语篇翻译
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Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。
它可以是独白、对话,也可以是众人交谈;可以说文字标志,也可以是诗歌、小说。
它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一两句可成篇,长者可洋洋万言以上。
所以,可以说,无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答,还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿,都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。
衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分,衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提,但并不是说,连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
. Paris I’ve always wanted to go there.7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)两种。
前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction);(后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation))。
(Halliday & Hason)这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络,使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来,从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说,英语多用连接词来连接,而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面,英语语法是显性的,而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it..Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。
Passage OneEnchantment of the South Sea IslandsThe mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls.南海诸岛之魔力浩瀚的太平洋不断冲刷着五大陆的海岸—北美、南美、亚洲、澳大利亚、南极洲。
其东南与大西洋汇合,西南与印度洋分界。
太平洋的魔力即不存在于大陆海岸,也不存在于海岛之中,而是隐藏于神秘的南海诸岛。
过节中国人过节,吃是主要内容,为了显示过节的气氛和水平,少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。
这样一来,节前的紧张采购暂且不说,节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上,妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的,自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我,是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的,于是节后天天吃剩菜。
所以我不喜欢过节。
Festival-celebratingFor us Chinese,Festival celebration mainly consists in eating.To enhance the festival atmosphere/festive mood and show off the level of festivities,there will at least be a series of meat and vegetarian dishes.In this way,I have to not only assume the tight shopping before the festival but also make over leftovers after that as my wife and children are’t willing to touch the leavings.What’s worse,born in the countryside and deeply subjected to the saying“Every grain comes froms hardworking”,I absolutely refuse to throw away the leftovers.Therefore,it is my nightmare to eat up leftovers day by day after the festival,which really makes me hate festivals.。
语域理论与语篇翻译一、语域与语篇翻译语域理论包括语场、语旨和语式三个方面的内容。
语场指实际发生的事情,包括语言发生环境、谈话话题以及参与讲话者的整个活动;语式指语言交际的渠道或媒介;语旨指参与讲话者之间的角色关系。
20世纪90年代,哈的姆和梅森等人将语域概念引入翻译研究中。
他们认为,语篇含义并不仅仅由语言体系自身决定,而是由整个语篇的情景语境和交际功能来决定,翻译过程中所追求的,不能只是脱离语境形式上的对等,或是单纯语义等值,而是和语境或语域密切相关的交际功能的等值。
将语域理论引入翻译领域,可以为我们提供一种描述某些超语言因素的规范,帮助我们在翻译中成功地实现意义转换(周俊青,1996:11)。
语域理论给文本分析提供了一个理论框架,而译者对源语语篇文本的理解,显然受到源语语篇语场、语旨、语式的影响。
同样,译者在生成目的语语篇时,也受到以上因素的制约。
译者要翻译一个语篇,必然首先是源语言语篇的阅读者,同时是目标语篇的生成者,译者很自然地成为了联系源语言语篇和目标文本语篇的纽带,无论是源语语篇的解读,还是其后目的语语篇的生成,都是在构建相应的语篇语境的过程中完成的(刘兴林,2005:67)。
因此,要达到交际目的,译者必须正确分析、转化语域。
本文将通过具体的例句,说明语域三要素是如何能够影响并指导翻译过程的。
二、不同语域类型的语篇翻译翻译涉及到两种语言和两种不同文化背景的参与者。
在翻译过程中,对语篇语场、语式和语旨的认识和把握,是译者决策及操作中的三个重要因素;三者相辅相成,保证信息传译中的适切。
就语篇的语域而言,译者面临两个任务。
第一,作为读者,他必须对源语语篇的语场、语式和语旨在篇章、句群及信息单元等语篇基层上的具体体现有一个全面的认识。
第二,他必须对译语语篇的相应特点,尤其是不同于源语语篇之处,有清楚的了解。
(李运兴,2001:67)(一)不同语场的语篇翻译因为使用的领域和目的不同而产生不同类型的语篇,比如文学、新闻、广告语篇的翻译,不同领域的文本总有一套独有的语言系统,包括一些常用词汇、句式、语法结构和语篇模式,这就要求译者对不同语言中同种语场的联系与区别做到心中有数,以便更好地实现两种语言的转换。
Poor Birds可怜的小鸟There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree.在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟,它们共同栖息在一棵大树上,每天过着快乐的生活。
这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方,它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。
有时,它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them.一天,一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。
他看到大树上有很多小鸟,于是就在地上撒了些谷物,等着小鸟来吃。
然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。
When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net.被网罩住后,小鸟们都很害怕,想从中逃出去。
英语专八考试英译汉语篇翻译专八考试关于英译汉中,语篇(discourse或text)是一系列句子构成的语言整体。
它合乎语法、语义连贯,具有一定的逻辑结构。
在翻译时,应当把它作为一个语义整体来考虑。
从这个意义上讲,前述的译词技巧和译句技巧都要以语篇为落脚点。
对篇章的理解不能断章取义,只见树木,不见森林,应采用从宏观到微观、自上而下(top-down approach)的翻译方法,即先弄清文章主题,再对词句进行微观分析,篇中求句,句中求字。
1.语篇衔接衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,通常是通过语法和词汇手段将语句聚合在一起,形成语篇的有形网络。
英语常用连接词(如连词、关系代词、关系副词)、指称语(如人称代词及相应的物主代词)、特有的冠词实现衔接,而汉语常用省略(如主语和连接词)和重复的手法。
英译汉时,英语的代词、关系代词等语法衔接手段常还原为名词,以词汇衔接的形式表现出来。
这一点我们在谈到“增词”技巧时已经谈及。
例1原文:At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves.译文:旅行者在美国和欧洲随时都可以看到类似的东西,诸如风格相同的建筑物,款式相似的服饰,书架上也摆着相同的书籍。
例2原文:,The question is: why should we?译文:但问题在于我们为什么要这么做?2.语篇连贯连贯(coherence)指的是语篇中不同成分之间的语义关联。
语义的逻辑关系经常隐藏在字里行间,在英语里连贯的语篇模式在汉语中可能就有欠连贯,需要借助一些词汇性的连贯标记、信息的合理排列来实现译文语篇的连贯。
例原文:He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice,hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books.译文:学生们最初很容易教,因为他们能把教他们的东西付诸实践,现在教师却发现他们面对着大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和惯用法而踌躇起来,因为这些词汇和惯用法都是基础教科书所没有涉及的内容。
翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句,而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子,为一定的交际目的,按一定格式,有机地组合在一起的语篇.一、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译才能把握主题例1:Deserts are very dry regions. they have very little rainfall. Few plants live there. Some specialized animals do. Some deserts have a surface of land. The sand often forms dunes. Those are created by the wind. Others have stone or rocks.译:沙漠是十分干旱的地区。
那里降雨量很少,植物也很稀少,只生存着一些特殊的动物.有些沙漠的表面是沙,沙常常被风刮成沙丘.另一些沙漠的表面则是石头或岩石.原文的主题是deserts,语篇中的they, there, others都代表着这一主题,译者要注意将主题贯穿译文成为篇章中连接各句的纽带.例2:∮一边走着,似乎道旁有一个孩子,抱着一堆灿白的东西,驴儿过去了,∮无意回头一看---他抱着花儿赤着脚儿向着我笑.——冰心,:《笑》(《中国翻译》1995年第2期)译:As I passed along, I somewhat sensed the presence of a child by the roadside carrying something snow white in his arms. After the donkey had gone by , I happened to look back and saw the child , who was barefoot , looking at me smilingly with a bunch of flowers in his arms.(张培基译)由于中国人常采取整体思维方式,强调篇章整体意义,只要主题明确主语有无关系不大,上例中符号∮代表常规省略的主语,虽然缺了两个主语,句子的整体意义仍然十分明确,翻译若不从语篇的层次去考虑的话就会出现主题模糊的现象.二、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译,才能准确把握词语的涵义英语中有许多词有一个以上的涵义,称多义词。
The Festival is also the time to fly kites. These people have not experimented with making new designs and stick to the traditional square pattern of different colors. What is unique about kite-flying in the country is that it has become a kind of warfare. Kites flyers resort to dirty tricks like coating strings with powered glass which not only cuts the strings of other kites but the necks of people who have the misfortune of coming in their way; they also tangle with electric wires and cause short circuits. People get on their rooftops and send their kites soaring into the sky; they entwine with other kites and as soon as one is cut asunder and floats down in waves, triumphant cries rant the heavens. Boys armed with long bamboo poles with spikes on top chase the vanquished kite and claim it as their war trophy.February is this country’s floral month. All parks and roundabouts are, as the clichégoes, a riot of colors. You can see the flowers at their best in Diamond Park on the ridge. There they have long flower beds growing the same flowers en masse. Rodding Park cannot claim to provide such a feast for the eyes for the flower-lovers. Undoubtedly, it has an enclosed rose garden with exotic varieties of roses which are beautiful to look at but lack fragrance. Few people besides rose-fanciers bother to visit it. There are a few nondescript flower beds on both sides of its footpaths, but Rodding Park makes up by having an incredible variety of flowering trees which come into bloom in February. They attract lots of tree-lovers.这个节日也是放风筝的时候。