China-U.S. Potential Non-food Ethanol Exportation

第45卷第7期包装工程2024年4月PACKAGING ENGINEERING·119·食品接触用多层复合包装中迁移物质的非靶向筛查和风险评价金莉莉1，邹凯1，黄颖琦1，钱江山2，眭洁2，商贵芹2，罗世鹏3，刘桂华2*（1.常州工业及消费品检验有限公司，江苏常州213000；2.南京海关危险货物与包装检测中心，江苏常州213000；3.江苏理工学院化学化工学院，江苏常州213000）摘要：目的以食品接触用纸/铝/塑复合包装为研究对象，结合应用非靶向高通量筛查技术和安全风险评价方法，全面研究这类多层复合包装在接触食品过程中的迁移风险。

方法采用顶空气相色谱-串联质谱、气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱和液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱全面筛查食品接触用纸/铝/塑复合包装在不同迁移条件下的挥发性、半挥发性和非挥发性迁移物质，基于商业数据库、实验室自建库及行业信息解析物质化学结构及可能来源，利用内标半定量迁移水平，结合国内外食品接触材料法规和安全风险评估方法进行符合性评价及风险评价。

结果20批纸/铝/塑复合食品包装在体积分数为4%的乙酸模拟物中未发现迁移风险，在体积分数为95%的乙醇模拟物中共计检出35种物质，可能源于溶剂、抗氧剂、爽滑剂、低聚物、抗氧剂氧化/降解产物等物质。

其中，33种物质经法规评估及毒理学评估，显示风险较低；其余2类聚烯烃低聚物因结构难以确定、缺乏毒理学研究建议持续关注毒理学研究进展及国内外法律法规动态。

结论通过结合应用非靶向高通量筛查技术和安全风险评估方法研究表明，在通常的使用条件下，纸/铝/塑多层复合包装用于盛装果汁等水性食品时不存在安全风险，但接触高乙醇含量或油脂类食品时建议关注聚烯烃类低聚物的迁移安全性。

关键词：食品接触材料；纸/铝/塑；多层复合包装；迁移；非靶向筛查；安全风险评价中图分类号：TS206.4；TB33 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2024)07-0119-11DOI：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2024.07.016Non-targeted Screening and Risk Assessment of Migratory Substancesin Multilayer Composite Packaging for Food ContactJIN Lili1, ZOU Kai1, HUANG Yingqi1, QIAN Jiangshan2, XU Jie2,SHANG Guiqin2, LUO Shipeng3, LIU Guihua2*(1. Changzhou Industrial and Consumable Products Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Changzhou 213000, China;2. Nanjing Customs District Testing Center for Dangerous Goods and Packaging, Jiangsu Changzhou 213000, China;3. Jiangsu University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Changzhou 213000, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to comprehensively study the migration risk of the multi-layer composite packaging for food contact with food contact paper/aluminum/plastic composite packaging as the research object in combination with the non-targeted high-throughput screening technology and the safety risk assessment method. With headspace gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, gas quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid收稿日期：2023-11-29基金项目：南京海关科研项目（2023KJ34）；江理工产学研项目（KYH23113）·120·包装工程2024年4月quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile migration substances of paper/aluminum/plastic composite packaging for food contact were comprehensively screened under different migration conditions. Then, based on commercial databases, laboratory self-built databases and industry information, the chemical structure and possible sources of substances were analyzed. According to the semi-quantitative results of internal standards, the compliance evaluation and risk characterization of the migratory substances were carried out with domestic and foreign regulations on food contact materials and safety risk assessment methods. The results showed that in20 batches of paper/aluminum/plastic composite packaging for food contact, no migration risk was detected in the 4%acetic acid simulants. A total of 35 substances were detected in the 95% ethanol simulants, which may come from solvents, antioxidants, smoothing agents, oligomers and antioxidant oxidation/degradation products. Among them, 33 substances showed low risks, but the other two monomer oligomers were recommended to continue to pay attention to the progress of toxicological research and the dynamic change of domestic and foreign laws due to their unknown structures and incomplete toxicological research. Therefore, with the combination of non-targeted high-throughput screening technology and safety risk assessment methods, there is no safety risk found in using paper/aluminum/plastic multi-layer composite packaging for containing water-based foods such as fruit juice under normal usage conditions. However, it is still necessary to pay attention to the migration safety of polyolefin oligomers when the packaging was exposed to the foods with high ethanol or fat content.KEY WORDS: food contact materials; paper/aluminum/plastic; multilayer composite packaging; migration; non-targeted screening; safety risk assessment纸/铝/塑复合包装是由纸、铝箔和塑料组成的多层复合包装。

第44卷第19期包装工程2023年10月PACKAGING ENGINEERING·23·食品级再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯中非有意添加物的风险曾严1，张弟俊1，刘桂华2，王志伟3，胡长鹰1*（1.暨南大学理工学院，广州510632；2.常州工业及消费品检验有限公司，江苏常州213000；3.暨南大学包装工程学院，广东珠海5190702）摘要：目的综述食品接触用再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate，rPET）的法规及rPET中典型的非有意添加物（Non-Intentionally Added Substances，NIAS），为我国食品接触用rPET法规和标准的建立提供参考。

方法对国内外食品接触用rPET法规的发展历程进行梳理；对rPET 中挥发性有机物、非挥发性有机物、重金属等NIAS的来源、残留及迁移情况进行分析和总结。

结果众多国家已经建立了食品接触用rPET法规和监管体系；rPET中的NIAS来源广泛、毒性各异，典型的NIAS迁移量、残留量均较小。

结论rPET已具备成为食品接触材料的可能，食品接触用rPET制品是全球的发展趋势，国家应早日明确rPET的法律地位和制定相关rPET安全标准。

关键词：再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯；法规；非有意添加物；迁移；安全评估中图分类号：TS206.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2023)19-0023-10DOI：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2023.19.004Risk of Non-intentionally Added Substances in Food Grade RecycledPolyethylene TerephthalateZENG Yan1, ZHANG Di-jun1, LIU Gui-hua2, WANG Zhi-wei3, HU Chang-ying1*(1. College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;2. Changzhou Industrial and Consumable Products Inspection Company Limited, Jiangsu Changzhou 213000, China;3. College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Guangdong Zhuhai 519070, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to review the regulations on food grade recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and the typical non-intentionally added substances in rPET, in order to provide reference for the establishment of regulations and standards for food grade rPET in China. The development process of regulations on food grade rPET in China and abroad was sorted out. The sources, residues and migration of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) such as volatile organic compounds, non-volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in rPET were analyzed and summarized. It was found that many countries had established regulations and regulatory systems for food grade rPET. NIAS in rPET had a wide range of sources and different toxicities, while the typical NIAS migration and residue were small. In summary, rPET has great potential to be used as the direct food contact materials, and there is a global trend for the use of rPET as food contact materials. China should clarify the legal status of rPET and formulate relevant rPET safety standards as soon as possible.KEY WORDS: recycled polyethylene terephthalate; regulations; non-intentionally added substances; migration; safety assessment收稿日期：2023-04-14·24·包装工程2023年10月聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（Polyethylene Tereph-thalate，PET），由于其良好的气体阻隔性能、力学性能、加工性能等物化性能，以及低扩散率、低吸收率、低添加剂等优良特点，被认为是一种具有多种应用的优良材料[1-3]。

药学英语- 1 -Table of ContentsLesson 1 Pharmacy in China …………………………………………………Lesson 2 Vitamins ………………………………………………………………Lesson 3 Foods That Fight Cancer …………………………………………Lesson 4 Good Drugs Dangerous DosesA growing threat to public and personal health …………………………Lesson 5 Green Pharmacy Herbal Medicine …………………………………Lesson 6 Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine …………………………….. Lesson 7 Natural Products ……………………………………………………- 2 -LESSON ONETEXTPharmacy in ChinaThe educational system was perhaps the first shock I encountered in China. The schools of pharmacy in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are operated by two different governmental agencies. The State Pharmaceutical Administration, an agency of the central government, operates two pharmaceutical universities that have 4000 and 4500 students respectively. These two schools, in Shenyang in Northeast China and in Nanjing in East China, exist to prepare industrial pharmacists for positions within the pharmaceutical industry.In addition, another approximately 50 colleges of pharmacy throughout the various provinces of the PRC are operated by the Ministry of Public Health. There, colleges of pharmacy are almost equally divided between western medicine oriented schools1and those which teach future pharmacists the art and skills of Chinese herbal medicine. Most of the western medicine oriented schools are departments within large medical faculties where the traditional Chinese Medicine schools are sometimes found at medical faculties.SIMILAR TO THE U.S.The next surprise was that the curricula at the colleges of pharmacy in China were not so different from those encountered by pharmacy students in the U. S. In fact, the American student would probably be pleased to learn that the state board examination2prevalent here does not exist in China; rather, graduation and successful completion of studies enable one to become a fully qualified and registered pharmacy practitioner. Furthermore, recent graduates have more options in seeking employment than those who were usually assigned to an employment site based on existing needs of state-run pharmaceutical enterprises. The guided search for employment upon graduation is one of the major changes in China’s higher education, embraced by most college graduates.Virtually all of the graduates of the two pharmaceutical universities operated by the State Pharmaceutical Administration are employed within the- 3 -pharmaceutical industry.Graduates of the other schools of pharmacy generally find employment in hospitals and clinics.You are probably asking: “What about community pharmacy3?”Well, the answer is that people usually receive medical care in clinics at their place of employment, within various neighborhood health centers, or as outpatients at large hospitals. All of these sites employ pharmacists who dispense drugs. Therefore, it is not often that a patient needs to go to a community pharmacy shop to obtain medications.EAST AND WESTMost of the community pharmacies have two departments or two areas, and this is also the case in hospitals and clinics. On one side of the pharmacy we find something which very much resembles any pharmacy that we would see in the U. S. or in Western Europe; but on the other side of the room, or in the next room, is a strange sight - drawers and drawers of herbs and items such as dried portions of small animals, antlers, roots, and pieces of various other dried objects. These are compounded by specialists in traditional Chinese medicine; powders are made, for swallowing by patients.It is easy for us to laugh at this latter type of therapy, but it retains its faithful followers and is considered to be equal in importance to the western drugs and western medicine practiced in China.If one chooses to purchase a drug and does not feel the need to visit the physician at a clinic, one can go to the several community pharmacies which are located on the main shopping streets in downtown areas and ask for drugs. Virtually all drugs except narcotics and other scheduled substances4are legally available without a prescription. The patient may walk into the pharmacy and ask for ampicillin by name and be sold a small bottle containing 12, 16 or 24 capsules.Or he may ask the pharmacist to recommend an antibiotic for a child with an infection, sore throat, etc.While this is rather unusual in our American orientation, it was not a complete surprise to me, as I have seen Rx drugs5 being sold over-the-counter in many parts of the world. I admit, though, that I was curious about the potential for- 4 -abuse. I was assured by numerous individuals that the Chinese population had better things to spend their money on than taking needless drugs, and that there was a minimal if not almost non-existent chemical dependency problem6.SCOPE OF SPASomething ought to be said about the State Pharmaceutical Administration (SPA) which was mentioned earlier. It is a combination of the Food and Drug Administration, the entire pharmaceutical industry, research laboratories, pilot factories7 and educational institutions-all rolled into one.The Beijing-based SPA is a huge unit within the central government. SPA operates thousands of pharmaceutical factories and dictates production schedules8. It arranges contracts for raw materials and intermediate products9and also negotiates for the sale of finished dosage forms to the pharmacies and for export.Other divisions maintain quality control and quality assurance while yet other divisions oversee SPA’s two massive pharmaceutical universities as well as their on campus pilot plants used for training and for the production of drugs for clinical trials.The SPA also has a technology branch which conducts research into improving production techniques and evaluating new technology.During the three-week visit, I gave about a dozen lectures. At many of them, questions about American pharmacy practice were asked. Perhaps the most difficult concept for my Chinese colleagues to grasp was that of Americans deciding individually to move to another part of the country - to quit their jobs, return to school, accept employment elsewhere, or whatever the reason might be. When I mentioned anything of this nature, I was deluged with questions which basically asked what would hap pen if one’s supervisor refused to grant permission to leave one’s job. This says something about the employment situation in the PRC. My audiences were stunned when I indicated that one need only give some notice if there is not a formal contract, as a courtesy, and to select freely another place of employment.SPARTAN, BUT SIMILARDespite the rather spartan conditions found at most pharmacy operations in hospitals and clinics, the work was similar to what we do in that nearly all of the- 5 -products were prefabricated at the factory, including most of the traditional remedies. The pharmacists generally dispensed already manufactured capsules, tablets or powders. Powders were seen more frequently than they are here, but the bulk of the medication was, as it is here, in tablet dosage forms.Most of my Chinese colleagues were professionally well informed, reasonably happy with their jobs, and optimistic about the future.Nearly all of the persons I encountered were enthusiastic and positive about their profession and its future.There is a Chinese Pharmaceutical Association which has its headquarters in Beijing and branches in most other cities and provinces. These groups get together, discuss professional matters, and often publish journals and newsletters.The Association receives a subsidy or support from the national government.Interest was shown in social pharmacy, clinical pharmacy and pharmacy management, as these subjects are not presently taught at the colleges of pharmacy within the PRC. It was my impression, however, that pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry and pharmacology are similar to what is taught and known in this country.MONTHLY W AGE: $ 70In the 1980s, pharmacist earns about $ 70 per month, an amount that enables one to live reasonably comfortably. Rents are minimal; only a few dollars per month pays for a typical small apartment. Nearly all of the urban population resides in that type of housing.Transportation on buses costs only about a dime a ride, but most people appear to use bicycles as their principal means of conveyance. A sight I found interesting was a parking lot with bicycles arranged in neat rows for as far as the eye could see-similar to the huge automobile parking lots in the U. S. It costs about two pennies to park a bicycle for a day. Most of the other needs are relatively inexpensive, although the cost of food is increasing.The Chinese pharmacists I met appeared well dressed and there is an ever increasing variety of clothing styles, colors and designs. Health care is considered good and the status of the pharmacist is at least equal to that accords to pharmacists in this country.The possibility exists for greater interprofessional relationships. Reason: so - 6 -much of pharmacy is practiced in institutional settings where other health care practitioners function in close coordination with the pharmacist.A large number of the people I met in pharmacy circles had been to the U. S. at one time or another for postgraduate studies, short training classes or professional visits.I was convinced that the warm reception I received was due in part to the fond memories that many of these people had about their kind reception by American families and pharmacists while they visited the U. S.The trip was indeed fascinating and an eye opener.I recommend that my colleagues take such a voyage after they have passed a test in the use of chopsticks, as knives and forks are unavailable at many places.In reflecting about the visit after coming home, I once again came to the conclusion that we are very fortunate with the resources, appliances and status that we have as a profession in the U.S.WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSpharmacy [ ♐❍☜♦♓] n.药学；药店pharmaceutical[ ♐❍☜♦◆♦♓☜●] adj.制药(学)上的药学的；药用的pharmacist [ ♐❍☜♦✋♦♦] n.药剂师，药商；a ~’s药房oriented[ ❒♓♏⏹♦♓♎☜☺] adj. 导向的；以…目的的；重视…的herbal[ ♒☜♌☜●] adj.草的；草药的curriculum[ ☜❒♓◆●☜❍] n.学校的全部课程，（一门）课程prevalent [ ☐❒♏❖☜●☜⏹♦] adj.普遍的；流行的option [ ☐☞☜⏹] n.选择权enterprise [ ♏⏹♦☜☐❒♋♓]n.企业；公司embrace [♓❍♌❒♏♓♦] vi. 拥抱n.拥抱拥抱，接受outpatient [♋◆♦☐♏♓☞☜⏹♦] n. 门诊病人an ~ clinic 门诊所dispense [♎♓♦☐♏⏹♦] vt.分发, 分配；(尤指按处方)配（药）、发（药）medication[ ❍♏♎♓♏♓☞☜⏹] n.药物；药物治疗antler [ ✌⏹♦●☜] n.鹿角, 茸角鹿角therapy [ ♏❒☜☐♓] n.治疗，- 7 -疗法retain [❒♓♦♏♓⏹] vt.保持, 保留narcotic [⏹♦♓] n. 麻醉剂；催眠药prescription[☐❒♓♦❒♓☐☞☜⏹] n.药方，处方ampicillin [ ✌❍☐♓♦♓●♓⏹] n. 氨苄青霉素orientation[ ☎✆❒♓♏⏹♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n.定向位，方向位，熟悉，适应minimal [ ❍♓⏹♓❍☜●] adj.最低限度的，最小的dictate [♎♓♦♏♓♦] v.命令，支配intermediate[ ♓⏹♦☜❍♓♎☜♦] adj.中间的negotiate [⏹♓♈☜◆☞♓♏♓♦] v. 谈判；解决dosage [ ♎☜◆♦♓♎✞] n.剂量,用量assurance [☜☞◆☜❒☜⏹♦] n.保证；自信oversee [ ☜◆❖☜♦♓] v. 监督/视；检查massive [ ❍✌♦♓❖] adj.规模巨大的；大剂量的on-campus [ ✌❍☐☜♦] adj.校园内的clinical [ ●♓⏹♓☜●] adj.临床的deluge [ ♎♏●◆♎✞] v.淹没；泛滥supervisor[ ♦◆☐☜❖♋♓☜] n. 主管人stun [♦♦✈⏹] vt. 使大吃一惊；不知所措courtesy[ ☜♦♓♦♓ ] n.礼貌；好意Spartan [ ♦☐♦☜⏹] adj.简朴的prefabricate[ ☐❒♓♐✌♌❒♓♏♓♦] v.预制；预先构想remedy [ ❒♏❍♓♎♓] n.治疗(法),药物capsule [ ✌☐♦◆●] n.胶囊tablet [ ♦✌♌●♓♦] n.药片powder [ ☐♋◆♎☜] n.药粉，粉剂bulk [♌✈●] n.大批（量）；大部分newsletter[ ⏹✞●♏♦☜☎❒✆] n.业务通讯subsidy [ ♦✈♌♦♓♎♓] n. 津贴pharmaceutics[ ♐❍☜♦◆♦♓♦] n.制药学，药剂学biopharmaceutics[ ♌♋♓☜◆♐❍☜♦✞8♦♓♦] [复] n.生物制药学，生物药剂学pharmacology[ ♐❍☜●☜♎✞♓]n.药理学，药物学reside [❒♓♋♓♎] vi.居住dime [♎♋♓❍] n.一角；很少的钱conveyance [ ☜⏹❖♏♓☜⏹♦] n.交通工具accord [☜♎] vt.给予，使一致interprofessional[ ♓⏹♦♏☐❒☜ ♐♏☞☜⏹●] adj.专业之间的；职业之间的institutional[ ♓⏹♦♦♓♦◆☞☜⏹☜●] adj.公共机构的setting [ ♦♏♦♓☠] n. 环境coordination[ ☜◆♎♓⏹♏♓☞☜⏹] n.协作；配合postgraduate[ ☐☜◆♦♦♈❒✌♎◆♓♦☐☜◆♦♦♈❒✌♎✞◆♓♦] adj.研究生的fascinating [ ♐✌♦♓⏹♏♓♦♓☠] adj.迷人的；吸引人的chopsticks [ ♦☞☐♦♦♓♦] n.筷子NOTES1.western medicine oriented schools: schools with western medicine as themain course2.the state board examination: the examination organized by the state board ofpharmacy in each statemunity pharmacy: public drug store on the street4.scheduled substances: Drugs with severe side effects have been classified bythe U.S. Government as the scheduled drugs, hence controlled by law.5.Rx drugs: drugs which must be prescribed by the doctor6....that the Chinese population had better things to spend their money onthan taking needless drugs, and that there was a minimal if not almost non-existent chemical dependency problems: ... that the Chinese people would spend their money on other things rather than on unnecessary drugs, and that the number of the persons addicted to drugs was quite limited, if there did exist such things7.pilot factories: factories in which drugs are produced for clinical trials8.production schedules: contents of drugs to be produced99.intermediate products: half-finished drugsEXERCISESI. Questions:1.Why was the author puzzled about the educational system in China?2.What’s the same characteristic of about 50 colleges of pharmacy throughoutChina?3.What kind of job will students get when they graduate from thepharmaceutical universities? And what about the graduates of other colleges of pharmacy?4.What’s the function of the SPA?5.What questions were often asked at the lectures given by the author?6.Why did the author think that the Chinese pharmacists were well-informed?7.According to the author, the Chinese colleagues were friendly to him. Why?8.The author was much impressed by what he had seen in China. Find the proofin the text.9.What’s the author’s attitude towards traditional Chinese medicine?10.Can you tell, according to the text, something about pharmacy in the USA?II. Translation1.人首次与医生打交道也许是在他出生时。

DOI:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022080701杨金蕾, 王宏宇, 周磊, 等. 市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险[J ]. 环境化学, 2024, 43（3）: 846-855.YANG Jinlei, WANG Hongyu, ZHOU Lei, et al. Human health risk of arsenic in commercial sushi [J ]. Environmental Chemistry, 2024, 43（3）: 846-855.市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险 *杨金蕾　王宏宇　周 磊　张耀升　历红波 **（南京大学环境学院，南京，210023）摘　要　砷是一种在自然界中广泛存在的有毒有害污染物，摄入受污染的食物是人体砷暴露的重要途径. 食品添加剂联合专家委员会（Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ，JECFA ）第72次会议指出，海苔、米饭和米制品是总砷含量较高的食物. 寿司是一种日本传统美食，近年来颇受中国大众喜爱，其主要食材即是海苔和米饭，可能存在一定的砷污染和人体健康危害问题. 本研究从我国南京市20家店面采集了共20份寿司样品，测定样品中总砷含量，并对部分样品进行砷形态分析，进而评估市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险. 对寿司进行食物成分分类，发现海苔、米饭和其他馅料的鲜重在整个寿司中的重量占比平均值分别为3.31%±0.88%、69.48%±9.57%、27.20%±10.10%；海苔、米饭和整个寿司样品（n = 20）中总砷的含量分别为3.14—27.18、0.10—0.85、0.34—1.57 mg·kg −1，平均值分别为（9.67±6.65）、（0.31±0.22）、（0.63±0.27）mg·kg −1. 对4份寿司及对应成分海苔和米饭进行砷形态分析，发现海苔中砷主要为低毒的砷甜菜碱（arsenobetaine ，AsB ）、二甲基砷酸盐（dimethylated arsenic ，DMA ）、砷糖（arsenosugar ），占比分别为8.02%±6.57%、37.40%±12.70%和54.59%±17.31%，未检测出高毒性的无机砷；米饭中除了含有低毒性的DMA （22.44%±5.79%）外，含有高毒性的亚砷酸盐（arsenite ，As(Ⅲ)，49.15%±9.52%）、二甲基一巯基砷（dimethylated monothioarsenate ，DMMTA ，12.48%±2.36%）和砷酸盐（arsenate ，As(Ⅴ)，11.59%±9.65%）；整个寿司样品包含了海苔和米饭的特征砷形态，包括AsB （10.32%±7.91%）、DMA （34.40%±22.04%）、砷糖（32.87%±22.87%）、As(Ⅲ)（15.94%±9.19%）、As(Ⅴ)（2.44%±4.87%）等. 基于寿司中砷含量和形态，成人每天通过食用寿司导致的无机砷摄入量平均为( 0.21±0.09) μg·kg −1·d −1 bw ，远低于世界卫生组织规定的BMDL0.5的基准剂量3 μg·kg −1·d −1 bw ，表明食用寿司的癌症风险较低. 本研究对南京市场销售的寿司样品进行砷含量、砷形态测定以及开展健康风险评价，对理解食用寿司导致的砷暴露和健康风险具有重要意义.关键词　寿司，海苔，米饭，砷化物，健康风险.Human health risk of arsenic in commercial sushiYANG Jinlei WANG Hongyu ZHOU Lei ZHANG Yaosheng LI Hongbo **（School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China ）Abstract Arsenic (As) is a toxic element that exists widely in the environment, with foodconsumption being an important route of human As exposure. According to the Joint FAO/WHOExpert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) No. 72, nori, rice, and rice products tend to containhigh As concentrations. Sushi is a traditional Japanese food, which has gained popularity in the2022 年 8 月 7 日 收稿（Received ：August 7，2022）．* 国家自然科学基金(42022058, 41877356)和江苏省农业自主创新项目(CX(21)3095）资助.Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （42022058, 41877356）and Jiangsu Agricultural Independent Innovation Program （CX(21)3095）.* * 通信联系人 Corresponding author ，E-mail ：****************.cn3 期杨金蕾等：市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险847Chinese population in recent years. With nori and rice being the main ingredients, sushi may containa considerable amount of As and pose health risk to human health. In this study, a total of 20 sushisamples were collected from 20 stores in Nanjing, China. Total As concentration and species in samples (n = 20 and 4) were measured to assess the health risk associated with sushi consumption.Dividing sushi into different ingredients, we observed that nori, rice, and other fillings contributed to3.31%±0.88%, 69.48%±9.57%, and 27.20%±10.10% of fresh weight of sushi, respectively. Arsenicconcentrations in the nori, rice, and the whole sushi samples were 3.14—27.18, 0.10—0.85,0.34—1.57 mg·kg−1, with average of (9.67±6.65), (0.31±0.22), (0.63±0.27) mg·kg−1, respectively.Speciation analysis showed that As in the nori mainly occurred as low toxicity arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylated arsenic (DMA), and arsenosugar, which contributed to 8.02%±6.57%, 37.40%±12.70%, and 54.59%±17.31% of total As, with inorganic As being not detected. In addition to DMA(22.44%±5.79%), the rice contained high toxicity arsenite (As(Ⅲ), 49.15%±9.52%), dimethylatedmonothioarsenate (DMMTA, 12.48%±2.36%), and arsenate (As(Ⅴ), 11.59%±9.65%). Consisting of nori and rice, sushi contained all As species observed in nori and rice, including AsB(10.32%±7.91%), DMA (34.40%±22.04%), arsenosugar (32.87%±22.87%), As(Ⅲ) (15.94% ±9.19%), and As(Ⅴ) (2.44%±4.87%). Based on As concentration and species, health risk associatedwith sushi consumption was assessed. The estimated daily intake of inorganic As for adults was averagely (0.21±0.09) µg·kg−1·d−1 bw, which was far lower than the BMDL0.5 baseline dose of3 µg·kg−1·d−1 bw proposed by the World Health Organization, indicating that eating sushi had a lowcancer risk. In this study, As concentration, As species, and health risk of sushi samples collected from Nanjing market were studied, advancing our understanding of As exposure and health risk associated with sushi consumption.Keywords　sushi，nori，rice，arsenic，health risk assessment.砷（arsenic）是一种广泛存在于自然界中的有毒有害元素[1]. 人体砷暴露主要来源于受污染的食物和水的摄入. 长期的砷暴露会带来癌症、皮肤病、血管疾病、糖尿病等健康风险[2 − 4]. 砷的毒性具有形态依赖性，其形态主要包括无机态的砷酸盐（arsenate, As(Ⅴ)）、亚砷酸盐（arsenite, As(Ⅲ)），以及有机态的一甲基砷酸盐（monomethylated arsenic, MMA）、二甲基砷酸盐（dimethylated arsenic, DMA）、砷甜菜碱（arsenobetaine, AsB）、砷胆碱（arsenocholine, AsC）、砷糖和砷脂等[5]. 世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的致癌物清单中，砷和无机砷化合物为一类致癌物， MMA和DMA为潜在的致癌物质；无机砷可以抑制酶的活性，因此比有机砷具有更大的毒性[6]；As(Ⅲ)的易迁移性、活性和毒性都远远高于As(Ⅴ)，而AsB、AsC、砷糖等有机砷几乎没有毒性[7]. 因此，需结合砷形态来科学地评估食品中砷的健康风险.寿司（sushi）是一种起源于日本，以海苔卷和米饭为主要原料，结合生鱼片、肉松、芥末、甜虾等配料而制成的吃食[8]. 食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）第72次会议相关数据显示，海藻、鱼类、贝类、香菇和食用真菌、稻米和米制品及一些肉制品中总砷含量较高[9]，是人类膳食砷摄入的主要来源.海苔作为寿司的主要原料之一，是传统的海产加工品，由新鲜条斑紫菜（Pyropia yezoensis）经清洗、切割、干燥和调味而成. 海藻中砷的含量和形态因种类不同而存在差异，如褐藻（Hijiki）是一种广泛用于亚洲烹饪的可食用海藻，总砷含量高且大多数是无机形式[10]. 此外，水稻由于容易吸收和积累砷，对人类健康构成重大威胁[11]. 鉴于寿司主要食材即是海苔和米饭，可能存在一定的砷污染和人体健康危害问题，然而目前对寿司中砷人体暴露风险的研究仍缺乏.本实验在南京市场随机选购20份寿司产品，分别测定海苔、米饭以及整个寿司卷中总砷的含量，并采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定代表性样品中砷的形态，旨在揭示食用寿司的人体健康危害.848环 境 化 学43 卷1 材料与方法（Materials and methods）1.1 寿司样品采集于2021年8月份在南京市场购买不同品牌、不同实体店的新鲜寿司样品共20份. 所购买的寿司样品主要来自南京市栖霞区、玄武区、秦淮区，分属于15家不同品牌的寿司店，在一定程度上能代表南京市场所售卖寿司的整体状况. 所购买的寿司包含的主要食材有：海苔、米饭、肉松、黄瓜、胡萝卜、大根条、香酥丝等. 考虑到寿司在制作过程中会在米饭中添加少许寿司醋等以调味，本研究中将添加调味剂的寿司米整体作为米饭样品. 根据实验需要，采购时部分样品单独从店家购买了原材料海苔和所用米饭.1.2 样品制备和前处理本实验从市场购买的寿司为新鲜即食食品，在4 h内将所采集的样品带回实验室，编号装入自封袋，从每份寿司中随机选取3小段，分别剥离海苔、寿司米、寿司馅，确保各成分剥离完全，米饭中不沾有海苔和馅料. 各个成分利用万分之一天平称量鲜重后，立即放入–20 ℃冰箱冷冻24 h，再放入真空冷冻干燥机中干燥72 h，利用食物磨碎机磨成粉末.1.3 砷含量分析利用USEPA 3050B方法消解样品[12]，具体流程为：取寿司样品、米饭样品干重约0.5 g、取海苔样品约0.1 g于50 mL消解管中，首先加入10 mL 50%硝酸溶液（65%优级纯浓硝酸与超纯水体积比1:1配制），利用石墨炉消解仪在105 ℃下消解，待剩余溶液体积为2—3 mL时，补加5 mL 50%硝酸溶液，继续在105 ℃下消解至近干后，取出消解管，在通风橱内冷却至室温，加入2 mL 30%优级纯过氧化氢溶液，待反应平稳后，继续在105 ℃下消解，直至溶液剩余2 mL左右，取出冷却至室温并用超纯水定容至30 mL. 消解液过0.45 μm滤膜至10 mL塑料离心管中，使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS, NexION300X, PerkinElmer, USA）测定消解样中砷的含量. 用1000 mg·L−1的多元素储备液配置标准曲线溶液，以In（0.05 mg·L−1）为内标，确保 ICP-MS 信号的稳定性.为确保数据的可靠性，当标准曲线的R2>0.9995时，才接受该标准曲线用于实验样品的测定，每个样品，平行消解3 份，3次平行消解测定的砷含量的相对标准偏差小于5%. 对于QA/QC，实验过程中采用大米标准物质GBW10010a（中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所）进行消解和提取，砷含量为0.08±0.01 mg·kg−1，As回收率为86.61%±5.55%. 此外，在每批次消解时，另做3个消解空白，结果证明消解空白中砷含量接近于零，排除人为污染对实验结果造成的影响.1.4 砷形态提取分析部分寿司样品从店家采购到单独的食材（海苔卷和米饭），选取其中的S02、S06、S12、S14样品进行砷形态提取分析（n=3）. 将研磨均匀的样品，分别称取1.000 g的米饭和寿司样品粉末，称取0.100 g 的海苔样品粉末于50 mL离心管中，准确记录质量，加入20 mL 甲醇/水（3:1， V/V）溶液，55 ℃条件下超声提取1 h；然后在4000 r·min−1下，离心10 min，取上清液到50 mL刻度管中；再次向样品中加入10 mL 甲醇/水（1:1， V/V）的溶液，按照第一次的提取条件，重复操作1次，离心后取出上清液，再重复一次后续操作. 合并3次提取的上清液，用超纯水定容到50 mL，过0.22 µm滤膜到进样瓶中，在−80 ℃冰箱保存. 本实验选用的砷形态分离柱为阴离子交换柱（PRP-X100, 250 mm × 4.1 mm, 10 µm, Hamilton, UK），并配有保护柱（Hamilton, UK），以分析样品不同形态砷的质量分数. 流动相由1%的碳酸氢铵和5%的甲醇溶液组成，pH采用浓氨水调至8.72，流速为1.5 mL·min−1. 根据砷形态混合标液分离色谱图出峰情况，该流动相能很好地实现不同砷形态的分离.1.5 人体健康风险评估本研究采用健康风险评价模型评估食用寿司的砷暴露风险，无机砷的人体平均日摄入量（DI）的计算公式为：DI=C×I/W，其中C表示样品中无机砷含量（mg·kg−1），I表示寿司的每日平均摄入量（g），W为人体体重（kg），本研究中成人体重以60 kg计算.1.6 数据处理本研究中，使用Excel软件进行砷含量、平均值、标准偏差等数值的计算，数据以平均值±标准差3 期杨金蕾等：市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险849表示（），所有数据采用SigmaPlot 12.5、Origin 2021处理并作图，使用SPSS软件进行相关性分析和x±st检验分析.2 结果与讨论（Results and discussion）2.1 寿司样品各成分鲜重占比图1显示了从南京市场采集得到的20种寿司样品中海苔、米饭和其他馅料所占的鲜重相对比例.可见，从寿司卷上面剥离下来的海苔鲜重仅占整个寿司鲜重的2.20%—5.38%，从寿司卷上面剥离下来的米饭鲜重占整个寿司鲜重的45.64%—87.31%，剩余其他馅料占整个寿司鲜重的8.67%—52.16%，海苔、米饭和其他馅料占寿司鲜重的平均值分别为3.31%±0.88%、69.48%±9.57%、27.20%±10.10%. 显然，在所采集的不同品牌的寿司样品中，米饭均是最主要的成分，而海苔所占比例最小.图 1 南京市场购买的寿司样品中海苔、米饭和其他成分的鲜重占比Fig.1 Proportion of fresh weight of nori, rice, and others in sushi samples sold in Nanjing market2.2 寿司及其海苔和米饭中砷的含量图2显示了从南京市场采集得到的20种寿司样品、各寿司中的海苔和米饭样品中砷的含量. 由图2可见，不同样品中砷的含量存在着显著差异. 由图2（A）可得，海苔样品中砷含量为3.14—27.18 mg·kg−1，平均值为（9.67±6.65）mg·kg−1. 虽然海水中砷浓度较低且均匀（1—5 µg·L−1）[13]，但由于近海海域受到不同程度的重金属污染，加上藻类对包括砷元素在内的微量元素具有特异性吸收作用，导致海藻类制品重金属污染问题受到广泛关注[14]. 已有研究发现紫菜中总砷含量很高，为14.0—42.1 mg·kg−1[15]，与本研究中测得的海苔样品总As含量相似. 然而，除褐藻（Hijiki）之外的海藻，JECFA报告显示无机砷占总砷的比例不到15%，无机砷含量通常低于2 mg·kg−1[16]. 欧盟对藻类饲料中总砷限量为40 mg·kg−1，但对食用藻类中总砷含量限值未作明确规定.由图2（B）可得米饭样品中砷含量为0.10—0.85 mg·kg−1，平均值为（0.31±0.22）mg·kg−1. 我国食品中污染物限量国家标准GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》规定，米饭中无机砷限量为0.20 mg·kg−1[17]. 由于稻米中砷（尤其是无机砷）的过度积累，米饭成为人体砷摄入的主要来源，大约占我国人群无机砷平均摄入量的60%[18 − 19]. 相关文献报道称米饭中的总砷含量为0.09—0.33 mg·kg−1，在砷污染地区种植的水稻，其籽粒中砷可达到1.50 mg·kg−1，甚至更高[11]. 本研究测得经过烹饪的熟米中总砷含量有11组样品低于 0.2 mg·kg−1，属于正常范围内. 可能受米饭中添加不同调味剂的影响，部分样品中总砷含量接近甚至超过0.3 mg·kg−1.对寿司整体进行总砷含量测定，由图2（C）可得，寿司样品中总砷含量为0.34—1.57 mg·kg−1，平均值为（0.63±0.27）mg·kg−1. 显然如图2（D）所示，海苔样品中的总砷含量远高于米饭以及寿司样品中的总砷含量. 本研究所采集的寿司样品其馅料占一定比重，但馅料的鲜重受水分含量较多的黄瓜、胡萝卜、大根条等果蔬影响，对各个寿司样品其馅料进行砷含量测定，馅料样品中总砷含量为0.04—0.12 mg·kg−1，均值为（0.06±0.03）mg·kg−1，相较于海苔和米饭总砷含量要低的多. 由于市售寿司的馅料种类复杂多样，其砷含量受馅料成分影响，故寿司馅料在本研究中不做重点分析.图 2 市售寿司样品中海苔（A ）、米饭（B ）以及寿司整体（C ）中砷的含量以及各组分砷含量的对比（D ）（图D 箱体代表数据的25%—75%分布，箱中实线为数据的平均值，箱体两端的误差线分别代表数据5%和95%，“×”表示超出5%—95%范围的数据点，“**”表示两组数据在0.01级别（双尾），相关性显著）Fig.2 Arsenic concentration in the nori (A), rice (B), and sushi (C) samples sold in market and comparison of each component (D)(Boxes in Figure D extend from the 25th to the 75th percentile; solid lines in the box represent the mean value; error bars represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, while “×” represent the outliers, “**” represents two groups of data at 0.01 level (double-tailed) with significant correlation)结合不同组分在寿司样品中的相对重量比以及不同组分砷含量，舍弃掉S06、S07、S14海苔和米饭砷贡献率超过100%的3组样品，剩余17组样品不同组分对寿司总砷含量贡献值如图3所示，海苔、米饭和其他成分对寿司总砷浓度贡献均值分别为41.68%±22.43%、36.96%±21.15%、21.36%±15.58%，即海苔在寿司中相对重量占比虽然最小，但对寿司总砷含量起主要贡献作用.图 3 南京市场购买的寿司样品中海苔、米饭和其它成分砷含量对寿司整体砷含量的贡献率Fig.3 Contribution of arsenic in nori, rice, and others to total arsenic in sushi samples sold in Nanjing market2.3 寿司及其海苔和米饭砷形态将4种形态As 标准储备液稀释成浓度为1、2、5、10、20 µg·L −1的砷化合物混合标准溶液，在确立的实验条件下进行分析，以各种砷形态的峰面积对浓度进行线性回归，得出4种砷化物的质量浓度（x ）与峰面积（y ）的线性关系. 如表1所示，4种砷形态的线性相关系数均在0.9990以上. 20 µg·L −1砷化合850环 境 化 学43 卷物混合标准溶液色谱图如图4A所示，显然As(Ⅲ)、DMA、MMA、As(Ⅴ)能很好地实现分离，各形态峰到达最大值点的时刻分别为2.82、4.51、9.69、27.23 min，并且各峰尖锐，峰形较为对称.表 1 4种砷化物的质量浓度与峰面积的线性关系Table 1 Linear relation between mass concentration and peak area of four arsenic species砷形态Arsenic species线性方程Linear regression equation相关系数R2Correlation coefficient亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ)y=610.65x-139.350.9991二甲基砷酸DMA y=1137.51x-222.290.9995一甲基砷酸MMA y=941.02x+39.890.9997砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)y=579.71x-105.930.9996图 4 20 µg·L−1砷化合物混合标准溶液（A）及海苔（B）、米饭（C）和寿司（D）样品中砷形态色谱图Fig.4 Chromatogram of four mixed arsenic species at 20 µg·L−1 (A) and As in nori (B), rice (C), and sushi samples (D)采用建立的上述方法对S02、S06、S12、S14样品（海苔、米饭、寿司）的砷形态进行测定，结果如表2、3、4所示. 4个海苔样品提取液色谱图均出现3个峰，出峰时间分别为2.16、4.51、24.2 min，其中仅第2个峰出峰时间与砷形态标准物质DMA吻合（图4B），另外2个出峰位置与4种砷标准物质出峰时间均不吻合. 研究表明，对于包括条斑紫菜在内的藻类，海水中的砷酸盐很容易通过磷通道跨膜运输被吸收到植物体内，吸收之后，藻类会通过还原和甲基化作用快速解毒砷酸盐，从而转化为砷糖、DMA、甲基砷化合物等[20]. 以往对紫菜砷形态的分析鉴定出在As(Ⅴ)前出峰的砷形态为砷糖-OH（arsenosugar-OH）[21]，基于此，判定本研究在24.2 min左右出峰的砷为砷糖-OH. 此外，以往研究发现，利用HPLC-ICP-MS分离和鉴定砷形态时，2.00 min左右会出现AsC、AsB、As(Ⅲ)[21]，鉴于AsC是砷甜菜碱的代谢前体，能被快速吸收并转化为AsB[22]，故判定2.16 min出峰的砷为AsB. 基于以上形态判定，发现海苔样品中含有AsB、DMA、砷糖-OH这3种形态砷，未检测出无机砷. 本研究方法As形态提取的回收率在67.0%—86.4%（表2），无机砷总量明显低于藻类调味品无机砷限量国际标准0.5 mg·kg−1[17]. 各形态砷在海苔样品可提取总砷含量中占比如图5（A）所示，砷甜菜碱（AsB）、二甲基砷酸盐（DMA）、砷糖-OH占比分别为8.02%±6.57%、37.40%±12.70%和54.59%±17.31%，这些都是毒性极低甚至无毒的有机砷[22]，且已有实验证明，小鼠食用紫菜消化的总砷只有0.12%—0.78%在肌肉/器官中积累，约65%—77%都通过粪便排除，不会存在砷健康风险[23].3 期杨金蕾等：市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险851表 2 海苔样品中砷形态化合物检测结果（µg·kg−1）Table 2 Test results of arsenic speciation in nori samples (µg·kg−1)样品Sample As(Ⅲ)As(Ⅴ)AsB DMA MMA砷糖-OHArsenosugar-OH总砷Total arsenic回收率/%RecoveryS02海苔ND ND457.98498.6ND14196.327175.585.2 S06海苔ND ND1117.74540.5ND2609.912347.167.0 S12海苔ND ND408.83756.8ND10980.020598.973.5 S14海苔ND ND953.72279.1ND3640.67957.986.4图 5 海苔（A）、米饭（B）和寿司（C）样品不同形态砷含量百分占比以及成人经食寿司导致的每日无机砷摄入量（D）Fig.5 Contribution of different As species to total As concentrations in 4 groups of nori (A), rice (B), and sushi (C) samples and adult daily inorganic As intake associated with sushi consumption (D)米饭样品提取液色谱图均出现4个峰，其中第1、第2和第4个峰分别与标准物质As(Ⅲ)、DMA和As(Ⅴ)的出峰时间吻合，而在14.5 min出现的峰与砷标准物质均不吻合（图4C）. 研究发现稻田土壤中除存在无机砷（如无机三价砷和五价砷）与甲基砷（如一甲基砷和二甲基砷）外，还广泛存在着巯基砷化合物，包含无机巯基砷和甲基巯基砷，其中二甲基一巯基砷（DMMTA）具有高毒性，是土壤孔隙水中主要的甲基巯基砷形态，且会在水稻籽粒中积累，对食品安全和人体健康构成威胁[24]. 最新研究发现，在大米中除了As(Ⅲ)、DMA和As(Ⅴ)，还广泛存在DMMTA，其浓度为DMA的46.6%—74.5%，代表着米饭总砷含量的8.74%—13.6%. [25]. 因此，判定14.5 min出现的峰为DMMTA. 基于此，大米中砷存在形态有As(Ⅲ)、DMA、DMMTA、As(Ⅴ)，其中As(Ⅲ)、DMA含量较高，As形态提取的回收率均大于90%（表3）. 各形态砷在米饭样品可提取总砷含量占比如图5（B）所示，低毒性的DMA以及高毒性的As(Ⅲ)、DMMTA、As(V)占比分别为22.44%±5.79%、49.15%±9.52%、12.48%±2.36%、11.59±9.65%.米饭样品中无机砷含量在43.31—88.87 µg·kg−1，均低于米饭无机砷限量国际标准0.20 mg·kg−1.852环 境 化 学43 卷表 3 米饭样品中砷形态化合物检测结果（µg·kg−1）Table 3 Test results of arsenic speciation in rice samples (µg·kg−1)样品Sample As(Ⅲ)DMA DMMTA As(Ⅴ)iAs Unknow总砷Total arsenic回收率/%RecoveryS02米饭60.538.417.916.977.411.2158.391.5 S06米饭50.420.815.526.877.2ND116.497.5 S12米饭75.620.011.113.388.9ND127.094.5 S14米饭43.325.813.4ND43.38.898.492.8整个寿司样品包含了海苔和米饭的特征砷形态，具体来说，寿司中含有AsB、DMA、砷糖-OH、As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)等6种形态砷（图4D），As形态提取的回收率在47.0%—88.0%（表4），各形态砷在寿司样品可提取总砷含量占比如图5（C）所示，AsB、DMA、砷糖-OH、As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)这5种砷形态占比分别为10.32%±7.91%、34.40%±22.04%、32.87%±22.87%、15.94%±9.19%、2.44%±4.87%，DMA和砷糖是寿司样品最主要的砷形态. 由于继承了海苔和米饭中的砷形态特征，虽然海苔中砷总量特别高，但是寿司中可能产生毒害作用的无机砷，均主要继承自米饭，占寿司砷含量较大部分的有机砷均继承自海苔样品，且不同样品间各种形态有机砷含量相对高低与海苔样品保持一致.表 4 寿司样品中砷形态化合物检测结果（µg·kg−1）Table 4 Test results of arsenic speciation in sushi samples (µg·kg−1)样品Sample AsB As(Ⅲ)DMA砷糖-OHArsenosugar-OHAs(Ⅴ)iAs Unknow总砷Total arsenic回收率/%RecoveryS02寿司35.245.0488.2143.6ND45.024.61567.747.0% S06寿司57.475.249.030.626.7101.935.0416.461.1% S12寿司19.358.9109.0315.3ND58.9ND654.676.8% S14寿司36.257.298.2117.7ND57.2ND351.388.0% 注：ND, 未检出. ND, not detected.2.4 健康风险评价目前，已有大量研究针对不同砷富集食品构成的潜在健康风险进行评估，如分析食用药用真菌（39科82属164个物种）中总砷和不同形态砷含量[26]；分析不同种类蔬菜的As污染特征[27]；测定中国市场生熟鸡肉中砷的浓度，并进行砷形态分布研究等[28]；旨在评估人体从该类食品中摄入无机砷相关的癌症风险. 对本研究中S02、S06、S12、S14样品进行食用寿司的相关癌症风险评估，结合砷形态化合物检测回收率数据，4组样品中无机砷含量分别取各自最高值0.10、0.17、0.08、0.07 mg·kg−1，以每日成人摄入一份寿司为准，南京市寿司一份大约为300 g左右鲜重，根据实验室称量的寿司含水率数据，寿司每日平均摄入干重取120 g，估算得到成人食用该4组寿司导致的每天无机砷摄入量为0.20、0.34、0.16、0.14 µg·kg−1·d−1 bw, 平均为（0.21±0.09） µg·kg−1·d−1. 世界卫生组织规定的肺癌发病率增加0.5%的基准剂量（BMDL0.5）为3 µg·kg−1·d−1 bw [29]. 基于此安全限制，食用寿司导致的无机砷摄入量远低于BMDL0.5，表明食用寿司带来砷摄入的健康风险较低. 市场销售寿司虽然由于原材料海苔导致砷总量较高，但无机砷含量较低，因此健康风险较低.3 结论（Conclusion）（1）南京市场所采集的不同品牌的寿司样品中，米饭均是寿司的最主要成分，达到整个寿司的近70%，而海苔所占重量比极低，不超过5%，这符合市场大部分普通寿司的相对重量比情况.（2）南京市场销售的寿司不同样品中砷的含量存在着差异，总体趋势是海苔总砷含量近乎是米饭总砷含量的30倍，导致海苔和米饭对寿司总砷含量的贡献率不同，海苔在寿司中相对重量占比虽然非常小，但对寿司总砷含量起主要贡献作用.（3）市售寿司海苔中含有AsB、DMA、砷糖-OH共3种形态砷，未检测出无机砷；米饭中含有3 期杨金蕾等：市售寿司中砷的人体健康风险853854环 境 化 学43 卷As(Ⅲ)、DMA、DMMTA、As(Ⅴ)等5种形态砷，其中As(Ⅲ)、DMA含量较高；继承自海苔和米饭的砷形态，寿司中相应地主要含AsB、DMA、砷糖-OH、As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)等形态砷，且有毒的砷形态主要来自于米饭，近乎无毒的有机砷主要来自海苔.（4）采用砷摄入量评估模型评估人体食用寿司导致的无机砷摄入量显示，食用寿司带来的健康风险较低，市面上销售的寿司可以安全食用.参考文献(References)陈保卫, LE X C. 中国关于砷的研究进展 [J]. 环境化学, 2011, 30（11）: 1936-1943.［ 1 ］CHEN B W, LE X C. Recent progress in arsenic research in China [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30（11）: 1936-1943（in Chinese）.NAUJOKAS M F, ANDERSON B, AHSAN H, et al. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: Update on a ［ 2 ］worldwide public health problem [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013, 121（3）: 295-302.［ 3 ］ANETOR J I, WANIBUCHI H, FUKUSHIMA S. Arsenic exposure and its health effects and risk of cancer in developing countries: Micronutrients as host defence [J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention:APJCP, 2007, 8（1）: 13-23.［ 4 ］RAI P K, LEE S S, ZHANG M, et al. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management [J]. Environment International, 2019, 125: 365-385.［ 5 ］胥佳佳, 冯鑫, 汤静, 等. 超声辅助提取-高相液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定香菇中6种形态砷化合物 [J]. 食品科学, 2016, 37（24）: 216-221.XU J J, FENG X, TANG J, et al. Arsenic speciation analysis of Lentinus edodes by ultrasonic-assisted extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [J]. Food Science, 2016, 37（24）: 216-221（in Chinese）.［ 6 ］ALEXANDER J, BENFORD D, BOOBIS A, et al. Scientific opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM)[J]. EFSA Journal, 2009, 7(10: 1351): 1-198.［ 7 ］张维, 齐丽娟, 宁钧宇, 等. 砷的健康危害评估 [J]. 毒理学杂志, 2021, 35（5）: 367-372,378.ZHANG W, QI L J, NING J Y, et al. Health hazard assessment of arsenic [J]. Journal of Toxicology, 2021, 35（5）: 367-372,378（in Chinese）.刘蕊芬. 中日两国饮食疗法(药膳)的源流与异同的研究[D]. 广州: 广州中医药大学, 2007.［ 8 ］LIU R F. Study on the origin of and similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese dietotherapy[D]. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2007(in Chinese).［ 9 ］JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series No. 63, Prepared by the Seventy-second Meeting of JECFA[R]. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011.TAYLOR V, GOODALE B, RAAB A, et al. Human exposure to organic arsenic species from seafood [J]. Science of the Total ［10］Environment, 2017, 580: 266-282.［11］FRANSISCA Y, SMALL D M, MORRISON P D, et al. Assessment of arsenic in Australian grown and imported rice varieties on sale in Australia and potential links with irrigation practises and soil geochemistry [J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 138: 1008-1013.［12］U. S. EPA. Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils[S]. 1996.［13］CAUMETTE G, KOCH I, REIMER K J. Arsenobetaine formation in plankton: A review of studies at the base of the aquatic food chain [J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012, 14（11）: 2841-2853.YANG G D, ZHENG J P, CHEN L, et al. Speciation analysis and characterisation of arsenic in lavers collected from coastal waters of ［14］Fujian, south-eastern China [J]. Food Chemistry, 2012, 132（3）: 1480-1485.［15］王亚, 张春华, 葛滢. 高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法检测紫菜中的砷形态 [J]. 分析试验室, 2013, 32（5）: 34-38.WANG Y, ZHANG C H, GE Y. Determination of arsenic speciation in Porphyra using HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS [J]. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory, 2013, 32（5）: 34-38（in Chinese）.MOLIN M, ULVEN S M, MELTZER H M, et al. Arsenic in the human food chain, biotransformation and toxicology - Review focusing ［16］on seafood arsenic [J]. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2015, 31: 249-259.［17］国家卫生和计划生育委员会, 国家食品药品监督管理总局. 食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量: GB 2762—2017[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, China Food and Drug Administration. National Food Safety Standard. Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Food: GB 2762—2017[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017(in Chinese).SUN S K, XU X J, TANG Z, et al. A molecular switch in sulfur metabolism to reduce arsenic and enrich selenium in rice grain [J].［18］Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 1392.MAWIA A M, HUI S Z, ZHOU L, et al. Inorganic arsenic toxicity and alleviation strategies in rice [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,［19］。

甘肃省白银市九中2023-2024学年高三英语第一学期期末联考试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．During the economic crisis, we should help those for ______life is far from easy．A．whom B．whose C．who D．whoever2．Thanks to Mrs Smith, the father and the son eventually ______after ten years’ cold relationship between them.A．took up B．picked up C．made up D．turned up3．The Lifelong Learning Programme ________ to enable people to take part in learning experiences has taken off across Europe.A．having been designed B．being designedC．designed D．designing4．The classroom is big enough for 25 students for normal use you need more space for special activities.A．once B．because C．if D．unless5．Office furniture like chairs and sofas should be attractive as well as comfortable. A．manually B．visuallyC．physically D．securely6．—I don’t care for baseball.—How can you say you don’t like something you’ve never even tried it!A．till B．after C．unless D．when7．One hundred and fifteen Chinese companies hit the newly released Fortune 500 list for 2017, ______ an increase for the 14th straight year, domestic website reported on Thursday.A．to realize B．realizedC．realizing D．having realized8．“Made in China 2025” aims to transform China from a product-making factory into a product-making power, ______________ driven by innovation and emphasizing quality over quantity.A．the one that B．one thatC．one D．the one9．Some people create jobs, foster excitement and basically make the system work. They see possibilities ________ others see only problems.A．that B．what C．which D．where10．The disaster-stricken village was inaccessible ___________ by helicopter, and the storm added to the rescuers’ difficulty.A．instead of B．other than C．rather than D．regardless of11．That student admitted in the math exam, that he would never do that again in the future.A．to have cheated, promising B．cheating, promisedC．to cheating, promised D．having cheated, promising12．The boy was waving his stick in the street and it ________ missed the child standing nearby.A．closely B．narrowly C．nearly D．hardly13．—What’s that noise?—Oh，I forget to tell you.The new machine________.A．is testing B．was being testedC．is being tested D．has been tested14．Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small. You don’t know _____ it can lead.A．how B．whereC．whether D．what15．—Tom, do you enjoy your present job?—________. I just do it for a living.A．Of course B．Not reallyC．Not likely D．That’s all right16．Though the story of Li Yunlong in the TV drama “Bright Sword” is a fiction, much of __________happened is historically true.A．that B．what C．which D．it17．In the Name of People, a popular TV drama, shows a deep ________ on the fight against corruption.A．argument B．themeC．reflection D．impression18．The engineer is thought to be capable and modest, so his promotion to manager is a popular _____.A．achievement B．appointment C．commitment D．employment19．From my point of view, there’s little chance that we will be successful in trying to change the present situation. ________, it is important that we try our best. A．Meanwhile B．OtherwiseC．Therefore D．Nevertheless20．Sorr y I’m so late, but you cannot imagine ________ great trouble I took to find your house.A．which B．howC．what D．that第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

河南省郑州市宇华实验学校2023-2024学年高三下学期开学英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Cannes(戛纳)is a place that offers lots of different ways to spoil yourself.During the Cannes Film Festival in May,nothing changes,except that there are more people doing this, and that they talk about film.Here’s a guide to what you should do during the festival,both film-related and not.Hotel Intercontinental CarltonThe film festival is a busy time for Cannes.The best way to appreciate the crowds might be having a dinner on a terrace(露天平台).Head to the Hotel Intercontinental Carlton and wander the lobby to take it all in.If you’re lucky you might be able to secure a table in the restaurant.Dress to impress or you won’t stand a chance of getting in.Cinema de la PlageThroughout the Cannes Film Festival,one of the best places to soak up some of the wonderful atmosphere is the open-air Cinema de la Plage at Mace beach.If you haven’t secured a ticket in advance for a seat,there’s no need to worry.You can spread a blanket out on the ground,open up your pre-prepared picnic,and enjoy the movie.MarchéForvilleThe MarchéForville is a must-see for any visitor to Cannes and a foodie’．s delight.On most days,vendors sell home-made fruits and vegetables as well as local specialties to eat for lunch.But don’t go on Mondays,unless you want to browse for bargains,as that’s when the flea market is on instead.La CroisetteLa Croisette is the most famous walk in Cannes and is listed under the cultural inventory of France itself.Stroll the whole length,stop for a coffee,and end your walk by sitting on one of the free blue chairs along the way while taking in the view.It is also a great place to admire Cannes’sculptures.1．What is probably the intention of the text?A．To introduce French culture.B．To present dining locations.C．To publicize a film festival.D．To suggest tourism activities.2．Which place best suits people who enjoy shopping?A．Hotel Intercontinental Carlton.B．Cinema de la Plage.C．MarchéForville.D．La Croisette.3．What can be expected in Cannes during the festival?A．Attending fashion shows.B．Watching movies outdoors.C．Tasting imported farm produce.D．Experiencing sculpture production.On the day he almost died,Kimbal Musk had food on the brain.The Internet startup talent and restaurateur had just arrived in Jackson Hole from a conference where chef Jamie Oliver had spoken about the benefits of healthy eating.This was something Musk thought about a lot-how he might make a difference to the food industry—but beyond expanding his farm-to-table movement along with his restaurant,Musk hadn’t yet broken the code.Then he went sailing down a snowy slope(坡)and fell over,breaking his neck.The left side of his body was paralyzed.Musk eventually made a full recovery,but it involved spending two months on his back, which gave him plenty of time to come up with a plan.Since then,he has launched an initiative to put“learning gardens”in public schools across America;attracted Generation Z to the farming profession by changing shipping containers into high-tech,data-driven, year-round farms;and this year,is kicking off a new campaign to create one million at-home gardens.Aimed at reaching low-income families,the Million Gardens Movement was inspired by the pandemic,as both a desire to feel more connected to nature and food insecurity have been at the forefront of so many people’s lives.“We were getting a lot of inquiries about gardening from people that had never gardened before,”says Musk.“People were looking to garden for a bunch of reasons:to supplement their budget,to improve the nutritional quality of their diets,or just to cure the boredom that came with the lockdown.”The program offers free garden kits that can be grown indoors or outdoors,and will be distributed through schools that Musk's non-profit,Big Green,has already partnered with.It also offers free courses on how to get the garden growing and fresh seeds and materials for the changing growing seasons.“I grew up in the projects when I was young,in what we now call food deserts,”says EVE,one of the many celebrities who have teamed up with the organization to encourage people to pick up a free garden.“What I love about this is that it'snot difficult.We are all able to grow something.”4．What inspired Musk to be devoted to food industry?A．An accident.B．Jamie Oliver’s speech.C．The pandemic.D．The farm-to-table movement. 5．What can we learn about the Million Gardens Movement?A．It has mainly attracted young generations.B．It has just accomplished its target.C．It may be stimulated by a lack of food security.D．It increases economic burdens for the poor.6．Which of the following best describes Musk?A．Charitable.B．Honest.C．Flexible.D．Strict. 7．Why is EVE taken as an example?A．To demonstrate the program to be non-profit.B．To share his experience in a food desert.C．To encourage people to start a free garden.D．To clarify the reason why he loves a garden.I was trained as a gymnast in Hunan,China,in the1970s.The government wanted to transfer(转学)me to a school for athletes while my parents wanted me to become an engineer,because they firmly believed there was only one sure way to happiness:a safe and well-paid job.But my dream was to become a Chinese opera singer.Although I tried everything I could to go to opera school,I knew I was too old to be trained and my dream would never come true.But that’s so unfair.So I was determined to find another calling—books.I satisfied my hunger for parental advice from the Fu Lei’s Family Letters by Fu Lei and Zhu Meifu,found my role model of an independent woman from Jane Eyre,learned to be efficient from Cheaper by the Dozen,and inspired myself to study abroad after reading Complete Works of Sanmao and Lessons from History.I came to the U.S.in1995where I started comparative paring and contrasting give scholars a more complete understanding of a topic.So I thought,well,if comparative reading works for research,why not do it in daily life too?So I started reading books in pairs.They can be about people who are involved in the same event—Benjamin Franklin by Walter Isaacson and John Adams by David McCullough,for example,or friendswith shared experiences.I also compare the same stories in different genres or similar stories from different cultures,as Joseph Campbell did in his wonderful book The Power of Myth.Books have given me a magic portal(入口)to connect with people of the past and the present.I have come to believe that coming true is not the only purpose of a dream.Its most important purpose is to get us in touch with where dreams come from,where passion comes from and where happiness comes from.Even a shattered(遭受极大打击的)dream can do that for you.So may books be always with you.8．What’s the purpose of paragraph1?A．To provide background information.B．To list some examples.C．To make a comparison.D．To summarize the paragraphs below. 9．From which book did the author get the motivation to study abroad?A．Fu Lei’s Family Letters.B．Jane Eyre.C．Cheaper by the Dozen.D．Complete Works of Sanmao. 10．What is paragraph3mainly about?A．The future of comparative reading.B．The concept of comparative reading.C．The writer’s experiences of comparative reading.D．The writer’s achievements of comparative reading.11．What is the best title for the text?A．How I Chase My Dreams B．How Books Open My MindC．Why I Am Keen on Comparative Reading D．Why a Shattered Dream Changes My LifeAcid rain is very harmful to the environment because it makes living things die.Acid rain affects life in the water as well as life on the land.It is even worse in the water because the fish need the water to breathe.When the water gets polluted,the fish get sick and end up dying.All rainwater contains some level acidity.Acidity is measured by PH,which stands for potential of hydrogen(氢).The PH scale measures the amount of acid in a substance.PH is measured on a scale from0to14,with7being neutral(中性的).The lower the number is on the PH scale,the more acidic that substance is.Normal rainwater has a PH of5.6.When the PH level of rainwater goes below5.6,it is considered acid rain.All of the sea life will die when the water becomes too acidic.For example,all fish will die when the water goes below a PH of4.5.Most of the frogs and insects that live around the water will also die when the water reaches a PH of4.5.When the water has a PH of5.5,all of the bottom-dwelling bacterial decomposers(分解体),animals that eat the remains of the food that other animals don’t want,will begin to die.When these decomposers die,they will leave the under-composed food on the bottom.This will make the water dirty and polluted. All fresh water shrimps(虾)will die when the water has a PH of6.0.Aquatic plants will grow the best when the water has a PH between7.0and9.2.If the acid rain problem gets worse.all of the sea life will eventually be gone.12．What can we know about acid rain?A．It does more harm to life in the water than on land.B．It will kill the living things as soon as it touches them.C．It is rainwater which contains any amount of acidity.D．It is a substance which has potential of hydrogen.13．Which of the following can die most easily in acidic water?A．All fish.B．Frogs and insects.C．Bacterial decomposers.D．Fresh water shrimps. 14．According to the text,we know that_______.A．if the PH of rainwater is5.6,all of the sea life will be goneB．if the PH of sea water is below7.0,it is not a problemC．if the PH of rainwater is below5.6,it is dangerousD．if the PH of sea water is below4.5,some of the sea fish can’t die15．What is the text mainly about?A．The definition of acid rain.B．How to measure rainwater’s PH level.C．The effects that acid rain has on sea life.D．How to protect sea life from acid rain.Cultivating gratitude requires effort and a commitment to change.The following exercises can help you take on a grateful outlook.Practice mindfulness16.Tap into your senses and let your mind linger(逗留)on pleasant,everyday sensations.Focus on the taste of a ripe strawberry,for example,the feeling of the sun on your skin,or the gentle sound of background music.This can help ground you in the present,pulling you away from worrying.Keep a gratitude journalThere are many ways to create a gratitude journal.First,decide if you want to keep a physical journal that you write in or a digital list on your phone or computer.17. You can update the journal on a weekly basis,ending the week by putting down three or four moments that you appreciated.18Build relationships by writing thank-you letters to people in your life.Go into detail about treasured memories from your relationship.Write about the positive effect they’ve had on your life.When you’re done,you can mail or deliver the letters in person.Revisit and reframe past eventsMost of us can recall past events that we regret.19.Although they may have led to disappointment,shame or even heartbreak,you’ve likely also learned something from these experiences.While these gratitude exercises can give your mood and outlook a welcome boost,it can take time for them to impact your mental health and overall well-being.Be patient and continue practicing gratitude.Turn the exercises into little rituals.In time,you may notice your stress levels drop and relationships strengthen.20.A．Write notes of appreciationB．List what deserves appreciationC．A little gratitude can do harm to your moodD．Then,you’ll have even more reasons to be gratefulE．Then,consider how often you’ll update the journalF．It could be anything from a failure to anger at a close friendG．Enjoying little moments in your life can be a way to cultivate gratitude二、完形填空We moved there on my third birthday.My first21is our neighbor Arlene handing me strawberries from her garden through a hole in the chain-link fence.She and her husband,Bill,lived next door.One day,my parents asked Bill and Arlene whether they’d watch me22theywere out on a date.This23well for everyone,so it became a somewhat monthly occurrence.Arlene and Bill didn’t have kids.They had a24room in their house, which became“my”room.I had a cabinet and boxes of toys and books in that room,Arlene and I would do crafts together.Bill taught me how to25the lawn tractor and eventually a car(stick and automatic).When I was about five,I had an idea.My parents were watching TV when I spit it out:“What if I adopt Bill and Arlene as my26?”My parents said I could go over and ask them.I27on Bill and Arlene’s door,sat down in their living room,and said,“Will you guys be my grandparents?”They started crying and28accepted.Soon after,they printed out an adoption29,and it hung on their living room wall from then on.I remember being surprised that they took my30so seriously—not because I wasn’t serious but because I was just a kid.They could have31it off.Thinking of that moment still brings tears to my eyes.There is something truly magnificent about a child offering up her love and32being so excited to accept it.Every child in this world 33enthusiastically responded love.Arlene passed away in2013,two days before our adoption anniversary.Bill gave her eulogy(悼词).At the end,he said,“Arlene34her husband,Bill.And the greatest joy of her life,her granddaughter,Katie.”After the funeral,Bill gave me the ring he’d gifted to Arlene on their25th wedding anniversary.It’s a simple gold band that I wear on my ring finger as a35of the kind of love I wish to put into this world.21．A．thought B．impression C．memory D．communication 22．A．while B．though C．unless D．because 23．A．improved B．worked C．performed D．operated 24．A．private B．spare C．public D．smooth 25．A．drive B．build C．store D．selected 26．A．relations B．friends C．children D．grandparents 27．A．observed B．called C．knocked D．stroke 28．A．enthusiastically B．reluctantly C．voluntarilyD．unwillingly29．A．innovation B．equation C．certificate D．manuscript30．A．charge B．offer C．sentence D．favor 31．A．kicked B．laughed C．kept D．wiped 32．A．people B．parents C．adults D．friends 33．A．refuses B．hopes C．receives D．deserves 34．A．leaves behind B．counts on C．gives away D．tells off 35．A．reminder B．suggestion C．proof D．present三、语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Voluntary Report –Voluntary - Public Distribution Date:December 22, 2021Report Number:CH2021-0174Report Name:Decree 248 Single Window Operation Manuals and Tutorial Country:China - People's Republic ofPost: BeijingReport Category:Agricultural Situation, Agricultural Trade Office Activities, Policy and Program Announcements, National Plan, Beverages, Agriculture in the News, Citrus, Coffee, Dairy and Products, Market Development Reports, Avocado, Canned Deciduous Fruit, Dried Fruit, Fresh Deciduous Fruit, Fresh Fruit, Kiwifruit, Raisins, Stone Fruit, Strawberries, Fishery Products, Grain and Feed, Livestock and Products, MISC-Commodity, Oilseeds and Products, Potatoes and Potato Products, Poultry and Products, Sugar, Tomatoes and Products, Tree Nuts, Vegetables, WinePrepared By:Alan HallmanApproved By:Adam BransonReport Highlights:The report contains FAS China's understanding of the overseas facility registration process as required by the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (GACC) in Decree 248. In addition, this report contains attachments of unofficial translations of the Competent Authority and Overseas Enterprise Operation Manuals for the GACC Single Window registration website. In addition, the report contains information from recent training sessions and background information on Decree 248 to facilitate self-registration for U.S. food and agribusiness operations affected by Decree 248.General Information:This report provides information related to FAS China’s understanding of the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China (G ACC) overseas facility registration process. This report includes translations of GACC operation manuals for 1) Competent Authorities; 2) Overseas Enterprises; and 3) a tutorial to the Single Window website self-registration process developed by a third party. In addition, the report has an Excel table attachment that includes the Harmonized System (HS) tariff codes and commodity descriptions affected by Decree 248. FAS China conveys its thanks and appreciation to staff and officers at the Embassies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and other colleagues at the United States Embassy in Beijing, China who jointly translated the two GACC manuals.Decree 248 notified by GACC requires the registration of overseas food production and cold storage facilities that produce or handle specific food products exported to China. The regulation sets out two registration pathways for facilities that produce products within its scope – self-registration, and registration by a competent authority located in the exporting country.Article 7 of Decree 248 lists 18 product categories that GACC initially indicated would require an overseas facility to register before having product be presented for customs clearance in China. GACC indicated that it expects facilities producing products in those categories to register through a competent authority. In addition, Article 9 of Decree 248 requires the self-registration of overseas facilities that are outside of the 18 product categories. Since publishing the list of 18 product categories GACC has provided and continues making “systems improvements” to a table of Chin a’s Harmonized System (HS) tariff codes at the 10-digit level inside the Single Window website that are apparently the actual scope of goods that require registration. The table also provides GACC inspection and quarantine codes and additional descriptions for the products affected by Decree 248. However, there are several food and related products that are not in GACC’s table. Moreover, some commodities can fall in or outside the scope of Decree 248 depending upon their end use.For example, although the HS code 0805100000 for “Oranges, Fresh or Dried” is included on the table, the GACC inspection and quarantine code indicates that only those facilities handling “Oranges, Fresh or Dried” that have also been “candied” or “sweetened” need to self-register. In other words, facilities handling “regular” oranges are not required to register with the GACC under Decree 248.Another example is sorghum, which appears in the table under the Chinese HS code 1007900000 with GACC inspection and quarantine codes 102 and 103 – for other edible sorghum, inshell and shelled, respectively. GACC is requesting that facilities handling inshell or shelled sorghum for human consumption register that facility through a competent authority. Based on this information, there is no expectation that U.S. exporters of sorghum for non-food use register under Decree 248. However, the United States Government already provides a complete list, based on a previous agreement, of U.S. grain exporting companies to GACC for food and non-food sorghum. Numerous attempts to seek clarification from GACC have gone unanswered.GACC recently announced that a facility registration number will have to be presented during customs clearance for imports of commodities covered by Decree 248 starting on January 1, 2022. GACC has said that products produced prior to January 1, 2022, will not require facility registration numbers printed on the inner and outer packaging of the products. GACC officials have also said that either the GACC facility registration number or the facility registration number issued by the competent authority in the exporting country must be printed on the inner and outer packaging of products produced on or after January 1, 2022. Because the destination of most products is not known at the time of production or manufacturing, U.S.-based facilities working with these products will need to assess what facility registration number to use on products that could be destined for China.The Single Window self-registration website requires that facilities attempting to register select a Chinese 10-digit HS code and the 3-digit GACC inspection and quarantine code to identify their product(s). The attached Excel table can be a guide for identifying this information. If a facility cannot identify which HS code may be used, they should consider the description and end-use of their product(s) and/or contact their existing or a potential importer to assess the tariff line that will be used for customs clearance. Companies attempting to self-register should contact GACC staff, identified below, when they have questions about the Single Window system and the applicability of the registration requirements to their establishments and product(s). As China continues making “system improvements” to the Single Window website, facilities attempting to self-register should consult official information and conduct a “Product type Query” in the Single Window website. The attached table and the information in the Single Window website also include a column where GACC indicates if facilities producing that product should self-register or be registered by a competent authority.The self-registration process requires a significant amount of information. Registrants may find it helpful to review the rest of this report and the attached translation of GACC’s operation manual for enterprises before commencing.The translation of GACC’s operation manual for competent authorities is attached as a reference. U.S.-based facilities that GACC is requesting register through a competent authority are encouraged to read the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Constituent Update dated December 6. It can be found at this link.FAS China has published the following reports on Decrees 248 and 249 to inform and educate U.S. food and agricultural stakeholders.∙Decrees 248 and 249 – January 1 Implementation Date [Public Notice 103] – December 14, 2021∙Decree 248 - FDA Constituent Update – December 8, 2021∙Decree 248 Single Window User Manual and Training - November 30, 2021∙Decree 248 HS Codes Published in GACC Single Window – November 30, 2021∙Informing Industry and Supporting Trade Facilitation as China Implements Decrees 248 and 249 –November 10, 2021∙Decree 248 Information Update – November 19, 2021∙GACC Issues Interpretation of Decree 248 - November 6, 2021∙Decree 248 Foreign Facilities Self-Registration Website Launched - November 3, 2021∙Decree 248 Unofficial Self-Registration Guide for Overseas Food Facilities - November 2, 2021∙Notes from Information Sessions on GACC Decrees 248 and 249 - October 22, 2021∙GACC Issues Explanatory Letter on Decree 248 - October 8, 2021∙Interpretative Guidance on Imported Food Labeling Requirements in Decree 249 - August 13, 2021 ∙Decrees 248 and 249 Status Update on Facilities Registration and Food Safety Measures - May 25, 2021∙Administrative Measures on Import and Export Food Safety - Decree 249 - May 7, 2021∙Overseas Facilities Registration Regulation - Decree 248 - April 20, 2021∙China Notified the Draft Administrative Measures on Import and Export Food Safety - December 11, 2020∙China Notifies Revised Overseas Facilities Registration Regulations as TBT 1522 - December 2, 2020∙China Released Draft Administrative Measures for Registration of Overseas Producers of Imported Foods - December 6, 2019Attachments:211221 GACC 248 SW Overseas Enterprise Operation Manual Eng Translation.docx211221 FAS China Third Party SW Self Registration Guide.docx211215 GACC Decree 248 HS Code List English Translation.xlsx211223 GACC 248 SW Competent Authority Operation Manual Eng Translation.docx。

常见FDA食品接触材料检测标准■有机涂层,金属和电镀制品要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 175.300water extractives 去离子水浸取法8% alcohol extractives 8%酒精浸取法heptane extractives 正庚烷浸取法■纸制品要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 176.170Net chloroform soluble extractives for water fraction 氯仿可溶萃取物去离子水浸取法Net chloroform soluble extractives for 8 % alcohol fraction氯仿可溶萃取物8%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble extractives for 50 % alcohol fraction氯仿可溶萃取物50%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble extractives for n-heptane fraction 氯仿可溶萃取物正庚烷浸取法■木材要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 178.3800Pentachlorophenol and its salt 五氯苯酚PCP■ABS要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 181.32 or 180.22in water 去离子水浸取法in 3% acetic acid 3%醋酸浸取法in 8% ethanol 8%酒精浸取法in n-heptane 正庚烷浸取法■丙烯酸树脂Acrylic要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1010总提取物in water,8,50alcohol fraction,heptane去离子水、8%酒精KMnO4 oxidizable extractive(in water,8,50alcohol fraction)Ultraviolet-absorbing(inwater,8,50alcohol fraction)Ultraviolet-absorbing(in heptane fraction)■食品容器的密封圈密封衬垫要求如硅橡胶圈U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1210Net chloroform soluble extractives for water fraction 氯仿可溶萃取物去离子水浸取法Net chloroform soluble extractives for 8 % alcohol fraction氯仿可溶萃取物8%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble extractives for n-heptane fraction 氯仿可溶萃取物正庚烷浸取法■EVA要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1350Net CHCI3 soluble fraction in different extractive (in different food simulants)氯仿萃取Vinylidene fluoride & hexafluropropene Xanthan gum (coating)■三聚氰氨树脂(密胺)要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1460Net chloroform soluble water extractives 氯仿可溶萃取物去离子水浸取法Net chloroform soluble 8% alcohol extractives 氯仿可溶萃取物8%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble n-heptane extractives 氯仿可溶萃取物正庚烷浸取法■尼龙塑料要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1500Specific gravity 密度Melting point 熔点Solubility / boiling 4.2 N HCI 中的溶解度Water extractives 去离子水浸取法95% ethanol extractives 95%酒精浸取法Ethyl acetate extractives 乙酸乙脂浸取法Benzene extractives 苯浸取法■PP要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1520Specific gravity 密度Melting point 熔点n-hexane extractives正己烷浸取法Xylene extractives 二浸取法■PE,OP要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1520Specific gravity 密度n-hexane extractives正己烷浸取法Xylene extractives 二浸取法■ PC要求.U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1580Water extractives at refluxing temperature 水回流萃取50% ethanol extractives at refluxing temperature 50酒精回流萃取n-heptane extractives at refluxing temperature 正庚烷回流萃取■PET要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1630 .Net chloroform soluble fraction of distilled water 氯仿可溶萃取物去离子水浸取法Net chloroform soluble fraction of 8% ethanol 氯仿可溶萃取物8%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble fraction of 95% ethanol 氯仿可溶萃取物95%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble fraction of n-heptane 氯仿可溶萃取物正庚烷浸取法■PS要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1640Residual styrene monomer 苯乙烯单体残留■聚枫树脂Polysulfone resin要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1655Water extractives 去离子水浸取法3 % acetic acid extractives 3%醋酸浸取法50 % alcohol extractives 50%酒精浸取法n-heptane extractive 正庚烷浸取法■聚亚氨树脂PU要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1680Adhesive resistance test 耐磨测试water extractives 去离子水浸取法8% ethanol extractives 8%酒精浸取法■苯乙烯要求Styrene block polymerU.S. FDA CFR 21177.1810Water extractives 去离子水浸取法50% ethanol extractives 50酒精回流萃取solubility溶解度molecular weight分子量glass transition point玻璃化转变温度■MMA、MBS要求U.S.FDA CFR 21 177.1830Non-volatile residueKmnO4 oxidized water extractivesKmnO4 oxidized 8% ethanol extractivesUV absorbing water extractivesUV absorbing 8% ethanol extractivesUV absorbing n-heptane extractives■脲醛树脂UF要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1900water extractives 去离子水浸取法8% alcohol extractives 8%酒精浸取法n-heptane extractives 正庚烷浸取法■PVC要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 175.300water extractives 去离子水浸取法n-heptane extractives 正庚烷浸取法8% alcohol extractives 8%酒精浸取法附加U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.1975 Residual vinyl chloride monomer VCM单体残留■聚脂树脂Polyester resin要求U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.2420chloroform soluble fraction in water 氯仿可溶萃取物去离子水浸取法Net chloroform soluble fraction in 8 % ethanol 氯仿可溶萃取物8%酒精浸取法Net chloroform soluble fraction in 50 % ethanol 氯仿可溶萃取物50%酒精浸取法n-heptane extractives 正庚烷浸取法■橡胶要求SBS,TPR,TPE硅胶等弹性体U.S. FDA CFR 21 177.2600water extractives 去离子水浸取法n-hexane extractives正己烷浸取法(只针对脂肪类食物接触)镀银制品要求U.S. FDA CPG 7117.05extractable lead铅萃取■陶瓷、玻璃、搪瓷器皿要求U.S. FDA CPG 7117.06,07extractable lead and cadmium 溶出铅、镉测试■金属要求U.S. FDA CFR 175.300 & CPG 7117.05water extractives 去离子水浸取法8% alcohol extractives 8%酒精浸取法n-heptane extractives 正庚烷浸取法extractable lead 铅萃取常见FDA食品接触材料检测标准来源: 发布时间: 2013-03-12 21:28 5868 次浏览大小: 16px 14px 12px FDA 21CFR,食品接触材料检测标准,HKa. 21CFR 177.1040 Acrylonitrile/styrene copoly-mer(AS)丙烯晴-苯乙烯共聚物i) maximum residual acrylonitrile monomer contentii) Nitrogen content of the copolymeriii) Total non-volatile extractives in distilled wateriv) Total non-volatile extractives in 3% acetic acidv) The extracted copolymer in distilled watervi) The extracted copolymer in 3% acetic acidb. 21CFR 177.1020 Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene co-polymer( ABS)丙烯酸-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂共聚物i) Nitrogen content of the copolymerii) Residual acrylonitrile monomer contentiii) total non-volatile extractives in distilled wateriv) total non-volatile extractives in 3%acetic acidv) total non-nvolatile extractives in n-heptanevi) acrylonitrile monomer migration in distilled watervii) acrylonitrile monomer migration in 3%acetic acidc. 177.1460 Melamine-formaldehyde resins in molded articles (MF) 密胺/甲醛树脂i) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in distilled waterii) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in n-heptaneiii) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in 8% alcohold. 177.1500 Nylon resins 尼龙树脂i) Specific gravityii) melting pointiii) solubility in boiling 4.2NHCliv) maxium extractable fraction in waterv) maxium extractable fraction in 95% alcoholvi) maxium extractable fraction in ethyl acetateviii) maxium extractable fraction in benzenee. Polyethylene resins (PE) , 21 CFR 177.1520 聚乙烯树脂i) Densityii) Extractable fraction in n-hexaneiii) Soluble fraction in xylenef. Polypropylene resins (PP) , 21 CFR 177.1520 聚丙烯树脂'i) Densityii) Melting pointiii) Extractable fraction in n-hexaneiv) Soluble fraction in xyleneg.Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), 21 CFR 177.1350乙烯/乙酸乙酯共聚物i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Total extractives in n-heptaneiii) Total extractives in 8% alcoholiv) Total extractives in 50% alcoholh. Polycarbonate resins (PC), 21 CFR 177.1580聚碳酸酯i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Total extractives in 50% ethyl alcoholiii) Total extractives in n-heptanei. Polyethylene phthalate polymers (polyester, e.g. PET), 21 CFR 177.1630苯二甲酸乙二酯i) Chloroform-soluble extractives in distilled waterii) Chloroform-soluble extractives in n-heptaneiii) Chloroform-soluble extractives in 50% ethyl alcoholj. Polyvinyl alcohol film, 21 CFR 177.1670 聚乙烯醇薄膜i) Total extractives in n-heptanek. Polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM), 21 CFR 177.2470 聚甲醛树脂i) Net-chloroform soluble extractives in distilled waterii) Net-chloroform soluble extractives in n-heptaneiii) Net-chloroform soluble extractives in 8% alcoholiv) Total extractives in distilled water at reflux temperature for 6 hoursv) Total extractives in n-heptane at reflux temperature for 6 hoursl. Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), 21 CFR 177.2490 聚苯硫醚树脂i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Total extractives in 3% acetic acidiii) Total extractives in 50% ethanoliv) Total extractives in heptanem. Poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) oxide (PPO), 21 CFR 177.2460 聚氧化树脂 i) Total extractives in n-heptanen. Rubber, 21 CFR 177.2600 橡胶，硅胶i) Total extractives in distilled water (intended to contact with aqueous food) for ii) Total extractives in n-hexane (intended to contact with fatty food) foro.Acrylonitrile copolymers, Single-use, 21 CFR 180.22丙烯晴共聚物i) Acrylonitrile monomer extraction for finished product in distilled water at 120°F forappropriate time of useii) Acrylonitrile monomer extraction for finished product in 8% or 50% ethanol (selectone) at 120°F for appropriate time of useiii) Acrylonitrile monomer extraction for finished product in 3% acetic acid at 120°F forappropriate time of useiv) Acrylonitrile monomer extraction for finished product in n-heptane at 120°F for appropriate time of useP. Polystyrene resins(PS), 21 CFR 177.1640 聚苯乙烯i) Total residual styrene monomer contentq. Resinous and polymeric coating, 21 CFR 175.300 树脂和聚合物的涂料i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Total extractives in 8% alcoholiii) Total extractives in n-heptaner. Phenolic resins in molded articles, 21 CFR 177.2410 酚醛树脂i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Extracted phenol in distilled wateriii) Extracted aniline in distilled waters. Ion-exchange resins, 21 CFR 173.25 离子交换树脂i) Organic extractives in distilled waterii) Organic extractives in 15% alcoholiii) Organic extractives in 5% acetic acidt. Reinforced wax, 21 CFR 178.3850密封蜡i) Chloroform-soluble portion in distilled wateru. Per fluorocarbon Resins, 21 CFR 177.1550 特氟龙i) Total extractives in distilled waterii) Total extractives in n-heptaneiii) Total extractives in 50% alcoholiv) Total extractives in ethyl acetatev) Fluoride extractives calculated as fluorine in distilled watervi) Fluoride extractives calculated as fluorine in n-heptanevii) Fluoride extractives calculated as fluorine in 50% alcoholviii) Fluoride extractives calculated as fluorine in ethyl acetatev. Closures with sealing gaskets for food containers, 21 CFR 177.1210 密封垫片i) Chloroform fraction of water extractivesii) Chloroform fraction of heptane extractivesiii) Chloroform fraction of 8% alcohol extractives2. FDA Regulation for Paper and paperboarda. Paper and coated paper, 21CFR 176.170 +i) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in distilled waterii) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in 8% alcoholiii) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in 50% alcohol iv) Net chloroform-soluble extractives in heptane3. FDA Regulation for Wooda. Preservatives for wood 21 CFR 178.3800i) Pentachlorophenol (PCP)4. FDA Regulation for glass and Cerama. FDA 7117.06 & 7117.07i) Metal release-lead and cadmium。