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免疫力增强的关键维生素维生素B 研究表明，维生素B是免疫力增强的关键。
维生素B家族是一组复杂且多样化的维生素，包括维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B3、维生素B5、维生素B6、维生素B7、维生素B9和维生素B12。
这些维生素在维持免疫系统健康和功能方面发挥着重要作用。
维生素B1（硫胺素）是一种重要的辅酶，参与能量代谢和神经信号传导。
它有助于改善身体机能，降低疲劳和疲劳感，同时支持免疫系统正常功能。
研究还发现，维生素B1对于调节免疫细胞的活性和增强机体对抗病原体的能力也具有重要意义。
维生素B2（核黄素）是一种强大的抗氧化剂，具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。
维生素B2能够帮助维持正常的免疫功能，有效抵御外界病原体的入侵，并增强机体免疫系统对疾病的抵抗能力。
维生素B3（烟酸/尼克酸和烟酸胺）是一种重要的辅酶，参与能量代谢和细胞DNA修复。
此外，维生素B3还能够调节炎症反应，提高免疫细胞的杀菌能力和抗病毒能力。
维生素B3的摄入可以增强机体对抗感染和炎症的免疫力。
维生素B5（泛酸）在维持机体正常免疫功能方面发挥着重要作用。
它参与能量代谢和细胞合成的重要过程，有助于支持体内抗体和细胞免疫的正常发挥，增强机体对抗病原体的防御能力。
维生素B6（吡哆醇/吡哆酸）是调节免疫细胞活性和维持正常免疫功能的关键。
它积极参与机体抗体和白细胞生成的过程，提高免疫细胞的杀菌能力，并支持机体对抗病原体的免疫应答。
维生素B7（生物素）在增强免疫力方面发挥着重要作用。
它参与能量代谢和细胞信号传导，有助于维持正常的免疫功能和抗病毒能力。
此外，维生素B7还能够促进肠道菌群平衡，维持肠道健康，进一步增强机体免疫力。
维生素B9（叶酸）是DNA和RNA合成所必需的营养物质。
它对于胚胎发育、神经系统的正常发育和免疫系统的功能维持至关重要。
维生素B9的摄入可以增强机体对抗病原体和疾病的免疫能力。
维生素B12（氰钴胺）是一种关键的辅酶，参与能量代谢和维持神经系统健康。
美澳健牌维⽣素B族⽚的功效和作⽤ 维⽣素B是⼈体所需的重要元素，美澳健牌维⽣素B族⽚就是补充维⽣素B很好的⾷品，它有什么功效和作⽤呢？下⾯就由店铺为⼤家介绍下美澳健牌维⽣素B族⽚的功效和作⽤，希望可以帮到⼤家哦。
美澳健牌维⽣素B族⽚的功效与作⽤ 1、促进红细胞的形成和再⽣，防⽌贫⾎。
2、维持神经系统、肌⾁、⼼脏活动正常功能。
3、改善脚⽓病、⽪肤过敏症、脂溢性⽪炎、消化不良、⼝腔溃疡、疲劳、焦躁、⼿⾜⿇⽊、脑障碍、贫⾎等症者。
4、B族维⽣素是⼀类⽔溶性维⽣素，易流失，且⼈体⽆⾃造功能，必须不断地从外界补充。
它们能维护⼤脑的正常⾎液循环，提⾼记忆⼒，对缓解压⼒有重要作⽤，维⽣素B族缺乏，最常见的症状是疲劳、精神不振、不安、易怒、⽪肤病、失眠、⾷欲下降、胆固醇升⾼、⼼脏功能紊乱等。
5、B1能够保持精神警觉和情绪稳定，帮助体内多余的铅排除体外,帮助纠正⼼律失常、提升低⾎压、稳定呼吸短促、减少四肢胀⼤，并防⽌肾和⼼脏功能衰退。
6、B2能⽀持⾝体的成长、组织的修复和细胞的呼吸。
对⾷物的顺利消化，神经系统的健康，对铁的吸收，以及为了视⼒良好同维⽣素A共同作⽤，都是⾄关重要的。
7、B6可能是所有维⽣素B族中最重要的⼀种。
⼈体的肌⾁⾥含有全⾝70%～80%的B6。
B6在蛋⽩、脂质和碳⽔化合物的代谢中发挥着关键的作⽤。
所以，⼤量损耗B6的⼈会出现包括氨基酸代谢紊乱。
8、⽣物素主要为我们提供能量和⽤于养颜。
在把已消化的碳⽔化合物、脂肪和蛋⽩质转化为能量的过程中，⽣物素是必不可少的。
9、泛酸主要的功能是在肾上腺⾥产⽣能量，在消化道内帮助其他营养成分的吸收，在免疫系统内则保护⾝体免于感染，在神经系统⾥能保持情绪稳定，在⽪肤上还可以保持肤⾊亮丽。
10、B5被称为“困难时候的维⽣素”,它能很有技巧地瞄准压⼒这样⼀个⾮常重要的领域，例如：环境压⼒、医疗压⼒、感染压⼒、电磁辐射。
美澳健牌维⽣素B族⽚的⾷⽤⽅法 美澳健维⽣素B族⽚主要成分有维⽣素B1、维⽣素B2、维⽣素B6、烟酸、叶酸、泛酸钙、淀粉、糊精、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁、羟丙甲纤维素、丙⼆醇、聚⼭梨酯80。
维他命b能有效的抗击癌症
除了维他命C之外，维他命b也有着非常大的抗癌作用，能够帮助人类有效的降低癌症的发生率。
维他命b能调节细胞的增殖和死亡，这也是维他命b具有抗癌功效的原理。
那么维他命b能抗击哪些癌症呢？
一项波兰的研究也显示：随着硫胺素的摄入量由低于O.81毫克/日增加到1.17毫克/日以
上（注：但要求不超过加拿大的推荐安全摄入量）。
直肠癌、结肠癌的患病风险下降了86%。
加拿大女性癌症大型筛查研究分析显示，随着维他命b2（核黄素）摄入量升高，卵巢癌
的患病风险降低。
与每天摄入核黄素低于1.41毫克的受访者相比。
每天摄入217毫克以
上的受访者患上卵巢癌的风险降低了43% 。
乳腺癌的患病风险随着饮酒量的增加而增加，相比不饮酒或是每天酒精摄入量少于5克的
受访者，每天摄入酒精超过30克的受访者患乳腺癌的风险增加17%。
癌症治疗起来很是棘手，然而维他命b就具有抗癌潜力，能帮助很多的癌症患者控制病情，具有一定的抗癌功效，在癌症的治疗中也是必不可少的。
b1b2b6b12的功能主治1. 什么是b1b2b6b12b1b2b6b12是一种B族维生素复合物，包含维生素B1、B2、B6和B12。
这些维生素在人体中起着重要的生理功能，参与细胞代谢和神经系统的正常运行。
b1b2b6b12通常以片剂或胶囊的形式出售，并被广泛用作补充剂和药物治疗的一部分。
2. b1b2b6b12的功能主治b1b2b6b12对人体有多种功能和主治。
下面列出了一些常见的功能和主治：•维持神经系统正常功能：b1b2b6b12参与神经递质的合成和神经信号传导，可以维持神经系统的正常功能。
它们对大脑和神经组织的发育和维护至关重要。
•促进能量代谢：维生素B1、B2和B6是细胞能量代谢的重要物质。
它们有助于将食物中的碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质转化为能量，提供给人体细胞的生理活动。
•改善心血管健康：b1b2b6b12可以促进心脏肌肉的正常收缩和舒张，维持心脏的正常功能。
它们也可降低血液中的同型半胱氨酸水平，从而有助于降低心血管疾病的风险。
•维护皮肤健康：维生素B2在维持皮肤健康方面起着关键作用。
它有助于维持皮肤的健康状态，促进皮肤细胞的生长和修复。
•提高免疫功能：维生素B6和B12可促进免疫细胞的活性和增殖，增强免疫系统的功能。
它们还可以调节免疫反应，提高机体对抗疾病和病原体的能力。
•维持心理健康：b1b2b6b12可能对心理健康起到一定的促进作用。
这些维生素参与多种神经递质的合成和神经元的正常功能，从而有助于维持心理平衡。
•改善贫血状况：维生素B12对造血功能有重要影响，参与红细胞的形成和维持。
b1b2b6b12中的维生素B12可以改善某些贫血状况，提高红细胞的生成和运输能力。
•促进消化系统功能：维生素B1在消化系统中发挥重要作用，有助于促进胃肠蠕动和食物的消化吸收。
它还有助于维护胃酸的正常分泌。
3. 如何服用b1b2b6b12b1b2b6b12通常以片剂或胶囊的形式供人服用。
根据医生的建议，一般建议的剂量为每日一次，每次1片或胶囊。
维他命b群多吃维B身体棒关于《维他命b群多吃维B身体棒》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。
维生素对人体的健康是非常重要的，不管是什么样的食物都有各自的营养价值，尤其是维生素！你们知道维他命b群是什么吗，维他命b群的作用都有哪些呢，生活中维他命b群保健功效是什么呢？赶紧来看看下文详细的介绍吧！哪些食物可补充维生素B族缺乏维生素B会造成溃疡、肿胀，甚至是癌症轻微缺乏B族维生素人体不会有任何感觉，但到一定程度时就会出现明显的症状。
首先，在人体最薄弱的地方，通常是消化道的首尾两端，即口腔或肛门的局部，出现充血、肿胀症状，随后皮肤或粘膜出现溃疡，然后开始出血，这即是口腔溃疡和痔疮。
溃疡面如果长时间不能愈合，就会被细菌感染，产生炎症，单纯使用消炎药，只能暂时控制细菌的繁殖，并不能使溃疡愈合。
充血、肿胀长期、持续发展下去就会凸出组织、器官的表面，形成肿瘤，肿瘤发展到最后阶段，表面糜烂，反复感染、化脓，内部细胞疯狂增生，这就是癌症。
为什么缺乏B族维生素会出现充血、肿胀呢？主要原因在于构成血管壁的细胞离不开B族维生素，当缺乏B族维生素时，血管壁(主要是毛细血管)开始变薄。
在血压的作用下，血管开始向外凸起，当局部的血管都开始鼓起时，就形成了肿块，最后血管开始裂开出血，如果发生在脑部就是脑溢血。
为什么缺乏B族维生素会出现溃疡呢？同样的道理，构成人体皮肤和粘膜的细胞也需要B族维生素，当B族维生素缺乏时，人体无法产生出足够的皮肤和粘膜细胞，去顶替已经代谢掉的细胞，缺口就产生了，这就是溃疡。
如果发生在食道，就是食道溃疡;发生在胃里，就是胃溃疡;发生在女性的子宫颈，就是宫颈糜烂。
哪些食物富含维生素B？现代人垃圾食品吃得过多、只爱吃细粮、靠保健品来补充身体所需的维生素和矿物质……有时反而会适得其反。
食物是补充矿物质和维生素的最佳来源，只有摄入量不够的时候才要靠保健品。
日常生活中多吃下面这些富含维生素B的食物，有利于身体健康。
12岁儿童每日所需维生素b3《12岁儿童每日所需维生素B3》嘿呀，各位宝爸宝妈们，今天咱可得好好唠唠12岁儿童每日所需的维生素B3这事儿呀，这维生素B3对咱家12岁的小宝贝们可重要啦，关系到他们的健康成长呢，听我给你们细细说来哦，再讲讲我自己亲身经历的一件和这有点关联的事儿，你们就更清楚啦。
### 维生素B3是啥玩意儿呀咱先得知道维生素B3是个啥呀，其实它还有个名字叫烟酸呢，听着是不是有点陌生？不过没关系，咱只要知道它对身体可有不少好处就行啦。
它在身体里就像个勤劳的小工匠，帮忙参与身体里好多重要的活儿呢，比如能促进小宝贝们的消化系统正常工作呀，让他们吃嘛嘛香，还能帮助维持皮肤和神经系统的健康呢，就像给身体的这些部分都上了一层保护罩似的。
### 12岁儿童大概需要多少维生素B3呢那12岁的儿童每天需要多少维生素B3才够呢？一般来说呀，12岁的小男孩儿每天大概需要12毫克左右的维生素B3，而小女孩儿呢，每天大概需要11毫克左右就差不多啦。
不过这也不是绝对的哦，要是小宝贝们平时活动量特别大呀，比如说天天在操场上疯跑、打篮球啥的，那可能就需要稍微多一点点啦，因为身体消耗得多嘛，就得多补充点儿才行呢。
我记得我家邻居有个12岁的小男孩儿，叫小辉，那家伙可调皮啦，整天精力旺盛得很，不是在小区里骑自行车就是和小伙伴们踢球呢，活动量那叫一个大呀。
有一回呀，我和邻居聊天，说到孩子们的营养问题呢。
邻居就说：“哎呀，我也不知道小辉每天吃的东西能不能满足他身体的需要呀，特别是那个什么维生素B3，我都不太清楚他够不够呢。
”我就跟她说：“一般12岁的小男孩儿每天大概需要12毫克左右的维生素B3啦，像小辉这么爱运动的，说不定还得稍微多一点点呢。
”邻居听了，就有点担心地说：“那我得好好看看他的饮食啦，可别缺了啥营养呀。
”### 从哪儿能获取维生素B3呢那这维生素B3从哪儿能搞到呢？其实呀，很多食物里都有它的身影呢。
像肉类就是个很不错的来源呀，比如说鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉啥的，小宝贝们要是喜欢吃肉，那可就能从中获取不少维生素B3啦。
vb12摄入标准VB12，即维生素B12，是一种水溶性维生素，也是人体必需的营养物质之一。
它在人体中发挥着重要的生理功能，包括维持神经系统的正常运作、促进红细胞的生成以及维持机体健康等。
VB12缺乏会引起一系列的健康问题，因此正确的VB12摄入对于人体健康至关重要。
根据相关研究，成人每天的VB12摄入量为2.4微克。
然而，对于一些特定的人群，如老年人、素食者以及胃酸分泌不足者来说，他们可能需要额外的VB12摄入。
此外，孕妇和哺乳期妇女也需要相对更多的VB12来满足自身和胎儿的需要。
VB12主要存在于动物性食物中，如肉类、蛋、奶制品和鱼类等。
因此，素食者比较容易出现VB12缺乏的情况。
一些素食者可以通过吃一些经过强化的素食产品来增加VB12的摄入量，但这并不能完全替代来自动物性食物的VB12摄入。
一旦出现VB12缺乏，人体会出现一系列的健康问题，如贫血、神经系统问题和心血管疾病等。
除了通过饮食补充VB12外，也可以通过口服VB12补充剂或者打B12针进行补充。
然而，在进行VB12补充时，还应该考虑到个体差异和特定情况。
因此，最好在遇到VB12缺乏问题时咨询专业的医生或营养师进行指导。
此外，VB12的吸收需要依赖于胃酸和胃蛋白酶的作用，因此胃酸分泌不足的人群也容易出现VB12吸收不良的情况。
这些人可能需要额外补充VB12来维持机体的正常运作。
总结来说，VB12是人体必需的营养物质之一，正确的VB12摄入对于人体健康至关重要。
成人每天的VB12摄入量为2.4微克，但是一些特殊人群可能需要额外的VB12摄入。
VB12主要存在于动物性食物中，素食者需要注意调整饮食以增加VB12摄入。
一旦出现VB12缺乏，应及时通过饮食、补充剂或者针剂的方式进行补充。
在补充VB12时，还应该考虑个体差异和特定情况，并咨询专业的医生或营养师的建议。
同时，胃酸分泌不足的人群也要注意额外的VB12摄入以促进吸收。
只有保证足够的VB12摄入，才能维持机体的正常运作和健康的生活。
VITAMIN B12Introduction Vitamin B12 is the l ess abundant vitamin of all the vitamins found innature. The name vitamin B12 is generic term for a specific group ofcobalt-containing corrinoids with a biological activity for animals andhuman. This group of corrinoids is also known as cobalamins.The main forms of vitamin B12 are hydroxocobalamin, ad enosyl cobalamin and methyl cobalamin, the last two being the active coenzyme forms. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is wid elyused in the industry due to its availability and stability.Vitamin B12 is absorbed by an active mechanism. Most of the vitaminis stored in the liver.Chemical formula C63H88014N14PCoMolecular weight 1355,37 g/molAlternative names Cyanocobalaminα-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl) cyanocobamideCAS No. 68-19-9Key natural sources Animal products via microbial synthesis, Plant products are practically d evoid of vitamin B12.Biological functions • Production of blood cells and growth;• Production of the co-enzyme 5-d esoxyad enyl cobalamin,whichis necessary for the utilisation of propionic acid and thus for theproduction of glucose and lactose in ruminants;• Production of the co-enzyme methyl cobalamin, which is necessary for methylation reactions e.g. for the metabolism ofmethionine;• Co-enzymes in the metabolism of nucl eic acids and proteins,and also in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.Benefitsto the animalImproved growthImproved reproduction performanceSigns of deficiency Common: reduced synthesis of DNA and protein, growth disord ers,l ower feed conversion, anaemia, rough coat and inflammation ofthe skin.Poultry: poor plumage, reduced hatchability and increased embryomortality.Ruminants: weight l oss and reduced milk yield in regions with a l ow cobalt content in plants.Toleranceto high intakeNo evid ence of adverse effects on animals caused by high l evelsof oral intakeThin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometry (UV/VIS), PhEur monograph 0547.Alternative methods:In premixtures and feed:Microbiological activity analysis.HPLC with UV detection.FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTSCommoncommercial formsMarket standard is concentrated 1%, but 0.1% preparations also available.Common physicalparametersPale pink to pink fluid powder.Stability underambient conditionsStability in manufactured form: up to 2 years.。
安利维生素b族的作用及功能
维生素B族是一类水溶性维生素，包括维生素B1（硫胺素）、维生素B2（核黄素）、维生素B3（烟酸）、维生素B5（泛酸）、维生素B6（吡哆醇）、维生素B7（生物素）、维生素
B9（叶酸）和维生素B12（辅酶B12）。
这些维生素在人体
内扮演着各种重要的角色。
1. 维生素B1（硫胺素）：参与碳水化合物的代谢过程，维持
神经系统的正常功能，促进食欲和消化。
2. 维生素B2（核黄素）：参与体内能量代谢，帮助细胞呼吸，维持视觉和皮肤健康。
3. 维生素B3（烟酸）：参与能量代谢，帮助细胞高效利用营
养物质，维持皮肤、神经和消化系统健康。
4. 维生素B5（泛酸）：参与能量代谢，合成和代谢内分泌素，维持皮肤和消化系统健康。
5. 维生素B6（吡哆醇）：参与蛋白质和氨基酸代谢，合成神
经递质，维持神经系统和免疫系统正常功能。
6. 维生素B7（生物素）：参与脂肪、碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢，促进细胞生长和修复，保持健康的皮肤、头发和指甲。
7. 维生素B9（叶酸）：参与DNA和RNA的合成，细胞分裂
和修复，促进胎儿发育，预防神经系统缺陷。
8. 维生素B12（辅酶B12）：参与蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物代谢，维持神经系统健康，促进红血球的形成。
总的来说，维生素B族在人体内起着多种生理功能，包括能量代谢、细胞功能维持、神经系统的正常运作、细胞生长和修复、促进胎儿发育等。
为满足身体对维生素B的需求，应保持均衡营养，摄入富含维生素B的食物，如鸡肉、鱼类、豆类、全谷类食物、蛋类、奶类和绿叶蔬菜等。
May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306021Vitamin B-12: Everyday for Healthy Brains and BodiesGetting Ready1. Review lesson plan before each session.2. Review Additional Information for the Educator.3. Copy overheads:a. Vitamin B-12 Everyday for Healthy Brains and Bodiesb. Vitamin B-12 and Your Bodyc. Eat Vitamin B-12 Everydayd. Food and supplement labels (5 of them)4. Copy handouts:a. Check one to get the vitamin B-12 you need each day!b. Post-test: Vitamin B-12 Questions5. Have evaluation and attendance forms ready.Supplies1. Pictures or package labels of meat, poultry, fish, milk, yogurt, cheese, eggs.2. Cereals: not always fortified with vitamin B-12 (e.g., generic brands; read labelscarefully).3. Cereals: fortified with vitamin B-12 (find brands with 25% to 100% of the Daily Valuefor vitamin B-12).4. Nutritional supplements that vary in their vitamin B-12 content such as:a. Multi-vitamin-mineral supplement with about 2 to 6 micrograms (mcg) of vitaminB-12b. Multi-vitamin-mineral supplement for seniors with about 10 to 25 micrograms(mcg) of vitamin B-12c. Vitamin B-12 supplement with 1,000 to 2,000 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin B-12Beginning the Session1. Introduce yourself by name and the organization that you represent.2. Summarize the lesson by going over the objectives.3. Let the group know that the lesson will be informal and they can ask questions anytime.Objectives – The participants will:1. Understand how vitamin B-12 keeps people healthy.2. Recognize risk factors for vitamin B-12 deficiency.3. Develop a personal plan to get vitamin B-12 from cereals or supplements every day.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306022ScriptIntroduction(Start with this series of questions.)∙ Can anyone tell me about vitamin B-12?∙ Are any of you getting vitamin B-12 shots from your doctor?∙ It is true that many older adults are deficient in vitamin B-12, and may be getting vitamin B-12 shots from their doctor.Show handout, Vitamin B-12 Everyday for Healthy Brains and Bodies.∙ In fact, vitamin B-12 deficiency is common in older adults -- about one of every 10 olderadults has vitamin B-12 deficiency.∙ Vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause many health problems.So today we are going to talk about how vitamin B-12 keeps us healthy, the reasons why people aged 50 and older should eat crystalline vitamin B-12 every day, some breakfast cereals and supplements that contain crystalline vitamin B-12, and how to look for at least 25% of the Daily Value for vitamin B-12 on food and supplement labels. We'll also develop a personal plan to make sure we get vitamin B-12 every day.Does anyone know how vitamin B-12 helps keep people healthy?∙ Vitamin B-12 is very important for your brain, nerves, and blood system. People who arevitamin B-12 deficient can develop numbness, weakness, problems seeing, poor memory, confusion, tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, and anemia (large red cells).Show handout, Vitamin B-12 and Your Body.∙ Vitamin B-12 is needed in the brain and the nervous system that controls functions such asour vision, feeling in the hands, and movement of our arms and legs; and also in the blood.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306023Can anyone tell me the risk factors for vitamin B-12 deficiency?Refer to Vitamin B-12 and Your Body.∙ The main risk factor for vitamin B-12 deficiency is being age 60 or older, because as we age:∙ Stomach acid decreases so vitamin B-12 can’t be digested in the stomach .∙ The absorption of vitamin B-12 decreases in the intestine.∙ Other common risk factors for vitamin B-12 deficiency are:∙ Intestinal problems such as ulcers or having part of the intestine removed.∙ Taking medications such as antacids and laxatives on a regular basis.Protect yourself from vitamin B-12 deficiency by:∙ Eating animal foods such as meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, and eggs.∙ Consuming crystalline vitamin B-12 from fortified cereals or supplements every day.Can anyone name the main food sources of vitamin B-12?∙ Vitamin B-12 is found naturally only in animal foods such as liver, meat, poultry, fish, eggs,milk, cheese and other dairy foods.∙ Vitamin B-12 is not found naturally in plant foods such as fruits or vegetables.Show animal food items such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods (models, actual foods or containers).∙ If you eat animal foods, then you are getting some vitamin B-12 each day.∙ Vitamin B-12 is also added to many, but not all, breakfast cereals. This form of vitamin B-12 is called crystalline vitamin B-12. Crystalline vitamin B-12 is found in some fortified cereals.∙ Vitamin B-12 is added to some, but not all, fortified foods such as soy milk, breakfast bars,and sports bars.∙ Vitamin B-12 is also found in many nutritional supplements such as multi-vitamin-mineralsupplements.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306024As people age, their bodies can’t absorb the vitamin B -12 found in animal foods very well. ∙ So, everyone over 50 years of age should get crystalline vitamin B-12 everyday from a fortified food, such as cereal, or a vitamin supplement.Show handout, Eat Vitamin B-12 Everyday. Also show the cereal food labels on the overhead and some cereal boxes.∙ Here are some brand name breakfast cereals that have crystalline vitamin B-12.∙ Generic or store brand breakfast cereals may not have vitamin B-12.∙ There is usually no vitamin B-12 in oatmeal or grits.∙ If you enjoy eating breakfast cereal, then choose a cereal that has vitamin B-12.∙ Choose cereals that have at least 25% of the Daily Value for vitamin B-12 (see food label). ∙ If you do not eat a breakfast cereal with vitamin B-12, then you should take a supplementwith vitamin B-12 every day.Show the supplement food labels on the overhead and some supplement bottles.∙ Here are some supplements that have vitamin B-12.∙ Choose supplements that have at least 25% of the Daily Value for vitamin B-12 (seesupplement label).Let’s make a personal plan to get vitamin B -12 everyday.∙ Let’s look at our handout called "√ Check one to get the vitamin B-12 you need each day!" ∙ Remember, get vitamin B-12 everyday from a fortified food or a vitamin supplement.How can I find out if I have vitamin B-12 deficiency?∙ Unfortunately, people are usually only tested for vitamin B-12 deficiency if they alreadyhave signs of vitamin B-12 deficiency such as severe memory problems or large red cells.∙ Usually people with dementia are tested by their doctor for vitamin B-12 deficiency.∙ You can ask your doctor to test your blood for vitamin B-12 deficiency.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306025Vitamin B-12 Deficiency in the ElderlyAdditional Information for the EducatorPrevention of vitamin B-12 deficiencyNutrition and health policy regarding vitamin B-12 deficiency is currently evolving. Between 5 and 15% of older adults have vitamin B-12 deficiency. Studies conducted by Dr. Mary Ann Johnson and her colleagues at the University of Georgia suggest that about 20% of older adults in Older Americans Nutrition Programs have vitamin B-12 deficiency. High rates of vitamin B-12 deficiency in these elders are linked to advanced age, low use of fortified breakfast cereals, low use of supplements containing vitamin B-12, and low intakes of animal foods that contain vitamin B-12 such as meat and dairy foods (Brackett et al., 1999).There are many good reasons to help older adults prevent vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 deficiency has serious health consequences such as numbness, weakness, visual problems, poor memory, confusion, tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, and a blood disorder called anemia (large red cells). Some, but not all, studies show that people with Alzheimer's disease have poor vitamin B-12 status. Low serum levels of vitamin B-12 and other B vitamins may cause an increase in homocysteine levels, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.The National Academy of Sciences, who establishes the Recommended Dietary Allowances, recommends that all adults aged 50 and older consume the majority of their vitamin B-12 in the crystalline form. This form is only found in fortified foods and supplements that have vitamin B-12 added. As people age, stomach acid often decreases, which impairs the digestion and absorption of vitamin B-12 from animal foods. Crystalline vitamin B-12 from fortified cereals and supplemental nutritional formulas protect against B-12 deficiency in older adults (Rajan et al., 2002; Garcia et al., 2002).Crystalline vitamin B-12 is easier for the body to absorb, because it does not require digestion in the stomach. Vitamin B-12 is tightly bound to the protein in animal foods such as beef, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods. Stomach acid is required to digest and separate the vitamin B-12 from the protein in animal foods. Many older adults have low stomach acid because they have atrophic gastritis (which causes the stomach to decrease acid production) or they regularly take antacids or acid blockers that lower stomach acid. About 30% of older adults have atrophic gastritis, and a large number of older adults also take antacids. There is some evidence that other medications that decrease transit time (laxatives) or damage the intestine (anti-inflammatory agents) may also increase the risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency.A less common cause of vitamin B-12 deficiency is the loss of intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced by the stomach where it binds vitamin B-12 and carries it to the intestine for absorption. This type of vitamin B-12 deficiency is called pernicious anemia.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306026Unlike other B-vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B-12 is added to only a few foods. Name brand breakfast cereals usually, but not always, have vitamin B-12 added. Generic or store brand breakfast cereals usually do not contain vitamin B-12. Manufacturers are beginning to add vitamin B-12 to more of their breakfast cereals. Older adults who do not consume a breakfast cereal fortified with vitamin B-12 should take a supplement that contains vitamin B-12. Multi-vitamins formulated for older adults are a good choice for a supplement.Despite the high prevalence and serious consequences, older adults are not routinely screened for vitamin B-12 deficiency. There are no public health policies, such as there are for highcholesterol or high blood sugar, that recommend routine screening for vitamin B-12 deficiency. Unfortunately, most people are diagnosed with vitamin B-12 deficiency after they develop the symptoms. Therefore, prevention of vitamin B-12 deficiency is vitally important.Officially, the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin B-12 is 2.4 micrograms (mcg) per day. The Daily Value for vitamin B-12 is 6 mcg/day. However, some studies have shown that 10 mcg or more of vitamin B-12 daily is needed to prevent vitamin B-12 deficiency in olderadults. Although currently there are no scientific studies that document the amount of vitamin B-12 that will prevent vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly, it may be prudent to consume between 10 and 25 mcg/day (167% to 417% of the Daily Value). These amounts may sound excessive. However, vitamin B-12 is not toxic, there is no Upper Level, and vitamin B-12 can be safely consumed in amounts up to at least 2,000 mcg each day (2 mg).There is concern about the use of many dietary supplements. However, older adults who do not consume vitamin B-12 from fortified foods such as breakfast cereals should use vitamin B-12 supplements.It is actually cheaper to consume vitamin B-12 from a supplement than from a fortified cereal. For example, a daily dose of 6 mcg of vitamin B-12 (100% of the Daily Value) from a multi-vitamin-mineral supplement costs about 6 to 12 cents, while a daily serving of breakfast cereal costs about 15 to 33 cents. Also, some multi-vitamin-mineral supplements marketed to older adults contain 25 mcg vitamin B-12 (about four times the Daily Value) and contain otheressential nutrients lacking in the diets of many older adults. Breakfast cereals with both vitamin B-12 and fiber may be a more attractive source of vitamin B-12 than a supplement. Because of the many issues involved, your clients may need your assistance in making a personal plan to obtain vitamin B-12 from a cereal or supplement daily.Diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiencyVitamin B-12 deficiency is suspected in people with certain mental disorders or who have large red cells with anemia (macrocytic anemia). Other causes of macrocytic anemia include folate deficiency, which is now quite rare because of FDA-mandated fortification of the food supply with this B-vitamin.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306027In the past, vitamin B-12 deficiency was defined as serum vitamin B-12 concentrations less than 100 pg/ml or less than 200 pg/ml. However, it is now known that much higher concentrations of vitamin B-12 are associated with vitamin B-12 deficiency. Also, vitamin B-12 deficiency causes increases in another metabolite called methylmalonic acid. Thus, the most definitive diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiency involves measurement of both serum vitamin B-12 and serum methylmalonic acid. Clinical laboratories can test for both of these indicators at a cost of approximately $150. A combination of serum vitamin B-12 less than 350 pg/ml and serum methylmalonic acid greater than 271 nmol/L confirms vitamin B-12 deficiency (Stabler et al., 1999). Vitamin B-12 deficiency can also cause an increase in serum homocysteine, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurological disorders.Treatment of vitamin B-12 deficiencyOnce diagnosed, vitamin B-12 deficiency is usually treated with injections of vitamin B-12. During the first month, injections of vitamin B-12 are generally given weekly, followed by one injection each month (1,000 mcg or 1 mg/month by injection). Although not routinely used, oral doses of vitamin B-12 are very effective in the treatment of vitamin B-12 deficiency. A daily dose of 1,000 mcg to 2,000 mcg is recommended. These amounts can be found in single supplements of vitamin B-12. Treatment with injections or high dose oral supplements ofvitamin B-12 should continue for life. People with vitamin B-12 deficiency should work closely with their physician to be sure that they are receiving adequate treatment for vitamin B-12 deficiency.SummaryRecommendations concerning vitamin B-12 in older adults is evolving. Ongoing research will provide more definitive recommendations in the future. Current information suggests that:∙ Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common in older adults.∙ Risk factors include low stomach acid, taking antacids, and low intakes of crystalline vitaminB-12.∙ Consuming a crystalline form of vitamin B-12 daily from fortified foods and/or supplementscan prevent vitamin B-12 deficiency.∙ Between 10 and 25 mcg of vitamin B-12 (167 to 417% of the Daily Value) from fortifiedfoods or supplements will probably be more effective than lower amounts of vitamin B-12 in preventing deficiency.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306028References Baik, H. W. and Russell, R. M. (1999). Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly. Annual Review of Nutrition 19: 357-377.Brackett, W. H., Johnson, M. A., Fischer, J. G., Johnson, F., Edmonds, J. T., Gunter, E. W., & Stabler, S. P. (1999). Vitamin and protein disorders in older adults at senior nutrition centers in rural Georgia. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of Experimental Biology, Washington, DC, 1999. FASEB Journal 13: A936, 1999 (Abstract # 690.2). Brackett, W. R. H. (1999). Nutritional Status of Participants of Northeast Georgia Senior Nutrition Centers. Masters Thesis, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA.Carmel, R., Green, R., Jacobsen, D. W., Rasmussen, K., Florea, M. and Azen, C. (1999). Serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid concentrations in a multiethnic elderly population: ethnic and sex differences in cobalamin and metabolite abnormalities. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70: 904-910.Garcia A; Paris-Pumbo, A; Evans, L; Day, A; Freedman, M. (2002). Is low-dose oral cobalamin enough to normalize cobalamin function in older people? Journal of the American Geriatric Society 50(8): 1401-4.Ho, C., Kauwell, G. P., and Bailey, L, B. (1999). Practitioners' guide to meeting the vitamin B-12 Recommended Dietary Allowance for people aged 51 years and older. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99: 725-727.Houston, D. K., Johnson, M. A., Nozza, R. J., Gunter, E. W., Shea, K. J., Cutler, G. M., & Edmonds, T. J. (1999). Age-related hearing loss, vitamin B-12 and folate in elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 564-571. Kuzminski, A. .M., Giacco, E. J., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., and Lindenbauhm, J. (1998). Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 92:1191-1198 National Academy of Sciences. (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes: Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. Food and Nutrition Board. Report of the Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Available online (accessed 01/05/01): /catalog/6015.htmlRajan, S., Wallace, I. J., Beresford, S. A. A; Brodkin, K. I., Allen, R. A., and Stabler, S. P.Stabler, S. P., Allen, R. H., Fried, L. P., Pahor, M., Kittner, S. J., Penninx, W. J. H., and Guralnik, J. M. (1999). Racial differences in prevalence of cobalamin and folate deficiencies in disabled elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70: 911-919.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306029Stabler, S. P., Lindenbaum, J., and Allen, R. H. (1997). Vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmas. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66: 741-749.Primary author: Mary Ann Johnson, Ph.D.NOAHnet@This material, including artwork, was developed with support from the Department of Foods and Nutrition at The University of Georgia, the Northeast Georgia Area Agency on Aging and the USDA Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program. Permission is granted to reproduce, translate, abstract, review or quote these materials in whole or in part for educational purposes only (not for profit beyond the cost of reproduction) provided that the author(s) and The University of Georgia receive acknowledgement as shown in this example notice: Reprinted with permission from The University of Georgia, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Athens, GA. Authors, Title, Date.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060210Vitamin B-12Everyday for Healthy Brains and Bodies∙ Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common in older adults.∙ Vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause health problems such as:∙ Numbness, weakness, tingling of the hands or feet.∙ Vision problems.∙ Poor memory, confusion.∙ Blood problem called anemia.∙ People 50 and older should eat crystalline vitamin B-12 daily.∙ Crystalline vitamin B-12 is the form added to some cerealsand supplements, and it is easy for the body to absorb.∙ Many cold cereals and supplements contain vitamin B-12.∙ Look for at least 25% of the Daily Value on the label.∙ Vitamin B-12 is not toxic and up to 2,000 mcg daily is safe.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060211May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060212Eat Vitamin B-12 Everyday from:CerealorSupplementsRead labels carefully!May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060213#1May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060214#2May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060215#3#4 Multi-Vitamin-Mineral SupplementMay have 20 to 30 nutrientsMay 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 16May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060217#5Multi-Vitamin-Mineral Supplement for SeniorsMay have 20 to 30 nutrients#6 Vitamin B-12 SupplementINGREDIENTS: CyanocobalaminMay 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 18May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602Funding from UGA and the Northeast Georgia Area Agency on AgingUGA is an equal opportunity provider and employer19√ Check one to get the vitamin B-12 you need each day!Note: If your doctor says you have vitamin B-12 deficiency, then ask if you can takean oral supplement of 1,000 to 2,000 μg(equals 1 to 2 mg) daily. Be sure to follow your doctor's advice.May 2003, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060220Name: _______________ Date: _______________ County: _______________Vitamin B-12 Questions Circle your answers1. Did you learn anything new today?No Yes 2. Are you going to eat vitamin B-12 from cereal or supplements every day?No Yes 3. Do you take a multi-vitamin mineral supplement every day?No Yes 4. Do you eat milk or cheese every day?No Yes 5. Do you eat meat, poultry or fish every day?No Yes 6. Do you eat a cold breakfast cereal every day?No Yes7. What cold breakfast cereals do you usually eat?。
