Quasi One-Dimensional Charge-Density-Waves at Low Temperatures

材料化工专业英语生词本Synthesis 合成Properties 性质Anatase 锐钛矿rutile 金红石brookite板钛矿Crystalline 结晶的nanometer 纳米nanorods/wires纳米棒/线nanocrystals 纳米晶体nanocarriers 纳米载体nanoparticles （NPs）纳米颗粒nanocomposite纳米复合Hierarchical Nanostructures 分层纳米材料titanium dioxide TiO2 polymorphs of titania 多晶型 TiO2 amorphous 非晶的Three-dimensional 3Dfacile and controlled 容易控制hydrothermal 热液的annealing 退火investigate 调查，研究radially 放射状地petal 花瓣thin 薄的thick 厚的morphology 形态The surface area 表面积adsorption-desorption 吸附-解析（ads）orption isotherms 吸附等温线the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET 比表面积测试法specific surface areas 比表面积sensitivity 灵敏、灵敏性ethanol 乙醇、酒精ethylene glycol 乙二醇EG化学式C2H6O2分子式：HOC2H4OHsensor 传感器、感应器solar cells太阳能电池biosensors 生物传感器catalyst 催化剂Catalysis 催化photo-catalytic 光催化的inorganic 无机的objective 目标optimize 使完善、使优化optical 光学的magnetic 磁的application 应用bandgap 带隙transition metal oxides 过渡金属氧化物paint 油漆、颜料gas sensor 气敏元件、气敏传感器Li-ion battery 锂离子电池Electrochromic 电致变色的Photochromism 光致变色macro/mesoporous materials 宏/介孔材料CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition, 化学气相沉积)Anodic 阳极的hydrothermal method 水热法Template 样板、模板oriented attachment 定向附着primary nanoparticle 初级纳米粒子anisotropic非等方性的、各向异性的capping agents 盖髓剂kirkendall effect柯肯达尔效应tetragonal structure 四方结构photovoltaic cells 光伏电池smart surface coatings 智能表面涂层single-phase 单相precursor 先驱、前导Herein 在此处、鉴于、如此 Nanoflakes 纳米片metal-enhanced fluorescence 金属增强荧光fluorophores 荧光团The Royal Society of Chemistry 英国皇家化学学会ESI (Electronic Supplementary Material) 电子补充材料 Innovative 创新的 Polymer 聚合物 Chemical 化学品 Silica 硅 FITC （fluorescein isothiocyanate ）荧光异硫氰酸酯EiTC ( Eosin isothiocyanate ) 异硫氰酸曙红Fluorescence spectra 荧光光谱 control sample 对照样品 Dissolve 溶解Characterization 表征 analytical grade 分析纯 ethanol 乙醇ethylene glycol 乙二醇 ammonia aqueous solution （28 wt %）氨水溶液（100公斤里含28公斤） acetone 丙酮分子式：C3H6O 简式：CH3COCH3EtoH 乙醇 （ PS ：Et 代表乙基CH3CH2- Me 代表甲基CH3-）TEOS （tetraethyl orthosilicate ） 原硅酸四乙酯the TEOS concentration TEOS 浓度 CTAB （hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide ） 十六甲基溴化铵The CTAB surfactant CATB 表面活性剂Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. 国药集团化学试剂有限公司Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 55000) 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP ，MW = 55000=兆瓦，百万瓦特(megawatt)）Rhodamine B (Rh B) 玫瑰精，若丹明B poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, Mw = 56000) 聚（烯丙胺盐酸盐） Deionized water 去离子水PAH （ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ）多环芳族烃 Via 经由、通过the three-neck flask 三颈烧瓶 oil bath 油浴precipitate 沉淀centrifugation 离心分离 rpm 每分钟转数 core-shell 核-壳a surfactant-templating sol-gel approach 表面活性剂模板溶胶 - 凝胶法homo-dispersed solution 均聚物分散夜agitate 搅拌ultrasonically and mechanically 超声波地、机械地solvent extraction method 溶剂萃取法reflux 回流an impregnation method 浸渍方法 vial 小瓶 dilute 稀释composite 合成物、复合物TEM （Transmission electron microscopy ）透射电子显微镜copper grids 铜网carbon films 碳膜SEM（Scanning electron microscopy）扫描电子显微镜Spray 喷FESEM（Field-emission scanning el ectron microscopy）场发射扫描电子显微镜LCSM(Laser confocal scanning microscopy )激光共聚焦扫描显微镜X-ray diffraction (XRD) X 射线衍射X-ray diffractometer X射线衍射仪Nitrogen 氮Micromeritcs n. 微晶（粒）学，粉末工艺学；粉体学degas除去瓦斯vacuum 真空BET(The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) pore volume 孔体积spectrofluorometer 荧光分光剂spectrophotometer分光光度计bandpass 带通PMT voltage （Photomultiplier Tube）光电倍增管电压Confocal luminescence images共聚焦荧光图像Silver 银silica spacer 硅垫片fabricate制造; 伪造; 组装; 杜撰the metal-enhancedMEF（the metal-enhanced fluorescence ）金属增强荧光Fluorescence quenching 荧光猝灭FRET (Fo¨rs ter resonance energy transfer )福斯特共振能量转移Optimization 最佳化; 最优化excited-state 激发态plasmon 等离子基元quantum yields 量子产率quantum dots 量子点resonance n.共振，共鸣, 反响, 回声donor–acceptor pairs 给体- 受体对proximity 接近efficiency 效率the transfer distances 传输距离deposite 被沉淀，存放plastic planar substrate塑料平面基板photoluminescence (PL)光致发光luminescent 发光的single nanoparticle sensing单一纳米粒子传感dielectric电介质; 绝缘体adj.非传导性的RE complexes稀土复合Polyelectrolytes聚合高分子电解质Electrolyte电解质Multilayer 多层Concentric 同中心的functionalized organic molecules 官能有机分子conjugation 结合，配合tedious and fussy繁琐和挑剔obstacle n.障碍, 阻碍, 妨害物controlled release,控释detection and probe applications 检测和探头应用general一般的; 综合的; 普通的universal普遍的, 通用的, 全体的Inspired 启发Possess 拥有Pore 孔drugs and macro-molecules 药物和大分子herein在此处, 鉴于, 如此Ag@SiO2@mSiO2（Ag-core@silica-spacer@mesoporo us silica ）The preparation procedure编制程序Water-soluble可溶于水的; 水溶性的，微溶于水A high-temperature solvothermal method一种高温溶剂热法Solvent 溶剂Esolution 分辨率twinned structures 联动结构，孪生结构concentration 浓度tune 调节is ascribed to 归因于dilute稀释spherical morphology 球形形态type-IV curves IV型曲线polyelectrolytesodium chloride食盐; 氯化钠plasmonic absorption电浆吸收an intuitive way 以直观的方式unambiguous 不含糊的, 明白的demonstrate 证明antibody 抗体NSF（National Sanitation Foundation）美国国家卫生基金会PRC(The People's Republic of China)中华人民共和国Shanghai Municipality上海市Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project上海重点学科建设项目Tri-functional hierarchical三官能分层DSSCs（dye-sensitized solar cells）染料敏化太阳能电池DOI（Digital Object Unique Identifier）是一种数字对象标识体系acid thermal method 酸热法titanium n-butoxid正丁醇钛acetic acid乙酸、醋酸kinetic 动能light-scattering 光散射photoelectrodes 光电极opto-electronic 光电的calcine煅烧short-circuit photocurrent density短路光电流密度open-circuit voltage开路电压compared to 相比，把什么比作什么electron 电子recombination rates 重组率oxide 氧化物inorganic 无机的sub-microspheres 亚微球beads珠子To date 迄今a ruthenium complex light-harvester钌络合物的光收割机volatile 挥发性的photoanode光阳极superior 好的，卓越的photons 光子photovoltaic performance光伏性能In addition to 除。

石油词汇英语翻译(QR)Q check 质量检查Q deconvolution Q反褶积Q value Q值；品质因数Q wave 勒夫波Q 第四纪q 公担Q 夸脱Q 量q 品质因数q 问题Q-band Q频带Q-joint Q 节理Q-law 品质因素定律Q-meter Q 表Q-mode cluster analysis Q型聚类分析Q-qualit 品质因数Q-RING 方形环Q. 夸德q.e. 这就是Q.I 质量指标Qa 二次淬火的QA 象限角QA 质量保证qb 速断；高速断路器Qc 快速检查QC 质量控制QD 俯角QED 证完QEF 这就是所要作的QEI 这就是所要找的qf 品质因数QFT 定量荧光分析法QISAM 队列索引顺序存取法ql. 公担；英制重量单位qlty 质Qp 更新世；更新统QPL 产品一览表qquasi-section 假剖面qr 四分之一；一刻钟QR 质量要求QRC 快速反应能力QRC 快速换装闸板型qt 夸脱QT 快速测试qt 数量QTC 鉴定试验试件QTR 检验合格报告qtr 四分之一qty 量qtz 石英qtze 石英岩quad word 四倍长字quad 四倍的；四重的；四个部分形成的quad 四边的quad 四角形quad 四路多工的；四倍的quad 象限quad. 四角形quadded cable 四线电缆quadr- 四Quadracypris 方星介属Quadraeculina 四字粉属quadrangle 四边形quadrangular 四边形的quadrant angle 象限角quadrant antenna 正方形天线quadrant depression 俯角quadrant elevation 仰角quadrant tooth 扇形轮齿quadrant valve 扇形阀quadrantal diagram 象限图quadrantal 象限的quadraphonics 四轨录音放音；四声道立体声quadrate 正方形；使成正方形；四等分quadratic approximation 二次逼近quadratic component 二次谐波quadratic criterion 二次准则quadratic curve 二次曲线quadratic damping 平方阻尼quadratic detection 平方律检波quadratic discriminant 二次方程判别式quadratic equation 二次方程quadratic expression 二次表达式quadratic form 二次型quadratic function 二次函数quadratic interpolation 二次插值quadratic mean deviation 中误差quadratic mean 均方值；有效值quadratic programming 二次规划quadratic root 平方根quadratic spline 二次样条quadratic sum 平方和quadratic surface 二次曲面quadratic transformation 二次变换quadratic variation 二次变分quadratic 二次方程式；二次项；二次的；平方的；象限的；方形的quadratin free number 无平方因子数quadratron 热阴极四极管quadrature analysis 正交分析quadrature component 正交分量quadrature filtering 90度相移滤波quadrature formula 求积公式quadrature network 无功电路quadrature spectrum 正交谱quadrature trace 正交道quadrature 求面积；求积分；正交；转象差；90度相位差quadrennial 连续四年的时间；每四年一次的事件；第四周年；连续四年的；每四年一次的quadri- 四quadric cone 二次锥面quadric stress 曲面应力quadric surface 二次曲面quadric 二次quadricorrelator 自动调节相位线路quadrilateral 四边形quadrille paper 方格纸quadrillion 1×1024quadrinomial 四项式quadripole 四极quadripolymer 四单体共聚物quadrivalence =quadrivalency 四价quadrntnt 四分之一圆；扇形体；象限仪；象限；扇形齿轮；四分仪quadrode 四极管quadru- 四quadruple block 四轮滑车quadruple board platform 二层台quadruple chain drive 四排链的传动quadruple coincidence set 四等分器quadruple completion 四层同时完成quadruple 四倍；四倍的；四重的；由四部分组成的；四路的；四工的；四倍地；成四倍；以四乘quadruple-action hand pump 四作用手摇泵quadrupler 四倍器；四频器；乘四装置；四倍乘数quadruplet 四件一套的东西quadruplex 四路多工系统；四倍的；四重的；四路多工的quadruplicate 一式四份的一份；一式四份；四倍的；四重的；四次方的；一式四份的quadruplication 放大四倍；反复四次quadrupole 四极quafric curve 二次曲线quafric of revolution 回转二次曲面quagmire 沼泽quake center 震中quake sheet 地震岩席quake 震动；颤抖qual. 定性的qual.anal. 定性分析qualia quale的复数qualification approval test 资格合格考试qualification certificate 资格证书qualification examination 资格审查qualification rate 合格率qualification test report 检验合格报告qualification test 资格考试qualification 资格qualificative 限定的qualified acceptance 有条件承兑qualified driller 合格司钻qualified part 合格零件qualified person 合格人员qualified product list 产品一览表qualified 合格的qualifier 合格的物；修饰词；限定词qualimeter X射线硬度测量仪qualitative analysis 定性分析qualitative assay 定性测定qualitative carbon steel 优质碳钢qualitative comparison 质量比较qualitative curve 定性曲线qualitative determination 定性测定qualitative examination 定性研究qualitative filter paper 定性滤纸qualitative formation evaluation 定性地层评价qualitative indication 定性指示qualitative interpretation 定性解释qualitative observation 定性观察qualitative respones data 定性响应数据qualitative scenarios 定性情景qualitative scheme 定性方法qualitative spectral scan 定性全谱扫描qualitative steel 优质钢qualitative stratigraphic corrrelation 定性地层对比qualitative tendency 特性趋势qualitative test 定性测试qualitative 定性的quality assessment 质量评价quality assurance provision 质量保证条例quality assurance 质量保证quality certificate 品质证书quality check 质量检查quality claim 品质索赔quality control by attributes 按固定指标控制quality control 质量控制quality determination 质量测定quality discrepancy record 质量不合规定的记录quality factor 品质因素quality grade 质量等级quality gravel 优质砾石quality index 质量指标quality inspection 质量检验quality leadership 质量领先quality level 质量水平quality loss 质量损耗quality management 质量管理quality matetrial 优质材料quality mind 质量意识quality monitoring 质量监测quality of balance 平衡度quality reduction 质量下降quality requirements 质量要求quality specification 质量标准quality standard 质量标准quality steel 优质钢quality supervision 质量监督quality 质量qualutative model 定性模型quan. 定量的quant. anal 定量分析quant. 定量的quant. 定量地quant. 数量quanta quantum的复数quantification 定时化；定量评价；量化quantifiter 量词；计量器quantifying risk 风险定量quantile 分位点数quantimeter 剂量计quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative assay 定量测定quantitative assessment 定量评定quantitative change 量变quantitative check 定时检查quantitative classification 定量分类quantitative comparison 定量比较quantitative criterion 定量标准quantitative data 定量数据quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative evaluation 定量评价quantitative examination 定量研究quantitative filter paper 定量滤纸quantitative forecast 定量预报quantitative formation evaluation 定量地层评价quantitative geochemistry 定量地球化学quantitative geology 定量地质学quantitative index 数量指标quantitative interpretation 定量解释quantitative lithologic data 定量岩性资料quantitative measurement 定量测定quantitative paper chromatography 定量纸色谱法quantitative relation 数量关系quantitative reserve assessment 定时储量评定quantitative scenarios 定量情景quantitative seismic stratigraphy 定量地震地层学quantitative spectrograhic analysis 定量光谱分析quantitative spectrography 定量光谱学quantitative stratigraphy 定量地层学quantitative test 定量分析quantitative 定量的quantities uplifted 增加的数量quantity claim 数量索赔quantity control valve 油量控制阀quantity determination 数量确定法quantity discount 折扣量quantity estimate sheet 工作量估算表quantity loss 数量损耗quantity meter 总流量表quantity of heat 热量quantity of information 信息量quantity of injected water 注入水量quantity of precipitation 降水量quantity of remaining recoverable oil 剩余可采油量quantity production 大量生产quantity sheet 工程数量表quantity 量quantivalency 化合价quantivalent 多价的quantivative approach 定量方法quantization 量子化；数字化；分层quantometer 光量计quantum chemistry 量子化学quantum detector 量子探测器quantum effect 量子效应quantum efficiency 量子效率quantum energy 量子能quantum frequency standard 量子频率标准quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum of action 作用量子quantum optics 量子光学quantum theory 量子论quantum-mechanical theory 量子力学理论quanxtizer 数字转换器；量化器quaqavsal dome 圆形穹隆quaquaversal fold 穹状褶皱quaquaversal structure 穹状构造quaquaversal 穹状圆项；由中心向四方扩散的quaquavsal dip 穹倾斜quar 砂岩quarantine buoy 检疫浮标quarantine 检疫；隔离；隔离区；对…进行检疫quark 夸克学quarkonics 夸克学quarry stone 乱石；毛石quarry 石场；菱形的玻璃片；消息的来源；采；搜索；追求物quart 夸脱；一夸脱的容器quart- 四quart. 季度的；四分之一的；每季的；季刊quartation 析银法；；四分法quarter bend 90度弯管quarter deck 艉甲板quarter 四分之一；四分之一元；四等分；季度；一刻钟；方位；四个主要点中的一点；象限；方向；地区；方面；地区；住处；船的后部；相互垂直；弦；把…分为四部分；把…四等分；使与机器连接部quarter-life 四分之一寿命quarter-turn ball valve 直角回转球阀quarter-turn belt 直角回转皮带quarter-wave filter 四分之一波长滤波器quarter-wave 四分之一波长的quarterbost 宿营船quartering sea 船尾浪quartering 四等分；四分取样法；间柱；成直角的quarterline 四等分线quarterly account 季度报表quarterly report 季报quarterly 季刊；季度的；每季的；四分之一的；一季一次的；每季的quartermadter corps line 军用油管线quartern 四等分quarternary 四元的quartet 四人一组；四件一套；四重线quartic 四次的quartile 四分位数quartimax method 四次幂极大法quartimin method 四次幂极小法quarto 四开；四开本；四开的quartz anorthosite 石英斜长岩quartz crystal oscillator gauge 石英晶体振荡压力计quartz crystal 石英晶体quartz dioite 石英闪长岩quartz disoultion 石英辉长岩quartz fiber gravimeter 石英丝重力仪quartz fiber horizontal magnetometer 石英丝水平磁力仪quartz gabbro 石英辉长岩quartz gauge 石英压力计quartz knife edge 石英刀口quartz magnetometer 石英磁力仪quartz montzonite 石岩二长岩quartz monzobiorite 石英二长闪长岩quartz monzogabbro 石岩二长辉长岩quartz oscillator 石英晶体振荡器quartz sand 石英砂quartz sinter 硅华quartz spring gravimeter 石英弹簧式重力仪quartz syenite 石英正长岩quartz T variometer 石英T磁变仪quartz torsion fiber 石岩扭丝quartz 石英quartzarenite 石英砂屑岩quartzification 石英化quartzifous 石英质的quartzite 石英岩quartzitic grit 石英岩质粗砂岩quartzitic sandstone 石英岩质砂岩quartzmengwacke 石英蒙瓦克岩quartzo-feldspathic hornfels 石英长石质角岩quartzolite 硅英岩quartzose arkose 石英长石砂岩quartzose conglomerate 石英质砾岩quartzose laterite 石英质粗砂岩quartzose limestone 石英质灰岩quartzose sandstone 石英砂岩quartzose 石英质quartzwacke 石英瓦克岩quartzy sandstone 石英质砂岩quasi laminar flow 拟层状流quasi one-dimensional flow 准一维流动quasi particle 准粒子quasi shear-wave 准横波quasi steady state flow 准稳态流动quasi thixotropy 准触变性quasi- 似quasi-analog 拟quasi-analytical method 准解析法quasi-competent sands 半坚实砂层quasi-conductor 半导体quasi-coordinates 准坐标quasi-criterion 准评判准则quasi-cyclic code 准循环码quasi-dispersive wave group 准频散波群quasi-dry sample 低含水岩样quasi-elastic scattering 准弹性散射quasi-elastic 准弹性的quasi-equilibrium 准平衡quasi-ergodic principle 准各态遍历原理quasi-factor 拟因子quasi-flexural fold 拟挠曲褶皱quasi-fluid 似流体quasi-friction 准摩擦quasi-geologic joint 似地质节理quasi-gradiometer 准梯度仪quasi-gravity 准重力quasi-group 拟群quasi-homogeneous 准均质的quasi-instruction 拟指令quasi-isostatic displacement 准均衡位移quasi-linear 拟线性的quasi-linearization 拟线性化quasi-longitudinal wave 准纵波quasi-marine 准海成的quasi-Newton method 拟牛顿法quasi-optical 准光的quasi-optimal solution 准优解quasi-ordered system 拟序系统quasi-orthogonal 准正交的quasi-periodic 拟周期的quasi-periodicity 准周期quasi-plastic flow 半朵性流quasi-polynomials 准多项式quasi-random access memory 准随机存取存储器quasi-random 拟随机quasi-single phase flow 准单相流动quasi-sorted 半筛选的quasi-stability 准稳定性quasi-stagnant water 准停滞水quasi-static analysis 准静态分析quasi-static displacement 拟静态驱替quasi-static 似静定的quasi-stationary channel flow 准稳定槽流quasi-stationary oscillation 似稳振荡quasi-stationary 似稳定的quasi-steady state 准稳定态quasi-transverse wave 类横波quasi-variable 准变数quasi-viscous 准粘性的quasicraton 准克拉通quasicrystal 准晶体Quasiendothyra 似内卷虫属Quasifusulina 似纺锤NFDA3属quasimoney 准货币quasiorthogonal code 准正交码quasiperfect network 准理想网络quasiseller 准卖主quatation 行情表quater- 四分之一quaterdenary 十四进制的quatermary 四；四个一组quaternary ammonium polymer 季铵聚合物quaternary ammonium 季铵quaternary carbon atom 季碳原子quaternary gain 四进制增益Quaternary geanticline 第四纪地背斜Quaternary glaciation 第四纪冰期Quaternary ice age 第四纪冰期Quaternary period 第四纪quaternary sediment 四组分沉积物Quaternary system 第四系quaternary system 四元系统Quaternary 第四纪第四系quaternion 四个一组；四人一组；四元数；四元法quaternity 四位一体；四人一组quaver 颤音；震动；颤抖；发颤音quay 码头qucidiao 缺次调queen 王后；女王；大石板quefrency domain 同态频率域quefrency 同态频率quench aging 淬火时效quench alloy steel 淬硬合金钢quench bath 淬火浴quench condensation 急冷凝quench duct 骤冷丝室quench hardening 粹火硬化quench oil 淬火油；急冷油quench tower 急冷塔quench zone 急冷段quench 淬火；急冷quenchant 淬火剂quenched and tempered steel 调质钢quenched combustion 急冷燃烧quenched water 急冷水quencher 扑灭者；熄灭器；淬灭剂；灭火器；灭弧器；减震器；阻尼器quenching agent 淬火剂quenching bath 淬化浴quenching crack 淬火裂纹quenching effect 骤冷效应quenching medium 淬火剂quenching oil column 急冷油塔quenching stack 骤冷甬道quenching strain 淬火应变quenching system 急冷系统quenching temperature 淬火温度quenching water column 骤冷水塔quenching 淬火quenchometer 冷却速度试验器querceta quercetum的复数Quercoidites 栎粉属quernstone 含铁砾质砂岩Querwellen wave 奎威林波query language 询问语言query 质问；疑问；询价；请问；疑问号；询问quest for oil 找油quest 探索；寻找；要求；追求question 问题；难题；议题；疑问句；可能性；询问questionable productive zone 可疑生产层questionable 可疑的questionary 询问的questionnaire 调查表queue anticline 背斜尾queue discipline 排队规则queue empty 队列空queue full 队列满queue priority 队列优先权queue 发辫；行列；梳成辫子；排队queued access method 队列存取法queued indexed sequential access method 排队索引按序存取法queued sequential access method 排队按序存取法queuing network 排队网络queuing theory 排队论queuing 排队quibinary code 五-二码quick access 快速存取quick acting 快动作的quick ash 烟道尘quick bleed 快排开关quick burning fuse 速燃引信quick cement 快凝水泥quick clay 过敏性粘土quick closing safety valve 快闭安全阀quick connector 快速连接器quick cooling 快速冷却quick coupler 快速连接器quick coupling 快速管箍quick current assets 速动资产quick depletion 速递减quick disconnection 速断开quick exhaust valve 快速放空阀quick freezing 速冻quick ground 流砂土quick hardening 快硬的quick lock 速关锁装置quick look scaler 快速直观解释比例尺quick open cover 快速开启盖quick opening shock valve 快开冲击阀quick ratio 速动比quick relealse 快松quick return motion 速回运动quick run 快速的quick setting cement 快凝水泥quick setting mortar 快凝灰浆quick solder 速熔焊料quick start 快启动quick talking cement 快凝水泥quick test 快速试验quick turn 急转弯quick union 快接接头quick 快的quick-acting coupling 快速接头quick-acting fuse 速燃引信quick-acting valve 快动作启闭阀quick-adjustsing 快速调整的quick-break switch 急断开关quick-break 速断quick-breaking emulsion 易破坏乳状液quick-change plug container 快卸式水泥头quick-change 快速调换的quick-closing lock 快关闭装置quick-closing valve 快关阀quick-detach 速拆卸quick-disconnect 速折卸的quick-drying lacquer 快干漆quick-drying oil 快干油quick-opening flow characteristic 快开流动特性quick-opening valve 快开阀quick-operating 快动的quick-reading flow sheet 简化流程quick-release coupling 快卸接头quick-release valve 快泄阀quick-replaceable 快速更换的quick-setting 快凝quick-speed 快速quick-stick test 快粘试验quick-wear part 易损零件quick-wearing 快磨损quicklime 生石灰quicklook interpretation 快速直观解释quicklook playback 快速直观回放quicklook 快速直观quicksand type formation 流砂型地层quicksand 流砂；动荡和捉摸不定的事物quicksilver 水银；汞；涂水银于QUICKTRAN 快速翻译程序quiddity 本质；遁辞quiescence 静止；沉寂quiescent condition 静止状态quiescent current 静态电流quiescent interval 间歇时间quiescent layer 静止层quiescent load 静负荷quiescent point 静态工作点quiescent tank 静水沉降池quiescent 静止的quiet day 无磁扰日quiet magnetic zone 地磁平静区quiet well 安静井quieter 消音装置quietus 偿清；解除；静止状态quilitative method 定性方法quill 羽毛；钻轴；衬套；导火线；做管状的褶子；卷在线轴上quilt 用垫料填塞；被；被状物；缝quin- 五quinary digit 五进制数字quinary notation 十五进制的quinary 五个一套；五的；五个的；五个一套的；第五位的；五进制的quindenary 奎宁；金鸡纳碱Quinguerhabdus 五角棒石quinine 奎诺酊quinoidine 喹啉quinoline 喹啉quinolinic acid 喹啉酸quinone 醌quinqu 五quint 五件一套；五度quintal 公担quintessence 精髓；典型；本位quintete 五人一组；五件一套；五重线quintic 五次的quintuple 五倍量；五个一套；成五倍；五的；五倍的quintupler 五倍器quintuplet 五人一组quintuplicate 五倍的数；使成五倍；作成一式五份；五倍的；五重的quintuplication 五倍quintupling 五倍quioning 外角构件；挤紧；楔紧quire 一刀；对折的一叠纸quirk 突然弯曲；遁辞；弯曲quisqueite 高硫钒沥青；硫沥青quit flowing pressure 停喷压力quit 离开；退出；放弃；解除；偿清；停止quiver 颤声；一闪；颤动；摇动quiverful 大量的quiz 知识测验；难题quizzes quiz的复数Qujionlepis 曲靖鱼属qun 群qunatum 量；量子；和quoin 外角；角落；隅石；楔形支持物；夹紧quorum 法律顾问quot 引用的；开价的quot 引用语；行市；估价单quota agreement 生产限额协议quota allocation of production 生产配额quota cost 定额成本quota of budget 预算定额quota of budgetary estimate 概率定额quota of capital construction 基本建设定额quota system 限额进出口制quota 份额quotation of prices 报价quotation 引证quote 引号；引文；引用；把…放在引号内；报quoteworthy 有引用价值的quotient convergence factor 比值收敛因子quotient group 商群quotient of difference 增量比quotient 商数；份额quotient-difference algorithm 商差算法quotient-multiplier register 乘数商数寄存器quotiety 率quotoent system 限额进出口制qv 见qwasi-time domain method 伪时域法QWERTY keyboard QWERTY盘R a T 抽油杆和油管R and M 修理与维护r c 橡胶包裹的r c 遥控R wave R波R 半径R 比r 残余的R 第三纪R 电阻率R 范围r 竿r 河流R 基R 接收器R 兰金度数R 雷诺数R 列氏温度r 伦琴R 逆动r 稀有的R 右R 原始的R 阻力R&D 研究与发展R' 圆半径弧分数R'' 雷氏秒数R'' 圆半径弧秒数R-C coupling 阻容耦合R-C 阻容的r-equivalent 伦琴当量R-M spread 研究法-马达法辛烷值差R-mode factor analysis R-型因子分析R-mode space R-型空间R-mode statistical method R-型统计法r-number r值R-signal 电阻性信号r-strategist 特化种R-unit 伦琴单位R. 半径R. 比R. 后R. 江R. 铁道R. 已注册的R. 右r.a.l 左右R.A.S 英国皇家航空协会R.C 旋转变流机R.C 研究中心R.C 阻容R.C.E.E.A. 无线电通信及电子学工程协会R.F.U. 随时可使用的R.H. 相对湿度R.H. 右r.h.s. 右方R.I. 保留指数R.I. 放射性同位素R.I. 放射性同位素指示剂R.I. 复现指数R.M.T. 读取磁带R.N. 雷诺数R.P.C. 遥控台R.T. 放射性同位素指示剂R.T. 射线探伤访验R.T.C. 自记式温度控制器RA 放射性RA 辐射RA 记录准确度Ra 镭RA 洛氏硬度A级RA 实数加RA 随机存取RA 作用半径raabsite 钠闪云煌岩RAB tool 钻头处电阻率测井仪rabbet 插孔rabbit 清管器rabble 搅拌棒rabbler 刮九Rabinowinwitsch model 拉宾诺维奇模race knife 划线刀race rotation 空转race 赛跑RACE 随机存取计算机设备raceme 外消旋体racemization 外消旋作用raceway 电缆管道racheting device 棘轮装置racing 空转；急转rack and gear drive 齿条-齿轮传动rack and gear jack 齿条-齿轮式千斤rack and pinion jack 齿条-小齿轮千斤顶rack and pinion 齿条-小齿轮rack back 在井架中排立钻杆rack bar sluice valve 齿条式闸门阀rack circle 圆齿条rack earth 机壳地线rack jack 齿条式千斤顶rack mechanism 齿条机构rack of barrels 桶堆rack pipe 排管rack pricing 离炼厂定价rack rail 齿轨rack rent 高额地租rack tooth 齿条齿rack up 排放完rack wheel 棘轮rack 架racker 排管器racking arm 系管臂racking back 在井架中排立钻杆racking board 二层台racking capacity 排立根量racking cone 钻杆排置锥座racking of drill pipe 钻杆排放racking of drum 堆桶racking pipe 排管racking platform 二层台racking 架；震动racon 雷达信标Rad 放射的RAD 快速存取磁盘rad 拉德rad. 半径rad. 根数rad. 弧度rad. 无线电rad. 无线电报rad. 无线电员radac 快速数字自动计算radan 多普勒雷达自动导航radar altimeter 雷达测高仪radar antenna 雷达天线radar band 雷达波段radar base map 雷达导航图radar beacon 雷达信标radar beam 雷达波束radar buoy 雷达浮标radar coverage 雷达覆盖范围radar depression angle 雷达俯角radar doppler 多普勒雷达radar imaginary 雷达成象radar indicated face 雷达显示表面radar interaction 雷达干扰radar jamming 雷达干扰radar map 雷达地图radar mapping 雷达地形显示图radar mast 雷达天线杆radar microwave technique 雷达微波技术radar mosaic 雷达综合图radar navigation 雷达导航radar performance figure 雷达性能指标radar photography 雷达摄影术radar pilotage 雷达领航radar presentation 雷达显示radar range finder 雷达测距仪radar reflection interval 雷达反射时间间隔radar reflection 雷达反射radar reflectivity 雷达反射率radar remote sensing 雷达遥感radar resolution 雷达分辨率radar responder 雷达应答器radar return 雷达回波radar scanning 雷达扫描radar shadow 雷达盲区radar surveying 雷达测量radar target 雷达目标radar 雷达radar-probing system 雷达探测系统radar-rock units 雷达岩石单位radar-transparency 雷达透视radargrammetry 雷达测量radarman 雷达员radarphototheodolite 雷达摄影经纬仪radarscope photography 雷达摄影学radarscope 雷达示波器RADD 列地址radechon 雷得康管radiac 放射性检测仪radiacmeter 核辐射剂量计radiagraph 活动焰切机radial adaptive multiple suppression 径向自适应压制多次波radial advance 径向推进radial air-cooled engine 星型气冷式发动机radial angle 径向角radial arm bearing 横力臂支承radial arm 旋臂radial array 径向排列radial bearing disk 止推轴承盘radial bearing lower drive sub 下部径向轴承传动接头radial bearing upper drive sub 上部径向轴承传动接头radial bearing 径向轴承radial bore length 水平井眼长度radial characteristic 径向特性radial circular flow 径向环流radial clearance 径向间隙radial component 径向部分radial conductive heat transfer 径向热导传热radial coning 径向锥进radial coordinates 径向坐标radial crack 放射状裂隙radial crushing strength 中心破碎强度radial davit 转动式吊艇杆radial differential temperature log 径向微差井温测井radial displacement 径向驱替radial drilling machine 旋臂钻床radial engine 星型发动机radial feed 径向给进radial flow tray 径流塔板radial flow 径向流radial fluid flow 平面径向流radial force 径向力radial gradient 径向梯度radial groove 径向沟槽radial height 径向高度radial histogram 径向直方图radial impeller pump 径向叶轮泵radial inward flow 径向向内流radial load 径向载荷radial migration 辐射迁移radial multiple-suppression method 径向多次压制法radial node 径向结点radial outward flow 径向向外流radial packing 径向盘根radial piston motor 径向活塞马达radial play 径向间隙radial plunger pump 径向柱塞泵radial reactor 径向反应器radial refraction 径向折射radial resolution 径向分辨率radial response 径向响应radial rift 放射断陷radial shaft seal ring 径向轴密封环radial shooting 径向激反radial shrinkage 径向收缩radial slot 沿径槽radial steady-state flow equation 径向稳定流动方程radial steam-front advance 径向蒸汽前缘推进radial strain 径向应变radial stress 径向应力radial support bearing 径向支承轴承radial survey 径向观测radial symmetry 径向对称radial thrust bearing 径向止推轴承radial tolerance 径向容许偏差radial trace 径向记录道radial turbine 径流式涡轮radial velocity 径向速度radial vibration 径向振动radial waterflooding 环状注水radial wire cord tire 钢丝子午线轮胎radial wobble 径向震摆radial 辐向的radial-inlet impeller 径向进口式叶轮radialization 辐射；放射radian frequency 角频率radian measure 弧度radian 弧度radiance contour map 辐射外形图；发光度外形图radiance 光亮度；辐射率；辐射性能radiancy =radianceradiant coil 辐射段炉管radiant energy 辐射能radiant flux density 辐射能量密度radiant heat sensor 辐射热传感器radiant heat zone 辐射热带radiant heat 辐射热radiant heater 辐射式加热炉radiant intensity 辐射强度radiant matter 辐射物radiant power 辐射功率radiant quantity 辐射量radiant rays 辐射线radiant section 辐射段radiant surface absorptivity 辐射表面吸收率radiant temperature sensitivity 辐射热感温灵敏度radiant tube 辐射管radiant type fiber 辐射型纤维radiant wall tubes 辐射壁管radiant 辐射源radiant-type furnace 辐射炉radiaoctive family 放射系Radiastarte 射华蛤属radiate 放射radiated noise 辐射噪声radiated solar energy 辐射太阳能radiated structure 射状构造radiated wave 辐射波radiating body 辐射体radiating heat 辐射热radiating matter 放射物质radiation absorber 辐射吸收剂radiation balance 辐射平衡radiation belt 辐射带radiation characteristic 辐射特性radiation chemistry 放射化学radiation counter 辐射计数器radiation crosslinking 辐射交联radiation damage 辐射线损伤radiation degradation 辐射降解radiation detector 辐射探测器radiation dosimetry 辐射剂量测定法radiation ecology 辐射生态学radiation effect 辐射效应radiation efficiency 辐射效率radiation energy 辐射能radiation estimator 辐射剂量计radiation grafting 辐射接枝radiation heat transfer 辐射热传递radiation heat 辐射热radiation heater 辐射加热器radiation induced crosslinking 辐射诱导交联radiation induced grafting 辐射诱导接枝radiation initiation 辐射引发radiation intensity 辐射强度radiation ionization 辐射电离radiation level 辐射强度radiation logging 放射性测井radiation loss 辐射损失radiation method 辐射法radiation pattern 辐射模式；辐射特性图radiation peak 辐射最大值；辐射峰值radiation polymerization 放射聚合radiation pyrometer 辐射高温计radiation resistance 抗辐射性radiation resistant finish 防辐射整理radiation section 辐射段radiation sensitizer 辐射敏化剂radiation shield 辐射屏蔽radiation source 辐射源radiation temperature 辐射温度radiation wall thinkness measure device 辐射测壁厚仪radiation 辐射radiation-free zone 无辐照区域radiation-generating machine 辐射发生器radiation-initiated crosslinking 辐射诱导交联radiation-initiated polymerization 辐射引发聚合radiationless transition 无辐射跃迁radiationmeter 放射线计Radiatisporites 辐毛大孢属radiator shutter 散热器风门片radiator 辐射体radiator-type cooling unit 散热器式冷却装置radical catalyst 游离基催化剂radical copolymerization 游离基共聚合radical expression 根式radical four-spot patern 基本四点井网radical polymerization 游离基聚合radical scavenger 游离基清除剂radical sedimentation basin 辐流式沉淀池radical sign 根号radical 基radical-anion initiator 游离基-阴离子引发剂radicand 被开方数radication 开方radices radix的复数radicle 基；根radii radius 的复数radio detection 无线电检测radio direction finder 无线电测向仪radio direction finding 无线电测向radio distance-measuring 无线电测距radio echo sounding 无线电回波探测radio electronics 无线电电子学radio emission 无线电发射radio engineering 无线电工程radio examination X射线透视法radio facsimile 无线电传真radio finder 无线电测向仪radio frequency 射频radio indicator 放射性同位素指示剂radio interference 无线电干扰radio interferometry 无线电干涉测量radio modulation 无线电调制radio modulator 无线电调制器radio navigation aids 无线电导航设备radio navigation transmitter 无线电导航发射机radio navigation 无线电导航radio pager unit 无线电呼唤装置radio position fixing 无线电定位radio positioning 无线电定位radio prospecting 放射性勘探radio reception 无线电接收radio relay station 无线电中继站radio research ship 无线电通信试验船radio responder 无线电应答器radio scanner 无线电扫描仪radio scattering 射电散射radio sonobuoy 无线电声呐浮标radio spectrum 射频频谱radio station 无线电台radio survey 无线电测量radio telemetering 无线电遥测；无线电遥测的radio telemetry buoy 无线电遥测浮标radio telemetry seismic data acquisition system 无线电遥测地震数字采集系统radio teletype 电传打字机radio thin-layer chromatography 放射薄层色谱法radio tick 无线电报时信号radio tower 无线电天线塔radio transceiver system 无线电收发系统radio transmission 无线电发射radio transmitter 无线电发射机radio wave propagation 无线电波传播radio 无线电radio- 放射radio-altimeter 无线电测高计radio-apparatus 无线电台radio-controlled pump station 无线电控制泵站radio-direction-finder method 无线电测定方位法radio-fixing 无线电定位radio-frequency amplifier 高频放大器radio-frequency choke 射频扼流圈radio-frequency coil 高频线圈radio-frequency drying 高频干燥radio-frequency field 射频场radio-frequency formation heating 地层射频加热radio-frequency interference 射频干扰radio-frequency location system 射频定位系统radio-frequency oscillator 射频振荡器radio-frequency reading 用高频扫描快速读出radio-frequency signal 高频率信号radio-halo 放射晕radio-label 放射性同位素示踪radio-link 无线电通信联络radio-micrometer 高灵敏度辐射计radio-microwave telemetering system 无线电-微波遥测系统radio-positioning navigation 无线电定位导航radio-positioning network 无线电定位网格radio-positioning station 无线电定位台radioacoustics 无线电声学radioactinium 放射性锕radioactivation analysis 活化分析；放射活化分析radioactive age determination 放射性年龄测定radioactive anomaly 放射性异常radioactive ash 放射性尘埃radioactive bullet 放射性子弹radioactive bulletlocator 放射性子弹定位器radioactive carbon dating 放射性碳年代测定法radioactive cement 放射性水泥radioactive chain 放射性衰变链radioactive concentration 放射性浓度radioactive constant 放射常数radioactive contamination 放射性污染radioactive decay 放射性衰变radioactive density meter 放射性密度计radioactive detector 放射性检测器radioactive disintegration 放射性衰变radioactive drug 放射性制剂radioactive element 放射性元素radioactive foil 放射性金属薄片radioactive heat 放射性热radioactive indicator 放射性指示剂radioactive isotope equipped go-devil 放射性同位素刮管器radioactive isotope 放射性同位素radioactive leak 放射性泄漏radioactive logging 放射性测井radioactive mineral 放射性矿物radioactive nucleus 放射性核radioactive nuclide 放射性核素radioactive occurrence 放射性矿床radioactive pollutant 放射性污染物radioactive prospecting 放射性勘探radioactive source 放射性源radioactive standardization 放射性标准化radioactive static eliminator 放射性静电消除器radioactive tracer log 放射性示踪剂测井radioactive tracer survey 放射性示踪物测量法radioactive tracer 放射性指示剂；放射性示踪剂radioactive transformation 放射性转化；放射性蜕变radioactive waste 放射性废物radioactive well logging 放射性测井radioactive 放射性的radioactive-tracer method 放射性示踪法radioactive-tracer-fibre 放射性示踪纤维radioactivity anomaly 放射性异常radioactivity background 放射性本底radioactivity decay 放射性衰变radioactivity equilibrium 放射性平衡radioactivity indicator 放射性强度指示器radioactivity level 放射性能级radioactivity log 放射性测井radioactivity prospecting 放射性勘探radioactivity standard 放射性标准radioactivity survey 放射性勘探radioactivity well logging 放射性测井radioactivity 放射性；放射radioalarm equipment 无线电报警器radioamplifier 高频放大器radioanalysis 放射性分析radioanalytical chemistry 放射分析化学radioassay 放射性检验radioastronomy 射电天文学radioautocontrol 无线电自动控制器radioautogram 无线电传真radioautograph 放射自显影radioautography 放射自显影术radiobeacon buoy 无线电浮航标radiobeacon 无线电信标radiobeam 无线电电波radiobearing 无线电方位radiobiochemistry 放射生物地球化学radiobiology 放射生物学radiobroadcast 无线电广播；用无线电广播radiocall sign 无线电呼号radiocarbon age 放射性碳年龄radiocarbon C14 放射性碳radiocarbon chronology 放射性碳测定年代法radiocarbon dating 放射性碳测定年龄radiocarbon stratigraphy 放射性碳地层学radiocarbon tracer 放射性碳示踪物radioceramic 高频瓷radiocesium 放射性铯radiochannel 波道radiochemicak analysis 放射化学分析radiochemistry 放射化学radiochromatogram 放射性色谱图radiochromatograph 辐射色层分离谱。

美联英语提供：美联英语：高科技类新词汇汇总小编给你一个美联英语官方试听课申请链接：/?tid=16-73374-0 3C 融合（3c fusion）3G（3rd Generation）3R技术（3R techniques）4A（Anyone Anytime Anywhere Anything）CG（Computer Graphics ）DVD（Digital Versatile Disk，多功能数码光盘）EVD （Enhanced Versatile Disk，增强型多媒体盘片系统）Open AccessSOI材料（Silicon on Insulator Materials）Wi－Fi技术（Wireless Fidelity）阿尔法客车”（AlphaBus）爱普（APIEL：Advanced Placement International English Language）按需计算（On－Demand Computing）白色农业（white agriculture）办公自动化（OA：Office Automation）半导体材料（semiconductor material）比较医学（Comparative Medicine）并行工程（Concurrent Engineering）博客（Blog/Blogger）超级网站（Super Website）城市垃圾管理的三C原则（Clean Cycle Control）创新决策权（Authority innovation－decisions）磁悬浮列车（Magnetically Levitated Train）大规模杀伤性武器（Weapons of mass destruction）（陶子）中微子（Tau neutrino ）大科学（Big Science）地球模拟器（Earth Simulator）地球资料卫星（earth resources satellite）地震矩规模（moment magnitude scale）电子现金（Electronic Cash）电子支票（Electronic Check）动漫（Comic and Animation）都市农业（Urban Agriculture或Agriculture in City Countryside）二恶英”（Dioxin）非典型肺炎（Atypical Pneumonias）分布式计算（Distributed Computing）分布式能源（distributed energy sources）分子遗传学（Molecular genetics）疯牛病（Mad Cow Disease）干扰素（Interferon）干细胞（Stem Cells）干燥综合征（Sjogren Syndrome，SS）高技术（High T echnology，简称Hi－tech）高技术战争（high－tech warfare）高温超导电缆（High－TC Superconducting Cable）高温超导体（High－TC Superconductor）公共密钥基础结构（Public Key Infrastructure，PKI）供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）光纤通信（Optical Fiber Communication）国防高技术（defense high technology）国防关键技术（defense critical technology）国防信息基础结构（DII Defence Information Infrastructure）国际空间站（ISS（International Space Station）互联网时间（Internet Time）机顶盒（Set－Top Box，简称STB）基础研究（Basic Research）基因歧视（Gene Discrimination）基因枪法（particle bombardment）基因疫苗（Gene Vaccine）基因诊断（Gene Diagnosis）基因指纹法（Genetic Fingerprint）基因治疗（Gene Therapy）极端制造（Extreme manufacturing）集束炸弹（Cluster bombs）技术推广与科技服务季节失调症（maladjustment in season）建筑设备自动化系统（Building Automation System，简称BAS）健康住宅（Healthy Building or Healthy House）降水概率（precipitation probability）降水量（rainfall precipitation）金属玻璃（Metallic Glasses）京都议定书（Kyoto Protocol）精确农业（Precision Agriculture）精神领袖（Spiritual leader ）精准农业（Precision Agriculture）巨磁电阻材料（Giant Magnetoresistance Materials）聚合酶链反应（Polymerase Chain Reaction ，PCR）军事革命（revolution in military affairs）科学技术教育与培训（S&T education and training）科学素养（Scientific Literacy）可视图文（Visual pictures and literature）空间站（space station）空中交通管制（air traffic control―ATC）蓝色农业（blue agriculture）蓝牙技术（Bluetooth）立体农业（stereo farming）量子纠缠（Quantum Entanglement）量子密码术（Quantum cryptography）量子隐形传送（Quantum Teleportation）硫污染（Pollution by Sulfur）绿色GDP（Green GDP）绿色纤维（Lyocell fibre）绿箱政策（GreenBox Policies）密钥加密技术（Key Encryption T echnology）敏捷制造（Agile Manufacturing）（20030731）纳米材料（nano material）与纳米粒子（nano particle）纳米机器人（Nano Robot）纳米科学技术（NanoST （Nano Science and Technology））纳卫星（Nano－Satellite）农业产业化（Agriculture Industrialization）欧洲洁净空气”计划（CAFE （Clean “Air For Europe rogramme”）贫铀弹（Depleted Uranium Bomb）平均无故障工作时间（mean－time－between－failures ―MTBF）普适计算（Pervasive Computing）气象卫星（meteorological satellite）千年生态系统评估（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）清洁生产（Cleaner Production）全球定位系统（Global Positioning System，简称GPS）全球警报与反应网络（Global Out－break Alert and Response Network）燃料电池（Fuel Cell）人工乘客（Artificial Passenger）人类脑计划（Human Brain Project）人文发展指数（HDI）认证中心（Certificate Authority，简称CA）柔性制造技术（flexible manufacturing technology―FMT）朊毒体（Prion）深空探测（Deep Space Exploration）生命体征（vital signs）生命体征（vital signs）生态预报（ecological forecasting 或ecological）生物安全（Biosafety）生物防治（biological control）生物经济（Bio－economy）生物库”计划（“Biobank”Project ）生物入侵（Biological invasion）生物芯片（Biochip）生物信息学（Bioinformatics）生物质能（Biomass Energy）时间旅行（Time Travel）试验发展（Development）受众分割（Audience segmentation）数字地球（Digital Earth ）数字地球（Digital Earth）数字电视（Digital TV，简称DTV）数字鸿沟（Digital Divide）数字化战场（digitizing the battlefield ―DB）数字视频广播（DVB “Digital Video Broadcast”）数字图书馆（DL “Digital Library”）数字显示器（Digital Display）数字现金（Digital Cash）数字音频磁带（DAT “Digital Audio Tape”）数字自然音影技术（DNA “Digital Natural Audio/Video”）双星计划（Double Star Programme）水资源（Water Resources）酸雨（Acid Rain）外科手术式打击（Surgical strike）网格计算（Grid Computing）网络数据库（Network Database）网络综合症（Net Synthesis）危机管理（Crisis Management）微机电系统（Micro Electro－Mechanical Systems，MEMS）微流体技术（Microfluidics Technology）温室效应（Greenhouse Effect）物理农业（Physical Agriculture严重急性呼吸道综合症（SARS：Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome）阳光政策（Sunshine policy）遥感（Remote Sensing）遥医学（Telemedicine）液晶（Liquid Crystal）液晶（liquid crystal）液晶显示器（Liquid Crystal Display，LCD）一票否决权（veto power）医学遗传学（medical genetics）医院信息系统（Integrated Hospital Information System，IHIS）移动计算（Mobile Computing）移动上网（WAP）遗传筛查（Genetic Screening）应用研究（Application Research）营养免疫（Nutrition Immunology）有机（生化）纳米材料（Organic （Biochemical）Nanomaterial）预发式计算（Proactive Computing）远程呈现（telepresence）远程医学（Telemedicine）载人航天（Manned Space Flight）载人航天（manned spaceflight）摘菊使者（Daisy Cutter）知识管理（Knowledge Management，简称KM）知识经济（The Knowledge Economy）知识引擎（Kengine）知识与资源管理（KRM：Konwlege & Resource Management）脂质体（Liposome）植物全息现象（Plant Holographic Images）中国强制认证（CCC“China Compulsory Certification”）重组DNA技术（Recombinant DNA Technology）转基因动物（Genetically Modified Animal）转基因食品（Genetically Modified Food）准晶（Quasicrystal）准一维纳米材料（Quasi－one－dimensional Nanometer Material）资源安全（Resource Security）自主计算（Autonomic Computing）综合性安全（Comprehensive Security，或非传统安全）总部经济（Headquarters Economy）组织培养技术（Tissue Culture Technology）太空农业（Space Agriculture）太空行走（Walking in space）太阳风暴（Solar Storm）太阳能（Solar Energy）炭疽（Anthrax）炭疽（anthrax）唐氏综合症（Downs Syndrome）提高战略运算能力计划Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative，ASCI 体细胞遗传学（somatic genetics）通信卫星（communication satellite）西尼罗河病毒（West Nile virus）消费电子（consume electronics）信息材料（information materials）信息技术外包（IT Outsourcing）信息经纪人（Information Broker）信息战（information warfare―IW）休闲农业（Recreational Agriculture）虚拟口腔（DentAART）虚拟人（Visual Human）虚拟人（Visual human）虚拟天文台（Virtual Observatory）虚拟现实技术（Virtual Reality Technology）循环经济（Recycling Economy / Cyclic Economy）美联英语：。

准一维无序体系电子局域化及输运特性宋招权;徐慧;马松山;刘小良【摘要】在单电子紧束缚近似下,利用多对角全随机厄米矩阵算法,结合负本征值理论和无限阶微扰理论及传输矩阵方法,研究准一维多链无序体系中电子波函数局域化特性及其电子输运特性.研究结果表明:由于格点能量无序,准一维多链无序体系电子波函数呈现出局域化特性;格点能量无序度减小会导致在中间能区发生退局域化现象,表现为在中间能区电子波函数的局域长度大于体系格点数,即出现扩展态,且出现扩展态的能量区间随着无序度的减小而增大的趋势;同时,随着链数的增加,体系有向退局域化方向发展的趋势;在中间能区电子输运透射系数较大,而在低能区及高能区透射系数较小,同时,格点能量无序与维度效应对体系的电子输运存在竞争效应,当体系格点数及链数一定时,体系的透射系数随着格点能量无序度的增大而减小,而当体系格点数及格点能量无序度一定时,准一维多链无序体系的透射系数随着体系链数的增大而增大.%Based on a tight-binding disordered model describing a single electron band, a model of quasi-onedimensional disordered systems with several chains was established using the negative eignvalue theory, infinite order perturbation theory and transfer matrix method.The characteristics of electronic localization and transportation in quasi-one-dimensional disordered systems with several chains were discussed.The results indicate that the electronic states of the quasi-one-dimensional disordered systems are localized due to energy disorder of the lattices.The localization length increases with the decrease of the strength of energy disorder of the lattices.At the energy band center,there exist some extent states whose localization lengths are lager than that of the atoms of thechains in weak disorder.Meanwhile, with the increase of the number of the chains, the delocalization can be found.In addition, the transmission coefficient of electron transportion in quasi-one-dimensional disordered system is much higher in the energy band center than that in high and low energy region, and decreases with the increase oftbe energy disorder degree oftbe lattices, but increases with the increase of the number of the chains.【期刊名称】《中南大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(042)001【总页数】5页(P125-129)【关键词】准一维无序体系;电子局域化;电子输运【作者】宋招权;徐慧;马松山;刘小良【作者单位】中南大学,物理科学与技术学院,湖南,长沙,410083;中南大学,物理科学与技术学院,湖南,长沙,410083;中南大学,物理科学与技术学院,湖南,长沙,410083;中南大学,物理科学与技术学院,湖南,长沙,410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O482.4;TBB303近年来，随着纳米科技和分子电子学的发展，碳纳米管、纳米线及DNA分子导线等一维、准一维体系由于具有独特的电学性能而具有广阔的应用前景，如可用作纳米电子器件的导线、构筑特殊的纳电子元件（如场效应管、电子开关）及生物分子器件等，同时，由于在碳纳米管、纳米线及DNA分子导线等低维体系电子材料和器件的生产、制备过程中不可避免地会存在杂质态、缺陷等无序因素，而无序的引入会导致体系的电子波函数呈现局域化特性[1]，从而对其电子输运特性产生影响；因此，对于一维、准一维等低维无序体系电子输运性质的研究已成为国内外研究的热点[2−6]。

爱考机构-北大考研-化学与分子工程学院研究生导师简介-齐利民彭海琳副教授物理化学，纳米材料化学与器件Tel:86-10-62767984;Fax:86-10-62757157Email:hlpeng@ResearchID:/rid/F-1497-2010学术简历：1996.9－2000.7，学士，吉林大学化学系；2000.9－2005.7，博士，北京大学化学学院；2005.11－2009.6，博士后，美国斯坦福大学材料科学与工程系；2009.6－至今，副教授，博士生导师，北京大学化学与分子工程学院研究领域和兴趣从事纳米材料化学与新能源器件研究，关注准二维原子晶体的控制合成和光电器件：1）二维Dirac材料（石墨烯、拓扑绝缘体纳米结构）的控制生长、化学改性、异质结构与光电器件2）新型二维原子晶体材料及其光电性质3）纳米材料在柔性电子学、量子调控和能源领域应用基础研究获奖情况：2012年中组部首批青年拔尖人才支持计划2012年首批国家优秀青年科学基金2011年教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划2005年中国分析测试协会科学技术奖(CAIA奖)一等奖（排名第二）2005年北京大学优秀毕业生2005年北京大学化学学院研究生优秀学术成果奖2004年北京大学纳米化学研究中心“纳米之星”奖代表性论文LimingZhang,JingwenYu,MingmeiYang,QinXie,HailinPeng*,ZhongfanLiu*.JanusGraphenefrom AsymmetricTwo-DimensionalChemistry.NatureCommunications2013,4,1443.KaiYan,DiWu,HailinPeng*,LiJin,QiangFu,XinheBao,ZhongfanLiu*.Modulation-DopedGrowthof MosaicGraphenewithSingle-Crystallinep-nJunctionsforEfficientPhotocurrentGeneration.NatureCo mmunications2012,3,1280(doi:10.1038/ncomms2286).HailinPeng*,WenhuiDang,JieCao,YulinChen,DiWu,WenshanZheng,HuiLi,Zhi-XunShen,Zhongfa nLiu.Topologicalinsulatornanostructuresfornear-infraredtransparentflexibleelectrodes.NatureChem istry2012,4,281–286.HighlightbyNatureChem.,NaturePhoton.,SLACNews,PhysOrg.,R&DMagazine. HailinPeng,KejiLai,DeshengKong,StefanMeister,YulinChen,Xiao-LiangQi,Shou-ChengZhang,Zhi -XunShen,YiCui*.Aharonov-BohmInterferenceinTopologicalInsulatorNanoribbons.NatureMaterials2010,9(3),225–229(equallycontributed,HighlightedbyNat.Mater.,PhysOrg,StanfordSLAC,etc). CandaceK.Chan,HailinPeng,GaoLiu,KevinMcIlwrath,XiaoFengZhang,RobertA.Huggins,YiCui.Hi gh-PerformanceLiBatteryAnodesUsingSiliconNanowires.NatureNanotech.2008,3(1),31–35.Citation#>1200.JiaZhu,HailinPeng,AnnMarshall,DavidM.Barnett,WilliamD.Nix,YiCui.FormationofChiralBranche dNanowiresbytheEshelbyTwist.NatureNanotech.2008,3(8),477–481.(Coveroftheissue)HuiLi,JieCao,WenshanZheng,YulinChen,DiWu,WenhuiDang,KaiWang,HailinPeng*,ZhongfanLiu *.Controlledsynthesisoftopologicalinsulatornanoplatearraysonmica.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2012,134(14), 6132–6135.HighlightinC&EN.KaiYan,HailinPeng,YuZhou,HuiLi,ZhongfanLiu*.FormationofBilayerBernalGraphene:Layer-by-l ayerEpitaxyviaChemicalVaporDeposition.NanoLett.2011,11(3),1106–1110.(equallycontributed). WenhuiDang?,HailinPeng,HuiLi,PuWang,ZhongfanLiu.EpitaxialHeterostructuresofUltrathinTopol ogicalInsulatorNanoplateandGraphene.NanoLett.2010,10(8),2870–2876(equallycontributed). DeshengKong,WenhuiDang,JudyCha,HuiLi,StefanMeister,HailinPeng*,ZhongfanLiu,YiCui*.Few -layerNanoplatesofBi2Se3andBi2Te3withHighlyTunableChemicalPotential.NanoLett.2010,10(6), 2245–2250.HailinPeng,ZhongfanLiu*.OrganicCharge-TransferComplexesforSTM-BasedThermochemicalHol eBurningMemory.CoordinationChemistryReviews2010,254,1151–1168.(Review)DavidT.Schoen,HailinPeng,YiCui.AnisotropyofChemicalTransformationfromIn2Se3toCuInSe2Na nowiresthroughSolidStateReaction.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2009,131(33),7973.HailinPeng,XiaoFengZhang,RayD.Twesten,YiCui.VacancyOrderingandLithiumInsertioninIII2VI3 Nanowires.NanoResearch2009,2(4),327–335.KejiLai,HailinPeng,WorasomKundhikanjana,DavidT.Schoen,ChongXie,StefanMeister,YiCui,Mic haelA.Kelly,Zhi-XunShen.NanoscaleElectronicInhomogeneityinIn2Se3NanoribbonsRevealedbyM icrowaveImpedanceMicroscopy.NanoLett.2009,9(3),1265-1269(equallycontributed).BoLi,LinZhou,DiWu,HailinPeng,KaiYan,YuZhou,ZhongfanLiu*.PhotochemicalChlorinationofGra phene.ACSNano2011,5(7),5957–5961(equallycontributed).HailinPeng,CandaceK.Chan,StefanMeister,XiaoFengZhang,YiCui.ShapeEvolutionofLayer-Structu redBismuthOxychlorideNanostructuresviaLow-TemperatureChemicalVaporTransport.Chem.Mater. 2009,21(2),247–252.HailinPeng,ChongXie,DavidT.Schoen,rgeAnisotropyofElectricalPropertiesinLayer-Struct uredIn2Se3Nanowires.NanoLett.2008,8(5),1511–1516.HailinPeng,ChunboRan,ZhongfanLiu,YunzeLong,ZhemingWang,ZhengqiangYu,HaolingSun,Yon ggeWei,SongGao,ZhaojiaChen,Er-QiangChen.Structure,PhysicalPropertiesandPhaseTransitionofa Quasi-One-DimensionalOrganicSemiconductorDBA(TCNQ)2.J.Phys.Chem.C2008,112(29),11001–11006.HailinPeng,ChongXie,DavidT.Schoen,KevinMcIlwrath,XiaoFengZhang,YiCui.OrderedVacancyC ompoundsandNanotubeFormationinCuInSe2-CdSCore-ShellNanowires.NanoLett.2007,7(12),373 4–3738.HailinPeng,StefanMeister,CandaceK.Chan,XiaoFengZhang,YiCui.MorphologyControlofLayer-Str ucturedGalliumSelenideNanowires.NanoLett.2007,7(1),199–203.HailinPeng,DavidT.Schoen,StefanMeister,XiaoFengZhang,YiCui.SynthesisandPhaseTransformati onofIn2Se3andCuInSe2Nanowires.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2007,129(1),34–35.HailinPeng,ZhuoChen,LianmingTong,XuechunYu,ChunboRan,ZhongfanLiu.ThermochemicalHol eBurningonaTriethylammoniumBis-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethaneCharge-TransferComplexU singSingle-WalledCarbonNanotubeScanningTunnelingMicroscopyTips.J.Phys.Chem.B2005,109(8) ,3526–3530.HailinPeng,ChunboRan,XuechunYu,RanZhang,ZhongfanLiu.ScanningTunnelingMicroscopyBase dThermochemicalHoleBurningonaNewCharge-TransferComplexandItspotentialforDataStorage.A dv.Mater.2005,17(4),459–464.[更多论文…]欢迎具有化学、材料学和物理背景的本科生、研究生和博士后加入本研究小组更多信息参见纳米化学研究中心主页：/nanochemistry。

Conducting Polymers1. Introduction2. Electron-conductingpolymers2.1. Poly(acetylene)s2.2. TheoryofConductivity 2.2.1. Conduction mechanism 2.3. Poly(diacetylene)s 2.4. Poly(phenylene)s2.5. Poly(phenylenevinylene)s 2.6. Oligomers2.7. Ladderpolymers2.8. Poly(thiophene)s2.9. Poly(pyrrole)s2.9.1. Stille Coupling2.10. Poly(aniline)sOne can distinguish between three types of conducting polymers:•Electron-conducting polymers•Proton-conducting polymers•Ion-conducting polymersEach polymer type has already found widespread use in many, mainly optical and electronic applications such as batteries, displays, plastic wires, optical signal processing, information storage, solar energy conversion, etc.. Although conducting polymers have been known for at least 25 years (reports on the synthesis date back to the last century), it was only in the early 90s that a tidal wave of renewed and amplified interest in these materials has catalysed many new developments, both on a fundamental level as well as from the manufacturing side. In particular the discovery of light-emitting polymers in 1990, in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, was a major if not the turning point in the fortunes of plastronics, i.e. the use of polymeric materials as substitute for metal and their derivatives in electronic devices. Serious problems like oxidative stability and device lifetimes have to be overcome, but one does not have to be a soothsayer to predict that one day in the not so distant future we will all go to the beach, carrying our table-set sized flexible LED display with us. Solar-powered, we will sit down and read our paper, surf the net or simply be watching TV.This part of the fourth year lecture course will present an overview on the synthetic strategies of synthesising electron-conducting polymers.1. IntroductionPolymers (Plastic) shape our lives because polymers can be shaped! Is it really necessary to point this out? Maybe not, but it is the major driving force behind most research that tries to design plastics fit for electronic applications. Polymers have the advantage that they are so much more easily to be processed than metals for example. One can very easily cover large surfaces with a spin-coated polymer solution. Once the solvent has evaporated one is left with a layer of polymer chains. Most plastics can be deformed reversibly and they also do not break easily, which is not true for metals. These properties and the ease with which polymers can be shaped into complex multi-polymer architectures are the reasons that have enticed many scientist and industrialist looking for novel applications and new products.The ability to synthesise what we have identified to be the ideal molecular structure is paramount to a successful and fruitful exploitation of polymers for the sake of plastronics. In the following we will emphasise on synthetic strategies and methodologies used in the synthesis of conducting polymer rather than covering the almost limitless structural variations that one can introduce.2. Electron-conductingPolymers2.1. Poly(acetylene)sThe first conducting polymer synthesised was poly(acetylene). The first reports on acetylene polymers date back to the last century. Cuprene, a highly crosslinked and extremely irregular product of acetylene polymerisation in the presence of copper-containing catalysts being a typical example for the initial efforts. Poly(acetylene) is the simplest conjugated polymer. In its linear form it precipitates as a black, air sensitive, infusible and intractable powder out of solution and can not be processed. Ant et al. were the first to polymerise acetylene in hexane using a mixed catalyst of alkyl aluminium and titanium tetraalkoxides:Natta’s route (1958) to poly(acetylene) resulting in intractable, infusible, air sensitive black powders.34Shirakawa’s route (1970s; Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2000) to poly(acetylene) yielding polymer films of up to 0.5 cm thickness. The first example of conducting poly(acetylene) upon doping with halogens or AsF5.mainly cismainly transapprox. cis/trans 50/50film thickness 10-5- 0.5 cmReaction conditions allow to control the morphology of the conjugated polymer obtained as powder, gel, spongy mass or a film. Iodine doping renders these polymers conducting and values of up to 105 S/cm have been claimed. Films can be stretchedThe inherent insolubility and infusibility of poly(acetylene) coupled with its sensitivity to air imposes a barrier to the processability of the polymer. As a result considerable research efforts have been directed towards obtaining processable poly(acetylene) by means of polymer analogous transformation. Two syntheses are of particular importance.Dehydrohalogenations of poly(vinyl chloride)ClClClClClClClClCl head to head tail to tailClClDrawbacks of this route are short conjugation length, structural defects and crosslinks. Thermally convertable prepolymers (Precursor routes)F 3F 3ROMPheatDurham RouteProperty advantages of poly(acetylene) prepared by precursor routes:• Continuous solid films with densities of 1.05-1.10.• Controlled morphology range; amorphous, semi-crystalline, crystalline. • Films can be stretched during or prior to conversionThe conductivity of all substituted poly(acetylene) analogues reported to date is significantly lower than that for poly(acetylene) itself. The reduction in conjugation length is attributed to steric repulsions between adjacent side groups which causes the polymer chains to twist (rotation barrier single bond: 6 kcal/mol). Grubbs showed that monosubstituted cyclooctatetraenes can be “ROMPed” to give partially substituted poly(acetylene)s) that are both soluble and highly conjugated.2.2. TheoryofConductivityPoly(acetylene) provides the limiting case of a polyene of infinite conjugation length. The Hückel energy levels for any polyene with n unsaturated carbon atoms and with equal bond lengths can be obtained by appeal to the Frost mnemonic for linear polyenes in which a polygon of order 2n+2 is inscribed in a circle of radius 2ß. At the limit of infinite chain length, this relationship still holds, except the polygon is a circle itself. Projection of the semicircle containing the equal density of energy levels along the circumference produces an envelope of energy levels commonly referred to as the density of states. Significantly, the HOMO-LUMO energy difference, or band gap, vanishes. Population of the conduction band requires no energy and thus the system should be metallic.This non-sensical result arises from the error in assumption of equal bond lengths and resonance integrals. A half-occupation of the conduction bands leads to a Jahn-Teller distortion for quasi-one-dimensional systems called the Peierls distortion. The result of this is two inequivalent ground states “R” and “L” with alternating bond lengths and a non-zero gap requiringR form L formThe Peierls distortion corresponds to a thermally forbidden energy level crossing problem in the Woodward-Hoffmann rule sense. The HOMO for a polyene of arbitrary length is characterised by bonding interactions between the “doubly”-bonded carbon and antibonding interactions between “singly” bonded carbon. The LUMO is analogous, except that anti-bonding interactions are found between “doubly” bonded carbon and bonding between “singly” bonded carbon.As a result the symmetric HOMO of the “R” form corresponds to the LUMO of the “L” form and vice versa.Let us restate the above in other words: As predicted by theory, the low dimensional structure of a polyene (of equal bond length and resonance integral) is unstable and the coupling of electrons and phonons with lattice distortions leads to a localisation of single and double bonds which lifts the degeneracy and results in a localisation of π electrons with the opening of a bandgap (E g) generally larger than 1.50 eV.The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of a linear conjugated system (∆E) and the E g value of the resulting material are usually determined from the low energy absorption edge of the electronic absorption spectra. Both values can also be determined from solution oxidation and reduction potentials (CV).2.2.1. Conduction mechanismAgain, poly(acetylene) is taken as an example to illustrate principles of conduction mechanisms in conducting polymers.L form R form solitonAs a necessary consequence of the asymmetry of the poly(acetylene) ground state, two equivalent polyene chains R and L are interconverted through the intervention of a mobile charge carrier, a soliton. The soliton is a mobile charged or neutral defect, or a “kink” in the poly(acetylene) chain that propagates down the chain and thus reduces the barrier for interconversion.The charge carrier in n-doped (negatively charged) poly(acetylene) is a resonance-stabilised polyenyl anion of approximately 29-31 CH units in length, with highest amplitude at the centre of the defect. This description is backed up by chemical shifts found in the 13C NMR spectrum, which indicate increased charge density at the centre of such anions. Also advanced theoretical calculations (MNDO) are in agreement with this description.So how does a soliton manage to travel from one end of a sample to the other? This can be explained by the bipolaron hopping mechanism:Most experimental data is consistent with a rate-limiting interchain charge transport. If short chains are involved, conduction in poly(acetylene) requires some mechanism for transfer of charge from one chain to another (e.g. intersoliton hopping). Current theories for interchain charge transfer centre around the Kivelson “percolation” mechanism. For n-type solitons (Carbanions) this involves electron transfer from the anion to a neutral soliton (radical) in a neighbouring chain in an isoenergetic process. However the lattice distortion associated with interpolaron hopping (hopping between a radicalcarbanion and a neutral polyene chain) is thought to present inaccessible energy barriers. A solution to this dilemma is provided by organic carbanion chemistry. Charge transfer between carbanions often involves a disproportionation equilibrium between a neutral/dianion pair (ion triplet) and a radical anion pair. It is recognised that at the moment this mechanism most closely matches the charge transport energetics.Bipolarons in poly(p-phenylene)n2.3. Poly(diacetylene)sPoly(diacetylene)s are prepared by the topochemical polymerisation of diacetylenes.2.4. Poly(phenylene)sFour synthetic routes have been employed for the preparation of poly(phenylene)s. Oxidative coupling, organometallic coupling, dehydrogenation of poly(cyclohexylene)s and cycloaddition reactions.Oxidative couplingnThe structural features (meta or ortho linkages) and physical properties of the polymer prepared by oxidative coupling depend to a large extend on the nature of the oxidising reagent. Ortho linkages can be introduced by using more substituted benzenes rather than the parent compound. Polymers substituted in the para position are in general more difficult to process, i.e. they are more ordered and thus π stacking is more efficient.Organometallic couplingcatalysisUllmann and Wurtz-Fittig reactions have been utilised for the synthesis of phenylene oligomers but these methods can not be applied to the synthesis of poly(phenylene)s since yields are low.Dehydrogenation of poly(cycohexylene)sO, dioxygens enzymePseudomonas putida Diester derivatives of 5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene have been polymerised radically after which the resulting poly(cyclohexylene)s were converted to poly(phenylene)s by pyrolysis. Best results were obtained with methyl carbonate derivatives. The dihydroxy monomer precursor is accessible through enzymatic oxidation of benzene. An environmentally friendly route to conjugated/conducting polymers.Cycloaddition reactions1,4-cycloadditions of bis-cyclopentadienones with bisacetylenes can yield high molecular weight polymers which contain approximately equal amounts of meta and para substituted phenylene units.nSuzuki coupling of p-bromophenyl boronic acid offers another convenient route to poly(phenylene) although substituted analogues require elaborate syntheses of monomer units. An interesting extension of this methodology is the synthesis of hyperbranched poly(phenylene)s from an AB2 monomer. In general branching improves solubility and processibility compared to the linear parent polymer, which is also true in the case of highly conjugated polymers such as poly(phenylene)s.vinylene)s2.5. Poly(phenylenePoly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) possess a chemical structure which is intermediate between that of poly(acetylene) and poly(phenylene). Oriented PPV is highly crystalline, mechanically strong and environmentally stable. Early attempts utilised dehydrohalogenation or Wittig condensation reactions which resulted in the formation of intractable oligomeric powders. The Wessling-Zimmermann precursor is a water-soluble PPV prepolymer (cf. Durham route) which allows the reproducible formation of high molecular weight free standing films.PPVs were originally synthesised via the popular Gilch route which uses the bis(chloromethyl)benzene precursor monomer in THF in the presence of t-butoxide as non-nucleophilic base. The reaction leads to a rather il-defined product with limited conjugation length and defects along the polymer backbone. The precursor sulfonium electrolyte is prepared in aqueous solution (Wessling route to PPV, less defects, longer conjugation, milder) by the base induced polymerisation of the appropriate bis-sulfonium monomer. The polymerisation is quenched by addition of dilute acid and the reaction mixture is then dialysed against water to separate the high molecular weight fraction as well as the sodium and chloride ions. A study of the polymerisation mechanism revealed the existence of a quinoid intermediate during the early stages of the polymerisation. An alternative radical mechanism has been considered but ruled out by the experimental evidence.An interesting group of electron-deficient PPVs are the cyano substituted PPVs which are prepared by a Knoevenagel condensation reaction between an aromatic diacetonitrile and an aromatic dialdehyde.The versatiliy of the Knoevenagel condensation reaction renders this route suitable for the synthesis of heteroaromatic cyanopolymers including well-defined alternating copolymers. As always important in the context of conducting polymers isthe ability to influence the bandgap in a molecular predictable fashion so that their electronic properties can be tuned and tailored according to the desired application.2.6. OligomersHow planar is a PPV molecule? Drawn PPV films were analysed by X-ray diffraction and NMR. The results demonstrated that the average tilt of the phenylene ring relative to the chain axis was 7.7o, close but not exactly equal to the 9.2o predictedfor a trans-stilbene-like structure. Highly oriented PPV shows high electrical conductivity upon vapour-phase doping with AsF5 but iodine doped films show only modest conductivities.PPV oligomers have been synthesised by the Wittig reaction in order to obtain model compounds for physical characterisation studies aimed at a more detailed understanding of the conduction mechanism present in doped conjugated polymers.tooligomers!!!PSprepareItisachallenge2.7. Ladderpolymers2.8. Poly(thiophene)sHeteroaromatic polyarylenes can be prepared employing similar synthetic strategies as those described for poly(phenylene)s and poly(phenylene vinylene)s. Not only has the heteroatom an influence on the chemical and physical properties of the polymeric product, it also has to be taken into account when preparing the required monomer (cf. aromatic heterocycles lectures).Polythiophene like many other linear polyaromatic compounds is insoluble in organic solvents (rigid backbone) and substitution in the 3 and/or 4 position is necessary to render the polymer soluble.With the introduction of 3-substituents, a number of different regioisomers are possible. These are head-to-head, tail-to-tail and head-to-tail. and random configurations. The issue of regioregularity pervades all of polymer chemistry and is present even in simple linear polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). Potentially any α-olefin is prone to polymerise to yield all of these regiochemical variations. Thus it is a significant challenge to find polymerisation reactions and/or reaction conditions to allow to control the sequence of regioisomers at will.Studies on regioregular poly(thiophene)s, that have become accessible recently via a number of elegant routs, have shown that crystallinity increases with stereoregularity and that the possibility of sidechain crystallinity is essential for the development of optimal properties. For regiorandom polymers the optimal chain length for properties like conductivity and optical non-linearities has been determined to be in the range of 7-9. In contrast doped regioregular 3-substituted poly(thiophene) reachesits optimal conductivity (1000 S/cm) with an dodecyl sidechain (octyl for the regiorandom polymer (20 S/cm)). 3,4-disubstitution reduces conductivity in the case of methylene groups (loss of coplanarity) because of steric hindrance. This can be overcome by substituting the methylene group with an oxygen.McCullough’s route to regioregular poly(thiophene)s (98% HT; 70%).nSolid-state UV–vis absorption spectra for films of poly(3-hexylthiophenes) with different regioregularity: (a) HT>89.5%; (b) HT:HH=70:30; (c) HT:HH=65:53; (d) HT:HH=50:50.Oxidative coupling to poly(thiophene)s using FeCl 3 has also been shown to produce regioregular polymers with up to 94% HT.An interesting and intriguing property of substituted poly(thiophene)s is the temperature dependence of the UV absorption. An increase in temperature causes the λmax to shift to shorter wavelengths. This thermochromism arises from the conformational change in the aromatic backbone as a result of an increased disorder of the alkyl sidechains. Two distinct structures are possible depending on solvent and temperature; a predominantly coplanar structure in an aggregated form in a poor solvent (or low temperatures) and a conformationally disordered non-planar structure in a good solvent (high temperature).Electrochemical polymerisation of thiophene is used as a convenient route to prepare thin conducting films with controlled film thickness. The proposed polymerisation mechanism is proposed to include a dication of two thiophene rings.The synthesis of poly(pyrrole)s is very much related to that of poly(thiophene)s. However there is one distinct difference and that is the reactive nitrogen-hydrogen bond. Thus protection of the amine is required to prevent sidereactions such as crosslinking to occur. As in so many cases in polymer chemistry the t-Boc group serves well as stable protecting group which subsequently can be removed easily through acidic or thermal deprotection.2.9. Poly(pyrrole)sPoly(pyrrole) prepared by the Stille coupling/thermolysis sequence.n2.9.1. Stille Coupling(as an example for a variety of cross-coupling chemistries; Suzuki, Shonganishira, Yamamoto, Heck))Stille coupling. Catalytic cycle.R'SnR 3''32.10. Poly(aniline)sOxidation of aniline is the most widely employed synthetic route to polyaniline and can be performed either electrochemically or chemically. The reaction is usually carried out in acidic medium with a chemical oxidising agents such as ammoniumpersulfate. Branching or even crosslinking during polymerisation occurs through the formation of radicals at the 2 and 6 position.22- H +Polyaniline can occur in a number of well-defined oxidation states. The different states range from the fully reduced leucoemeraldine via protoemeraldine, emeraldine and nigraniline to the fully oxidised pernigraniline. Unlike most other polyaromatics, the fully oxidised state in polyaniline is not conducting as are all the others too!. Polyaniline becomes conducting when the moderately oxidised states, in particular the emeraldine base, are protonated and charge carriers are generated. It is this process, generally called protonic acid doping, which makes polyaniline so unique. No electrons have to be added or removed from the insulating material to make it conducting.N N N N N N N N HHHHHHHHleucoemeraldineprotoemeraldineemeraldinenigranilinepernigranilineN N N N N N N NHH H H H HN N N N N N N NHH H HN N N N N N N NHHNN N N N N N NN N N N N N N NHH H HThe different oxidation states of polyaniline can also be generated by doping with oxidants such as iodine but the resulting conductivity is lower than that obtained via protonic acid doping. The conduction mechanism is believed to involve polarons. In the case of the protonated emeraldine a delocalised poly(semiquinone radical cation) is the polaronic carrier.The conductivity is affected by the water content. Completely dry samples are five times less conductive than samples containing some water.Self-doped polyaniline, containing sulphonic acid substituents has been synthesised by sulphonation of the emeraldine base.A different approach to the production of polyaniline (instead of long alkyl sidechain e.g.) is the use of n-alkyl sulphonic acids as proton donor (and ionically anchored aliphatic sidechains).Stable thin films of polyaniline that can be processed out of solution are prepared from the emeraldine base with camphorsulphonic acid as dopant. m-Cresol as cosolvent is essential to obtain a chiral crystalline structure.300 nm500 nm 700 nm2.11 Conducting polyrotaxanesConducting polyrotaxanes as sensors - MechanismExamples of ion-selective polyrotaxane sensors.Synthesis of an encapsulated molecular wire. 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