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词汇总结（老师分享版总结）Unit1—5monlaw普通法2.equitylaw衡平法3.precedent先例4.staredecisis遵循先例原则5.resjudicata一案不再审6.jurisdiction管辖权，管辖区，司法区7.trialcourt初审法院8.CourtofAppeals,appellatecourt上诉法院9.appellant/appellee,petitioner/respondent上诉人/被上诉人，申诉人/被申诉人10.SupremeCourt最高法院,SPS,SPP,ProcuratorateChiefJustice检察院首席大法官11.courtoflastresort,firstinstance终审法院，初审12.courtofgeneraljurisdiction普通管辖权法院13.circuitcourt巡回法院14.percuriam法官共同决议意见15.concurringopinion附随意见/并存意见16.dissentingopinion反对意见17.prosecutorprocuratorate公诉人/检察官检察院18.affirm,reverse,remand维持，撤销，发回重审19.reversal,overruling撤销判决，推翻判决20.enbanc全院审判，集体听讼21.holding,dicta判决，附带意见？22.dayincourt出庭应诉23.forum审判地24.venue审判地25.certiorari调卷令26.legalremedyrelief法律救济27.equitableremedy衡平法上的救济28.injunction禁制令29.thelegislative立法机构,legislation立法legislature立法机关30.thejudicialjudiciary司法，司法系统31.theexecutive行政,execute处死，执行execution死刑/enforcement执行,executor遗嘱执行人administer执行32.statute成文法statutoryright法定权利33.attorney,barrister/advocate,solicitor,trialadvocacy,counsel律师34.damages损害赔偿金punitivedamages惩罚性损害赔偿金35.benchtrial法官审判，王座法庭（无陪审团的法官审）jurytrial陪审团审判36.civilaction民事诉讼tortiousact侵权行为tortaction侵权诉讼37.substantivelaw实体法procedurallaw程序法38.diversityofcitizenship州籍不同39.impeachment弹劾40.separationofpowers分权41.checks&balances制衡42.dueprocessoflaw法律正当程序43.billofrights权利法案44.judicialinterpretation/construction司法解释construe解释literal文字的/liberal慷慨的45.vetopower,righttovote否决权46.litigant诉讼当事人litigation诉讼litigator诉讼人47.infamouscrime不名誉罪fraud欺诈perjury伪证罪treason叛国罪perjure作伪证defraud诈骗defrauded欺骗48.civillawsystem大陆法系49.amendment修正案50.judicialreview司法审查51.Congress/Parliament，senate国会/议会，参议院52.bring/file/institute/initiate/commenceanaction,suit,lawsuit,litigation,proceedings诉讼53.bindingprecedent有拘束力的先例54.persuasiveprecedent有说服力的先例55.MirandaWarnings米兰达警告45.misdemeanor轻罪felony重罪56.probation缓刑probate见证人，见证程序57.parole假释rcenytheft盗窃罪59.deceased死者，被继承人decedent死者60.mensrea犯意61.actusreus犯罪行为62.causation因果关系,interveningfactor介入因素63.felony-murderrule重罪谋杀规则64.punitivedamages惩罚性赔偿65.civilwrong民事违法criminaloffense刑事犯罪66.homicide杀人罪67.justifiablehomicide可证明为正当的杀人罪,excusable可原谅的68.murder谋杀/谋杀罪69.voluntarymanslaughter故意杀人罪70.involuntarymanslaughter过失杀人罪71.Redress赔偿compensation赔偿reimburse偿还，赔偿72.Warrant逮捕令73.self-defense正当防卫74.liability责任liable有责的75.probablecause正当理由，合理根据56.deathpenalty死刑57.imprisonment,confinement,incarceration,detention监禁58.forfeiture没收59.aggravatingcircumstances加重情节60.mitigating/extenuatingcircumstances减轻情节61.enteraguiltypleapleadguilty做出有罪答辩62.pleabargaining辩诉交易63.interstatecommerce州际贸易64.drugtrafficking贩毒counterfeitgoods假冒商品65.illegitimatechild私生子，非婚生子66.conviction有罪裁决acquittal无罪裁决67.inquisitorialsystem纠问制/adversary对抗制/adversarial对抗制68.summons传票,subpoena传票,process传票，诉讼过程中的各种命令,citation罚单69.serviceofprocess送达程序pulsoryprocess强制到庭程序71.voirdire陪审团资格审查72.peremptorychallenge无因回避73.challengeforcause有因回避74.jurycharge/instruction指示陪审团75.rebuttalevidence反驳证据76.pretrialmotions审前动议move步骤post-trial审判后动议77.discovery,disclosure证据开示78.cross-examination交叉询问79.motionfordirectedverdict申请驳回起诉的动议80.mistrial无效判决81.hungjury/deadlockedjury陪审团僵局82.hearsay传闻证据83.jurydeliberation陪审团审议84.inpersonam/personaljurisdiction属人管辖权85.inremjurisdiction对物管辖权86.subjectmatterjurisdiction事务管辖权87.fact-finder事情调查者，检察员,trier审判者88.objection反对,exception异议，例外89.plaintiff,原告defendant被告90.prosecution控诉defense辩解91.affirmativedefense积极性抗辩92.statuteoflimitations诉讼时效93.entrapment陷阱94.alibi不在场证据95.intoxication喝醉96.insanity精神失常97.indictment（大陪审团）起诉书/information公诉书plaint刑事控告书、自诉书99.accusatorialsystem诉讼程序100.criminalcharge刑事指控101.primafaciecase初步证明的案件102.bail保释，保证金103.arraignment传讯104.privilegeagainstself-incrimination不得自证其罪的权利105.doublejeopardyclause双重追诉条款106.confrontationclause质证条款，对质条款107.presumptionofinnocence无罪推定108.grandjury大陪审团（程序）109.beyondareasonabledoubt排除合理怀疑110.bythepreponderanceoftheevidence/preponderantevidence优势证据111.balanceoftheprobabilities可能性权衡112.burdenofproof举证责任113.standardofproof证明标准114.criminaljusticesystem刑事司法体系115.burglary盗窃罪116.statutorycrime法定犯罪rceny盗窃罪stolengoods赃物118.injunctiverelief禁令救济，申请制止侵权的权利119.standingtosue原告资格120.discovery证据开示121.long-armstatute长臂管辖法122.forumshopping挑选有管辖权的法院123.causeofaction原告的起诉理由124.directexamination直接询问125.juryverdict陪审团裁决126.admit供认admissible可接纳的inadmissible不可接纳的admissibility证据的可采性127.applicablelaw可适用的法律128.defaultjudgment缺席判决129.judgmentdebtor判决确定的债务人creditor债权人130.rebuttalevidence反驳证据？Unit6wsuit诉讼47.substantivelaw/procedurallaw实体法／程序法48.formality手续49.leaseordeedofland土地租赁或转让契约50.administrativelaw行政法51.civil/criminalprocedure民事／刑事程序52.conflictsoflaw法律冲突53.client当事人54.emotionaldistress精神伤害55.breachofcontract违反合同约定56.filebankruptcy申请破产131.invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私132.subjectmatter/personaljurisdiction诉讼标的／属人管辖权133.serveasummon送达传票pliant/answer起诉书／答辩状135.defaultjudgment缺席审判136.demurrer抗辩137.affirmativedefense积极的抗辩138.statuteoflimitation诉讼时效139.motiondenied/granted被否决的动议／被允许的动议140.negligent/negligence过失（形容词）／过失（名词）141.inadmissibleevidence不予采信的证据142.objectionbydefendant’s被co告un律se师l的抗辩143.hearsay传闻证据144.presentevidence举证145.callwitness传唤证人146.counselforplaintiff原告律师147.burdenofproof举证责任148.chargetothejury/juryinstruction下指令给陪审团／陪审团发出的指令149.litigation诉讼150.deliberation（陪审团）审议151.general/specialverdict一般／特别的裁决152.reasonableperson有理性的人153.judgmentnonobstanteverdicto与陪审团相反的判决154.judgmentforplaintiff原告胜诉的判决155.resjudicata已决案件156.executionofthejurgement判决的执行157.sheriff治安官158.proceeds收益159.insolvency清偿160.pleading诉讼请求161.brief诉讼要点162.transcriptofthetestimony证词的记录163.court’sruli法ng院的裁决Unit8TextB57.Drive-through免下车的，可坐在汽车里购物的路边商店麦当劳得来速汽车餐厅pensatoryandpunitivedamages59.Causeofaction诉讼理由；诉因指原告起诉时的根据。
Quantum wellFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA quantum well is a potential well with only discrete energy values.One technology to create quantization is to confine particles, which were originally free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a planar region. The effectsof quantum confinement take place when the quantum well thickness becomes comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers (generally electrons and holes), leading to energy levels called "energy subbands", i.e., the carriers can only have discrete energy values.∙∙∙∙[edit]FabricationQuantum wells are formed in semiconductors by having a material, like galliumarsenide sandwiched between two layers of a material with a wider bandgap, like aluminiumarsenide. These structures can be grown by molecular beam epitaxy or chemical vapordeposition with control of the layer thickness down to monolayers.(Other example: layer of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) sandwiched between two layers of gallium nitride (GaN). )Thin metal films can also support quantum well states, in particular, metallic thin overlayers grown in metal and semiconductor surfaces. The electron (or hole) is confined by the vacuum-metalinterface in one side, and in general, by an absolute gap with semiconductor substrates, or by a projected band gap with metal substrates.[edit]ApplicationsBecause of their quasi-two dimensional nature, electrons in quantum wells have a density ofstates as a function of energy that has distinct steps, versus a smooth square root dependence that is found in bulk materials. Additionally, the effective mass of holes in the valence band is changed to more closely match that of electrons in the conduction band. These two factors, together with the reduced amount of active material in quantum wells, leads to better performance in optical devicessuch as laser diodes. As a result quantum wells are in wide use in diode lasers, including red lasers for DVDs and laser pointers, infra-red lasers in fiber optic transmitters, or in blue lasers. They are also used to make HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors), which are used in low-noise electronics. Quantum well infrared photodetectors are also based on quantum wells, and are used for infrared imaging.By doping either the well itself, or preferably, the barrier of a quantum well with donor impurities,a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) may be formed. Such as structure forms the conducting channel of a HEMT, and has interesting properties at low temperature. One such property isthe quantum Hall effect, seen at high magnetic fields. Acceptor dopants can lead to atwo-dimensional hole gas (2DHG).Quantum well can be fabricated as saturable absorber utilizing its saturable absorption property. Saturable absorber is widely used in passively mode locking lasers. Semiconductor saturable absorbers (SESAMs) were used for laser mode-locking as early as 1974 when p-type germanium is used to mode lock a CO2 laser which generated pulses ~500 ps. Modern SESAMs are III-V semiconductor single quantum well (SQW) or multiple quantum wells grown onsemiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). They were initially used in a Resonant Pulse Modelocking (RPM) scheme as starting mechanisms for Ti:sapphire lasers which employed KLM as a fast saturable absorber. RPM is another coupled-cavity mode-locking technique. Different from APM lasers which employ non-resonant Kerr-type phase nonlinearity for pulse shortening, RPM employs the amplitude nonlinearity provided by the resonant band filling effects of semiconductors. SESAMs were soon developed into intracavitysaturable absorber devices because of more inherent simplicity with this structure. Since then, the use of SESAMs has enabled the pulse durations, average powers, pulse energies and repetition rates of ultrafast solid-state lasers to be improved by several orders of magnitude. Average power of 60 W and repetition rate up to160 GHz were obtained. By using SESAM-assisted KLM, sub-6 fs pulses directly from a Ti:sapphire oscillator was achieved. A major advantage SESAMs have over other saturable absorber techniques is that absorber parameters can be easily controlled over a wide range of values. For example, saturation fluence can be controlled by varying the reflectivity of the top reflectorwhile modulation depth and recovery time can be tailored by changing the low temperature growing conditions for the absorber layers. This freedom of design has further extended the application of SESAMs into modelocking of fibre lasers where a relatively high modulation depth is needed to ensure self-starting and operation stability. Fibre lasers working at ~1 μm and 1.5 μm were successfully demonstrated.[1]。
词汇总结老师分享版总结Unit 1—5mon law普通法2.equity law衡平法3.precedent 先例4.stare decisis 遵循先例原则5.res judicata一案不再审6.jurisdiction 管辖权,管辖区,司法区7.trial court 初审法院8.Court of Appeals, appellate court 上诉法院9.appellant/appellee, petitioner/respondent 上诉人/被上诉人,申诉人/被申诉人10.Supreme Court最高法院, SPS, SPP, Procuratorate Chief Justice检察院首席大法官11.court of last resort, first instance终审法院,初审12.court of general jurisdiction 普通管辖权法院13.circuit court巡回法院14.per curiam法官共同决议意见15.concurring opinion附随意见/并存意见16.dissenting opinion反对意见17.prosecutor procuratorate 公诉人/检察官检察院18.affirm, reverse, remand维持,撤销,发回重审19.reversal, overruling撤销判决,推翻判决20.en banc全院审判,集体听讼21.holding, dicta 判决,附带意见22.day in court 出庭应诉23.forum审判地24.venue审判地25.certiorari调卷令26.legal remedy relief 法律救济27.equitable remedy 衡平法上的救济28.injunction 禁制令29.the legislative立法机构, legislation立法legislature立法机关30.the judicial judiciary 司法,司法系统31.the executive行政, execute处死,执行execution死刑/enforcement执行, executor 遗嘱执行人administer 执行32.statute成文法statutory right 法定权利33.attorney, barrister/advocate, solicitor, trial advocacy, counsel 律师34.damages 损害赔偿金punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿金35.bench trial 法官审判,王座法庭无陪审团的法官审jury trial 陪审团审判36.civil action 民事诉讼tortious act侵权行为tort action侵权诉讼37.substantive law 实体法procedural law 程序法38.diversity of citizenship 州籍不同39.impeachment 弹劾40.separation of powers分权41.checks & balances 制衡42.due process of law 法律正当程序43.bill of rights 权利法案44.judicial interpretation/construction 司法解释construe解释literal文字的/liberal慷慨的45.veto power, right to vote否决权46.litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼litigator诉讼人47.infamous crime不名誉罪fraud欺诈perjury 伪证罪treason叛国罪perjure作伪证defraud 诈骗defrauded欺骗48.civil law system大陆法系49.amendment 修正案50.judicial review 司法审查51.Congress/Parliament,senate 国会/议会,参议院52.bring/file/institute/initiate/commence an action, suit, lawsuit, litigation, proceedings诉讼53.binding precedent 有拘束力的先例54.persuasive precedent 有说服力的先例55.Miranda Warnings米兰达警告45. misdemeanor 轻罪felony 重罪56.probation 缓刑probate 见证人,见证程序57.parole假释rceny theft 盗窃罪59.deceased 死者,被继承人decedent 死者60.mens rea 犯意61.actus reus犯罪行为62.causation因果关系, intervening factor 介入因素63.felony-murder rule重罪谋杀规则64.punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿65.civil wrong 民事违法criminal offense 刑事犯罪66.homicide 杀人罪67.justifiable homicide可证明为正当的杀人罪, excusable可原谅的68.murder谋杀/谋杀罪69.voluntary manslaughter故意杀人罪70.involuntary manslaughter 过失杀人罪71.Redress赔偿compensation 赔偿reimburse 偿还,赔偿72.Warrant逮捕令73.self-defense正当防卫74.liability 责任liable有责的75.probable cause 正当理由,合理根据76.death penalty死刑77.imprisonment, confinement, incarceration, detention监禁78.forfeiture 没收79.aggravating circumstances加重情节80.mitigating/extenuating circumstances减轻情节81.enter a guilty plea plead guilty 做出有罪答辩82.plea bargaining辩诉交易83.interstate commerce州际贸易84.drug trafficking贩毒counterfeit goods假冒商品85.illegitimate child私生子,非婚生子86.conviction 有罪裁决acquittal 无罪裁决87.inquisitorial system纠问制/ adversary对抗制/adversarial对抗制88.summons传票, subpoena传票, process传票,诉讼过程中的各种命令, citation罚单89.service of process 送达程序pulsory process强制到庭程序91.voir dire陪审团资格审查92.peremptory challenge无因回避93.challenge for cause有因回避94.jury charge/instruction 指示陪审团95.rebuttal evidence 反驳证据96.pretrial motions审前动议move步骤post-trial审判后动议97.discovery, disclosure证据开示98.cross-examination交叉询问99.motion for directed verdict申请驳回起诉的动议100.mistrial 无效判决101.hung jury/ deadlocked jury陪审团僵局102.hearsay 传闻证据103.jury deliberation 陪审团审议104.in personam/personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权105.in rem jurisdiction对物管辖权106.subject matter jurisdiction事务管辖权107.fact-finder事情调查者,检察员, trier 审判者108.objection反对, exception 异议,例外109.plaintiff, 原告defendant被告110.prosecution 控诉defense 辩解111.affirmative defense积极性抗辩112.statute of limitations 诉讼时效113.entrapment 陷阱114.alibi 不在场证据115.intoxication喝醉116.insanity精神失常117.indictment大陪审团起诉书/information 公诉书plaint 刑事控告书、自诉书119.accusatorial system诉讼程序120.criminal charge 刑事指控121.prima facie case 初步证明的案件122.bail保释,保证金123.arraignment 传讯124.privilege against self-incrimination不得自证其罪的权利125.double jeopardy clause双重追诉条款126.confrontation clause 质证条款,对质条款127.presumption of innocence无罪推定128.grand jury 大陪审团程序129.beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑130.by the preponderance of the evidence/ preponderant evidence优势证据131.balance of the probabilities可能性权衡132.burden of proof 举证责任133.standard of proof 证明标准134.criminal justice system 刑事司法体系135.burglary 盗窃罪136.statutory crime 法定犯罪rceny盗窃罪stolen goods 赃物138.injunctive relief 禁令救济,申请制止侵权的权利139.standing to sue原告资格140.discovery 证据开示141.long-arm statute长臂管辖法142.forum shopping挑选有管辖权的法院143.cause of action原告的起诉理由144.direct examination 直接询问145.jury verdict 陪审团裁决146.admit 供认admissible可接纳的inadmissible不可接纳的admissibility 证据的可采性147.applicable law 可适用的法律148.default judgment缺席判决149.judgment debtor 判决确定的债务人creditor 债权人150.rebuttal evidence反驳证据Unit 6wsuit诉讼2.substantive law/ procedural law实体法／程序法3.formality手续4.lease or deed of land土地租赁或转让契约5.administrative law行政法6.civil/criminal procedure民事／刑事程序7.conflicts of law法律冲突8.client 当事人9.emotional distress精神伤害10.breach of contract 违反合同约定11.file bankruptcy 申请破产12.invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私13.subject matter/personal jurisdiction诉讼标的／属人管辖权14.serve a summon 送达传票pliant/ answer 起诉书／答辩状16.default judgment 缺席审判17.demurrer抗辩18.affirmative defense积极的抗辩19.statute of limitation诉讼时效20.motion denied/granted 被否决的动议／被允许的动议21.negligent/ negligence过失形容词／过失名词22.inadmissible evidence不予采信的证据23.objection by defendant’s counsel被告律师的抗辩24.hearsay 传闻证据25.present evidence举证26.call witness传唤证人27.counsel for plaintiff原告律师28.burden of proof举证责任29.charge to the jury/ jury instruction 下指令给陪审团／陪审团发出的指令30.litigation 诉讼31.deliberation 陪审团审议32.general/special verdict 一般／特别的裁决33.reasonable person 有理性的人34.judgment non obstante verdicto 与陪审团相反的判决35.judgment for plaintiff原告胜诉的判决36.res judicata 已决案件37.execution of the jurgement判决的执行38.sheriff治安官39.proceeds收益40.insolvency 清偿41.pleading 诉讼请求42.brief诉讼要点43.transcript of the testimony 证词的记录44.court’s ruling法院的裁决Unit 8 Text B1.Drive-through 免下车的,可坐在汽车里购物的路边商店麦当劳得来速汽车餐厅pensatory and punitive damages3.Cause of action 诉讼理由；诉因指原告起诉时的根据;具体指原告起诉寻求司法救济所依据的事实,如侵权行为和损害后果等;4.Out-of-state 外州的5.Recuperate vt. 康复6.Out-of-pocket 自掏腰包的7.summary dismissal 拒绝立案8.deter 威慑9.runaway 逃跑者,漏网之鱼10.undisclosed a. 不公开的11.Fahrenheit 华氏温度180 degrees Fahrenheit=82.2 摄氏度160 degrees Fahrenheit=71.1摄氏度12.Styrofoam 泡沫塑料13.Proceed to trial 提起诉讼14.Proceeding n. 程序诉讼程序15.Procedure n. 指进行民事或刑事诉讼应遵守的司法规则、模式、步骤16.Defective product 缺陷产品17.Withstand scrutiny 经得起推敲18.Scrutiny 详细审查；周密调查Intervening causes介入因素All-or-nothing-at-all 全有或全无BlastKeep wild animals: Every dog is allowed his first bite. 初犯者从宽;As long as no harm occursPrivity n. 契约关系contractual relationshipAbsolute liability 绝对责任Agreement 协议AssumptionBasic assumption基础认知Egg-shell skull 可预见的伤害转化成不可预见的严重伤害Unit 9 Text A1.promise/ promisor/ promise 承诺／承诺人／受承诺人2.promissory obligation 约定义务3.quasi contract 准契约4.unjust enrichment 不当得利5.assignee受让人6.the third party beneficiary第三方受益人7.offer/counter offer/ offeror/ offeree要约／反要约/发要约人／受要约人8.acceptance 承诺9.bargain 讨价还价10.bilateral contract/ unilateral contract双务合同／单务合同11.irrevocable offer不可撤销的要约12.contract of adhesion 格式合同13.consideration 对价14.gratuitous promise单方获益的承诺15.enforceable contract可强制执行的合同16.estoppel禁止反言17.immunity 豁免权18.frustration/impossibility/ discharge of contract中止／不能履行／终止的合同19.binding agreement 有约束力的协议20.freedom of contract 缔约自由21.Statute of Frauds防止诈欺条例当事人拒绝履行契约的借口22.Express/implied 明示/默示offer 要约23.Express: explicitly stated24.Quasi-contract 准契约系欠缺构成要件的行为;基于衡平原则,当一方自他方取得利益致后者受损失则法律给予双方的行为具有准契约的效果,使前者必须就所得利益的价值给付后者;25.Unjustly enriched 不当得利的26.Foreseeable person27.Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法28.Inadequacy of consideration 约因的不足29.Minors/infants 未成年人30.V oid/voidable contract 无效/可撤销合同31.Mutual assent共同同意32.Rescind the contract 撤销契约33.Affirm/disaffirm 确认/否认34.Enforceable/unenforceable contract 违反法定要件缺强制力的合同Unit 9 Text B1.Enforcement 施行2.Plain meaning 字面含义3.Discourage 阻止,劝阻4.Penalize v. 对予以惩罚5.Deceptive 欺骗的6.Unforeseen 不可预见的7.Preference n. 偏爱优待8.Accommodate 适应9.Modification 修订plexity 复杂11.Subjectivity 主观12.Performance/fulfillment 履行成功地执行合同义务,即完全履行,通常可因此解除履行人的义务;13.Honor agreed-upon promise 依约履行协议14.Projected-loss of profits 预计损失的利润15.Aggrieved party 受害人16.Specific performance 实际履行17.Mutual mistake 双方错误指各方当事人对主要事实、合同用语或文书内容等有相同的误解18.Erroneous assumption 错误的假设19.Material to the contract 对合同有实质影响20.Duress 胁迫21.Undue influence 不当影响22.Material provision 实质条款23.Misrepresentation 虚假陈述Unit 12corporation 法人公司在法律上被认为是单一法律实体的、由个人组成的团体或某一职位的持有人; 为了与自然人natural person区别,法人又称为拟制人artificial person,法律上的人juristic person或团体人corporate person;incorporate v. 成立公司,设立公司intermediary 中间人a lawyer for the situation 情势律师capital structure of corporation 公司资本结构equity financing 股权融资debt financing 债券融资corporate financing 公司融资articles of incorporation 公司章程powers of corporation 公司权力ultra vires doctrine 越权原则serve v. 送达service of process 送达程序customize 定制,改制MBCA 美国标准公司法bylaws 内部章程细则voting by proxy 代理投票internal affairs doctrine 内部事务原则公司内部事务;公司内部事务是指公司内部,公司本身与其董事、股东、中小股东、高级管理人员相互之间的权利、义务关系;内部事务的范围相当广②,大体可分为不影响第三人权利的内部事务和影响第三人权利的内部事务;前者例如股东的累积投票权；后者如股东对公司债务的个人责任,是否揭开公司面纱,追究股东责任对公司债权人利益影响重大;公司内部事务适用其属人法,美国绝大多数州以公司注册成立地为其属人法,以注册成立地公司法调整内部事务关系;特拉华州现象;许多公司竞相选择特拉华州作为公司成立地,在内部事务上适用该州公司法,这被公司法及国际私法学者称为特拉华州现象;公司章程是规范公司与股东、董事之间,股东与股东,股东与董事之间关系的法律文件,公司章程是他们权利和义务的源泉之一;tangible evidence 实物证据real evidence: real thing 实物证据demonstrative evidence确证: tangible material used for explanatory or illustrative purposes onlyreversible error 可更改的错误。
H I GH LI GH TS• Designed for education• Robust and sturdy, with secured eyepieces • Dual or triple magnifications• Available in ergonomic rack & pinion and pillar stands • Double 1 W LED illumination• With rechargeable batteries for cordless use • Digital models with 3.2 MP camera available • Ergonomic carrying grip • 5 years warrantyTEC HNI C A L S P E C IF IC AT I ON S EYEP I E C E (S )• Pair of secured WF10x/20 mm eyepieces supplied with eyecupsHE A D• Binocular head with 45° inclined tube. • Diopter adjustment of ± 5 on one side• Interpupillary distance adjustable between 55 and 75 mm • D igital head is supplied with a 3.2 MP USB-2 1/2” CMOS camera • Maximum 2048 x 1536 pixels resolutionDUA L MAG NI F I C AT I ON O B J E C T IV E S• Revolving nosepiece with dual 1x/3x and 1x/2x , which can provide standard magnifications of 10x and 30x or 20x and 40x • Working distance 60 mm• Field of views of 20/6.7 mm or 10/5 mm• M agnifications can be altered using optional eyepieces• All optics are anti-fungus treated and anti-reflection coated for maximum light throughputTRI P LE MAG NI F I C AT I ON OB J E C T IV E S• Revolving nosepiece with triple 1x/2x/3x and 1x/2x/4x,which can provide standard magnifications of 10x, 20x and 30x or 10x, 20x and 40x • Working distance 60 mm• F ield of views of 20/10/6.7 mm or 20/10/5mm • Magnifications can be altered using optional eyepiecesSTAN D• The rack & pinion and pillar stands of the EduBlue are equipped with ergonomically designed flat bases, complete with 2 object clamps and Ø 60 mm transparent and black/white stage plate. • The coarse adjustment is equipped with tension control. • The stands are alloy metal casted with hardened off-white coatingI LLU MI N AT I O N• The transmitted and incident 1 W LED illuminations can be used simultaneously and the light intensities can be adjusted separately, 60 mm working distance • Supplied with an external 100-240 V mains adapter/charger and 3 rechargeable batteries for corded and cordless usePAC K AG I N G• Supplied with 100-240 V mains adapter/charger, dust cover, eyecups and user manual • Delivered with an external power supply • All packed in a polystyrene boxEduBlueED.1402-S1x 2x 4xTriple magnificationDigital head1x/3x objectives 2x/4x objectives 1x/2x/3x objectives 1x/2x/4x objectivesPillar standRack & pinionstandED.1302-P ••ED.1302-S ••ED.1305-S •••ED.1402-P ••ED.1402-S ••ED.1405-S •••ED.1502-S ••ED.1505-S •••ED.1802-S ••ED.1805-S•••M O D E L SDI GI TAL MO DE LS C AME R A• Digital models are equipped with a 3.2 MP USB 2 1/2 inch sensor CMOS USB-2 camera• Maximum resolution is 2048 x 1536 pixels, 24 bits color depth, up to 10 frames per second. Smaller resolutions are selectable • Delivered with the ImageFocus 4 software, for capturing of images and videos, USB-2 cable and a micrometer 1mm/100 slide • Warranty for the camera is 2 yearsSOF T WA RE• Delivered with ImageFocus 4 for capturing of images and videos• This software also allows a full range of analysis like measurements on still and live images and annotations on captured images • Save images in .jpg, .tif or .bmp formats, save videos in .avi format• Images can be annotated and measurements can be performed on live or captured images • Compatible with Windows XP , Vista, 7, 8 and 10, all 32 and 64 bits configurations • For Mac OS more basic software is available• Updates can be downloaded on our website ED.1505-SED.1302-PACC E S S O RI E S A ND S PA RE PA R TSED.6005 Pair of HWF 5x/22 mm eyepieces ED.6010 Pairof HWF 10x/20 mm eyepieces ED.6015 Pair of HWF 15x/12 mm eyepieces ED.6020 Pair of HWF 20x/10 mm eyepiecesED.6110 HWF 10x/20 mm eyepiece with 10 mm/100 micrometer ED.6099 Pair of eyecupsED.9570 Pair of object clamps for stageED.9950 Stage plate frosted glass, opaque, Ø 60 mm ED.9956 Stage plate black/white, Ø 60 mm ED.9975 External 100-240 V mains adapter/ charger ED.4300 Aluminium transport case for EduBlue microscopesSL.5504 LED replacement unit for EduBlue, incident illumination SL.5505 LED replacement unit for EduBlue, transmitted illuminationAE.1112 Micrometer 76 x 26 mm slide, 50 mm/50 divisions PB.5245 Lens cleaning paper, 100 sheets per pack PB.5274 Isopropyl alcohol 99% (200 ml)PB.5275 Cleaning kit: lens cleaning fluid, lint free lens tissue, brush, air blower, cotton swabsD I ME N S I O N S258260463822017513548EuromexMicroscopenbv•Papenkamp20•6836BDArnhem•TheNetherlands•T+31(0)263232211•F+31(0)263232833•****************•。
传感技术学报CHINESE JOURNAL OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS Vol.34No.3 Mar.2021第34卷第3期2021年3月Piecewise Planar3D Reconstruction for Indoor Scenes from a Single Image Based on Atrous Convolution and Multi-Scale Features Fusion*SUN Keqiang,MIAO Jun*9JIANG Ruixiang,HUANG Shizhong,ZHANG Guimei (Computer Vision Institute of Nanchang Hongkong University,Nanchang Jiangxi33Q063f China)Abstract:It is hard for pixel-level and regional-level3D reconstruction algorithms to recover details of indoor scenes due to luminous changes and lack of texture.A piecewise planar3D reconstruction method is proposed based on the convolution residual connection of the holes and the multi-scale feature fusion network.This model uses the shallow high-resolution detail features generated by the ResNet-101network with the added hole convolution to reduce the loss impact of spatial information as network structure deepens on the detail reconstruction,so that this model can learn more abundant features and by coupling positioning accuracy optimized by the fiilly connected conditional random field(CRF)with the recognition ability of deep convolutional neural network,which keeps better boundary smoothness and details・Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust to the plane prediction of indoor scenes with complex backgrounds,the plane segmentation results are accurate,and the depth prediction accuracy can reach92.27%on average.Key words:3D reconstruction of indoor scene；deep convolutional neural network;conditional random field;atrous convolution；multi-scale feature fusionEEACC:6135；6135E doi:10.3969/j.issn.l004-1699.2021.03.012基于空洞卷积与多尺度特征融合的室内场景单图像分段平面三维重建*孙克强，缪君*,江瑞祥，黄仕中，张桂梅(南昌航空大学计算机视觉研究所，江西南昌330063)摘要:受光照变化和纹理缺乏等因素的影响，基于单幅室内场景图像的像素级和区域级三维重建算法很难恢复场景结构细节。
The Industry Standard in 3D Ion and Electron Optics Simulations Scientific Instrument Services, Inc.1027 Old York Rd, Ringoes, NJ 08551Phone: (908) 788-5550Scientific Instument Services, Inc™ SIMION ™Version 8.1SIMION 8.1S IMION 8.1 is a software package used primarily to calculate electric fields, when given a configuration of electrodes withvoltages, and calculate trajectories of charged particles in those fields, when given particle initial conditions, including optional RF, magnetic field, and collisional effects are supported. In this, SIMION provides extensive supporting functionality in defin-ing your system geometry and conditions, recording and visualizing results, and extending the simulation capabilities with user pro-gramming. It is an affordable but versatile platform, widely used for over 35 years to simulate lens, mass spec, and other types of particle optics systems.Typical usage of SIMION is illustrated below for a simple three-element Einzel lens. The geometry consisting of three ring elec-trodes with given voltages is defined (top), and the fields and particle trajectories are calculated and displayed.Electrostatic field solving:SIMION solves fields in 2D and 3D arrays of up to nearbillions of points, with optimizations for systems with symmetry and mirroring, accord-ing to the finite difference method with much optimized linear-time solving. Smallarrays solve in under a minute; very large arrays may take roughly an hour depending onconditions. A “workbench” strategy allows you to position, size, and orient instances(3D images) of different grid densities and symmetries to permit the simulation of muchlarger systems that don't easily fit into a single array. Some magnetic field solving capa-bilities are also available (see following page).Particle trajectory solving: Particle trajectories are calculated given the previouslycalculated or defined fields. The method is Runge-Kutta with relativistic corrections andvariable-length dynamically adjusting and controllable time steps. Particle mass, charge,and other parameters can be defined individually or according to some pattern or distrib-ution. User programming can modify the system during particle flight to inject noveleffects (such ion-gas scattering). Particle tracing is fast _millions of particles can behandled—and they display in real-time. Basic charge repulsion effects, including a pois-son solver can help estimate the onset of space-charge.Viewing of the system is highly interactive, allowing adjustment of parametersand viewing of the system even during particle flight (trajectory calculation). SIMIONsupports cutting away volumes to see trajectories inside, zooming, viewing potentialenergy surfaces, contour lines, and trajectories, and reflying particles as dots for movieeffects.S IMION is suitable for a wide variety of systems: from ion flight through simple electrostatic and magnetic lenses to particle guns to highly complex instruments, including time-of-flight, hemispherical analyzers, ion traps, quadrupoles, ICR cells, and other MS, ion source and detector optics.Time-dependent or RF (low frequency) voltages:Electrode voltages may be controlled in a general way during particle flight via simple user programs _ e.g. to step or oscillate electrode voltages in some manner. Quadrupole mass filter, multipole, and ion trap simulations (above) in the megahertz range are regularly performed. SIMION applies the quasistatic approximation with superposition, which gives fast calculations (assuming the absence of induced magnetic field or radiation effects as would occur in “high frequency” systems having the wavelength below the length of your system).Magnetic fields: SIMION will import magnetic fields, define them analytically or solve them in restricted cases (e.g. Biot-Savart wire currents - left), optionally superimposed on an electrostatic field (e.g.penning trap or ICR cell - right) for the pur-pose of particle flying.ApplicationsRF Quad Mass Filter RF Ion Trap RF Ion Trap (Potential Energy Display)Ion Confinement in Air SolenoidICR CellIon-neutral collisions: SIMION can handle the effects of particles colliding against a background gas, such as for the buffer gas of the ion trap (top), the back-ground gas in an RF ion-funnel (right), or in ion mobility. Multiple collision models are included: Stokes' law, hard-sphere, and a mobility model optimized for high pres-sure “atmospheric” conditions. The parti-cles will diffuse and randomly scatter away from their normal trajectories.RF Ion Funnel Atmospheric Pressure ExampleDefine Your SimulationComplex CAD Modelimported from STL file(left) to a SIMION arrayGeometry (GEM) defi-nition file exampleGeometry definition: A system geometry can be defined by whichever method is most convenient for you: an interactive 3D paint-like program(called “Modify”), CAD import from STL format (supported by most CAD packages), a solid geometry defined mathe-matically via a text file(“GEM files”), and programmatic manipulation of arrays from such languages as Lua, Perl, Python, and C++.Particle initial conditions can be defined in various ways. The“FLY2” format in SIMION allows quick definition of many types ofparticles random distributions and sequences. Particles may also beexhaustively enumerated (optionally imported from a text file).Analysis and Programming SIMION has a number of capabilities for collecting data.•Package contents: a 450-page printed manual, installation CD with software license key number (for receiving softwareupdates), and quick start notes. The installation CD installs the software, examples, and additional documentation.•Documentation:SIMION comes with a 450-page printed manual. Additional documentation and course notes are available electronically, in the examples, or on the web site. See the web site for the user group, software updates, latest SIMION tips, articles, and links to some of the hundreds of scholarly papers that use SIMION.•Updates:Free updates to 8.1.x versions of 8.1 are provided as free downloads from .•Support:Free basic support via email, phone, and forum •Supported systems: Formally tested on Windows 10/8.1/8/Vista/XP, as well as Wine/Linux (and Crossover/Mac). Latest system compatibility information is on .In the example above, trajectories are calcu-lated while phase space data is interactively plotted in Excel via the Lua COM interfaceSIMION can optimize voltages and geometry with simplex optimizer and batch mode capabilities. At left is a SIMION generated surface plot of beam size as a func-tion of two lens voltages. At right is one of the many user programming examples (scattering at surface).Programming in Lua Surface Plot in ExcelScattering Effects at Surface User programming allows the simulation to be extended in many novel ways. During ion flight, you may control electrode voltages (example at right), define or modify fields, scatter or deflect ions (e.g.ion-gas collision models), tune (optimize) lens voltages, compute results, export data to programs like Excel via COM or command-line interfaces, and do many other things. The Lua scripting language is directly embedded in SIMION, and Lua may also call C/C++ or COM routines. Programming may also be used to operate SIMION in batch mode , such as for geometry optimization or to read/manipu-late potential array files.Contents Data recording:The simulation parameters you are interested in (e.g. ion position, velocity, KE, and voltage) can be recorded at various stages in particle flight (e.g. when hitting an electrode and crossing a plane). Data can be recording to the screen or to delim-ited text file for subsequent analysis of fields and trajectories (right). Analysis can be done via SIMION user programming, in a program or language of your choice like Excel, and MATLAB ®.Features in SIMION 8.1 (and 8.2EA/beta)Poisson solver (Refine), fully Dielectric materials (Refine)Supplemental Documentation Integration with Lua/C, Excel, gnuplot, Origin,Large 64-bit array sizes up to 20billion points / 190 GB Improved curved surface handling (“surface enhancement”) gives order of magnitude field accuracy improvement Multicore Refines (8.1)Oblong, non-square grid cells.More AccurateMore Versatile CompatibilityNested refining techniquesSome permeability and mag-High quality 3D (OpenGL)graphics on View screen More examples and documentation New GUI dialog library New programming API’s:。
Quasi-3D Light Confinement in DoublePhotonic Crystal Reflectors VCSELs forCMOS-Compatible IntegrationCorrado Sciancalepore,Badhise Ben Bakir,Xavier Letartre,Jean-Marc Fedeli,Nicolas Olivier,Damien Bordel, Christian Seassal,Pedro Rojo-Romeo,Member,IEEE,Philippe Regreny,and Pierre ViktorovitchAbstract—A novel architecture of one-dimensional photonic crystal membrane(PCM)reflectors embodying a heterostructure is proposed as a robust design aimed at a3-D efficient confine-ment of light in single-mode polarization-controlled 1.55-m vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser(VCSEL)microsources for heterogeneous integration on complementary metal-oxide-semi-conductor(CMOS).On the basis of a theoretical approach,the paper focuses on the deep interweaving between the kinetics of light transport in the mirrors and the physical nature of the ex-ploited Fano resonances.An example of VCSEL design for optical pumping employing heterostructure-confined photonic crystal mirrors is presented.The predicted photons kinetics along with the considerable improvement in cavity modal features owing to the enhanced mirror architecture have been confirmed by per-forming rigorous three-dimensionalfinite-difference time-domain (3-D FDTD)calculations.Finally,experimental observations of photoluminescence(PL)emission performed onfirst-ever fabri-cated devices for optical pumping show striking agreement with theoretical considerations and ab initio modelling.Index Terms—Photonic crystals,photons,semiconductor lasers, slow Bloch mode,vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VC-SELs).I.I NTRODUCTIONA CHIEVING a full control of photons in thereal—reciprocal space as well as in the frequency—time domain is decisive for the design of innovative optical components aimed at further breakthroughs in thefield of micro-nano-photonics.An efficient harnessing of light is made possible by confining photons within the tiniest spatial domain (in comparison to the wavelength)for the longest time possible (as compared to the oscillation period),while allowing to be efficiently collected(from)or addressed(to)the photonic structures where are meant to be confined.Manuscript received December22,2010;revised April19,2011,May05, 2011;accepted May10,2011.Date of publication May23,2011;date of current version June15,2011.This work was supported by the European Commission in the framework of the project HELIOS.C.Sciancalepore is with the Institut des Nanotechnologies,Ecole Centrale de Lyon,F-69134Ecully,France(e-mail:corrado.sciancalepore@ec-lyon.fr) and with the Commissariatàl’énergie Atomique et auxÉnergies Alternatives, Département Optronique,(CEA-LETI Minatec),F-38054Grenoble,France (e-mail:corrado.sciancalepore@cea.fr).X.Letartre,C.Seassal,P.Rojo-Romeo,P.Regreny,and P.Viktorovitch are with the Institut des Nanotechnologies,Ecole Centrale de Lyon,F-69134Ecully, France.B.Ben Bakir,J.-M.Fedeli,N.Olivier,and D.Bordel are with the Commis-sariatàl’énergie Atomique et auxÉnergies Alternatives,Département Optron-ique,(CEA-LETI Minatec),F-38054Grenoble,France.Digital Object Identifier10.1109/JLT.2011.2157303An effective control of light is highly desirable in the case of laser microcavities and devices for non-linear applications where the need for a stronger light-matter coupling is even more binding.This concept is particularly true in vertical-cavity sur-face-emitting lasers(VCSELs),where the coupling of the op-tical mode with the active material is crucial for low-threshold emitters and modal control constitutes an additional require-ment to be addressed especially for telecommunication-oriented applications.As widely proposed in the literature,while ver-tical confinement is achieved through diffractive phenomena provided by distributed Bragg reflectors(DBRs),the lateral op-tical waveguiding(or antiguiding)and modal behaviour in VC-SELs generally relies on a complex interplay of index-[1]and gain-guiding mechanisms[2].Specifically,in arsenide lasers,the enhancement of the pho-tons-matter coupling along with modal selection was accom-plished by introducing an optimized transverse optical and elec-trical confinement via oxide windows[3]–[7].However,the main drawback of such solutions lies with the ineludible de-sign trade-offs between single-mode operation,low threshold and optical output power[6].Using shallow surface reliefs[5] has only partly addressed the issue given the still considerable drop in emitted power;on the other hand,VCSELs’designs based on external cavity configurations and index antiguiding [7]for the suppression of higher order modes are characterized by rather complicated and possibly unstable processing.Con-cerning InP-based VCSELs,while efficient carrier funnelling has been obtained by means of structured[8]–[10]or proton-im-planted[11]tunnel junctions,this device class is still waiting for an efficient optical confinement owing to the lack of index guiding[11].Solutions based on the incorporation of2-D pho-tonic crystals(PhCs)in proton-implanted devices[11]are af-fected by significant drawbacks due to light leaking through the photonic crystal holes disrupting laser operation,even calling into question the actual feasibility of the fabrication process. In electro-thermally tunable micro-electro-mechanical sys-tems(MEMS)-VCSELs,curved micro-machined DBR mem-branes have been successfully employed in order to improve the transverse confinement of the fundamental mode while main-taining a good modal selection[8].Nonetheless,these mirrors are affected by several important disadvantages such as the lack of lateral(typical diameters100m)and longitudinal(cavity physical length15m)compactness,tight epitaxial and fab-rication constraints.Regarding polarization control,different strategies have been so far adopted in VCSELs:elasto-[12]and electro-optic[13], [14]induced birefringence,asymmetric cavity geometries[15]0733-8724/$26.00©2011IEEEFig.1.Left:Exemplifying sketch of2.5-D PCM-VCSEL structures for op-tical pumping.Materials,refractive indices,and physical lengths are reported in Table I.Right:Top view of Si/SiO one-dimensional photonic crystal mir-rors.and current injection[16],elliptical surface reliefs[17]as well as sub-wavelength gratings[18],[19].Nevertheless,although the latter solution provides a good polarization mode suppres-sion ratio(PMSR),a precise control over the grating etch depth and duty cycle is necessary to ensure a stable polarization. Since Yablonovitch’s paper in the late‘80s[20],photonic crystals were increasingly employed to control the spatial-tem-poral trajectory of photons through the diffractive confinement arising from the high-index-contrast periodical structuring of the optical medium.In photonic crystal membranes(PCMs) [21]–[24],the control of light by diffractive phenomena is com-bined with the refractive confinement arising from the index guiding provided by the strong contrast between the high-index slab core and the low-index cladding.In the past years,dif-ferent groups[24]–[30]suggested to shift from thicker,effi-ciency-limited,narrow-bandwidth DBRs to PCMs as wideband polarization-sensitive reflectors in VCSELs.Recently,high-nu-merical-aperture PCM mirrors enabling a double focusing for both reflected and transmitted waves have been proposed as building block for a new class of VCSELs and solid-state lasers [31].Although PhCs operating in the photonic bandgap regime have been already successfully employed in VCSELs[32],[33], however,PCMs working in the slow-light regime through the excitation of surface-addressable slow Bloch modes via low-Q Fano resonances(FRs)represent a very attractive solution as efficient compact mirrors.Fano resonances arise from the res-onant coupling between slow Bloch modes wave-guided in the PCM reflector with the background radiation continuum.Spec-tral properties of the resonances and coupling strength depend on the parameters defining the membrane design such as dielec-tric constant corrugation,slab thickness andfilling factor. Another interpretation of the physics governing light in PCMs lies in the destructive(or constructive)interference between the modes propagating through the membrane[along -axis,see Fig.1(right)],which is set by the design,deter-mining the strong reflective(transmissive)behavior of the membrane[34].This innovative photonic architecture can accommodate in-plane wave-guided modes which are deliberately opened to the third spatial dimension by accurately tailoring the cou-pling with the radiation continuum.Hence,the optical modes supported by a VCSEL cavity employing double photonic crystal reflectors are combination of a wave-guided(within the mirrors)and a radiated component(coupled to the active material in between the mirrors)giving origin to so-called hybrid modes.TABLE IM ATERIALS,R EFRACTIVE I NDICES,AND P HYSICAL L ENGTHS IN PCM-VCSELS Essentially,from2-D micro-nano-photonics,where only in-plane truly wave-guided modes are concerned,we are moving into the realm of2.5-D-photonics where a quasi-3D accurate light harnessing at the wavelength scale is made possible.As already demonstrated[26],one-dimensional broadband PCMs in VCSELs led to significant improvements in terms of optical mode lateral confinement,modal selection and polarization control.By exploiting two spectrally over-lapped low-Q Fano resonances,resulting in large stopbands up to150nm,such reflectors opened new perspectives also for the design of electro-statically tunable single-mode polariza-tion-controlled laser microsources,thus gradually substituting DBRs as alternative competing mirrors.Starting from a deeper theoretical understanding of photons kinetics in1-D PCMs,with the present paper we propose a novel PCM design embodying a photonic crystal heterostruc-ture aimed at a dramatic increase in the lateral confinement in long-wavelength VCSELs meant for the III-V/Si integration on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS).This is achieved by reducing the lateral escape rate of photons out of the mirrors by means of energy barriers.A photonic crystal heterostructure[35]–[40]consists in one photonic crystal(i.e.,the PCM reflectors of our VCSEL)en-closed laterally between two adjacent different crystals.The two crystals are chosen in such a way that photons can propagate in the central layer—the pass-band well—while encountering a forbidden bandgap region in the side layers which forms the so-called barriers.These can be obtained either by changing the refractive index profile or thefilling factor of the two con-stituting crystals or even also by approaching two PhC layers of different lattice period.Although the concept of photonic crystal heterostructures has already been employed in several applications,however,the inclusion of heterostructures in both photonic crystal reflectors of PCM-VCSELs represents to our knowledge an original and innovative solution for a quasi-3D light confinement in such devices.Here follows the manuscript organization.In Section2,a brief description of the structure design and the photon kinetics describing the vertical confinement in PCM-VCSELs is pro-vided,while in thefirst part of Section3the crucial concept of light transport kinetics within1-D PCMs is addressed by pre-senting the two-dimensional dispersion surfaces of slow Bloch modes excited in the mirror.In the second subsection the the-oretical description is validated by3-D FDTD simulations and the integration of photonic crystal heterostructures in PCMs is introduced and discussed.In the third and last part of Section3 the experimental evidence of previous theoretical arguments isSCIANCALEPORE et al.:QUASI-3D LIGHT CONFINEMENT2017Fig.2.(a)RCWA-computed TE-and TM-reflectivity spectra(inset)of1-D PCMs.(b)Dispersion characteristics in the neighbourhood of the-point of slow Bloch modes excited via the low-Q Fano resonances(labelled as“FR”) shown in the TE-reflectivity spectrum.presented;finally,Section4is dedicated to conclusions and per-spectives.II.PCM-VCSEL S TRUCTURE AND V ERTICAL C ONFINEMENT A schematic cross section of the optically pumped structures under study along with its top view is given in Fig.1.Briefly, an embedded InAsP-InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well active re-gion grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE),such to pro-vide gain around1.55m,is placed between a top and bottom Si/SiO1-D PCMs broadband reflectors(50%Sifilling factor, lattice period m)spaced by means of two sym-metric SiO gaps.It is worth to point out that the use of ad-vanced III-V—semiconductors/SiO wafer bonding technology [41],[42]as well as deep-UV(DUV)lithography is required for mirrors fabrication.The light kinetics that governs the vertical confinement in PCM-VCSELs can be described in rather good approximation by simply evaluating the quality factor of the exploited Fano resonance.According to the relation(strictly rig-orous only in the case of laterally infinite photonic crystal mem-branes),where and are,respectively,the frequency and the lifetime of photons in the membrane,a broad resonance cor-responds to a strong coupling rate of photons to the ra-diation continuum,which represents a condition to obtain wideband mirrors.A rigorous coupled-wave analysis(RCWA)computation of PCM reflectivity spectra for transverse electric(TE,electric field parallel to silicon slits)and transverse magnetic polar-ization(TM,electricfield perpendicular to slits)is shown in Fig.2(a),while the dispersion characteristics of slow Bloch modes corresponding to both Fano resonances are reported in Fig.2(b).The calculation of dispersion curves was carried out by tracking the resonant wavelength of the corresponding Fano resonance.This method,which may appear a qualitative approximation due to the small quality factors involved,proves instead to be enough reliable in determining the frequencies of slow Bloch modes located at band-edges,resulting in a very good agreement with3-D FDTD simulations of the PCM-VCSEL cavity shown later on in this work.Designed in order to operate at a band-edge obviously situ-ated above the light cone,the PCM shows a wide TE stopband (140nm)provided by two spectrally overlapped broad reso-nances situated at1.37m and1.55m respectively.It should be remarked that both slow Bloch modes can couple at the -point,given their symmetric distributions over the photonic crystal unit cell[43].Although a high power reflectivity is ensured over the whole PhC stopband,however we decided to operate near the redder Fano in order to maximize the cavity vertical confinement in the wavelength region of interest.The guidelines for a proper choice of the Fano resonance lie in its dispersion characteristic and we will comment further on it below.As said before,the optical mode supported by the cavity can be seen as a hybrid mode made up of two components:a wave-guided component in the mirrors as well as a radiated(com-monly called Fabry-Perot)component in between the mirrors. In detail,one can express the average relative time spent by pho-tons in the cavity during the overall lifetime of the hybrid reso-nance as follows[24]:(1)where,being the cavity optical thickness and c the speed of light.In contrast with low-index contrast DBRs, the fast coupling rate to radiation continuum provided by broad Fano resonances promotes a higher electromagnetic density within the laser active region,thus favouring the design of low-threshold devices.III.A DDRESSING THE L ATERAL C ONFINEMENT INPCM-VCSEL SA.Light Transport Kinetics in1-D Photonic Crystal Mirrors Given thefinite width of the photonic crystal membrane re-flector,the reflectivity yield is limited by the lateral escape rate which is in turn related to the average group velocity ex-by photons when propagating in PCMs.Therefore, concerning the issue of lateral confinement,a second necessary condition to realize efficient mirrors is set by minimization of ,where and indicate,respectively,the lat-eral of the mirror and the Fano resonance dispersion char-acteristic curvature around the-point[23].In other words,the resonant coupling efficiency can be ex-pressed as:the reduction in lateral losses is thus accomplished by putting photons through a slow-light regime via the excitation of surface-addressable slow Bloch modes located at veryflat band-edges(low)of dispersion curves.The dispersion characteristic of the hybrid mode is entirely defined by its wave-guided and radiated components in the re-ciprocal space.The isotropic dispersion characteristic of the FP component of the hybrid mode in the vicinity of the-point can be described by the following simple analytical expression(2) where indicates the transverse wavevector component,being the frequency at the-point and the quadratic approx-imation of the dispersion characteristic curvature evaluated at the band-edge.In a simplified but still reliable one-dimensional approach(strictly rigorous in case of laterally infinite struc-tures),the hybrid mode band curvature is a linear combi-nation of the wave-guided and FP components2018JOURNAL OF LIGHTWA VE TECHNOLOGY,VOL.29,NO.13,JULY1,2011corresponding band curvatures weighted by the relative average lifetimes and[28](3) Owing to the isotropic dispersion characteristic of the Fabry–Perot component of the hybrid mode,it follows that the optical cavity modal features are mainly determined by the wave-guided component.Consequently,a deep study of photons behavior when exciting slow Bloch modes in PCMs is essential to the understanding of the physics describing the device.Given the one-dimensional nature of the membrane refractive index structuring,photons propagating in PCMs experience different dispersion curves depending on the wave vector,thus originating strongly anisotropic two-dimensional dispersion surfaces.Relying on purely one-dimensional dispersion characteristics as commonly done would end up with the unrealistic modelling of light transport in the mirrors.We need to shift to dispersion surfaces where the energies of corresponding photonic states are now depending on a generic in-plane wave vector of compo-nents.In this way,grasping theflow of light within photonic crystal membrane reflectors provides us with a powerful tool to design highly compact and innovative single-mode PCM-VCSELs. Such complex picture has been studied by RCWA calcula-tions in the neighbourhood of the-point,which,in our case, corresponds to the domain of the reciprocal space experienced by the wave-guided component of the fundamental mode.As il-lustrated in Fig.3the-space dispersion surfaces show,beyond the well-expected anisotropy,very different behaviors.The slow Bloch mode at1.55m is described by a saddle surface, while the mode at higher energy is characterized by a strongly anisotropic paraboloid.Although both resonances provide high vertical confinement[see Fig.2(a)],the latter is affected by stronger lateral losses due to a higher average group velocity notably along the direction perpendicular to the mirror slits and should therefore be considered less appropriate for an efficient confinement of optical modes.On the other hand,it can be noted that both dispersion surfaces are sharing aflat but slightly negative curvature mainly parallelly to the slits.The existence of directions within PCMs along which photons propagate with a negative group velocity allows confining the light towards the mirror center,resulting crucial for the improvement of light control in the device as further shown later on.According to(3),we may suppose to exploit slow Bloch modes characterized by a negative curvature of the dispersion characteristic at the band-edge in order to com-pensate for the positive band curvature of the Fabry–Perot mode(2),resulting in a minimization of the global hybrid mode curvature over a wide reciprocal space domain around the-point.The enhanced light slow-down would turn out in high-Q cavity modes.Nevertheless,the strong anisotropy of 2-D dispersion surfaces prevents to accomplish an overall com-pensation between and for every in-plane direction. In other words,(3)should be re-written as a function of the in-plane wave vector and not just of.As a re-sult,innovative confinement strategies arenecessary.To this purpose,2-D dispersion surfaces represent a highly predictive and reliable tool for the design of2.5-D laser cavities.Fig.3.Two-dimensional reciprocal-space dispersion surfaces of slow Bloch modes at1.37m(a)and1.55m(b)respectively.In fact,although the hybrid mode spans in a three-dimensional world,however,its wave-guided(and most meaningful)com-ponent can be considered as purely two-dimensional.Hence,the picture describing the light behavior in the mirrors is thus given by dispersion surfaces which depend exclusively on in-plane wave vectors.On the basis of the morphology of dispersion surfaces[see Fig.3(b)]as well as referring to the considerations contained in the previous paragraph,we can infer that photons travel-ling within PCMs will experience a lateral confinement or,vice versa,a higher lateral escape rate,depending on the wave vector. Specifically,photons propagating in the mirrors along directions characterized by a negative group velocity are to a certain ex-tent confined within the mirror.Simply,starting from the definition of group velocity for the th dispersion band(4) we can determine confinement and deconfinement domains in the reciprocal space by computing the gradient of the Fano res-onance dispersion surface at1.55m(mode“B”)as illustrated in Fig.4.By deriving the group velocity as a two-dimensional vectorialfield we obtain a clearer overview about the magnitude and preferential directions along which lateral losses rise sig-nificantly.We expect the out-coupling of light to be maximized along those directions(i.e.,wave vectors)indicated by the gra-dient.Thus,mirrors reveal to be particularly leaky across the slits,while showing a natural confinement along the slits.Con-cerning single-mode operation,gradient paths in Fig.4clearly explain the achievement of transverse modal selection in the de-vice:those modes characterized by larger transverse wavevector components are leaking out of the PCM faster,resulting in an in-trinsic modal discrimination determined by the curvature of dis-persion surfaces.The increased lateral losses suffered by higherSCIANCALEPORE et al.:QUASI-3D LIGHT CONFINEMENT2019Fig.4.(a)–(d)Group velocity corresponding to the slow Bloch mode at1.55 m[see.Fig.3(b)]calculated on different-space domains.order modes boost the threshold discrimination for the benefit of the fundamental mode.B.Heterostructure-Confined1-D PCMs for Ultimate Transverse Light ControlGiven the high vertical confinement obtained when operating nearby the Fano resonance wavelength,the minimization of photons lateral escape rate within the PCMs is necessary for low-loss PCM-VCSELs.The introduction of a photonic crystal heterostructure suits quite well with the control of anisotropic losses arising from the peculiar light transport dynamics taking place in1-D PCMs.In our devices,barriers are obtained by introducing a local vari-ation of thefilling factor(silicon content)and oriented per-pendicularly to those directions affected by a higher average group velocity,aiming at preventing photons to leak out and al-lowing a more efficient optical transverse confinement[35][see Fig.5(a)].Similarly to the formalism used in[38]we can express the local modification of thefilling factor in the heterostructures Fig.5.(a)Sketch-up of a heterostructure-confined1-D photonic crystal mirror. Barriers are introduced in a typical1-D PCM to enhance lateral confinement (and represent,respectively,the siliconfilling factor in the well and barriers).(b)Schematic illustration of the heterostructure band-gap;the tun-nelling and diffraction losses coupling rates are indicated.(c) dispersion characteristics in the well and barriers .indicates the confinement frequency along direction of transport.as a spatially slowly varying perturbation modulating the average refractive index of the crystal(5) where2L and are,respectively,the width of the well and the index contrast between the core and the cladding of the het-erostructure.In a naïve but realistic approach,the heterostructure can be seen as a resonator where barriers serve as mirrors,while the well constitutes the centre cavity.The resulting confinement wavelength range arises from the bandgap introduced with the heterostructure and can be treated as an energy barrier[in Fig.5(c)].The lateral reflectivity provided by the heterostruc-ture bandgap increases the lifetime of the wave-guided mode in the PCM,promoting the confinement of the global hybrid mode.In particular,in narrow barriers with a tiny heterostruc-ture bandgap the electricfield decays exponentially but still al-lowing photons to pass through as in quantum-mechanical tun-nelling.On the contrary,in the case of wider and energetic bar-riers,the decay will be complete so that all the energy will be reflected within the well.This mechanism is responsible for the enhancement of the photonic crystal mirror reflectivity yield. In dielectric waveguides optical confinement is obtained when the dielectric contrast between core and cladding is posi-tive.In photonic crystal heterostructures,the diffractive-based confinement of waveguided modes depends on the sign of the th band curvature in the well at the band-edge[38](i.e., the photon effective mass2020JOURNAL OF LIGHTWA VE TECHNOLOGY,VOL.29,NO.13,JULY1,2011evaluated along the direction of perpendicular transport.The positive band curvature along implies that optical confine-ment can be obtained if the average refractive index in the well is greater than in barriers,which implies the use of a higher siliconfilling in the On the contrary,usingin presence of a positively-(negatively-) curved dispersion band in the well would introduce antiguiding at the expense of modal confinement in the VCSEL. Regarding modal selection between two competing trans-verse modes,the single-mode behavior of a laser microcavity is usually assessed through the modal stability parameter(6) where the subscripts and label,respectively,vertical and hor-izontal mode orders and represents the threshold gain the corresponding mode needs for lasing.Alternatively,modal se-lection can be appreciated to a larger extent by estimating the proportion between the quality factor of competing modes,since it provides the ratio between the energy stored in the cavity and the dissipated power for each cavity mode.In order to lay out an accurate comparison between heterostructure-confined devices and ordinary PCM-VCSELs in terms of their modal properties, rigorous3-D FDTD simulations(without considering the gain medium)were performed.In Table II resonant wavelengths and corresponding quality factors of the fundamental andfirst order transverse modes are reported for a standard15-m-wide PCM-VCSEL with and without the use of lateral barriers. Results confirm the expected increase in lateral confinement of cavity modes provided by heterostructure-confined photonic crystal mirrors respect to standard1-D PCMs.This can be fully appreciated by comparing the cavity modes nearfields reported in Fig.6(a)–(d).First of all,lateral losses are strongly anisotropic and this perfectly matches with the description provided by dispersion surfaces:photons loss rate across the mirror slits is sensibly higher respect to the parallel direction [see Fig.6(a),(b)].Moreover,the same behavior is reproduced in the MQW active region,implying that the modal properties of the hybrid mode are shaped by its wave-guided component in the mirror.In second place,the heterostructure-confined mirrors[see Fig.6(c),(d)]suppress lateral loss almost com-pletely,resulting in a considerable quality factor enhancement originated by the maximization of the PCMs reflectivity yield. The observed red-shift of cavity modes in structures including photonic heterostructures is simply due to the variation of the transverse boundary.Referring to Table II,we observe that the rise in the funda-mental mode quality factor does not come at the expense of the modal selection,but,on the contrary,strengthens the modal dis-crimination of the cavity.The reason for that can be found out by introducing in our descriptive model two additional parame-ters[see Fig.5(b)]:1)the photons tunnelling rate through the barriers,which expresses the efficacy of the heterostructure in con-fining the light laterally;2)a secondterm related to diffraction loss affecting cavity modes,which is induced by the perturbation modu-lating the refractive index profile.Fig.6.nearfields within the top PCM(a)and the MQW active region(b)in standard PCM-VCSELs compared to a heterostructure-confined device(c),(d).Mirror dimensions are defined by the superimposed white square(co-ordinates are reported inm),while slits orientation is illustrated schematically in the left part of theTABLE IIM ODAL B EHAVIOR C OMPARISON Consequently,we can define the quality factors of transversemodes as follows:(7) where refers to out-coupling vertical losses which mainly depend on modal wavelengths.The increase in lateral reflectivity yield provided by het-erostructure is strictly linked to the width of the bandgap originated by the perturbation.In particular,the exponential decay of the electricfield characterized by penetration depth within barriers is related to the size of the heterostructure band-gap.Residual lateral losses are thus mainly con-trolled by the barriers physical extension as well as the width of the confinement frequency range.Modal selection is related to diffraction losses stem-ming from the different spatial overlap of transverse modes with barriers.In detail,the coupling to radiation continuum via diffractive scattering due to barriers is proportional to the overlap between the optical mode and the perturbation to the dielectric constant introduced in the photonic crystal mem-brane.The mode overlap with barriers affects also the photons tunnelling rate.In fact,a major extension of the cavity mode profile within barriers gives rise to a drop in reflectivity yield due to a diminished efficacy in the confinement.It follows that barriers position governs the selective lateral confinement。
