文体与翻译31文体与翻译Style and TranslationCourse: style and translationLecturer: Wen YueeCONTENTSHistory of translationTranslation of Modern Essays罗新璋曾不无感慨地说: 不懂钱锺书, 罗新璋曾不无感慨地说:"不懂钱锺书,是国人的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸. 的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸."在《林纾的翻译》一文中,钱锺书先生提出了著名的文学林纾的翻译》一文中, 翻译"化境" 翻译"化境"论,即:"文学翻译的最高理想可以说是把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字, '化'.把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹, 语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于'化境'".(1997 269) '"First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive.How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use,38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer.Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in businesssituations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages--making you appear weak and unassertive. Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.第一印象常常是持久的印象.的确,如果处理得当, 第一印象常常是持久的印象.的确,如果处理得当,你就能有幸获得社会学家称之为"光环效应"带来的种种好处. 能有幸获得社会学家称之为"光环效应"带来的种种好处. 这就是说, 这就是说,要是在一开始关键的几分钟里你就给人留下好的印象,初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好. 的印象,初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好.你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象. 你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象.在有关人际交流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发现, 流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发现,关于情感和态度的信息来自我们的语言文字, 38%来自我们的语音,而惊人的是, 有7% 来自我们的语言文字,有38%来自我们的语音,而惊人的是, 竟有55 来自我们的面部表情.事实上, 55% 竟有55%来自我们的面部表情.事实上,如果面部表情或说话语调与我们所说的话发生矛盾时,听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息. 与我们所说的话发生矛盾时,听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息.为了使第一次面试成功,一开始的握手要坚定有力. 为了使第一次面试成功,一开始的握手要坚定有力.如果面试者没有主动伸出手来,你就主动先把手伸出来. 试者没有主动伸出手来,你就主动先把手伸出来.要是可以选择座位的话,要坐在面试者桌子的侧面, 选择座位的话,要坐在面试者桌子的侧面,而不要坐在正对这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了, 面.这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了,而且在一定程度上起到减少对立的作用.如果你只能坐在桌子对面, 到减少对立的作用.如果你只能坐在桌子对面,那么坐的时候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点, 候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点,这样你就不是正对着面试者了. 不是正对着面试者了.要注意你的形体语言,千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待, 要注意你的形体语言,千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待, 也不要表现得急于讨好别人. 也不要表现得急于讨好别人.要保持一种办理公事时一本正经的神态.非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量, 经的神态.非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量,从而使你显得优柔寡断缺乏自信, 得优柔寡断缺乏自信,而不合时宜的微笑就是一个最为常见的例子.良好的目光交流也非常重要.有一项研究发现, 的例子.良好的目光交流也非常重要.有一项研究发现,多用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警,可靠, 用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警,可靠, 自信,负责的印象. 自信,负责的印象.一、科技英语特点1. 以客观陈述为主,较多使用被动句.科技人员在研究和解决科技问题时重视事物本身的客观规律,主观事实和方法,性能和特征,在讨论科技问题是力求客观而准确的陈述,因此,在科技文献中通常以非人称的语气作客观的叙述,从而较多使用被动句.例如:The length of the polymer chain is specified by the number of repeat units in the chain. This is called the degree of polymerization. Unlike many products whose structure and reactions were well known before their industrial application, some polymers were produced on an industrial scale long before their chemistry or physics was studied.2. 大量使用科技词语.科技文献中除了使用各学科专用的科技词语外,还广泛使用各学科通用的半科技词语和书面的非科技词语. 专用的科技词语仅用于某个学科或专业的词汇或术语. 半科技词语指那些日常用于英语,但又是科技英语中常用的那些词汇.例:reaction.书面非科技词语指主要用于科技英语但却严格地属于非科技性质的词语. 例: apply, to yield, generation, available, at the rate of 按~~~的比率,以~~~速度 in terms of 用,借助于 Back in the order of 大约。
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