45分钟热考题型练 1

45 最新热映作品《回村三天，二舅治好了我的精神内耗》《流浪地球II》《深海》《满江红》《银河护卫队》2023年中考英语时事热点话题题型专练一、阅读单选Taiyuan Ancient County lies in the Jinyuan District of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. It was first built in the Ming Dynasty, more than 600 years ago. It is part of the Jinyang ancient city relics (遗迹). On May 1, 2021, Taiyuan Ancient County first opened to welcome the tourists.The movie Full River Red, directed by Zhang Yimou, came out on Jan. 22, 2023 and topped China’s box office in a short time. It was named after Yue Fei’s most famous poem, which tells a patriotic (爱国的) story of the Song Dynasty. As the place where the movie was filmed, Taiyuan Ancient County has attracted about 350,000 tourists during the Spring Festival holiday. If you would like to pay it a visit, the following information can help you.Taiyuan Ancient County Scenic Spot (景点)Working hours: 9:30 a.m.~10:00 p.m.Tickets: Free for entryFor main scenic spots and activities:★The Filming Base of Full River Red: ￥20★County Wall: ￥20★County Government: ￥28★Lantern Fair (灯会): ￥50Address: Jinyuan North Outer Ring Street, TaiyuanTransportation: Buses 856, 804, 905, 79Service telephone: 0351-*******1．According to Para.1, Taiyuan Ancient County ________.A．has a history of over 600 years B．was called Jinyang ancient city C．first opened on May 1, 20222．We can know the movie Full River Red ________.A．is directed by Chen Kaige B．tells a patriotic story of Yue Fei C．was filmed at Taiyuan Ancient County 3．When visiting Taiyuan Ancient County, you ________.A．have to enter it before 9:00 a.m.B．can call 0351-******* to book ticketsC．don’t need to spend money on entry tickets4．Pam and her parents need to pay ________ in total to visit County Government.A．￥60B．¥84C．¥1505．The purpose of the passage is to ________.A．introduce the movie Full River RedB．attract visitors to Taiyuan Ancient CountyC．show the development of Taiyuan’s tourism【短文大意】本文主要讲电影《满江红》的拍摄地太原古城的历史及参观须知。

第7课时既有考查难度又有考查深意的——主旨、标题题小说的主旨就是小说通过对现实生活的描绘和艺术形象的塑造所表现出来的主题思想和情感意蕴等,它是小说的灵魂,是作者创作的意图所在；标题是文章的眼睛,或是对情节的高度概括,或是人物性格的突出体现等,在某种程度上说,标题有时就是作者创作意图的精要概括。

所以解答主旨、标题题,首先要想到文章的创作意图。

题型一主旨题这里说的主旨题,其范围要广一些,除了小说主题外,还包括小说的思想意蕴和情感意蕴。

小说的思想意蕴是指作品表现出来的思想意义或价值,指文本带给读者的思考和认识,重在理解小说的思想性、认识性；小说的情感意蕴是指作品的情感意义或取向,即作者的情感态度、喜怒褒贬,重在理解作者的倾向性。

[例一] (2018·江苏高考)阅读《小哥儿俩》(文本见第4课时题型二“典例”)一文,完成后面的题目。

题目：小说叙述了小哥儿俩的日常故事,请探究作者在其中所寄寓的情感态度。

(6分)答：[解析] 小说中作者的情感往往隐藏在故事和人物背后,需要读者调动个人的情绪和感觉,透过字里行间去揣摩和把握。

主要看作者关注什么,选取什么内容；突出什么,在哪方面着墨较多,描写了哪些细节等。

标题“小哥儿俩”,轻松快乐,暗含作者对童真童趣的喜爱。

文中对大乖二乖的动作、语言等描写细致逼真,二人可爱的形象在读者眼前活灵活现,这表现了作者对儿童成长的关注。

作者对“妈”的着墨虽然不多,但都是在关键处,如“那野猫好像有了身子,不要太打狠了”,大乖二乖的快乐成长与母亲的关爱是分不开的,这些反映了作者对母爱的颂扬。

文中爸爸、叔叔、妈、厨子,大家都是善良和蔼的,他们共同为孩子创造了快乐温馨的成长环境。

通篇来看,作者对家庭琐事的叙述流露着脉脉的温情,这表达了作者对和谐家庭氛围的赞许和对善良人性的礼赞。

将上述内容分类梳理、整合,即可得出答案。

[参考答案] ①对童真童趣的欣赏；(抓人物形象的角度)②对儿童成长的关注；(抓情节的角度)③对母爱的颂扬；(抓人物形象的角度)④对和谐家庭氛围的赞许；(抓环境描写的角度)⑤对善良人性的礼赞。

第4课时得小分容易得高分难的——环境题环境是人物活动的舞台,恰当的环境描写有助于人物的刻画和主题的表达。

考查环境描写的命题角度有三种：环境描写的手法、环境特点的概括分析、环境描写的作用。

这三种命题角度往往以两种形式呈现：一是环境描写的特点和作用相结合,二是环境描写的手法和作用相结合。

题型一环境描写的手法环境描写的手法是指作者在交代环境时运用的各种技巧,包括描写的具体方法(修辞手法、表达方式等)、描写的角度(写作顺序、观察角度、感觉角度等)。

考题有的侧重于考查具体方法,有的侧重于考查描写角度,更多的则是综合性考查。

(一)环境描写的分类1．社会环境,是指人物活动、事件发生、情节展开的社会背景、历史条件、地方的风土人情、时代风貌、社会关系、政治、经济等,主要是交代人物的生存环境、社会关系等。

它包括的范围很广,小至房间住所、一街一巷,大至城区地区。

它涉及的内容很多,可以是室内的布局、陈设,住宅内外的装饰、布置,以及当地的风土人情等。

它有大有小,大的有城市、地域等,小的有居所、家庭等。

它有硬有软,“硬”指的是看得见的如建筑、器物等,“软”指的是人际关系、风土人情等。

如《林黛玉进贾府》中,院落的布置和室内的陈设,属于“硬”的社会环境；人物间的关系,属于“软”的社会环境。

2．自然环境,是指日月星辰、山川河流、花草树木、鸟兽鱼虫、时序节令、风雨霜雪等自然景物,包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、天气、景物等。

如《林教头风雪山神庙》中,描写的风雪,属于自然环境。

(二)环境描写的常用手法描写技巧①场面描写、白描(粗笔勾勒、突出特征)与细描(精雕细刻、浓墨重彩,也称工笔)；②动静结合、虚实结合、正侧结合、点面结合；③烘托、映衬、象征等；④比喻、拟人、排比、夸张、对比等。

描写角度①感觉角度——视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉等；(绘形绘声绘色)②观察角度——定点观察、移步换景、俯视仰视等；③写景顺序——远近结合、高低结合、内外结合等。

题型专练一 连接体问题、板块模型、传送带模型连接体问题、 板块模型、传送带模型是经典的三种模型，是涉及多个物体发生相对运动的问题，分析这类问题要从受力分析和运动过程分析，分析每个物体的运动情况，由牛顿第二定律分析它们的加速度情况，有时还要结合能量和动量的观点解决问题。

例题1. （2022·全国·高考真题）如图，一不可伸长轻绳两端各连接一质量为m 的小球，初始时整个系统静置于光滑水平桌面上，两球间的距离等于绳长L 。

一大小为F 的水平恒力作用在轻绳的中点，方向与两球连线垂直。

当两球运动至二者相距35L 时，它们加速度的大小均为（ ）A ．58F mB ．25FmC ．38F mD ．310Fm【答案】A【解析】当两球运动至二者相距35L 时，,如图所示由几何关系可知3310sin 52LL θ==设绳子拉力为T ，水平方向有2cos T F θ=解得58T F =对任意小球由牛顿第二定律可得T ma =解得58Fa m=故A 正确，BCD 错误。

故选A 。

例题2. （多选）（2021·全国·高考真题）水平地面上有一质量为1m 的长木板，木板的左端上有一质量为2m 的物块，如图（a ）所示。

用水平向右的拉力F 作用在物块上，F 随时间t 的变化关系如图（b ）所示，其中1F 、2F 分别为1t 、2t 时刻F 的大小。

木板的加速度1a 随时间t 的变化关系如图（c ）所示。

已知木板与地面间的动摩擦因数为1μ，物块与木板间的动摩擦因数为2μ，假设最大静摩擦力均与相应的滑动摩擦力相等，重力加速度大小为g 。

则（ ）A ．111=F m g μB ．2122211()()m m m F g m μμ+=-C ．22112m m m μμ+>D ．在20~t 时间段物块与木板加速度相等【答案】BCD【解析】A ．图（c ）可知，t 1时滑块木板一起刚在从水平滑动，此时滑块与木板相对静止，木板刚要滑动，此时以整体为对象有1112()F m m g μ=+A 错误；BC ．图（c ）可知，t 2滑块与木板刚要发生相对滑动，以整体为对象， 根据牛顿第二定律，有211212()()F m m g m m a μ-+=+以木板为对象，根据牛顿第二定律，有221121()0m g m m g m a μμ-+=>解得2122211()()m m m F g m μμ+=-()12212m m m μμ+>BC 正确；D ．图（c ）可知，0~t 2这段时间滑块与木板相对静止，所以有相同的加速度，D 正确。

专题12 物质结构与性质综合(题型突破)(考试时间：75分钟试卷满分：100分)一、选择题(本题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。

每小题只有一项是符合题目要求的)1．含有N3-、N5+的材料Pb(N3)2、N5AsF6可以用于炸药。

下列说法正确的是( )A．Pb属于d区元素B．基态As原子的d轨道与p轨道上的电子数之比为3：2C．N3-的空间构型为直线形D．基态F原子中，核外电子的空间运动状态有9种【答案】C【解析】A项，铅元素的原子序数为82，价电子排布式为6s26p2，处于元素周期表的p区，故A错误；B项，砷元素的原子序数为33，电子排布式为1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3，则原子的d轨道与p轨道上的电子数之比为10：15=2：3，故B错误；C项，等电子体具有相同的空间构型，N3-离子与二氧化碳分子的原子个数都为3、价电子数都为16，互为等电子体，二氧化碳的空间构型为直线形，则N3-离子的空间构型为直线形，故C正确；D项，核外电子的空间运动状态与原子轨道的数目相同，氟元素的原子序数为9，电子排布式为1s22s22p5，氟原子的原子轨道数目为5，则核外电子的空间运动状态有5种，故D错误；故选C。

2．(2024·江苏苏州高三期中)Na、Mg、Al均为第三周期元素。

下列说法正确的是( )A．离子半径：r(Na+)＜r(Mg2+)＜r(Al3+) B．第一电离能：I1(Na)> I1(Mg)> I1(Al)C．还原性：Na>Mg>Al D．碱性：NaOH＜Mg(OH)2＜Al(OH)3【答案】C【解析】A项，三种离子核外电子排布相同半径随核电荷数增大而减小，故A错误；B项，同周期元素第一电离能总体趋势：核电荷数越大，第一电离能越大，故B错误；C项，同周期元素，核电荷数越大金属性越弱，对应单质还原性越弱，故C正确；D项，金属性Na＞Mg＞Al，其对应最高价氧化物水化物碱性越弱，碱性：NaOH＞Mg(OH)2＞Al(OH)3，故D错误；故选C。

专项训练12 旅游购物一、语法填空国庆旅游热，购物潮A surge in tourism activities has provided a boost to consumption-related sectors as the nation recorded ____________(impress) growth in traveler numbers and consumption revenues during the eight-day combined Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday, __________(indicate) strong resilience (回弹)and recovery momentum in the world's second-largest economy.The prolonged holiday ____________(see) 114 million people travel by train over the past seven days. Last year, only 72.16 million passengers took the train during the seven-day National Day holiday.Together with increasing traveler numbers, multiple regions have released bright consumption data for the __________(extend) holiday period, recording a year-on-year rebound in holiday consumption, which in turn is driving a rebound in domestic demand.The Ministry of Culture and Tourism said that in the first three days of the holidays, a total of 395 million domestic tourism trips were made, _______ increase of 75.8 percent year-on-year. Domestic tourism revenue touched 342.24 billion yuan ($46.87 billion), a year-on-year increase of 125.3 percent.Jason Yu, general manager of Kantar Worldpanel China, said: "The eight-day long break is the longest holiday in the year for Chinese consumers and the surge in tourism and consumption across different channels indicates a reassuring rebound in consumer demand." He added ________ the experience-driven consumption during the holidays also demonstrated the great resilience and vitality(活力) of China's consumption power.Jiang Yiyi, deputy head of the School of Leisure Sports and Tourism at Beijing Sport University, said the holiday this year was the first __________(last) for eight days after the pandemic, providing ample(充足的) time for medium- and long-distance travel.Major tourist destinations have benefited ____________(enormous) from the holidays. Customs in Haikou, Hainan province, for example, witnessed a total of 1.01 billion yuan in duty-free sales in the first six days of the holidays, according to Xinhua News Agency. The 130,000 duty-free shoppers were mainly inbound domestic tourists. The sales and shopper figures show an increase of 94.2 percent and 120 percent, respectively, __________(compare) with the same period last year.According to Guizhou Daily, the Guizhou Provincial Department of Commerce said that in the first two days of the "Double Festival", the province's total consumption stood at 10.11 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 40.46 percent, with the number of consumers at 14.2 million, a year-on-year increase of 37.39 percent.The Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism revealed that in the first three days of the holidays, Beijing's key tourist ___________(attraction) received a total of 6.825 million visitors, an increase of 60.6 percent year-on-year and 31.8 percent compared to 2019; The cumulative total operating revenue was 418.76 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 25.2 percent.二、话题阅读ADo you wish to cool off from the sun and escape to a secret underworld pools for freshwater wild swims? Hereare some destinations where you can enjoy yourself to the fullest.Glen Etive, Glen Coe, HighlandsThis dramatic canyon (峡谷) is a perfect place for wild swimmers, with wonderful pink rocks and river pools and good access from a tiny road that winds all the way to the lake. On a summer day yellow and black butterflies fly low over the water. There are several hidden pools and cliffs (悬崖), which are great for jumping. There’s a great spot for wild camping above.Pinkery Pond, Challacombe, SomersetEscape the crowds by heading to Challacombe. On the side of a hidden canyon is Pinkery Pond. This is a superb lake, sheltered even on a windy day. On a lonely stretch of land, the beautiful lake is perfect for skinny dipping (浸渍), with only the wild rabbits and occasional deer to watch over you.Frensham Great Pond, Churt, SurreyFrensham has fine sandy beaches and is perfect for families; kids can swim in a safe area and there is a cafe with parking and facilities. It was built as a fishpond for the Bishop of Winchester’s visit to Farnham Castle in 1246, and afterwards was dried up every five years when wheat was grown for a season on its bed.Llyn Eiddew-bach, Talsarnau, GwyneddThis beautiful remote lake is set in the wild, empty lands of the northern Rhinogs in the Snowdonia National Park. There are cliffs for jumping and amazing views of the sea. Bryn Cader Faner, a Bronze Age stone circle, is half a mile away, and you can continue for a mile up the mine track to reach little Llyn Du at the top.1．Who is the text mainly intended for?A．Wild swimmers.B．Mountain climbers.C．Animal-lovers.D．Cliff-jumpers.2．Which destination best suits visitors with children?A．Glen Etive, Glen Coe, Highlands.B．Pinkery Pond, Challacombe, Somerset.C．Frensham Great Pond, Churt, Surrey.D．Llyn Eiddew-bach, Talsarnau, Gwynedd.3．Where can the text be found?A．In a travel magazine.B．In a fitness brochure.C．In an adventure guidebook.D．In a geography textbook.BSome Top Coast Destinations to VisitBritain has over 18,000 miles of coastline to explore: from white soft sands and vibrant seaside resorts, to wild nature reserves filled with puffins (海鹦), dolphins and various thrills. Wherever you’re heading, here’s where to splash, surf, dive, swim-and perhaps even sunbathe-on Britain’s shores.Why we love KentFrom ice-cream shops to towns that are on the map for cutting-edge food and art, the ‘Garden of England’ is meant for discovery. Just a short hop from London takes you to Margate-home to the Turner Contemporary gallery and Dreamland theme park. Tuck into delicious oysters and other seafood in Whitstable or try bohemian Ramsgate for a weekend away. Relax among the candy-coloured beach huts of Broadstairs, or bring the past alive in thesurrounds of time-honored Dover Castle, Leeds Castle or Canterbury Cathedral.Why we love the Jurassic CoastWelcome to dinosaur territory. Over 200 million years old, the Jurassic Coast’s beaches and rocks are strewn with ancient fossils and footprints-yours to discover on walks, bike rides and picnics. But that’s not all. This 95-mile coastline also offers countless ways to explore: from kayaking between the chalk-white towers of Old Harry Rocks and swimming in West Bay’s clear waters, to watching the sunset over the sea from Portland Bill Lighthouse. Wherever you venture, here’s what to look out for, and the best places to stay.Why we love the Wales Coast PathThis isn’t just a walking trail-it’s the route to adventure, culture, wildlife and more, serving up 870miles of breathtaking sea views, glorious beaches, wildflower-topped cliffs and charming harbour villages. Even a short walk is a starting point to discover the treasures of coastal Wales: from surfing, sailing and swimming, to horse-riding on beaches and cycling through forests.You don’t have to be a long-distance hiker to enjoy the Wales Coast Path: wildlife lovers, thrill seekers, day trippers — this one’s for you.4．Which of the following may be the reason why people visit Kent?A．Its thrilling sea sports.B．Its long hiking path.C．Its diverse wildlife.D．Its old buildings.5．Which destination may attract those interested in studying the remains of ancient creatures?A．Kent.B．The Jurassic Coast.C．Margate.D．The Wales Coast Path.6．Where is the text probably from?A．A travel brochure.B．A geography magazine.C．A local newspaper.D．An entertainment weekly.三、话题语法填空Areturned to a station window for the remaining money back.Wish you 16 enjoyable day in Hong Kong’s most popular theme park.B阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词括号内单词的正确形式。

高考热化学知识点及习题热化学常见题型题型一：热化学方程式书写的正误判断例1．25℃、101kPa下，碳、氢气、甲烷和葡萄糖的燃烧热依次是393.5kJ/mol、285.8kJ/mol、890.3kJ/mol、2800kJ/mol，则下列热化学方程式正确的是（ D ）A．C(s) + 1/2O2 (g) == CO(g) ；△H =－393.5kJ/molB．2H2(g)+ O2 (g) == 2H2O(g)；△H = + 571.6kJ/molC．CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) == CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)；△H = －890.3kJ/molD．1/2 C6H12O6(s) + 3O2 (g) ==3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)；△H =－1400kJ/mol能力拓展：解答热化学方程式书写的正误判断问题，关键是明确其书写规则：①注明反应物和生成物的聚集状态，如气体（g）、液体（l）、固体（s）、水溶液（a.q）；同素异形体要注明其名称，如金刚石、石墨；红磷、白磷等；②注明反应热：用△H表示反应热，“+”表示吸热反应，“—”表示放热反应；反应热的单位一律用“kJ/mol”来表示；③热化学方程式应配平，反应物与生成物之间一律用“==”，而不用“→”；不用注明气体“↑”与沉淀“↓”符号；④热化学方程式中的化学计量数不再表示具体的分子（或原子）个数，而是表示物质的量，可以是整数或分数，但要注意△H的大小与反应物量的关系的对应；题型二：反应热的大小比较例2．下列各组热化学方程式中，化学反应的△H前者大于后者的是（C）①C(s)+O2(g)==CO2(g)；△H1C(s)+1/2O2(g)==CO (g)；△H2②S(s)+ O2(g)==SO2(g)；△H3S(g)+ O2(g)==SO2(g)；△H4③H2(g)+1/2O2==H2O(l)；△H52H2(g)+ O2==2H2O(l)；△H6④CaCO3==CaO + CO2；△H7CaO + CO2==CaCO3；△H8A．① B．④ C．②③④ D．①②③。

三、漫画类选择题对应训练1.(山东青岛三模)漫画《走好自己选择的路,才能拥有真正的自己》,这给我们的哲学启示是( )①功到自然成,坚持到底就能实现人生价值②持之以恒,坚定理想和信念③志存高远,作出正确的价值判断和价值选择④实事求是,将价值观作为行动依据A.①②B.①④C.②③D.③④2.(湖北黄冈中学校考)漫画《“艺术处理”》启示我们在工作中要( )艺术处理①树立创新意识,提高工作效率②从实际出发,主观与客观符合③注重量的积累,坚持循序渐进④正视客观矛盾,作出正确选择A.①③B.①④C.②③D.②④3.(山东潍坊三模)下图漫画给我们的哲学启示是( )站得高望得远,可一味地好高骛远就什么也看不见。

①努力增长自身才干才能创造出卓越的人生②要从客观存在的实际出发,正确发挥主观能动性③应把握事物发展趋势,正确对待人生道路上的曲折④社会提供的客观条件是创造和实现人生价值的前提A.①②B.②③C.①④D.③④4.(广东模拟)漫画《找不对方法,付出再多也没用》(作者:石松涛)告诉我们( )找不对方法,付出再多也没用①尊重客观规律是规律能否起作用的前提和基础②只有符合客观规律的正确意识,才能有效发挥能动作用③离开事物的真实联系,主观能动性就不能得到发挥④要尊重事物固有的本质的必然的稳定的联系,切忌唯意识论A.①②B.①③C.②④D.③④5.(河北校联考模拟)下图漫画(作者:林帝浣)启示我们要( )要从一座山攀上另一座更高的山第一步便是先下山①开拓创新,在实践中深化和发展理性认识②坚持在对立中把握统一,在统一中把握对立③根据客观条件的变化,正确地发挥主观能动性④善于抓住机遇,努力创造出更加卓越的人生A.①③B.①④C.②③D.②④6.(湖北武汉统考模拟)漫画《发挥特长》(作者:刘志永)蕴含的辩证法道理有( )①要坚持矛盾的普遍性与特殊性相结合②想问题要善于抓住复杂事物的主要矛盾③要注重联系的多样性,把握本质的联系④人们对同一确定对象会产生不同的认识A.①②B.①③C.②④D.③④7.(河北邯郸三模)漫画蕴含着丰富的哲理。

高考物理热学大题常考题型专项练习题型一：单缸单活塞问题 题型二：单缸双活塞问题 题型三：双缸单活塞 题型四：双缸双活塞 题型五：单汞柱问题 题型六：双汞柱问题 题型七：变质量问题 题型八：非活塞汞柱问题题型一：单缸单活塞问题1.（2014年全国卷1）一定质量的理想气体被活塞封闭在竖直放置的圆柱形气缸内，气缸壁导热良好，活塞可沿气缸壁无摩擦地滑动。

开始时气体压强为P ，活塞下表面相对于气缸底部的高度为h ，外界的温度为To 。

现取质量为m 的沙子缓慢地倒在活塞的上表面，沙子倒完时，活塞下降了h/4.若此后外界的温度变为T ，求重新达到平衡后气体的体积。

已知外界大气的压强始终保持不变，重力加速度大小为g 。

【答案】94mghTpT2.（2018年全国卷I ，33，15分★★★）如图，容积为V 的汽缸由导热材料制成，面积为S 的活塞将汽缸分成容积相等的上下两部分，汽缸上部通过细管与装有某种液体的容器相连，细管上有一阀门K 。

开始时，K 关闭，汽缸内上下两部分气体的压强均为p 0， 现将K 打开，容器内的液体缓慢地流入汽缸，当流入的液体体积为8V时，将K 关闭，活塞平衡时其下方气体的体积减小了6V，不计活塞的质量和体积，外界温度保持不变，重力加速度大小为g 。

求流入汽缸内液体的质量。

答案：01526p Sm g3.（2018年全国卷II ，33，10分★★★★★）如图，一竖直放置的气缸上端开口，气缸壁内有卡口a和b，a、b间距为h，a距缸底的高度为H；活塞只能在a、b间移动，其下方密封有一定质量的理想气体．已知活塞质量为m，面积为S，厚度可忽略；活塞和汽缸壁均绝热，不计他们之间的摩擦．开始时活塞处于静止状态，上、下方气体压强均为p0，温度均为T0．现用电热丝缓慢加热气缸中的气体，直至活塞刚好到达b处．求此时气缸内气体的温度以及在此过程中气体对外所做的功．重力加速度大小为g．答案．T2 =(1 + hH)(1 +mgp0S)T0W = (p0S + mg)h4.[2018东北三校联考,33(2),10分]一端开口且导热性能良好的汽缸固定在水平面上,如图所示,用质量和厚度均可忽略不计的活塞封闭一定质量的理想气体。