公示语汉英翻译策略探索

中国高校校园公示语汉英翻译研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景In recent years, with the globalization of education and the increasing number of international students coming to China for study, the importance of accurate and effective translation of campus signage in Chinese universities has become more prominent. Campus signage, including signs, posters, and announcements, plays a crucial role in providing information and guidance to students, faculty, and visitors on campus. However, the quality of translation in Chinese university campus signage varies greatly, with many instances of inaccurate translations, awkward phrasing, and cultural misinterpretations.1.2 研究目的Specifically, the research seeks to identify common features of Chinese campus public signs, such as the use of formal language, specific terminology, and cultural references that may pose difficulties in translation. By analyzing real-life examples of translated public signs, the study will highlight the challenges faced by translators and the potential misunderstandings that can occur as a result of inaccurate or inadequate translations.1.3 研究意义中国高校校园公示语汉英翻译研究的意义在于加深我们对翻译的认识并提升翻译质量。

公示语汉英错译的原因分析及其翻译策略xx年xx月xx日contents •引言•公示语汉英错译的原因分析•公示语的翻译策略•公示语翻译的改进措施•实例分析•结论目录01引言用于公共场合，以文字、标志、图形等为媒介，向公众传达信息、指示、提示或警告的文字性应用文体公示语为公众提供直观、快捷、有效的信息，方便其出行、了解和使用公共场所或服务作用公示语的定义与作用公示语翻译的重要性公示语是国际游客了解中国的重要窗口公示语翻译的错误或不规范可能造成误解和不便良好的公示语翻译有助于提升国家形象和旅游业的繁荣研究目的与意义提出有效的翻译策略和方法，提高公示语翻译的质量和准确性为相关从业人员和研究者提供参考和借鉴，促进公示语翻译的规范化和标准化分析公示语汉英错译的原因，探讨其影响因素和常见问题02公示语汉英错译的原因分析语言结构差异汉语和英语有着不同的语言结构，例如汉语注重意合而英语注重形合，这容易导致翻译时忽略语言结构的差异，造成错译。

文化背景差异公示语通常涉及到特定文化背景和习俗，如果翻译时没有考虑到这些文化因素，就可能产生误解和错译。

语言差异与文化误解语法错误英语语法规则严格，时态、语态、语气等都有明确的规定，而汉语语法相对较为宽松，翻译时容易出现语法错误。

词汇错误公示语翻译中常涉及专业术语和特定词汇，如果翻译时选词不当或者忽略语境，就可能出现词汇错误。

语法错误与词汇错误公示语所处的语境常常是特定的场所或者事件，如果翻译时没有考虑到语境因素，就可能出现误导或者让人误解的情况。

语境错误英语中一些表达方式需要考虑到交际对象、社会文化等因素，如果翻译时忽略了这些语用规则，就可能导致表达不得体或者不得要领。

语用失误语境错误与语用失误03公示语的翻译策略1 2 3在公示语翻译中，应参照英语中相应的表达方式，保持原有的语气、语境和功能。

平行文本翻译公示语应简洁明了，避免使用生僻词汇或过于复杂的句式。

简洁明了公示语的翻译应符合英语的表达习惯，避免中式英语或生硬翻译。

公示语汉英翻译策略研究摘要：作为世界第三大贸易国，中国吸引了越来越多的外国人来学习、工作、经商和观光，英文公示语便显得日益重要。

可在我国的公示语翻译中，出现了很多错误，致使外国人看不懂英文公示语，甚至产生误会。

如何根据公示语的特点和功能翻译公示语，成为展示中国对外形象的一个重要课题。

关键词：公示语；特点；功能；汉英翻译一、问题的提出中国于2001年加入世界贸易组织后，对外贸易飞速增长，从2004年开始已连续三年成为世界第三大贸易国。

与此同时，中国的商务环境和旅游环境也日益改善，吸引了越来越多的外国友人来经商或观光旅游。

作为国际通用语言，英语成为各国人们沟通最便捷的工具。

因此，为了方便外国友人，中国的很多地方，大到国际机场，小到乡村的旅游饭馆，几乎所有的外国人能看到的公示语都用中﹑英文标识。

但是，由于翻译错误，致使外宾看不懂英文公示语，甚至产生误会，极大地影响了我国对外交流的国际形象。

如，2003年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者克莱夫·格兰杰在北京市政府主办的“诺贝尔奖获得者北京论坛”上，做了题为《经济预测与北京奥运》的主旨演讲。

在随后接受北京电视台《世纪之约》栏目专访时，他提到了北京的公示语的设置和使用问题。

他说:“外国人来中国会有一些紧张感，比如公共标识看不懂。

”[1]中国翻译协会会长﹑著名翻译家刘习良也在“首届中国国际翻译产业论坛”上指出:“一些粗制滥造﹑质量低劣的翻译作品﹑翻译教材在文化市场流传。

诸如将道路交通‘出口’翻译为‘EXPORT’，将‘眼科医院’错译为‘Eye Hospital’，将‘一次性用品’翻译为‘A TIME SEX THING’等令人啼笑皆非的错误在公共场所﹑宾馆饭店、旅游景点不时闯入我们的视线。

”[2]可见，我们的公示语翻译还有许多缺点和不足。

二、公示语的特点公示语是一种给特定人群观看，以达到特定目的的特殊文体。

其应用范围非常广泛，几乎涉及到我们日常生活的各个方面，如街头的路牌、广告牌、路标、商店招牌、警示语、宣传语、旅游简介等等。

从目的论视角看公示语汉英翻译的开题报告开题报告题目：从目的论视角看公示语汉英翻译一、研究背景公示语是一种在社会生活中广泛使用的语言形式，其主要目的是向公众传达特定信息以实现某种特定目的。

在现代社会中，公示语的使用频率越来越高，其中汉英翻译的公示语更是牵涉到国际交流的方方面面。

虽然目前汉英翻译技术已经比以前更加成熟，但仍存在着一系列的不足之处。

因此，本研究旨在从目的论视角出发，探讨公示语汉英翻译的问题，并提出相应的解决方法。

二、研究目的通过研究公示语汉英翻译，本研究的目的如下：1. 分析公示语的目的和发送者所追求的特定目标，探讨公示语编写者在语言表达上的战略选择，为汉英翻译提供更加准确、生动、有效的翻译策略。

2. 探究不同功能的公示语及其翻译对翻译质量的影响，为翻译工作者提供更加科学的选译思路。

3. 通过案例分析汉英翻译中常见的问题，如语义负载、语用意义、文化差异等问题，为解决这些问题提供可行的途径。

三、研究内容本研究主要包括以下内容：1.公示语的类型和目的2.公示语汉英翻译的策略3.公示语翻译中的语法结构、语义负载、文化差异等问题4.语料库分析，从实证角度探讨公示语汉英翻译的翻译效果四、研究方法本研究将运用目的论、对比翻译、文本语料库等方法，对公示语汉英翻译中的翻译问题进行分析和探讨。

在具体研究过程中，将收集和整理大量的案例和语料，并基于语料库实证分析公示语翻译中的问题。

五、预期成果通过本研究，预期能够解决公示语汉英翻译中的难点问题，为汉英翻译工作者提供更加有效的翻译策略和技巧。

同时，还能够为公示语的编写者提供精准的信息传递方式，并在跨文化交流中保持信息的准确性和通达性。

科技视界Science &Technology VisionScience &Technology Vision 科技视界公式语是一个城市语言环境以及人文环境的重要组成部分,其范围非常广泛,除了标识、路牌等,还有通告、单位名称等等。

伴随着我国国际化进程的进一步加快,在城市公共场所使用英文公示语的情况也越来越多。

英文公示语的设立是城市国际化的表现,也给国外的商人和旅客提供了方便。

所以,要重视公示语及其汉英翻译原则,要在尊重历史与传统以及符合语言使用习惯的基础上对公示语进行相对恰当的翻译,展现城市良好的对外形象。

1公示语汉英翻译的功能优先原则对于公示语翻译人员来说,要在词语的功能方面取得相应的等值效果,其中最基本的避免标识语翻译错误的原则就是功能优先原则,也就是在进行公示语翻译的时候,翻译人员要先明确公示语的使用功能,之后在保持了原意不发生变化。

通过这个方法,公示语使用者才能更好的明确译文的信息。

比如,例如:“青草依依,踏之何忍”,这句话比较常见译文有:“Please keep off the grass!”还有一种译文是“Please give me a chance to grow”,这两种翻译方式都比较常见,对于究竟使用哪一个版本,有的翻译人员倾向于前者,说前者比较简单,意思表达的也明确,有的倾向于后者,说使用拟人手法使得公示语更加的容易被人接受。

我们可以遵循汉英翻译的功能优先原则来对一个译文进行判断,就需要考虑观看译文的人的反应是不是跟原文观看者对原文的反应是不是一致。

所以,翻译人员译者应该把原文标示语和译文标示语进行比较,以此来检验是否达到了功能有限,即外国友人对英译标示语的反应是否大体等同于中国人对中文标示语的反应。

对于“青草依依,踏之何忍”这句话的翻译来说,两种翻译方式都给人们传达的一种信息就是需要保护草地,但是前者的翻译相对比较正式,也具备一定的说服力,体现了标识语的强制性的功能。

BI YE LUN WEN（20_ _届）英语公示语英译错误分析及翻译策略Mistranslation Analysis of Chinese Public Signs and English TranslationStrategies摘要公示语是一种给特定人群观看、有宣传性和服务性的广告文体。

随着中国国际化的脚步不断加快，大批外国人到中国旅游、投资、考察、求学等。

公示语英译也在其中起到了桥梁和纽带作用。

为了使国外友人准确地理解公示语表达的意思，减少存在于宾馆饭店、旅游景点等公共场所错误的、不规范的英文公示语,研究公示语具有很大的现实意义。

本文从跨文化意识的角度和语言层面探讨和分析了汉语公示语英译中存在的问题及其产生的原因，并提出了翻译原则和策略，旨在提高公示语汉英翻译质量。

关键词：公示语；错误分析；翻译策略AbstractPublic Signs, which are for a specific group of people, are propagandistic and service advertising style. With the development of Chinese economic,China’s position in the world is increasing gradually. As a large number of foreigners come to China for traveling, investing, investigating, studying, etc, English public signs play an more and more important role in communicatin. In order to make foreign friends understand more accurately what the public signs mean，decrease the wrong and non-standard English public signs in the public places of hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, museums and so on, it is significant to make a research on public sign translation from English into Chinese. This paper focuses on the aspects of cross-cultural awareness and languages to analyse the existing problems and causes in Chinese-English translation of public signs. The paper also puts forward some translation principles and strategies to improve the quality of public sings translation. Key Words: public signs; mistranslation analysis; translation strategiesContentsAbstract (3)1. Introduction (1)1.1 Different Definitions (1)1.2 Practical Functions (1)1.3 Current Studies (2)2. Exist Problems in Translating Chinese Public Sings into English (2)2.1 Absence of Cultural Consciousness (3)2.1.1 Popular Chinglish (3)2.2.2 Unnecessary Translation (4)2.1.3 Ignorance of Cultural Differences (4)2.2 Language Mistakes (5)2.2.1 Inappropriate Expression (5)2.2.2 Wrong Grammar (6)2.2.3 Improper Spelling (6)3. Translation Principles (7)3.1 Focusing on Cross-Cultural Awareness (7)3.1.1 Focusing on Cultural Differences (7)3.1.2 Focusing on Reader's Thinking Model (8)3.2 Being Concise and Precise (8)3.2.1 Conciseness (8)3.2.2 Precision (9)4. Translation Approaches (9)4.1 Adapting (9)4.2 Borrowing (10)4.3 Creating (10)5. Conclusion (11)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgement (13)一、Introduction"Public sign" is the language of instruction in public places and widely used in all aspects of our lives. "With the promotion of China's international influence and economic strength, and the increase in technical writing, cultural exchange, the rise of sports activities, the phenomenon of bilingual public signs has become a beautiful language of style in China." (Yang Yongling, Liu Chunxia, 2008:47)From Beijing Olympic Games to the 2010 Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games held in 2010, more and more foreign tourists and investors come to China. Public signs are just like a country's business card and a city's face. But in the process of translation, more and more errors appear in public sign. The translation of public signs has great significance, which should be paid enough attention to. But English translation of public signs has many errors, it will not only directly affect the traveling and living of overseas friends, but in the long run, it will affect China's future political, economic, social and cultural development.1.1 Different DefinitionsIn Oxford English Dictionary, a sign refers to a characteristic device attached to or placed in the front of an inn or shop, as a means of distinguishing it from others or directing attention to it. According to the Webster's Third New International Dictionary, it is defined as a lettered board or other public display placed on or before a building, room, shop or office to advertise business there transacted or the name of person or firm conducting it. "Sign is a broad term, widely used in public facilities, ranging from travelling, catering, accommodation, recreation, shopping to medical service, educational institution and financial service. It includes words of caution, public notices, bills, posters, slogans, outdoor advertisements, traffic notices and so on." (Bei zhu, Ge Aiming2002, 26) Specifically speaking, it covers street signs, road signs, road markers, parking signs, school signs, construction signs, non-smoking signs, signs at scenic spots, slogans etc.1.2 Practical FunctionsPractical functions of the public signs include the following : indicating, promoting, restricting and compelling. Indicating, as its meaning suggests, is to indicate or guide readers. Signs as such are also calledinstructive/directive/guiding notices which give readers detailed information with no prohibition or restriction. Indicating is the most basic function performed of public sign. Indicating signs generally give readers relevant information about what it is and what services it provides. Prompting has no striking difference from indicating except that the former carries the tone of warning. It aims at reminding readers of paying considerable attention to signs. Restricting unlike the two functions mentioned above, signs that perform restricting function put restrictions and constraints to readers, who are expected to abide by certain rules in the interest of public. Restricting signs are to keep or confine within limits. Compelling , put it simple, compelling signs have great power and potency to induce action or brief. With its tough tone, negative words and comparatively uniform sentence structures, there is slight possibility of any alternatives.1.3 Current StudiesIn the West, the first study of public signs was beginning from Vinay & Darbelnet. They began to study public signs in 1959，form the book Comparative Stylistics of French and English. However, in China, although public signs have long been used for directing, warning, explaining in public places, the study of the Chinese-English translation started rather late, lacking systematization and standardization. Until the 1980s, some Chinese scholars began to study English translation of public signs; the" public signs" have been used in China. At the present century, translation of public signs gradually become the focus of attention of the translation area. With the 2002 Beijing International Studies University on the "English Translation of Public Signs" project received project funding and the establishment of publicity Translation Research Center, "public language" of the name was formally used. Strictly speaking, the attention we pay to the English translation of public signs is not enough, and research is not enough, which has resulted many problems in our country now. At present, there is little research on public signs. Therefore, to enhance the translation of public signs and take practical and effective measures to improve the quality of translation are very important and urgent.二、Exist Problems in Translating Chinese Public Sings into EnglishAlthough public signs have been used widely in our daily life, the nonstandard or inappropriate translation of public signs can be seen almost everywhere, in the street, in the hotel, in the restaurant or even in some museums.2.1 Absence of Cultural ConsciousnessNida once pointed that "To be bilingual, one has tube bicultural."（Nida,1969:52）There is a close relationship between cross-cultural awareness and the translation of public signs.If the translator lacks of adequate cross-cultural consciousness, the translation of public signs may not be recognized by the target audience. Over the year many distinguished scholars have observed this awareness and given some different definitions to cross-cultural awareness. Absence of cultural consciousness in translating Chinese public sings into English occurs more frequently. Next is to discuss it in detail.2.1.1 Popular ChinglishChinglish refers to a variety of spoken or written English that is influenced by Chinese . The term "Chinglish" is commonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical English in Chinese contexts, and may have pejorative or deprecating connotations. Li Wenzhong gives the definition of Chinglish. He pointed that , "Chinglish (literally 'Chinese-style English') refers to non-standard English, or malformed English which does not adhere to English cultural habits that appear in the course of English communication as a result of Chinese students/users of English suffering from the interference of their mother tongue, or arbitrary application of the rules and speaking habits of Mandarin."(Li Wenzhong, 1993, 32)The translation of public signs in China often has the same mistakes, which result in English readers suffering from the interference of their mother tongue, or arbitrary application of the rules and speaking habits of Mandarin. The examples of Chinglish are found on numerous translations of public signs.二、“关爱生命，请勿嬉水”is sign for tourists in Sichuan, has been translated into "Life is serious, do not fun."The true meaning of the sign is that it's dangerous to play water. However, the meaning of the translation is that life is serious, please do not joke. Therefore, it's complete departure from the original warning, and confuses foreign readers.2.2.2 Unnecessary TranslationInterlingua translation is possible because the similarities between languages are much more than the differences. The improper translation caused by cultural differences exists in many signs and the "unique" Chinese trademark. The reasons of mainly improper translation are not concerned about the target language culture in the extended sense, and regardless of different cultural backgrounds and feelings of foreign visitors. Some common public signs in the China can not find any trace in the English-speaking countries. Some public signs are completely against their local needs and behaviors. Translating between any two languages builds the theoretical basis of translation. This, however, does not mean that no differences exist between languages. Therefore, the translators should not firstly think about how to translate these signs exactly, but take"Is it necessary to translate them" into account.(2)“五讲四美二热爱”The sign has ever been translated into "Five Stresses, Four Beauties, Three Loves". This expression with a strong representation of Chinese culture, should be taken based on free translation; otherwise, it will not be accepted by the target culture, and will not achieve its purposes. Foreigners can barely accept this English translation. About such a situation, translators should know weather the translation is necessary or not.2.1.3 Ignorance of Cultural DifferencesLanguage is the integral part and the carrier of culture. Different languages have ethnic and cultural differences, which cause difficulties of translation. In order to achieve the best exchange effects, we should respect different cultural practices and cultural traditions. There are some differences between China and other countries in the use of public signs.Firstly, Chinese signs are more direct and straight forward；while，English signs often display the allowable aspect instead of aiming at the prohibited audience. Secondly, English signs generally use passive voice; Chinese signs, however, are more of active voice. Hence, translators should take into account the target reader’s acceptability and identification. If transistors ignorance of cultural differences will lead to many problems in translation.On the one hand, translation mistakes on the cultural level may make foreigners feel offended in terms of customs, beliefs, and faiths. On the other hand, there are lots of signs just belonging to Chinese culture but are translated word-for-word without taking account of the culturaldifferences which may cause misunderstanding. There are also public signs that exist in both cultures. However, the English versions are not so sound as well as Chinese ones which impress people firmly and vividly. They are not wrongly interpreted if they are translated in accordance with English customs or cultures. These translations can only express the superficial meaning without transmitting the spirit or the beauty of the sign to foreigners. Therefore, it is very important to understand the difference of the China culture and English-speaking countires culture. But there are a large number of modesl of this kind which can be found in our daily life.(3) “请给老幼妇残让座”has been translated into"Please give a seat to the old, weak, sick,disabled and pregnant women." In China, the sentence can be received; however, in English-speaking countries, old people are often reluctant to be called old, especially others use the "old" to describe them. They prefer to adapt a euphemistic way to express. It is better to be translated as "Please offer priority seats to those in need," which is more acceptable by foreigners.2.2 Language MistakesNow there are lots of public signs translation which is not correct or not accurate. These non-standard language translation errors can mainly be summarized in the following categories:2.2.1 Inappropriate ExpressionThe purpose of translation is to make readers get the correct information. Public translation largely needs concisenes to let the readers know the real meaning hidden in the text. Translators should transform language according to the characteristics of different languages rather than impose the structural features of a language on another. But there are lots of inappropriate expression in public sings translation. Rigid translation and hard translating are two common mistakes of public language translation.Both of them are direct translation according to the original words, contents, structures or sequences, which make others misunderstand the true meaning of public signs. The result may cause articles lose their original meaning, not only readers can not understand the message, but also cause readers’ misunderstanding of foreign culture. The reasons of rigid translation or hard translation aremost likely to ignore the true meanings of original signs, and lack of understanding in translation.(4) “小心碰头”has been translated as "Take care of your head". This is a typical mistake because of inappropriate expression. The true meaning of the sentence is hopes that readers be careful not to bump their head, but this translation is misunderstood by foreign friends. The best to translate it is "Watch Your Head" or "Mind Your Head".2.2.2 Wrong GrammarThere are very big difference between Chinese and English. But the translators often ignore the Sino-British differences between the syntactic; therefore they often make some basic mistakes when translating of public signs.(Wangying Lvhefa, 2007:14-15）This kind of translation shows the poor quality of C-E translation of public signs. Theoretically, wrong grammar can be avoided easily if the translator has the responsibility for his own interpretation. However, such mistakes can be seen everywhere. The wrong grammar signposts not only deface the city but also leave a poor impression to those foreigners about our Chinese culture.(5)“禁止攀爬”has been translated into " Please Do not Climbing". The use "Climbing" is not right here, it should be changed into" Plea se Don’t Climb" or "N o Climbing".2.2.3 Improper SpellingSpelling errors of translating public signs are the most common and most easily overlooked mistakes. But in fact, this kind of mistakes almost exists everywhere. About spelling errors, the following two types of errors should be paid more attention to: with distinction of the capital letters and wrong spellings. These errors reflect that translators are not careful in the process of translation, or lack of the basic capabilities to translate. Vocabulary or spelling mistakes are mostly because translators have not use a right attitude toward their work.(6)“宾馆预订服务”, which has been translated as "Hotel reservation servce" .The "servce” is significantly less letters "i".三、Translation PrinciplesAs public signs play a significant part in public and tourists, any ambiguity, misunderstanding, abuse of public signs will result in negative consequences. The public sign plays a very important role in the process of city internationalization. We should study the functional meaning and language style of public signs in English carefully."Therefore, to improve and enhance the quality of translation of public signs is imperative and important task." (Huang Youyi, Huang Changqi, 2005:8-9)Here are some translation skills.3.1 Focusing on Cross-Cultural AwarenessThe translation of public signs is to convert the source language into target language. In this process, it is necessary to remain the information in the source language, but also take cultural differences into account, so that the target readers can correctly understand the information.3.1.1 Focusing on Cultural DifferencesLanguage is the carrier of culture. Every nation has its profound cultural heritage. In different societies, the cultural background, national habits, thinking modes are different as well as the expression of their language. Different languages have ethnic and cultural differences, which cause difficulties in translation. In order to achieve the best exchange effects, translators should respect different cultural practices and cultural traditions. There are some differences between China and English-speaking countries in public signs, so we can’t use some words that can only be understood by ourselves.(7) “红旗手”once was translated into “a red flagger”. Our translation is to allow foreigners to read and understand our culture, ideology, but not a foreigner will know the real meaning of "a red flagger". In fact, it contains implied meaning "an advanced worker''. Thus we can just translate “红旗手”into "a model worker" or "an advanced worker". As for something that is uncertain even in the source text, translators can just leave it out.3.1.2 Focusing on Reader's Thinking ModelsThe translation of public signs is written for foreigners, so we should consider the target readers' thinking models and feeling. Public signs are a kind of application style with rich forms, which are being used in a wide range. But not all of the public signs can be translated into foreign language directly. Sometimes, in order to respect the feeling and expectations of readers, we may consider neglecting or replacing the impolite expression toward a reader.(8)“请勿践踏草坪”should not be rigidly translated into "do not tread on the meadow ", for the reason that target readers are more accustomed to expressions "please keep off the grass". These examples account for the necessity of considering the values and andthinking modes, which is not an isolated phenomenon but an integral part of culture. Hence, translators should adopt the “reader-centre” principle to enable the foreigners to fully understand the meaning of the signs.3.2 Being concise and precisePublic language translation should make foreign friends understand, and it should follow principles of conciseness and precision. Semantic translation and communicative translation can be realized in a precise and concise way. (Newmark, Peter, 1988:47).3.2.1 ConciseThe translator should know the language style of both Chinese and English pubic signs well. "There are five important features about English public signs: firstly, most of the public signs are written in capitals without full stop; secondly, the public signs are always short even with only one word; thirdly, the public signs are written in simple writing style, such as using lots of nouns, verbal nouns or phrases; fourthly, imperative sentences are used sometimes; fifthly, formal writing style is used sometimes". (Hu Wenzhong, 1987:78). As for Chinese public signs, the main feature is to use simple words to show simple meaning, that is to say, to be brief and concise. If a public sign is too long, it would be difficult for people to catch the main meaning of the contents.（9）“随地吐痰乞人恨罚款一千有可能传播肺病因此起卫生法例要遵行” .Obviously, this sign is written in a ragged verse in order to warn citizens not to spit everywhere. If it is translated into English word-for-word, the original meaning may have no effects on foreigners, who may take it as a joke. The proper translation can be "No spitting. Maximum penalty $1000".3.2.2 PreciseIt is very important to make readers understand the true meaning of the translation. Some experts considered the translation as a process of re-creation. If you don't make research deeply between the source language and target language, it is hard to master them. We establish precise as a basic principle for the public language. Chinese-English translation is based on the consideration of public language’s characteristic. If the translation is too obscure, it would not achieve the role of public signs that should be.(10)“注意安全,请勿攀爬单边墙”If we only translate it according to literal translation, foreigners may feel very odd, and difficult to understand. In fact, as long as we obey understandable principle and correspondingly translate as" Keep a safe ", it will let foreigners will feel intelligible and kind.四、Translation ApproachesThere are many ways to translate the English public signs. The translation approaches and translation strategies should be determined by the intended purpose or functions of a translation. According to the above principles, such translation approaches are to be discussed as adapting, borrowing and creating.4.1 AdaptingAdapting means a translator makes the slight change based on the similar expressions in English. It can guide the translator to make flexible target language choices when rendering culture-specific expression.The translator makes linguistic choices and employs translation strategies, especially when he is transplanting cultural images. In sign translation, someestablished signs in English can be adapted.(11)“桂林山水甲天下”is translated to “East or West, Guilin Landscape is best!”, which imitates the well-known English proverbs “East or west, home is best”. In this way, it arouses the amiableness on the part of readers, achieves the persuasiveness of the public sign and justifies the translator’s choice of a particular purpose in a given translational situation.4.2 BorrowingBorrowing is way which is highly practical and realistic in sign translation. Based on the approach, the conventional expressions of English signs could be borrowed so that they sound familiar and acceptable to the foreigners. Different individuals from different cultures would differ to a greater or lesser extent, but they would be culturally equivalent when they perform the same function in their respective specific setting culture. Just as Nida puts it, for truly successful translation, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function.(12) “限时停车”has been translated into"Time Limit Parking". This translation is based on "parking".If we translate it without using borrowing approach,the translation may not be familiar by readers. Through using the approach, it can not only makes the task of translation simple, but also can make foreign friends feel comfortable.4.3 CreatingWhen performing the translation of signs with Chinese characteristics, we tend to adopt the method of creating. That is, translators should do the creative work when there are no conventional expressions to borrow or similar expressions to adapt from English signs. Therefore, the translator should have the abilities to create the translation not only understandable but also meet the expressing style of those English-speaking countries. It requires translators' linguistic choices and pragmatic translation strategies and translators must focus on conveying the author’s intentions and make readers get the true information. Otherwise, the appellative function of sign language will be absent.(13)“宁停三分，不抢一秒”can be translated as "It is far better to arrive late in this world than early in the next. " From this example, we can see that if it is difficult to translate public signs which have no conventional expressions to borrow or similar expressions to adapt, translators should do some creative work to translate it more consistent with English expressions.五、ConclusionNowadays, China is striving to improve the standard of opening to the outside world. Therefore, it is urgent to standardize various C-E translations of public signs. Since public signs have always been “the face of the city”, every citizen has the duty to point out the errors in signposts around us in our city.This paper discusses several aspects of the Chinese-English translation problems of public signs, especially the cultural phenomena in translations. According to the problems, the author offers some suggestions to establish standard translation of public signs. The author makes a conclusion that an accurate translation of public signs should always take account of the cultural factors in both languages. Let’s introduce our country to all over the world in the best way.Bibliography[1] Hatim, Basil. Communication across Cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2001:89.[2] Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001:52.[3] Newmark, Peter．A textbook of translation[M]．London：Prentice HallInternational(UK)Ltd，1988:47.[4] 北竹,革爱民. 谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,(5):26-29．[5] 胡文仲. 现代实用英语例解[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1987:78.[6] 黄友义,黄长奇．翻译质量与翻译协会的责任[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,(5):8-9．[7] 罗选民, 黎土旺. 关于公示语翻译的几点思考[J]. 中国翻译，2006,(4):67.[8] 刘法公,徐蓓佳. 公示语汉英翻译原则探索[J]. 外语与外语教学,2008,(2):54.[9] 李文忠. 中国英语与中国式英语[J]. 外国教学与研究. 1993,(3):32.[10] 王颖，吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译[M]. 中国出版集团,中国对外翻译出版公司, 2007:14-15.[11] 杨永林，刘春霞. 双语公共标识的文本性研究[J]. 外语学刊, 1998,(2):47.AcknowledgementI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Mr. Liu, my supervisor. From deciding the title to finishing this paper, I have gained lots of benefits from the enlightenment of Mr. Liu, whose inspiring insights, generous encouragements, and enthusiastic instructions have facilitated me much. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Then I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.开题报告英语公示语翻译中常见错误分析及策略选择六、论文选题的背景、意义（所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势）目的：随着我国经济的发展和对外开放步伐的加快，国际间的友好往来及经济合作日益增多，对外联系和国际交流日益频繁。

公示语汉英翻译研究Research on Chinese-English Translation of Publicity Slogans随着全球化的发展，汉英翻译的需求越来越大。

公示语作为一种特殊的语言形式，其翻译也具有一定的难度和特殊性。

本文旨在探讨公示语汉英翻译的方法和技巧，以提高翻译质量和效率。

首先，公示语的翻译需要考虑到其特殊的宣传性质和文化背景。

在翻译时，应尽量保持原文的宣传效果和文化内涵，同时考虑到目标语言读者的文化背景和习惯，进行必要的调整和转化。

其次，公示语的翻译需要注意语言的简洁性和精准性。

公示语通常采用简短、明了的语言表达宣传内容，翻译时应尽量保持简洁明了，同时确保表达的准确性和完整性。

最后，公示语的翻译需要注重语言的美感和形式美。

公示语作为一种宣传语言，其表达形式和语言风格也具有一定的美感和艺术性。

翻译时应注重语言的美感和形式美，使译文更具有吸引力和感染力。

总之，公示语汉英翻译是一项需要综合考虑多种因素的复杂任务。

只有在充分理解原文的基础上，结合目标语言的文化背景和语言特点，才能达到翻译的最佳效果。

扩展内容：公示语是一种特殊的语言形式，广泛应用于各种场合，如政府机关、企事业单位、公共场所等。

公示语的翻译不仅仅是简单的语言转换，更是一种文化交流和传播。

因此，公示语的翻译需要考虑到多种因素，如语言的简洁性、精准性、美感和形式美，以及文化背景和宣传效果等。

在实际翻译中，公示语的翻译难度较大，需要翻译人员具备较高的语言和文化素养。

同时，公示语的翻译也需要结合具体的宣传目的和场合进行调整和转化，以达到最佳的宣传效果。

总之，公示语汉英翻译是一项具有挑战性和重要性的任务，需要翻译人员不断提高自身素质和技能，以满足不断增长的翻译需求。

2008年第2期总第227期外语与外语教学F ore i gn Languages and The ir T eaching2008,l2Ser i a l l227公示语汉英翻译原则的探索刘法公徐蓓佳(浙江工商大学外语学院,浙江杭州310018)摘要:本文以纽马克的文本分类作为理论依据,尝试提出公示语汉英翻译三原则:简洁、统一、易懂,并通过选取大量典型译例,分析原译文的翻译错误与问题,比较原译与改译来证明这三条原则对公示语汉英翻译具有理论意义和重要的指导作用。

关键词:公示语;汉英翻译;原则;探索Abstrac t:On t h e bas i s ofNe wm ar k p s text typology,t he au t hor tentativel y p ropos es/three-C0pri nciples f or pub lic si gns translation,na m el y,concis e-ness,consistency and co mp rehen si b ili ty.By app l y i ng the m t o rep resen tati ve cas es ofm istaken translati ons and co m pari ng the ori gi nalw it h the vers i on under t he d irecti on of the pri n ci ple,th i s p aper proves t hat t hese t h ree p ri nci p les bear cert a i n t heoretical s i gn ificance as w ell as gu i d i ng val ues for t h e C-E trans l a-ti on of pub lic s i gns.K ey W ords:pub lic signs;C-E translati on;tran slati on p ri nci p l es中图分类号:H059文献标识码:A文章编号:1004-6038(2008)02-0047-041.引论城市的标识、指示牌、路牌、标语、单位名称、通告等统称为/公示语0。

公示语的英译策略随着我国对外开放的日渐深入，公示语作为外宣的重要组成部分受到更高的重视。

城市公示语的翻译是城市面貌的重要体现，要重视公示语翻译的标准性和规范性。

为此，通过城市公示语错译分析，探讨目前公示语翻译存在的问题，同时提出公示语翻译的英译策略。

标签：公示语；翻译错误；翻译策略公示语翻译是国家对外宣传中不可忽视的重要组成部分，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境建设的具体体现，也是城市的国际化发展水平的重要标志。

翻译工作的成效很大程度上反映在外宣翻译的效果上。

外国游客对一个城市及景区的了解都是通过英文介绍获得的。

公示语，如同一个城市或景区的写照，会给旅游者留下深刻的印象，应该力求规范和精确，否则会给优美的风景大打折扣。

1公示语的含义2003年诺贝尔经济奖获得者克莱夫·格兰杰教授在2005年接受北京电视台《世纪之约》的采访时表示出对中国公示语的设置和使用的忧虑，他提出对公示语翻译和公共标识使用问题要“高度重视”。

公示语的范畴和用途比较广，它包括所有能为公众、外籍人士及旅游者涉及食、宿、行、游、娱、购行为提供基本公示文字信息的内容；其广泛应用于旅游景点、公共设施、公共交通、机构名称、标语口号、服务设施、街头路牌、商店招牌以及其他公共场所。

公示语因其功能的特殊性，作为外宣的翻译人员要特别予以重视。

因为公示语简单的说是为外国友人在中国的吃穿住用行提供方便，严重的说可以上升到关系到城市的精神面貌和整体形象，进而影响到我国在国际上形象的程度，因此作为外宣翻译应该认真研究英语公示语的功能意义和语言文化内涵，才能使公示语真正发挥其在我国与世界沟通中的信息服务作用。

2当前公示语翻译存在的问题公示语的双语化是大城市国际化进程的必然结果。

公示语翻译是一项门面工作，任何的错误或缺陷都会被放大。

在日常的工作和生活中，我们发现公示语的翻译存在很多问题，下面就举例说明：2.1一地多译如北京的关于“北京孔庙”的翻译，地铁站的英文标识为：THE CONFUCIUS TEMPLE IN BEIJING，而原首都博物馆的英文标识为：BEIJING CONFUCIUS TEMPLE，地铁站和北京孔庙不过百米，这样一处两译的处理方式就会给国外游客造成不必要的困惑和不便，因此对同一地名采用相同的译法是非常必要的。

深度研究报告：公示语汉英翻译研究1. 研究目标本次研究旨在探讨公示语汉英翻译的问题，并提供相应的解决方案。

具体研究目标如下：1.分析公示语在汉英翻译中常见的问题和挑战；2.探讨不同翻译方法在公示语汉英翻译中的应用效果；3.提出优化公示语汉英翻译质量的建议和方法。

2. 研究方法为了实现研究目标，本次研究采用了以下方法：1.搜集公示语样本：通过对不同领域的公示语进行广泛搜集，形成一个具有代表性的样本库；2.分析公示语翻译问题：对搜集到的公示语样本进行分析，总结其中常见的翻译问题和挑战；3.对比实验：选择几种常见的翻译方法，针对公示语样本进行翻译，并进行对比实验，评估各种方法的翻译效果；4.统计分析：通过对对比实验结果进行统计分析，找出公示语翻译中不同方法的优势和不足之处；5.结合实际案例：通过对实际案例的讨论和分析，提出优化公示语翻译质量的建议和方法。

3. 研究发现通过以上研究方法，我们得出了以下主要研究发现：1.公示语翻译问题：在公示语汉英翻译中，常见问题包括上下文语义理解、语言风格转换、文化差异等。

这些问题导致了翻译的准确性和自然度受到影响。

2.翻译方法对比：我们对比了直译、意译和动态翻译等不同方法在公示语翻译中的应用效果。

结果表明，灵活运用各种方法能够更好地解决公示语翻译中的问题，提高翻译质量。

3.案例分析：通过实际案例的分析，我们发现在公示语翻译中，合理运用优化技巧，如增加背景信息、调整语言风格等，可以有效提高翻译的可读性和可理解性。

4. 研究结论基于以上研究发现，我们得出了以下结论：1.公示语翻译需要注重上下文语义理解和语言风格转换，避免字面翻译的误导；2.灵活运用不同的翻译方法，结合实际情况选择合适的翻译策略；3.优化公示语翻译可采用增加背景信息、调整语言风格等方法，提高翻译的可读性和可理解性。

参考文献[1] Smith, J. (2000). Translation of Public Signs: A Case Study. Translation Journal, 4(3).[2] Gonzalez, M., & Wang, L. (2015). Issues in the Translation of Public Signs: A Case Study of Chinese-English Translation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(2), 185-202.[3] Li, X., & Johnson, M. (2018). Translation of Public Signs: Strategies and Challenges. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 13(1), 1-20.。