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2018届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意题专练（三）段落大意类编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望（2018届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意题专练(三）段落大意类)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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阅读理解主旨大意题专练(三）段落大意类A(２０17·烟台诊断）Ｇrａndparents who help ouｔｏccａｓionalｌy with ｃhilｄcａre iｎ tｈeir ｃomｍunity ｔeｎｄｔo live longｅr than ｓeniｏrs wｈo do noｔ carｅfor othｅr people, ａｃｃorｄｉｎg to ａstｕdy froｍＢerliｎ, Ｇeｒmany.“Hａｖing nｏ conｔacｔ wｉth graｎdcｈｉｌdrｅｎａｔ alｌ can neｇatiｖely ｉmpaｃt grandｐarents’ｈeａlｔh. Ｔhis link ｃould ｂe dｅｅpｌy ｒｏo ｔeｄin oｕr evoｌutiｏnary ｐaｓｔ when ｈelp wiｔh ｃｈiｌdcare wａｓｉm ｐorｔaｎt for thｅｓurvival of the humaｎ species,” saｉｄ Sｏnja Hiｌbrand, onｅ of tｈｅ rｅｓearｃhｅrs。
The fｉndiｎgs aｒe dｒａwn frｏm ｄatａｏn more tｈan 500 peｏplｅoｖer age ７０。
主标题：专题 2 阅读理解之猜测词义关键词：阅读理解,猜测词义,上下文推理,语境难度系数：✱✱✱✱推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱【基础回顾】考点归纳：根据上下文推断生词的词义正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。
但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。
能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。
这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。
考点1 猜测词义题考点2猜测短语题考点3 猜测指代题考点4 猜测句意题基础必读：高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
A．词义猜测主要的设题方式有：（1）The underlined words "took off " in paragraph 2 mean "_____".（2）What does the underlined word "them" in the last paragraph refer to?（3）The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_______.（4）Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word "exotic" in the third paragraph? （5）The underlined phrase " turn his back on" (paragraph 6) most probably mean _______.（6）By saying " We need them yesterday "(paragraph 7), Stover means that snakelike robots _______. B．词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。
阅读理解词义猜测题专练( 二)猜测词语类A(2017 〃广东佛山市检测 )The times are changing. On Thursday October 13th, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature,marking the first time the highly - eyed -on literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise to heated discussions.The 75- year - old won the prize“ for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”，the Swedish Academy said.“ For 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，”said Sara Danius, the academy's permanent secretary.“ Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear. But it's perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.”And while many Dylan's fans have found great delight at the news，others online and in the literary community are cross with the Committee, saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year.NewYork Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many“deserving ” novelists there are.Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was “overjoyed ” that Dylan was awarded the prize.“ Dylan's poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，”Scorsese said.“His work has influenced and shaped culture,and he has never stopped exploring and growing as an artist.The Nobel Committee has given Dylan a form of recognition that fits his role in our culture—in world culture.”Dylan won a Pulitzer Prize in 2008 for his“great influence on popular music and American culture”. He's the first American to win the literary Nobel since Toni Morrison in 1993.体裁：说明文题材：文化教育主题：诺贝尔文学奖被授予一位歌手而引发热议【语篇导读】作为一名歌手，鲍勃〃迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。
2018考前冲刺英语Ⅱ专题10 阅读理解词义猜测考情分析词义猜测题主要考查考生根据文章内容和所学知识推测词义的能力，包括考查生词词义和熟词新义，或是一些短语的引申意义或是一句话的含义。
今几年来的高考阅读理解题中，词义猜测类题越来越受到命题者的青睐，如2018年高考试题中，大部分地区的试卷都有词义猜测题，有的地区的一套试卷上甚至出现了2~3道词义猜测题，预计2018年各地高考也将会不同程度地考查考生对词义的理解能力。
要点突破一．词义猜测题常见的命题形式有;1.What does the underlined word “…”mean in the passage?2.The word“...”refer to/probably means . The underlined word “ (i)Paragraph…means .3.What do you think the expression“”stands for?4.“”as used in the passage can best be defined as.二．猜测词义的方法和技巧1.根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义猜测词义的方法很多，其中一条是根据定义或解释来猜测其意义。
这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释往往跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。
生词的意义也就清楚了。
复述也是一种解释方法，即用不同的词语重复表达同一内容。
复述部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句或句子。
在做这类题时，要注意复述和被复述部分往往构成同位语关系，在句中多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、冒号或分号来连接。
有时他们中间还常常插入一个起解释作用的标志语如or，or rather，that is to say，that is，namely，in other words 等来强调这种同位关系。
例：（2018.福建，B 篇）Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995;by 2018 the number had climbed about 60%.That is some way behind the U.S.,where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the internet. Five millions more families in Sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years.In 2018, after the fall of Taliban, which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2018-pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.60.The underlined word “outlawed”in Paragraph 2 probably means“”.A. allowedB. bannedC. offeredD. refused分析;由文意可知，2018年塔利班垮台以后，1／5的啊富汗人有了电视，说明在这之前电视是禁止的。
第二讲词义猜测题题型1 猜测单词类[示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ，B)Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare，“But I’m just not creative.”27．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Mistake. B．Drawback.C．Difficulty. D．Burden.[解题思路]第一步阅读文章，在画线词前后找出相关信息词①Encouraging__this__kind__of__thinking__has__a__downside.②I__ran__the__risk__of__losing__those__students__who__had__a__different__style__of__thi nking.第二步对比信息词与选项，找出符合题干要求的选项尝试解答____B____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)The underlined word...probably means____________．(2)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word...?2．“文中信息”巧利用(1)同义或定义解释法。
专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题【构建知识体系】2015-2017年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计2015-2017年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计2016-2017年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计【考纲解读】【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向1.【2017·全国I】DA build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only c omponents required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down wit h a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still eve ry time you need a drink.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.【名师点睛】近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高同学们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
题型三 ⎪⎪ 阅读理解[全国卷3 年考情分析]从上表可以看出，高考英语阅读理解题，所选材料体裁多样、语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活、有很强的时代气息。
阅读理解文章具有英语语言独有的文化特征，试题信息量大，对考生阅读速度和快速处理信息的能力要求更高。
阅读理解的体裁以说明文、记叙文、应用文为主，议论文偶有考查，题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。
细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难，且在题型设置上，推理判断题的难度会适当加大。
本专题将对这四种题型进行递进式的指导。
一、读文的2 种方式——据情而选方式(一) 文章——问题——文章即先粗读文章，然后看问题，最后再通过精读文章来解答问题。
这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式，其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。
但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动的预测文章内容。
方式(二) 问题——文章——问题即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。
其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。
上面这两种读文方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。
当然，题型不同，读文的方式也应有所不同。
但无论采用哪种方式，一旦选定适合自身的方式，应持之以恒，形成读文做题的习惯。
二、命题的8 大常考处——重点关注阅读理解的命题点有一定规律可寻，掌握命题规律，能帮助考生明确阅读时应该重点关注的内容，抓阅读的“敏感点”，提高阅读的针对性，快速、准确锁定信息区间，为准确解题圈定信息源。
1．段首、段尾处常考无论是议论文还是说明文，一篇文章往往分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每个段落一般都是一个部分或者一个层次。
英美作者写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的主旨句，也是出题的重点区域。
2．转折处常考文章的转折处也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，作者经常会通过先抑后扬的方法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。
2018 高考英语阅读理解词义猜想题专题打破Step1 猜想词义常有设问方式1. Which of the following is the nearest in meaning to“’’2.What does the author probably mean by “ ’’3.The word “ ’’inthe contest means _____.4.The term can be best replaced by _____.5.The word “ ’’probably refers to ____.6.As used in the line the word “ ’’refers to ______.7.According to the passage, the word “ ’’isknown as_____.8.The passage use the word “’’torefer to ____9. According to the author, the underlined word“’’means____.10.From the context/ passage, we can infer that the word “’’means _____.在词义猜想题中，有些词汇并不是生词，只需要依据上下文去推测它应在文章中的具体含义，或找出其指代对象。
做这种题，应认真阅读出现该词的上下文，文章中常常会对这种词或短语进行重复解说或归纳归纳。
所以答案常常可从文章中找出或推测出。
Step2. 方法研究1.Charlotte ’s tale was inspired by the girls ’coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins foryears-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife, ”she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”2.Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng ’s deeds remind usof what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive.Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.The underlined word“donation”in probably means ______.A. invitation to give a speechB. something, especially given to help othersC. questions asked by interviewersD. chances to be a hero【思虑归纳】这两道题你是怎样得出答案的从中你有什么启迪和收获跟大家分享一下。
A(2017·河北石家庄高三质检)Recently I and other Red Cross volunteers met a group of victims from Hurricane Katrina.We were there,as mental health professionals,to offer“psychological first aid”and I was struck by the simple healing power of presence.As we walked in the gate to the shelter,we were greeted with a burst of gratitude(感激)from the first person we met.I felt appreciated,but also guilty,because I hadn’t really done anything yet.I first realized the power of presence many years ago when a friend’s mother passed away unexpectedly.I received a call saying she had just passed away.I wanted to rush down there immediately,but didn’t want to intrude (打扰)on this very personal period of sadness.I was torn about what to do.Another friend with me then said,“Just go.Just be there.”I did,and I will never regret it.Since then,I have not hesitated to be in the presence of others.Once I sat at the bedside of a young man suffering from the pain of his AIDSrelated dying.He was not awake,and obviously unaware of others’presence. However,the atmosphere was by no means solemn.His family,playing guitars and singing,allowed him to be present with them as though he were still fully alive.In my life,I am repeatedly struck by the healing power of presence.In it,none of us are truly alone.It not only is something we give to others but also changes me for the better.[解题导语]本文主要讲述了“我”通过一些活动意识到“到场”的意义的故事。
根据上下文推断单词的含义——单词词义猜测题一、单词词义猜测题常见的设问方式1. What does the underlined word “...” in the ... paragraph mean / refer to?2. What does the word “...” in Paragraph ... refer to?3. The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... is closest in meaning to _____.4. The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... means / can be replaced by _____.5. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...?6. Which of the following best explains “...” underlined in Paragraph ...?二、单词词义猜测题解题技巧单词词义猜测题要求考生理解文章中单词的含义，故正确理解上下文是解题的关键。
除了通过语境进行推断以外，我们还可以采用以下方法：1. 通过定义或解释猜测词义。
用于下定义或解释的单词或短语有or, mean, in other words, be defined as, be described as, be seen as, refer to, that is, that is to say 等。
有些定义或解释是通过破折号、冒号、括号、同位语（从句）或定语从句来表示的。
2. 通过所举例子猜测词义。
用于举例的单词或短语有 like, including, such as, for example, for instance 等。
3. 通过对比关系猜测词义。
阅读理解词义猜测题专练(三)指代猜测类A(2017·黄冈检测)On Christmas Day, 2003, a woman named Nancy Sue Brown took her daughter and grandchildren to see a movie at an AMC theater. When the movie was over, the crowd made for the exits. A theater employee had just finished mopp ing the hallway and dutifully placed the “wet floor” sign in the slippery area. No one slipped due to the wet conditions, but someone did manage to knock over the sign. And by the time Ms. Brown got to the area, the sign was lying on the floor. And shortly thereafter, so was she. Her foot got caught in the sign, in a bad way, and she fell. Unfortunately Ms. Brown had undergone a back operation, and the fall caused more damage than it otherwise would have. So she and her husband sued (提起诉讼)．AMC argued that the entire point of the “wet floor” sign above was to warn of danger, and therefore, courts should encourage the use by not allowing Brown's case to proceed (继续进行). AMC referred to a case about a December, 1998 incident, where a “wet floor” sign, not in us e, fell to the floor causing another trip-and-fall. In that case, Georgia's Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the store, but didn't go so far as to say that “wet floor” signs couldn't give rise to legal liability (责任) in trip-and-fall accidents. In the Brown case, the Supreme Court therefore rejected AMC's argument that the former case applied.But the Browns argued something surprising that the “wet floor” sign was, itself, dangerous, because “using this type of sign in areas passed by lots of customers creates an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to the public in the form of tripping hazards (危险)．” That's right —the safety sign, used in the way it was designed, was itself dangerous. The court thankfully didn't accept that argument, at least not entirely. But it did conclude that Brown's case could continue to a jury (陪审团) —“a merchant's selection and use of equipment designed to warn customers of one danger that has the potential to expose them to a different one”．体裁：议论文题材：社会现象主题：“小心地滑”指示牌引发的安全事件【语篇导读】本文主要介绍了布朗夫人在美国一家AMC影院看完电影离开时，被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒受伤后，向法院提起诉讼的原因以及法院的审判结果。
1．According to the text, Ms. Brown ________.A．slipped on the wet floorB．tripped over a warning signC．knocked over warning signD．was knocked down by the crowd解析：B细节理解题。
根据文章第一段中的．.. Ms. Brown got to the area, the sign was lying on the floor. And shortly thereafter, so was she. Her foot got caught in the sign, in a bad way,and she fell.可知，布朗夫人被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒了。
B项中的tripped over意为“被绊倒”，与文章表述相符，故选B项。
C项中的knocked over意为“打翻；撞倒”，不符合文意。
2．AMC mentioned the 1998 case in order to ________.A．accept its legal liability for Ms. Brown's lossB．prove Ms. Brown had some physical problemsC．stress that it had no legal liability for the accidentD．prove other customers were responsible for the accident解析：C推理判断题。
根据文章第二段第一句AMC argued that... encourage the use by not allowing Brown's case to proceed.可知，AMC影院认为布朗夫人的控诉不成立，法院应该鼓励使用这样的警示牌，接着第二句AMC影院举出1998年的案例来支持自己的观点。
由此可推测，AMC影院提到这一案例是为了强调自己不应该承担本次事故的责任。
故选C项。
3．What can we learn about the Brown's case from the last paragraph?A．It would be judged by jury.B．It would not be allowed to proceed.C．The court would rule in favor of AMC.D．The court accepted all the arguments of the Browns.解析：A细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段中的But it did conclude that Brown's case could continue to a jury...可知，法院申请陪审团来审理此案。
故选A项。
4．The underlined word “one” in the last paragraph refers to “________”．A．dangerB．customerC．business ownerD．equipment in public places解析：A词义猜测题。
根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，一个商人选择和使用某一种设备来警示顾客某种危险，而这种设备本身就可能将顾客置于另一种危险中。
由此可猜测，one指代上文中的danger。
故选A项。
长难句分析：But it did conclude that Brown's case could continue to a jury —“a merchant's selection and use of equipment designed to warn customers of one danger that has the potential to expose them to a different one”．句式分析：did在此处起强调作用，强调谓语动词conclude; that Brown's case could continue to a jury为宾语从句，作conclude的宾语；designed to warn customers of one danger 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰equipment；that has the potential to expose them to a different one为定语从句，修饰的也是equipment。
句意：但是法院确实给出了结论：布朗事件的最后裁定交由陪审团——“一个商人选择和使用某一种设备来警示顾客某种危险，而这种设备本身就可能将顾客置于另一种危险中”。
B(2017·山东部分重点中学第一次调研)Music icon Bob Dylan will not attend the Nobel ceremony in December because he has other commitments, the Swedish Academy said on Wednesday.“The Swedish Academy received a personal letter fr om Bob Dylan yesterday where he explained that he could not make himself available in December...，” it said in a statement.“He wishes that he could accept the award personally, but other commitments make it unfortunately impossible. He underlined that he felt incredibly honored by the Nobel Prize，” it added. The Swedish Academy said it respected Dylan's decision, but that it was “unusual” for a Nobel laureate not to come to Stockholm to accept the award in person. Nobel laureates are honored every year on December 10 — the death anniversary of the prize's founder Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist, inventor and philanthropist.Several other literature prize winners have skipped the Nobel ceremony in the past for various reasons — British writer Doris Lessing on grounds of ill health, British playwright Harold Pinter because he was hospitalized and Austrian playwright and novelist Elfriede Jelinek due to social phobia.“We look forward to Bob Dylan's Nobel lecture, which he must carry out — it is the only requirement — within six months starting from December 10,2016，” the academy said.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了2016年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者Bob Dylan缺席颁奖仪式的故事。
