汽车中英文3000字汉语翻译 超声波倒车雷达需要原版英文文献联系我

毕业设计开题报告电子信息工程超声波测距倒车雷达系统的设计一、前言自从人类发明第一辆汽车以来，至今世界汽车工业经过了一百多年的发展，当代汽车已经非常成熟和普遍了。

汽车已经渗透于国民经济国防建设以及人类生活的各个领域之中，成为人类生存必不可少的交通工具，为人类生存和社会的发展与进步起到了至关重要的作用。

当今，汽车已经成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分，它给人们带来方便快捷的同时，也出现了许多问题。

在享受汽车给我们带来的便利同时，由于倒车而产生的问题也日益突出。

车的数量逐年增加，公路、街道、停车场和车库拥挤不堪，可转动的空间越来越少；另一方面，新司机及非专职司机越来越多，因倒车引起的纠纷越来越多，车辆之间、车辆与人、车辆与墙壁等障碍物之间的碰撞时有发生。

在2006年汽车事故的发生比例中，倒车引起的事故占28%，倒车已成为令人们头痛的一项任务，即使是经验丰富的司机也在抱怨倒车是件费力费神的事。

据统计，危险境况时，如果能给驾驶员半秒钟的预处理时间，则可分别减少追尾事故的30%，路面相关事故的50%，迎面撞车事故的60%。

改善倒车遇到的窘境被越来越多的人所关注，人们对汽车操纵的便捷性提出了更高的要求，希望有种装置能够解决汽车倒车给人们带来的不便，消除驾驶中的不安全因素，可将车快速准确地停放到指定的位置。

因此，提出了基于超声波测距的汽车用倒车雷达的设计。

经过几年的发展，倒车雷达系统已经过了数代的技术改良，不管从结构外观上，还是从性能价格上，这几代产品都各有特点，目前使用较多的是数码显示、荧屏显示和魔幻镜倒车雷达这3种。

倒车雷达真正开始于轰鸣器，也就是第一代倒车雷达。

我想很多人都不会忘记“倒车请注意！”这句话，因为现在多数普通车还在使用它从某种意义上说，它对司机并没有直接的帮助，不是真正的倒车雷达。

第二代则是采用数码波段显示，可显示后障碍物离车体距离的数码波段显示倒车雷达，没有语音提示，也没有距离显示，虽然司机知道有障碍物，但不能确定障碍物离车有多远，对驾驶员帮助不大。

┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊2011年第三届国际测量技术和机电自动化会议嵌入式智能控制汽车倒车雷达报警系统台湾彰化路500号，建国科技大学，自动化工程系台湾台中市408号，岭东科技大学，技术产品设计系台湾彰化路500号，建国科技大学，机械工程系schwang@.twtfc@.twtfmau@.tw摘要: 大多数驾驶者在汽车挂入倒档时都会用到倒车雷达或者倒车影像去观察汽车后面的路况。

事实上，所有行人只能通过明显的倒车示位灯知道汽车是否在倒车。

而且当汽车倒车示位灯改变不够明显时，最终就导致它们对于行人的报警系统看起来依然不够充足。

因此上此项研究尝试设计一种嵌入式智能倒车报警系统，此系统并且能够提高行人和道路上其他驾驶者的安全性。

这种嵌入式系统用到了微软公司Win CE 运行系统并且适合于正在发展的迷你2440公司。

它的智能触屏工作模式的开发用了2005版的可视化开发环境。

迷你2440公司上的该系统的通用异步收发器界面接口通过单片机PIC16F877控制着变频器，阻容服务器和LED显示器之间传感器信号的转换。

然后连接各引脚，光度和距离的传感器通过用27模糊逻辑法则进行的模糊逻辑过滤可以读取传感器电压值并把其转换成实值。

LED倒车灯架角度可通过这种逻辑过滤的结果自动调节。

此项研究试图对相当于一辆真车的同一高度的运动的架子做模拟测试。

让测试运动框架位于离障碍物240cm远的位置，然后开启驱动马达并把频率调到60Hz.(也就是说马达速度接近于2.52Km/h)让运动的测试框架停在障碍物之前40cm 的位置。

我们发现报警灯灯架安装角度会随着测试框架和障碍物之间距离的改变而不断改变，并且自动的从90度下降到0度。

从测试结果可明显证明此系统可以真实的达到自动控制的汽车后备报警功能，关键词：嵌入式控制，汽车倒车，报警系统一.说明目前市场上用于汽车的后备报警系统有好几种，有倒车雷达，倒车影像，还有倒车语音报警系统等。

Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993.Vol.ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor1. IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is construction improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Co mfort is very important to people’s lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robots, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control system is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurementThe application of AT89C51:SCM is a major piece of computer components are integrated into the chip micro-computer. It is a multi-interface and counting on the micro-controller integration, and intelligence products are widely used in industrial automation. and MCS-51 microcontroller is a typical and representative.Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes(AT89C51).1.1 Features* Compatible with MCS-51 Products* 2Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash MemoryEndurance: 1,000Write/Erase Cycles* 2.7V to 6V Operating Range* Fully Static operation: 0Hz to 24MHz* Two-level program memory lock* 128x8-bit internal RAM* 15programmable I/O lines* Two 16-bit timer/counters* Six interrupt sources*Programmable serial UART channel* Direct LED drive output* On-chip analog comparator* Low power idle and power down modes1.2 DescriptionThe AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2Kbytes of flash,128bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezer the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3 Pin Configuration1.4 Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Prot 1Prot 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The port 1 output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as input and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 3Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The port 3 output buffers can sink 20mA. When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below.1.5 Programming the FlashThe AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents=FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.Internal address counter: the AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.Programming algorithm: to program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended.1. power-up sequence:Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GNDWith all other pins floating , wait for greater than 10 milliseconds2. Set pin RST to ‘H’ set pin P3.2 to ‘H’3. Apply the appropriate combination of ‘H’ or ‘L’ logic to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5,P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM programming modes table.To program and Verify the Array:4. Apply data for code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.5.Raise RST to 12V to enable programming.5. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2ms.6. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic ‘H’ level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins.7. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins.8. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2 Kbytes array or until the end of the object file is reached.9. Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to ‘L’ set RST to ‘L’Float all other I/O pins Turn VCC power off2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiverimmediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is: s=340t / 23. Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 875, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensorsUCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200msHere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determinetheir target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:Receivel: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: …; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Returnleft: …; left ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit output a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance. Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0\POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation, until the echo is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2.Step 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.4、The ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.5、ConclusionsRequired measuring range of 30cm-200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection system.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.6、Parking sensor6.1 Parking sensor introductionReversing radar, full name is "reversing the anti-collision radar, also known as" parking assist device, car parking or reversing the safety of assistive devices, ultrasonic sensors(commonly known as probes), controls and displays (or buzzer)and other components. To inform the driver around the obstacle to the sound or a moreintuitive display to lift the driver parking, reversing and start the vehicle around tovisit the distress caused by, and to help the driver to remove the vision deadends and blurred vision defects and improve driving safety.6.2 Reversing radar detection principleReversing radar, according to high-speed flight of the bats in thenight, not collided with any obstacle principles of design anddevelopment. Probe mounted on the rear bumper, according to different price and brand, the probe only ranging from two, three, four, six, eight,respectively, pipe around. The probe radiation, 45-degree angle up and downabout the search target. The greatest advantage is to explore lower than the bumper of the driver from the rear window is difficult to see obstacles, and the police, suchas flower beds, children playing in the squatting on the car.Display parking sensor installed in the rear view mirror, it constantlyremind drivers to car distance behindthe object distance to the dangerous distance, the buzzer starts singing, allow the driver to stop. When the gear lever linked into reverse gear, reversing radar, auto-start the work, the working range of 0.3 to 2.0 meters, so stop when the driver was very practical. Reversing radar is equivalent to an ultrasound probe for ultrasonic probe can be divided into two categories: First, Electrical, ultrasonic, the second is to use mechanical means to produce ultrasound, in view of the more commonly used piezoelectric ultrasonic generator, it has two power chips and a soundingboard, plus apulse signal when the poles, its frequency equal to the intrinsic oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric pressure chip will be resonant and drivenby the vibration of the sounding board, the mechanical energy into electrical signal, which became the ultrasonic probe works. In order to better study Ultrasonic and use up, people have to design and manufacture of ultrasonic sound, the ultrasonic probe tobe used in the use of car parking sensor. With this principle in a non-contactdetection technology for distance measurement is simple, convenient and rapid, easyto do real-time control, distance accuracy of practical industrial requirements. Parking sensor for ranging send out ultrasonic signal at a givenmoment, and shot in the face of the measured object back to the signal wave, reversing radar receiver to use statistics in the ultrasonic signal from the transmitter to receive echo signals calculate the propagation velocity in the medium, which can calculate the distance of the probe and to detect objects.6.3 Reversing radar functionality and performanceParking sensor can be divided into the LCD distance display, audible alarm, and azimuth directions, voice prompts, automatic probe detection function is complete, reversing radar distance, audible alarm, position-indicating function. A good performance reversing radar, its main properties include: (1) sensitivity, whether theresponse fast enough when there is an obstacle. (2) the existence of blind spots. (3) detection distance range.6.4 Each part of the roleReversing radar has the following effects: (1) ultrasonic sensor: used tolaunch and receive ultrasonic signals, ultrasonic sensors canmeasure distance. (2) host: after the launch of the sine wave pulse to the ultrasonic sensors, and process the received signal, to calculate the distance value, the data and monitor communication. (3) display or abuzzer: the receivinghost from the data, and display the distance value and provide differentlevels according to the distance from the alarm sound.6.5 Cautions1, the installation height: general ground: car before the installation of 45 ~55: 50 ~ 65cmcar after installation. 2, regular cleaningof the probe to prevent the fill. 3, do not use the hardstuff the probe surface cover will produce false positives or ranging allowed toprobe surface coverage, such as mud. 4, winter to avoid freezing. 5, 6 / 8 probe reversing radar before and after the probe is not free to swap may cause the ChangMing false positive problem. 6, note that the probe mounting orientation, in accordance with UP installation upward. 7, the probe is not recommended to install sheetmetal, sheet metal vibration will cause the probe resonance, resulting in false positives.超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德：1993年超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。

汽车倒车雷达系统随着中国经济的持续增长和汽车价格的持续下降，越来越多的家庭拥有了私家车。

在享受汽车给人们带来便利的同时，由于倒车而产生的问题也日益突出。

据初步调查统计，15％的汽车事故是由汽车倒车“后视”不良造成的。

早期的倒车防撞仪可以测试车后一定距离范围的障碍物从而发出警报，后来发展到根据距离分段报警。

随着人们对汽车驾驶辅助系统易用性要求的提高，对汽车倒车雷达的要求也越来越高。

本文设计的基于单片机AT89C51的倒车雷达，采用美国DAL-LAS半导体公司生产的DS18B20单总线型数字温度传感器进行温度补偿提高了测距精度，采用OC-MJ12232C_3液晶显示模块对车距进行实时显示和ISD4004语音芯片实现了倒车雷达语音报警的功能，并可以根据距离的不同做出不同的语音提示。

由于采用了超声波专用集成电路芯片LM1812，有效地提高了系统的可靠性和稳定性。

1 超声波测距原理超声传感器是一种将其他形式的能转变为所需频率的超声能或是把超声能转变为同频率的其他形式的能的器件。

超声波测距原理是利用单片机在超声波传感器发射超声波的同时单片机的T0计数器开始计数，当检测到回波信号后单片机的T0计数器停止计数。

测得的时间和声速相乘就可以得到超声波往返过程中走过的路程，所以所测距离S为声波传输距离的一半：S=Ct／2式中：S为超声波发射点与被测障碍物之间的距离；C为声波在介质中的传输速率；t为超声波发射到超声波返回的时间间隔。

声波在空气中传输速率为：式中：T为绝对温度；C0=331．45 m／s。

采用单片机脉冲计数的方法，可精确测出t的值。

2 系统硬件电路设计2．1 系统结构该系统由单片机控制电路、超声波发射与接收电路、温度补偿电路、LCD 显示电路以及语音报警电路等几部分组成。

单片机AT89C51是整个系统的核心部件，协调各部分电路的工作。

单片机在超声波信号发射的同时开始计时，超声波信号在空气中传播遇到障碍物后发生反射，反射的回波信号经过处理后输入到单片机的INTO端产生中断，计数器停止计数。

外文翻译---汽车防撞雷达系统毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：0-7803-C(77-8/Ol/$10.00)2001 IEEE(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：（手写签名）年月日汽车防撞雷达系统倪国庆刘长满管永军王满生桂林空军学院消防系1引言汽车从1886诞生于德国到现在已经100多年了，自那时起，汽车工业的发展带彻底改变全世界人们的生活。

近年来，随着中国经济的发展，道路交通发展迅速，尤其是高速公路的建设，为我国经济的快速发展起到了重要作用。

但是，由于某些原因，如车多路少，公路等级比较低，混合的行人、汽车交通和管理不善。

因此，在我国交通事故发生率很高。

例如，从上海到南京的高速公路上，每年都有超过一起车辆连环相撞事故。

这些事故造成了生命和财产的巨大损失，那么有什么方法可以阻止这一切呢？本文作者认为，除了重视交通安全，执行严格的交通法规以及进行更好的管理之外。

我们应该建立一个先进的车载防撞雷达系统来自动限制车速，以减少交通事故。

2 总体方案和基本原则2.1 总体结构框图总体方案是根据上面的原则设计的，如下图所示：调制器震荡源发射天线控制装置接收天线信号处理速度调节器指示图1：汽车防撞雷达系统的总体结构我们采用的是传统的火控雷达设计，它的原理是采用单脉冲系统，只用一根天线进行传输和接收。

这种设计一方面降低了成本，另一方面也简化了信号的处理。

该类型的雷达测距精度小于5米。

其中用于发送和接收的天线被设置在汽车的前面发射电磁波了。

而电磁反射板则被安装在前面车的车尾，以此反映来自后面车的波信号。

处在后面的车通过将从前面车接受来的信号进行放大、检测和整理，从而计算出两车之间的距离。

该计划的另一个优点是它的成本也比较低。

由于只有一个测距雷达所需的检测范围是固定的（1200），因此它的作用距离不长（约1km）。

而且源功率不高，几乎没有天线，所以它的成本很低。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译超声波测距中英文对照The Circuit Design of UltrasonicRanging System超声波测距系统的电路设计Ultrasonic Distance Meter超声波测距仪姓名:专业: 测控技术与仪器学号: 2007071071指导教师姓名,职称,:The Circuit Design of Ultrasonic Ranging SystemThis article described the three directions (before, left, right) ultrasonic ranging system is to understand the front of the robot, left and right environment to provide a movement away from the information. (Similar to GPS Positioning System)A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement1, the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectriccrystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown in Figure 1, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it's two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibrationresonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are notinter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance,it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.2, the principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2 Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Draw only the front range of the circuit wiring diagram, left and right in front of Ranging circuits and the same circuit, it is omitted.1,40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, whichby the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200mshere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.2, reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlledoscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the outputfrom the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, whilesingle-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interruptpriority level for the first left right after. Part of the source codeis as follows:receive1: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: ...; right location entrance circuit interrupt serviceroutineAjmp Returnleft: ...; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return4, the calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chipcircuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receivercircuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0?CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFourth, the ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine, shown in Figure 3 (a) (b) (c) below. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three ofthe rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.V. CONCLUSIONSRequired measuring range of 30cm ~ 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistoramplifier circuit, because the magnification well, CX20106 integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.超声波测距系统的电路设计本文所介绍的三方向(前、左、右)超声波测距系统，就是为机器人了解其前方、左侧和右侧的环境而提供一个运动距离信息。

外文翻译毕业设计题目：超声波倒车雷达预警原文1：DISTANCE MEASURING AND MONITORING DEVICE EQUIPPED AUTOMOBILE REVERSE RADAR译文1：距离测量和监控设备装备汽车反向雷达原文2：ULTRASONIC SENSOR ASSEMBLY FOR AVEHICLE REVERSING RADAR译文2DISTANCE MEASURING AND MONITORING DEVICE EQUIPPED AUTOMOBILE REVERSE RADAR(原文1)This design relates to an automobile commutating radar, an ultrasonic sensor comprising the radar. The ordinary car commutation radar is usually installed in the rear bumper of a car. The vehicle has a commutation radar sensor, a ceramic chip in the polarization electric field, due to the reverse piezoelectric vibration of the aluminum housing and transmitting an ultrasonic signal, and receiving the reflected ultrasonic signal into an effective distance. Therefore, a driver will know that this situation is reversed in the rear of the vehicle do not have to stop looking for the front of the vehicle.A good ultrasonic sensor ultrasonic signal should be sent to a central area, produced a strong reaction in order to achieve a sensitive detection. The distance along the line of its axis with reference to Figure 5, a conventional ultrasonic sensor sensitive areas, the reception sensitivity in a test has 250 cm, and a sensitive, including 60 degree angle in the above 2 (X) cm. Thus, the conventional sensor performance has a low accuracyIn some vehicles, the most traditional ultrasonic sensor mounted in the front and rear bumpers. Vehicles of a monitor in a dashboard display, ultrasonic sensor detects an obstacle. However, with the conventional ultrasonic sensor has a sensitive wide angle, they must be installed in the end of the bumper to prevent the ultrasonic signals interfere with each other. However, the distance in each ultrasonic sensor is so large is still very low detection accuracy.In addition, when parking the vehicle, ultrasonic sensors often detect other vehicles parked next to the vehicle as an obstacle, so the driver may be a false alarm.Accordingly, the present design provides an improved ultrasonic sensors to reduce or eliminate the above problems.Summary of the designThe main purpose is to provide the design of an ultrasonic sensor sensitive to the radar has high precision long distance and a little sensitive to the angle of the car for. Other objectives, advantages and novel features of the design will become more apparent from the following detailed description together when an ultrasonic transducer assembly of the vehicle the commutation radar has an ultrasonic sensor and the two wires. A sleeve is received by the rubbermaterial and has a chamber sensor. A tapered opening that is defined in a front chamber. A wave guide cone is provided to open and close to the sensor in the center of the tapered. By using the sensor assembly, automotive radar there is a reversal of precision long detection distance in a concentrated area.The reference to the diagram, an ultrasonic sensor assembly for a car reversing radar, in accordance with the design consists of a sensor, a set, a guided wave cone, and a housing (ultrasonic sensor has a structure like traditional sensors, and two wires extending from sensors.Sleeve, usually made of rubber, there is one which is defined as the receiving sensor. A tapered shape of the opening is defined at the front and an opening formed on the lower side to prevent the ultrasonic signal reflected from the ground to cause false alarms. A flange formed on the rear of the sleeve.The definition channel for receiving signals. A rear cover is provided on the rear side of the space to encapsulate the sensor and the sleeve inside.In the assembled state shown in Figure 2, the guide wave cone installed you like bracket combination conical opening of the center of the casing and highlights. The heating wire extends the bracket backward and exit back cover. The sleeve is placed in the housing flange butt shoulder wires and heating wire extends from the back cover of the diaphragm. A pad, made of a resin or other soft material, is provided between the sleeve is An ci back cover, so the sleeve and the sensor housing can be stably received.Figure 4 illustrates a detector effect Contrast sensor and unguided wave cone, wherein the solid line illustrates the sensor wave guide cone, and the conflict lines described sensor without the guided wave taper. As shown in Figure 4, at a test frequency of about 40 kHz (35 kHz), gift of design of the sensor can be provided to an ultrasonic signal with a Federation higher than traditional sensors. Therefore, the design of detection better than traditional sensors作者：Joan Smith；Mike Howard ；国籍：USA出处：United States Patent距离测量和监控设备装备汽车反向雷达(译文1)本设计涉及一种汽车换向雷达,用一个超声波传感器组成该雷达。

摘要随着社会的发展，汽车走了进我们的生活。

它的出现给人们的生活带来了很多便利，同时人们也越来越依赖机动车。

本文介绍的是一种简易的避障系统，它可以使汽车具有避障功能。

避障功能是由超声波发射、接收来实现的，利用超声波测距的原理以实现避障。

使换能器向介质发射声脉冲，声波遇到被测物体(目标)后必有反射回来的声波(回波)作用于换能器上。

若已知介质的声速为c，第一个回波到达的时刻与发射脉冲时刻的时间差为t，那么即可按式s=ct／2计算换能器与目标之间的距离。

在危险距离时进行报警。

这样汽车就可以在特定的环境、地点按照人的指示避免相撞。

关键词超声波；超声波测距；自动停止AbstractWith the development of society, cars come into our lives. Its appearance brought a lot of convenience to people's lives, people have become increasingly dependent on the car. This paper presents a summary of the system for obstacle avoidance. It can control car obstacle avoidance function. Ultrasonic obstacle avoidance function is fired by the receiving circuit to the radar. Causes the transducer to the medium launch sound pulse, after the sound wave to meet was measured the object (goal) must have the sound wave which reflects (echo) to affect on the transducer. If the known medium sonic speed is c, the first echo arrives time and the launch pulse time difference is t, then presses between the type s=ct/2 computation transducer and the goal distance. When danger distance carries on reports to the police. This control car can operate in a specific environment, in accordance with the instructions location tasks.Key words Ultrasonic wave; Ultrasonic ranging; Auto stop目录摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景 (1)1.2 课题目的及意义 (1)1.3 主要技术指标 (1)1.4 设计功能 (1)1.5 中外文献综述 (2)第2章设计方案选择 (3)2.1 设计方案的论证 (3)2.1.1 测距方式 (4)2.1.2 超声波发射电路 (4)2.1.3 超声波接收电路 (4)2.1.4 数据显示 (5)2.2 方案比较 (5)2.2.1 测距方式 (5)2.2.2 超声波发射电路 (5)2.2.3 超声波接受电路 (6)2.2.4 显示电路 (6)2.3 电路框图 (6)2.4 本章小结 (7)第3章单元电路组成与设计 (8)3.1 超声波测距原理 (8)3.1.1 超声波传感器 (8)3.2 单元电路设计 (10)3.2.1 超声波发射电路 (10)3.2.2 超声波接收电路 (11)3.2.3 计数和显示电路 (13)3.2.4 电机控制电路 (14)3.3集成电路结构 (14)3.3.1 555振荡器 (14)3.3.2 CD4011与非门 (20)3.3.3 CD4069与非门 (21)3.3.4 LM833双运放 (21)3.3.5 MC14553计数电路 (21)3.3.6 HEF4511译码器 (22)3.4本章小结 (23)第4章整机电路及工作原理 (24)4.1整机原理 (24)4.2本章小结 (26)第5章电路安装调试与误差分析 (27)5.1电路的组装 (27)5.2发射与接收电路的调试与测量 (27)5.3显示距离的校对 (27)5.4实验中所遇到的问题 (27)5.4.1关于短距离测量 (27)5.4.2关于长距离测量 (27)5.5本章小结 (28)结论 (29)收获和体会 (30)致谢 (31)参考文献 (32)附录1电路原理图 (33)附录2主要元器件清单 (34)附录3参考文献 (35)附录4参考文献译文 (37)附录5系统框图 (38)第1章绪论1.1课题背景随着我国汽车产业的高速发展，尤其是近几年来，我国开始进入私家车时代，造成公路、街道、停车场、车库等越来越拥挤。

超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德:1993年超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域都具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。

因此，深入研究超声的测距理论和方法具有重要的实践意义。

为了进一步提高测距的精确度，满足工程人员对测量精度、测距量程和测距仪使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于单片机的便携式超声测距系统。

关键词：超声波，测距仪，单片机一、前言随着科技的发展，人们生活水平的提高，城市发展建设加快，城市给排水系统也有较大发展，其状况不断改善。

但是，由于历史原因合成时间住的许多不可预见因素，城市给排水系统，特别是排水系统往往落后于城市建设。

因此，经常出现开挖已经建设好的建筑设施来改造排水系统的现象。

城市污水给人们带来了困扰，因此箱涵的排污疏通对大城市给排水系统污水处理，人们生活舒适显得非常重要。

而设计研制箱涵排水疏通移动机器人的自动控制系统，保证机器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排污疏通机器人的设计研制的核心部分。

控制系统核心部分就是超声波测距仪的研制。

因此，设计好的超声波测距仪就显得非常重要了。

二、超声波测距原理2.1压电式超声波发生器原理压电式超声波发生器实际上是利用压电晶体的谐振来工作的。

超声波发生器内部结构，它有两个压电晶片和一个共振板。

当它的两极外加脉冲信号，其频率等于压电晶片的固有振荡频率时，压电晶片将会发生共振，并带动共振板振动，便产生超声波。

反之，如果两电极间未外加电压，当共振板接收到超声波时，将压迫压电晶片作振动，将机械能转换为电信号，这时它就成为超声波接收器了。

测量脉冲到达时间的传统方法是以拥有固定参数的接收信号开端为基础的。

这个界限恰恰选于噪音水平之上，然而脉冲到达时间被定义为脉冲信号刚好超过界限的第一时刻。

一个物体的脉冲强度很大程度上取决于这个物体的自然属性尺寸还有它与传感器的距离。

进一步说，从脉冲起始点到刚好超过界限之间的时间段随着脉冲的强度而改变。