminders, and even make purchases on our behalf.However, the rise of big data also presents a number of ethical and privacy concerns. As more of our personal information is collected and analyzed, there are growing concerns about the potential for data breaches, the misuse of sensitive information, and the erosion of individual privacy. Additionally, the algorithms and models used to make decisions based on big data can perpetuate existing biases and discriminate against certain segments of the population, leading to concerns about fairness and equity.Furthermore, the sheer volume and velocity of data being generatedcan also pose challenges in terms of data storage, processing, and analysis. Businesses and organizations must invest in robust data infrastructure and skilled data professionals to effectively manage and leverage their data assets. Failure to do so can lead to missed opportunities, inefficient decision-making, and the potential for costly mistakes.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of big data are immense, and its impact on our lives is only expected to grow. As we continue to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it will be crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to work together to develop ethical frameworks, robust data governance policies, and effective data literacy programs to ensure that the power of big data is harnessed for the greater good.In conclusion, the impact of big data on our lives is far-reaching and multifaceted. While it presents significant opportunities for innovation, personalization, and improved decision-making, it also raises important ethical and practical considerations that must be addressed. As we continue to grapple with the complexities of the big data era, it will be essential for us to strike a balance between the benefits and the risks, and to ensure that the development and application of big data technologies are guided by the principles of fairness, transparency, and respect for individual privacy.。
高三英语英语学习大数据分析练习题40题(带答案)1. In the big data analysis of English learning, the term “data - driven” is often used. Which of the following sentences uses this term correctly?A. Our English study is data - driven, which means we rely on instincts rather than data.B. A data - driven approach in English learning means making decisions based on data analysis.C. Data - driven English learning ignores all traditional methods.D. The data - driven method in English learning only focuses on grammar data.答案解析：B。
“data - driven”的意思是“数据驱动的”。
在英语学习中，数据驱动的方法意味着基于数据分析来做决策。
A选项中说依赖本能而非数据，与“data - driven”的含义相悖；C选项说数据驱动的英语学习忽略所有传统方法过于绝对；D选项说只关注语法数据太片面。
2. Big data shows that the frequency of certain words can reflect their importance in English learning. The word “frequency” here means _.A. 频率；频繁程度B. 长度C. 难度D. 宽度答案解析：A。
“frequency”的基本含义是“频率；频繁程度”，在大数据显示某些单词的频率能反映它们在英语学习中的重要性这个语境中，就是指单词出现的频率，B、C、D选项均不符合该词在此处的意义。
A Study of Map Data Influence on Disaster and Rescue Simulation’s ResultsK e i S at o a n d To m oi ch i T akahash iAbstract.A pp lyin g the age n t-based s i mu l at ion s y stem t o rea l cases requ i res thefide li t y o f the s i mu l at ion s.I t i s des i red t o s i mu l ate d i sasters s i tuat ion s u n-der e nvi r on me n ts that are c lo se t o rea l on es qua li tat iv e ly a n d qua n t i tat iv e ly. M aps are a ke y c o mp on e n t o f the d i saster a n d rescue s i mu l at ion s y stem.W e pr o p o se a meth o d t o create m o re rea l maps us in g o pe n G IS data a n d d i scuss the s i mu l at ion resu l ts bet w ee n t wo maps.B u il d in gs data o f on e map i s ge n-erated b y pr o grams a n d the o ther i s created fr o m rea l data.T he e x per i me n ts sh ow c l ear d iffere n ce bet w ee n the s i mu l at ion resu l ts,a n d the causes o f the d iffere n ce are d i scussed.1IntroductionIn d i sasters,huma n beha vio rs ra n ge fr o m rescue o perat ion s t o e v acuat ion ac-t ivi t i es.W e ca nno t d o e x per i me n ts on huma n e v acuat ion o r rescue beha vio rs ph y s i ca lly at the l e v e l o f rea l sca l e.A ge n t-based s i mu l at ion makes p o ss i b l e t o s i mu l ate the huma n beha vio rs a n d in teract ion s bet w ee n the i r rescue o pera-t ion s a n d d i sasters.T he s i mu l at ion resu l ts ca n be used t o pred i ct damages t o c ivil li fe,a n d t o make p l a n s t o decrease the damages.T he R o b o Cup Rescue Si mu l at ion(RCR S)i s a n age n t based s i mu l at ion s y stem a n d w as des i g n ed t o s i mu l ate the rescue measures take n dur in g the H a n sh in-Aw a ji earthquake d i saster[5].RCR S has bee n used in R o b o Cup c o mpet i t ion s in ce2000,a n d has bee n used in v ar io us s i tuat ion s[8].Mo st o f the usages c o me fr o m the requ i re-me n t t o decrease the damage o f d i sasters.A pp lyin g the s i mu l at ion s y stems t o pract i ca l usage requ i res that the resu l ts o f s i mu l at ion are e x p l a in ab l e t o Kei Sato·Tomoichi TakahashiMeijo Universitye-mail:e0428299@ccalumni.meijo-u.ac.jp,ttaka@ccmfs.meijo-u.ac.jpQ.Bai and N.Fukuta(Eds.):Advances in Practical Multi-Agent Systems,SCI325,pp.389–402. c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2010390K.Sato and T.Takahashi users fr o m vi e w p oin t o f the o r i es,e x per i me n ts in l ab o rat o r i es,o r past e x per i-e n ce.Si mu l at ion us in g rea l parameters o r data i s on e o f w a y s t o in crease the fide li t y o f s i mu l at ion s.Si mu l at ion us in g rea l s i ze requ i res a huge n umber o f c o mputer res o urces. Fo r e x amp l e,T akeuch i et a l,s i mu l ated e v acuat ion beha vio r o f th o usa n ds o f age n ts at4×4km2on d i str i buted c o mput in g s y stem[11].T he s i mu l at ion takes a lo t o f t i me a n d the s i mu l at ion c lo ck i s s low er tha n w a ll t i me c lo ck. T he s low s i mu l at ion bec o mes a ser io us pr o b l em w he n the s i mu l at ion i s used dur in g d i saster.Li ght w e i ght s i mu l at ion s are a l ter n at iv e w he n the resu l ts are qua li tat iv e ly guara n teed.In th i s paper,w e pr o p o se a meth o d t o create maps wi th r o ad n et wo rks a n d bu il d in gs fr o m o pe n G IS data,a n d check h ow the rea li t y o f maps influe n ces the s i mu l at ion resu l ts.S ect ion2descr i bes o f age n t based d i saster a n d rescue s i mu l at ion in pract i ca l usages.S ect ion3d i scussed creat ion o f maps fr o m o pe n s o urces.E x per i me n ts us in g RCR S a n d the summar y are prese n ted in S ect ion4,S ect ion5respect iv e ly.2Agent Based Disaster and Rescue Simulation for Practical Usage2.1Role of Disaster and Rescue SimulationW he n a d i saster o ccurs,rescue age n ts rush t o the d i saster s i tes a n d the lo ca l g ov er n me n t will p l a y a r ol e o f rescue headquarters[13].T he y will make p l a n s that will decrease damages f o r c ivil liv es,o r est i mate the effect o f p l a n s. Fi gure1sh ow s a n i mage o f the d i saster-rescue s i mu l at ion that will be used b y lo ca l g ov er n me n ts.B ef o re d i saster,the y est i mate damages o f the i r t own a n d make d i saster pre v e n t ion p l a n s t o e x pected the damages.D ur in g d i sasters, emerge n c y ce n ter will use them t o e v acuate pe o p l e,de liv er re li ef g oo ds,etc effect iv e ly.T he f ollowin g scheme i s assumed t o make effect iv e p l a n s.plan→compute damages→compare past casesas a estimation of models →estimate plansusage as disaster management toolIn o rder t o use s i mu l at ion resu l ts as on e o f d i saster ma n ageme n t t ool s,i t i si mp o rta n t t o make f ollowin gs c l ear,1.w hat targets o f the s i mu l at ion s are,2.u n der w hat c on d i t ion s the s i mu l at ion s are d on e,3.w hat c o mputat ion a l m o de l s o f s i mu l at ion s are emp loy ed,4.w hat cr i ter i a are used t o assure the s i mu l at ion resu l ts.A Study of Map Data Influence391Fig.1An image of a disaster management system used by local governments.The system and data used for day-to-day operation will be utilized at rescue headquar-ters.The left part shows the day-to-day operations of the local governments.Agent based social simulations are used for their planning at ordinary times such as traffic flow estimations.2.2RoboCup Rescue Simulation SystemT he R o b o Cup Rescue s i mu l at ion i s a n age n t based s y stem a n d i s assumed t o p l a y a r ol e o f a c o mp on e n t o f compute damages in the ab ov e scheme.T he RCR S i s bu il t wi th a n umber o f m o du l es[10].Fi gure2sh ow s the arch i tecture o f the RCR S a n d f ollowin g are br i ef e x p l a n at ion s o f the m o du l es.A ge n t:C ivili a n s a n dfirefighters are e x amp l es o f age n ts.T hese in d ivi dua l sare vi rtua l e n t i t i es in the s i mu l ated wo r l d.T he i r dec i s ion pr o cesses o r act ion-se l ect ion ru l es are pr o grammed in the c o rresp on d in g age n ts,a n d the i r in te n t ion s are se n t as c o mma n ds t o the ker n e l.C o mp on e n t s i mu l at o rs:Di saster s i mu l at o rs c o mpute h ow d i sasters affectthe wo r l d.T hese c o rresp on d t o d i sasters such as bu il d in g c oll apses a n d fires.A traffic s i mu l at o r cha n ges the p o s i t ion s o f the age n ts acc o rd in g t o the i r in te n t ion s.I t res olv es c onfli cts o f the in te n t ion s,f o r e x amp l e,ma ny pe o p l e w a n t t o g o the same p l ace.G IS:T h i s m o du l e pr ovi des the c onfigurat ion o f the wo r l d definin g w herer o ads a n d bu il d in gs are,a n d the i r pr o pert i es such as wi dth o f street,floo r area,n umber o f st o r i es,fire-res i sta n t bu il d in g o r no t.T he r o ads are rep-rese n ted in the f o rm o f n et wo rk a n d the data bu il d in gs are prese n ted as p oly g on s.11The numbers of agents andfires,and their positions are also specified as param-eters of the simulation.The parameters are set in afile,gisini,in Table4.392K.Sato and T.TakahashiFig.2Architecture overview of ponents are plugged into kernel via specified protocol.Vi e w ers:Vi e w ers vi sua li ze the d i saster s i tuat ion s a n d age n t act ivi t i es on a 2D o r3D vi e w er a n d d i sp l a y predefin ed matr i ces that are o bta in ed fr o m the s i mu l at ion resu l ts.K er n e l:T he ker n e l wo rks as a ser v er pr o gram t o the c li e n ts a n d c on tr ol s the s i mu l at ion pr o cess a n d fac ili tates in f o rmat ion shar in g am on g the m o du l es.T he ker n e l e x cha n ges pr o t o c ol s am on g age n ts a n d s i mu l at ion s,a n d checks the act ion s w hether the y are v a li d o r no t.3Map Generation from Public GIS Data3.1Open Source MapsI t i s des i rab l e t o s i mu l ate d i sasters a n d rescue o perat ion s u n der e nvi r on me n ts as rea li st i c as p o ss i b l e at a ny p l aces w here d i saster o ccurs.M aps are ke y c o mp on e n ts t o sat i sf y the ab ov e requ i reme n t.G IS data are a v a il ab l e fr o m c o mmerc i a l mapp in g age n c i es.T he y are e x pe n s iv e a n d the c o p y r i ghted data are restr i cted t o use them.2Rece n t ly,G IS data ca n be o bta in ed in a f o rm o f G ML fr o m g ov er n me n-ta l in st i tut ion s a n d vol u n teer o rga ni zat ion s.A cadem i c in st i tut ion s ma y use the G IS data pr ovi ded fr o m the i r g ov er n me n ta l in st i tut ion s.T ab l e1sh ow s features o f these maps.Ge o graph i ca l S ur v e y In st i tute(G SI):J apa n ese G SI has pr ovi ded d i g i ta l ge o spat i a l in f o rmat ion o f r o ad n et wo rk data in a f o rm o f J apa n ese 2Maps available at the Internet such as Google Maps are sourced from the mapping agencies.A Study of Map Data Influence393S ta n dards f o r Ge o graph i c In f o rmat ion(JS G I)2.0s in ce2002[2].F r o m 2007,the y ha v e updated the JS G I as IS O19100c o mpat i b l e on e a n d ha v e started G SI data a v a il ab l e fr o m the In ter n et[3]3.Ord n a n ce S ur v e y(O S):Ord n a n ce S ur v e y i s Great B r i ta in’s n at ion a l map-p in g age n c y.I t has pr ovi ded d i g i ta l data o f O S M aster M ap.T he d i g i ta l data are s ol d t o bus in ess a n d in d ivi dua l s[6].Ope n S treet M ap(O SM):Ope nS treet M ap creates a n d pr ovi des free ge o-graph i c data.A s the data are in put b y vol u n teer,the data d o no t c ov era ll area.B ut the y ca n be used wi th o ut l ega l o r tech ni ca l restr i ct ion s[7]. Table1Features of geographical data provided by governmental institutions and volunteer organizations.data start year coordinate system road network road property building data OSM2004WGS84◦◦√√OS Topo2001British National Grid√OS ITN2001British National Grid√√GSI2002Tokyo DatumGSI2007WGS84◦◦◦indicates the dates are available free.OS ITN:OS Integrate Transport Network Layer[4].OS Topo:OS Topography Layer[12].3.2Creation Simulation Map from Open Source GISDataRCR S s i mu l at ion s ca n s i mu l ate d i sasters a n d huma n beha vio rs wi th rescue o perat ion s at a ny p l aces b y rep l ac in g G IS data.R o ad n et wo rk a n d bu il d in g data o f the area are c o mp on e n ts o f the G IS data.T akahash i et a l.pr o p o sed appr o aches t o ge n erate rea li st i c maps fr o m free G IS data that are used wi th-o ut a ny restr i ct ion[9].Mo r i tz et a l.prese n ted a t ool us in g Ope nS treet M ap[1]. Ope nS treet M ap c on ta in s data o f r o ads,l a n dmark bu il d in gs a n d the i r re l e-v a n t data.All bu il d in gs o f the area are no t c on ta in ed in Ope nS treet M ap,s o the y ge n erate the data o f bu il d in gs w he n there are no bu il d in g data.A s T ab l e1sh ow s,O SM a n d G SI2007are a v a il ab l e free fr o m vi e w p oin ts o f m on e y a n d c o p y r i ght.W e create rea l G IS data fr o m O SM a n d G SI2007. Followin gs are pr o cesses o f creat in g s i mu l at ion maps(Fi gure3).1.Fi gure3(a)a n d(b)sh ow the n et wo rk fr o m O SM a n d bu il d in g fr o m G SIo f To k o r o za w a,a n e i ghb o r in g t own o f To k yo.O SM has r o ad n et wo rk data, the no des a n d edges o f n et wo rk c o rresp on d t o cr o ss in g p oin ts a n d r o ads, respect iv e ly.T he m i dd l efigure sh ow s the o ut lin es o f bu il d in gs,parks a n d o ther areas.43GIS(2007)does not contain the road network data.GIS has provided the road network data in a format of SGI2.0as commercial goods since2007.4We can recognize roads from Figure3(b),however,GSI has no data on roads.394K.Sato and T.Takahashi(a)road network(OSM)(b)building area(GSI)(c)composite map Fig.3Road network map from OSM(left),building data from GSI(middle)and composite map(right)of Tokorozawa,Japan2.Fi gure3(c)sh ow s a c o mp o s i te map created b y o ur meth o d.a.I mp o rts r o ad n et wo rk fr o m O SM map,a n d bu il d in g data fr o m G SImap.b.In serts bu il d in g e n tra n ce r o ads a n d c onn ect them t o the bu il d in gs.T he c onn ect ion s are edges bet w ee n no des o f r o ad n et wo rk a n d e n tr y p oin ts o f bu il d in gs.T he y ser v e w a y s t o bu il d in gs fr o m o uts i de a n d age n ts use them t o e n ter o r m ov e o ut the h o use.Fi gure4sh ow s maps ge n erated b y Mo r i tz’s pr o gram a n d o ur pr o gram.M¨o r i tz’s meth o d ge n erates on e b i g h o use at the l eft upper b lo ck,w here there are te n h o uses at rea l maps.Do ts on the r o ads are no des o f the r o ad n et wo rk.T he y involv e e n tra n ce no des o f bu il d in gs,s o the map created b y o ur meth o d c on ta in s m o re no des tha n Mo r i tz’s map.Fig.4Generated map by Moritz program(left)and by our program(right).Light gray parts are roads,and dark gray parts are buildings.Dots on the roads are entrance points to buildings.A Study of Map Data Influence395 4Simulation Sensitivity of Environments toSimulationsI t i s c on ce iv ab l e that s i mu l at ion wi th m o re rea li st i c G IS data o utputs better resu l ts,w h il e the s i mu l at ion wi th m o re rea li st i c e nvi r on me n ts n eeds m o re c o mputat ion res o urces.Si mu l at ion s wi th s i mp lified e nvi r on me n ts are on e o f w a y s t o d o wi th l ess res o urce u n der the c on d i t ion s that the resu l ts are qua l-i tat iv e ly guara n teed.W e check w hether resu l ts o f s i mu l at ion depe n de n t onG IS data b y c o mpar in g the c o rre l at ion the resu l ts o f s i mu l at ion.4.1Created Maps from Open Source DataTo k o r o za w a i s on e n e i ghb o r in g t own o f To k yo a n d on e o f areas that maps are a v a il ab l e.An d To k o r o za w a i s the area w here O SM a n d G SI(2007)pr ovi de data.5T hree maps o f To k o r o za w a are created,To k o r o za w a1,To k o r o za w a2, a n d To k o r o za w a3fr o m the sma ll est t o the b i ggest on e.(Fi gure5)Followin gs are the features o f three areas.To r o k o za w a1.A ra ilw a y track ru n s d i ag on a lly a n d only on e r o ad cr o sses the ra ilw a y track.To k o r o za w a2.O n e ra ilw a y track ru n s d i ag on a lly a n d t wo r o ads cr o ss the ra ilw a y track.T here are m o re o pe n areas w here no bu il d in gs are tha n To r o k o za w a1.Fig.5Tokorozawa area displayed at Google Earth.5OSM and GSI(2007)do not cover the whole of Japan.396K.Sato and T.Takahashi Table2The futures of created mapsarea Tokorozawa1Tokorozawa2Tokorozawa3 size(m×m)483×599755×937838×1052 program Moritz our Moritz our Moritz our network node150228278461400563road177255314497449612 building number10463813411463211604floor area(m×m)23,40121,31941,17138,08989,44442,941average of area225333073427927standard deviation101661956318543 Simulation Time S1362.2382.0347.5348.0372.3374.7 (CPU,second)*S2355.3361.9343.0355.9374.5382.0 S3-374.9-372.9-413.4S4-369.3-404.1-426.0 *:The simulations are done one computer.(CPU Intel2Quad3Ghz,Memory3GB). *:The time is the average offive runs.To k o r o za w a3.A b i g r o ad d i ag on a lly ru n s in stead o f a ra ilw a y track.T herei s a b i g o pe n area in the ce n ter.T ab l e2sh ow s the pr o pert i es o f To k o r o za w a maps.Mo r i tz pr o gram ge n erates bu il d in g data b y d ivi d in g o pe n areasfirst a n d p l ac in g h o uses s i zes o f that are a l m o st equa l t o the s i ze o f the d ivi ded areas.So the s i zes o f bu il d in gs are l arger a n d the n umber o f bu il d in g i s sma ll er tha n the bu il d in gs created b y o ur pr o gram.Fi gure6,Fi gure7,a n d Fi gure8sh ow s n apsh o ts o f rescue s i mu l at ion e v er y100step,at To k o r o za w a1,To k o r o za w a2,a n d To k o r o za w a3, respect iv e ly.T he features are sh own in them.Time Step1Time Step100Time Step200Time Step300 Fig.6Fire simulations at Tokorozawa1map.Upfigures are maps created by Moritz program and down ones are created by our program.A Study of Map Data Influence397Time Step1Time Step100Time Step200Time Step300 Fig.7Fire simulations at Tokorozawa2map.Upfigures are maps created by Moritz program and down ones are created by our program.Time Step1Time Step100Time Step200Time Step300 Fig.8Fire simulations at Tokorozawa3map.Upfigures are maps created by Moritz program and down ones are created by our program.4.2Sensitivity Analysis of Maps to SimulationsFi re s i mu l at ion i s on e o f d i sasters s i mu l at ion that i s influe n ced t o the pr o per-t i es o f maps.T he d own f o ur r ow s in T ab l e2sh ow the ru n t i mes o f s i mu l at ion us in g each map.T he s i mu l at ion t i me i s the a v erage o ffiv e ru n s f o r f o ur d i saster s i tuat ion s,S1,S2,S3a n d S4;the s i tuat ion s are descr i bed in subsect ion4.3.I t takes lon ger t i me t o s i mu l ate us in g the maps created b y o ur pr o gram tha n maps created b y Mo r i tz pr o gram.T ab l e3sh ow s the spread o ffires a n d c o rre l at ion s bet w ee n maps created b y t wo pr o grams.Fo r To k o r o za w a1a n d3,the c o rre l at ion s am on g the u n bur n ed bu il d in g rat io fr o m start t o300steps are low er tha n To k o r o za w a2.Fi gure6,7 a n d8sh owfire spreads at maps created b y Mo r i tz meth o d a n d o ur meth o d.F r o m thefigures,i t ca n be see n thatfires d o no t spread after100a n d200 t i me step at s i mu l at ion the maps created b y o ur pr o gram.A ctua lly,fr o m t i me step100a n d160f o r To k o r o za w a1a n d3,respect iv e ly,thefire spread st o pped.398K.Sato and T.Takahashi Table3Spread offire and correlation between two maps created by Moritz pro-gram and ours.Tokorozawa1Tokorozawa2Tokorozawa3 elapsed time step\map Moritz our Moritz our Moritz ournumber of ignition point266 spread offire10096.198.092.790.595.798.5 by20092.698.083.477.888.796.4 rate of unburned buildings(%)30080.798.077.971.480.196.4 correlation0-1000.9780.8630.905between0-2000.8370.9770.935maps0-3000.5600.9870.834 Correlation factors are calculated using the ratio of unburned area of every step. Table4Parameters of four scenariosTokorozawa1Tokorozawa2Tokorozawa3scenario S1S3S2S4S1S3S2S4S1S3S2S4 the number civilian7080809090100of rescuefirefighter101510151015agent police101510151015amblance101510151015 the number of ignition points5355358728721010010100T he c o rre l at ion o f To k o r o za w a1i s0.56.T he rates o f u n bur n ed bu il d in g are the same f o r To k o r o za w a1at o ur map.T hefire d o es n’t spread in th i s case, a n d th i s causes the low c o rre l at ion.Followin gs are th o ught t o cause the d iffere n ces bet w ee n s i mu l at ion s.•Si ze o f bu il d in g:i t takes lon ger t i me t o bur n a b i g bu il d in g tha n a sma ll on e.•S pace bet w ee n bu il d in gs:the space pre v e n tsfire fr o m spread in g.4.3Sensitivity Analysis of Rescue Agents toSimulation ResultsRescue age n ts e x t in gu i shfires.T he age n ts a n d the ini t i a l c on d i t ion o f d i saster the n umber o ffire i g ni t ion p oin ts a n d the i r lo cat ion s cha n ge the s i mu l at ion resu l ts.T he parameter sett in g o f rescue age n ts a n dfires defin es rescue sce-n ar io s o f s i mu l at ion.T ab l e4sh ow s f o ur sce n ar io s that are set b y cha n g in g the n umber o f rescue age n ts a n d the n umber o f i g ni t ion p oin ts:•T he n umber o f age n ts i s d iffere n t bet w ee n(S1,S2)a n d(S3,S4),•T he n umber o f i g ni t ion p oin ts i s d iffere n t bet w ee n(S1,S3)a n d(S2,S4).T he d iffere n ce o f i g ni t ion p oin ts c o mes fr o m the s i ze o f ge n erated bu il d in gs.Table5Correlation between simulations under different environmentsTokorozawa1Tokorozawa2Tokorozawa3time step\S1:S1S2:S2S1:S3S2:S4S1:S1S2:S2S1:S3S2:S4S1:S1S2:S2S1:S3S2:S4 scenariosliving0-1000.9590.7970.9750.8740.9940.8950.9800.9240.9830.9910.9770.954 persons0-2000.9970.9900.9890.9820.9970.9840.9980.9930.9920.9960.9960.981 0-3000.9970.9930.9900.9860.9980.9890.9980.9950.9940.9970.9970.987 unburn-0-1000.9660.9650.9700.9700.9510.9330.9710.9310.9550.9600.9460.964 ed area0-2000.8790.9550.8940.9420.7030.9270.9480.9680.9390.9450.9280.872 0-3000.8790.9010.9000.8490.5610.7940.8520.9450.9370.8260.8860.677Fig.9Chronological change of unburned building area rate for map Tokorozawa1.W h il e the same n umbers o f i g ni t ion p oin ts are a llo cated in cases o f S1a n d S2,m o re i g ni t ion p oin ts are a llo cated t o b i gger h o uses in cases S3a n d S4on assumpt ion that there are ma ny o r i g in s o ffire in a b i g bu il d in g.A t Fi gure6,7a n d8,the i g ni t ion p oin ts are set wi th in s o me area.T ab l e5 sh ow s c o rre l at ion s bet w ee n the s i mu l at ion s us in g maps created b y Mo r i tz a n d o ur pr o grams.Fo r e x amp l e,•C ol um n S1:S1sh ow s the c o rre l at ion bet w ee n the resu l t o f sce n ar io1at Mo r i tz map a n d on es o f sce n ar io1at o ur pr o gram map.•C ol um n S2:S4sh ow s the c o rre l at ion bet w ee n the resu l t o f sce n ar io2at Mo r i tz map a n d on es o f sce n ar io4at o ur pr o gram map.T he v a l ues are d iffere n t fr o m on es in T ab l e3because the d i saster s i tuat ion s are d iffere n t a n d rescue age n ts are in c l uded in the s i mu l at ion s.Fig.10Chronological change of unburned building area rate for map Tokorozawa2.Fig.11Chronological change of unburned building area rate for map Tokorozawa3.1.T he v a l ues in T ab l e5are str on g ly p o s i t iv e,e x cept the c o rre l at ion o f u n-bur n ed bu il d in g bet w ee n S1:S1in To k o r o za w a2a n d S2:S4in To k o r o za w a3.Followin gs are th o ught t o cause the t wo low v a l ues.a.low c o rre l at ion f o r S1:S1in To k o r o za w a2Fi gure9-11sh ow the chr onolo g i ca l cha n ges o f u n bur n ed bu il d in g area rate f o r three maps.Fi re spread st o ps fr o m90t i me step in a case o f S1us in g o ur pr o gram map in To k o r o za w a2.(Fi gure10)T hefire spread i s affected b y s i ze o f bu il d in g as descr i bed in subsect ion4.2.b.low c o rre l at ion f o r S2:S4in To k o r o za w a3Fi re spread st o ps fr o m200t i me step in a case o f S2us in g o ur pr o gram map in To k o r o za w a3.(Fi gure11)O n the o ther ha n d,fire spreads wi der fr o m200t i me step in a case o f S4us in g Mo r i tz map in To k o r o za w a3, because o f l arge bu il d in g beg in t o bur n fr o m ab o ut180t i me step.2.T he de vi at ion s o f s i mu l at ion resu l ts are d iffere n t am on g sce n ar io s a n dmaps.T he d iffere n ce i s th o ught t o c o me fr o mfirefight in g b yfire br i gade.T he de vi at ion o f u n bur n ed bu il d in g o f S2us in g o ur pr o gram in To k o-r o za w a1(Fi gure9))i s the b i ggest.T hefire spread st o pped u n t il300t i me step f o r3cases.3.T he chr onolo g i ca l cha n ge us in g o ur pr o gram maps loo ks li ke inv erse pr o-p o rt ion.W h il efire spreads wi th in a b lo ck,i t seems d ifficu l t thatfire spreads ov er r o ads.T h i s bec o mes no t i ceab l e w he n the s i zes o f bu il d in gs are sma ll a n d i t i s th o ught t o cause the u n bur n ed rate loo ks li ke inv erse ly in o ur maps.5Discussion and SummaryA ge n t-based d i saster a n d rescue s i mu l at ion s make p o ss i b l e t o s i mu l ate s i tu-at ion s that w e ca nno t d o e x per i me n ts ph y s i ca lly on rea l sca l e.A pp lyin g the age n t-based s i mu l at ion s y stem t o pract i ca l cases requ i res thefide li t y o f the s i mu l at ion s t o sat i sf y the user’s dema n ds.I t i s des i rab l e t o s i mu l ate d i sasters a n d rescue o perat ion s u n der e nvi r on me n ts w here the y are c lo se qua li tat iv e ly a n d qua n t i tat iv e ly t o rea l on e.M aps are a ke y c o mp on e n t o f the d i saster a n d rescue s i mu l at ion s y stem. Rea l maps c on ta in a huge n umber o f o b j ects.Si mu l at ion s us in g the rea l s i ze map requ i re c o mputat ion res o urces a n d prepar in g re l ated pr o pert i es o f the bu il d in gs.Si mp li f yin g e nvi r on me n ts i s on e w a y t o reduce the c o mputat ion a l res o urces u n der the c on d i t ion s that the s i mu l at ion s resu l ts are qua li tat iv e ly equa l t o the resu l ts wi th rea li st i c e nvi r on me n ts.In th i s paper,w e pr o p o se a meth o d t o create maps wi th r o ad n et wo rks a n d bu il d in gs fr o m o pe n G IS data a n d c o mpare the resu l ts o f s i mu l at ion s, on e i s s i mu l ated us in g the bu il d in g data ge n erated b y pr o grams a n d the o ther i s created fr o m the rea l data.T he e x per i me n ts sh ow d iffere n t aspects in c o rre l at ion s bet w ee n s i mu l at ion s us in g t wo maps.T he d iffere n ces c o me fr o m no t only the pr o pert i es o f map but a l s o the rescue age n t act ion s. 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