论庞德的汉诗英译_马燕
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论庞德对中国古典文学的翻译研究作者:杨恕华来源:《校园英语·下旬》2014年第12期【摘要】翻译是美国大诗人庞德文学生涯的重要组成部分。
庞德的诗歌创作和翻译理论与中国传统诗学有着深厚的理论渊源。
本文对庞德对中国古典文学的翻译实践追溯其诗歌创作及译学观的理论根源,探讨其翻译理论对当今翻译实践的理论意义。
【关键词】庞德中国古典文学翻译翻译理论庞德是20世纪美国文坛一位非常具有影响力的诗人和翻译理论家。
这位文学巨匠的翻译活动充分体现在他的思想和创作中。
他对中国古诗的译作《华夏集》成为以诗歌反映第一次世界大战的重要作品。
庞德的诗歌创作与翻译理论与中国传统史学有着深厚的理论渊源,这形成了他非常具有东方“具象”思维的理论风格,而有别于传统的西方“抽象”思维的理论特点。
庞德翻译实践的巨大贡献之一就是将中国的诗歌和儒家经典译成英文。
1915年4月他出版了中国诗歌的译本《华夏集》。
T.S.艾略特称庞德是我们时代的中国诗歌的创造者。
庞德的中国诗歌翻译丰富了英诗。
庞德翻译《华夏集》之后在自己的创作中注意吸收中国古诗的营养,同时也把中国古诗的影响带入了西方。
因为在庞德之前中国没有与她的名字相称的文学流行于说英语的国家。
一、与中国传统诗学的理论渊源庞德从中国古诗英译中发现传统对现在和将来的意义。
庞德也强调世界文学的概念。
他主张一个抛开时代国界的普遍标准:一种世界文学标准。
他这种追求超越国界与时代的世界文学的标准是他重视翻译的内在动力。
他常常从翻译中或者借助翻译发现时代所需要的东西。
文学的伟大时代也许总是翻译的伟大时代,或者紧随着它。
庞德作为一代文坛领袖他所从事的翻译实践绝不仅仅是为了翻译的目的,而是要从翻译中解决他那个时代所迫切需要回答的问题。
中国传统诗学涵盖了所有关于诗论、词论、书论、画论、美学等等的内容。
中国的汉字、雕刻及审美趣味对庞德的诗歌创作及翻译理论的形成起着极为重要的影响。
正因为庞德从中国传统史学中摄取了大量养分,他的诗歌创作和翻译理论一直强调意象(image)和语势(energy of language)。
庞德语言能量观视野下的汉诗英译策略摘要庞德是意象派诗歌的创始人,也是开创美国现代主义诗歌的诗人和翻译家。
庞德翻译的中国古诗给意象主义运动甚至美国的诗歌都带来了影响。
庞德提出的“语言能量”的理念体现在中国古诗的翻译中,这种以并置发潜能、以无言引诠释的语言能量观和中国古诗意向并置,互文性以及移情的特点有诸多契合之处,也使庞德的译文独树一帜,获得广泛的赞誉。
本文意在对庞德的语言能量观进行深人阐述,并且通过意向并置,互文性以及移情等策略,说明该理念指导下的中国古诗翻译策略的可取之处。
关键词语言能量观;中国诗歌;庞德;翻译Abstract Ezra Pound is the poet and translator that blazes new trail for modernist poetry in America. Pound’s translation of Chinese poetry has great impact onImagist Movement and even American poetry. His idea of “Energy inLanguag e” finds concrete embodiment in his version of Chinese poetry. Theidea features linguistic energy in the juxtaposition of images and the restraintto inspire interpretations, which coincides with major features of Chinesepoetry such as image juxtaposition, textualism and empathy. This paper aimsto explore in detail Pound’s concept of Energy in Language,and based onimage juxtaposition, textualism and empathy shed light on the strategies in thetranslation of Chinese poetry.一、前言埃兹拉•庞德(1885-1972),意象主义和漩涡运动的先锋人物,是英美20世纪文坛最有影响的人物之一,集诗人,批评家与翻译家于一身。
I. IntroductionPoetry, the most core part in culture and the expression of the best ideas and comments, is created by the human. Chinese classical poetry has concise language, plentiful emotion, abundant imagination, deep meaning, exquisite rhythm and unique artistic conception. Poetry hasn’t national boundary for cultures are melted with each other. Language becomes the tool for conversions of culture. Therefore, the translation becomes very significant in cultural exchanges. Chinese and western cultures had begun long time ago. One of the most dramatic mutual exchanges and learning occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, especially in the field of poetry. In order to reform the former poem’s style in that time, the western poets in new era launched imagist poetry movement. Pond, as a theorist and organizer, contributed to the imagistic verse development and played a major role. He became one of the indisputable founders of modernism poetry. In addition, Pound was influenced by Chinese culture and Chinese classical poetry. Ezra Pound had a close relationship with the Chinese culture and poetry and made a special significant contribution in poetry translation.Nowadays, communication between Chinese and western culture is more and more frequent. At present, researches on the Chinese classical poetry are mainly from the perspective of language, culture and the literature. For example, Li Li’s Introduction to the Image Processing in Translating Tang Poetry into English from the Perspective of Culture, Jiang Yi’s Observation on the Image Processing in the Translation of Chinese Poetry from the Angle of Knew Language and so on. However, it is relatively insufficient to study image from the prspective of translation. Most papers stress on the rhythm’s transfer of the tang poetry in a small number of the Chinese poetry’s translation. For instance, Yao Qiaomei’s Comment on the translation of ‘The Book of Songs • Xiao Y a”---- Example of Cai Wei from the R hythm’s Features of Poetry describes rhythm of poetry.The English translation of Chinese poetry has made a variety of attempts and theories. But Pound's point of view is very unique and it is essential to thedevelopment of modern poetry. Through Ezra P ound’s analysis on the image in Chinese-English translation, this article mainly aims to explore Pound’s image differences between China and the West in poetry as well as the processing of image in Chinese poetry, which reflects Pound’s unique style in Chinese- English translation of Chinese poetry. From analyzing Pound’s translation of imagist poetry and exploring the aesthetic value and special style of poetry, the article attempts to reach two targets. Firstly, it aims to objectively strengthen the beauty of image between Chinese poetry and Western poetry in communication, integration and development, which opens up a broad road for the translation of imagery in Chinese poetry. Secondly, it aims to inspire the translator to obtain the best effect of imagery in poetic translation, which helps the reader to be affected by artistic conception and romantic charm of poetry imagery.II. Imagism and Imagist Poetry2.1 Movement of Imagist PoetryWhitman’s death marks the end of the American romantic poetry, the poetr y bottomed out with his death. In the early 20th century, a movement came into being to push forward poetry in the modern British and American poetry. Under the backwash of the decadent mood, excessive wordy poetry and emotional catharsis appeared at the end of the 19th century. A group of British and American poets combined the oriental art (e.g. Chinese classical poetry and the Japanese haiku) with western empiricism. At the same time, they referenced to methods of modern painting and sculpture as well as laid the foundation for the birth of imagist poetry.The imagist movement originated in London, then, spread to the United States and the Soviet Union. Seven representatives emerged, four American poets (pound, H • D, Lowell, Fletcher) and three British poets (Al Paddington, F • S • Flint, D • H • Lawrence). Pound played a leading role among them. In 1908, "Poets club" in London published the Hume's poetry booklet---- For Christmas MDCCCCV Ⅲ, Autumn and A City Sunset were particularly remarkable and they are considered to be the earliest imagist poetry. Then, Pound recommended the latest works of Al Paddington and H•Dto American Poetry Journal. They are models of written characters----“Imagist Poet”. In 1912, Pound published poetry anthology---- Ripostes and announced a few commandments in 1913. In 1914, he issued Imagist. Under the guidance of Ezra Pound, the imagist poetry movement was launched.Afterwards, Imagist poets all have made development and changes to different degrees, but they always didn’t le ave the core of image. Thus, imagist movement's influence on American poetry was extremely deep, which avoided many disadvantages. For example, most poetries are much too obscure, extremely educated and filled with excessive psychological activity. Through the imagist’s rendering of imagist, it was conducive that the healthy development of the poetry under some basic principles took root in the United States field. Although the imagist poetry has certain limitations on itself, its merits rest on initiating modernist school poetry. T • S • Eliot looked it as the starting point of modern poetry in his work ----American Literature and American Language.2.2 Imagery and Imagist Poetry of PoundEzra Pound (1885—1972) is a significant Modern American poet and critic. He is also the principal representative of Imagism. Ezra Pound is the "blaster" of American modern poetry. Talking about him, we must refer to his imagism and imagist poetry. The Poems of Imagist was published by Pound in 1914 and it aroused strong repercussions in the British and American poetry. And it promoted the development of Britain and American modern poetry greatly. He proposed the famous "image theory"----"An image is a rational and emotional complex during an instant period." (“一个意象是在瞬息间呈现出的一个理性和感情的复合体。
误读还是再创造:论庞德的汉诗英译-------马燕摘要:作为”意象派“诗风的倡导者,埃兹拉庞德是英美现代诗坛举足轻重的人物,对现代诗歌的发展有着重要的影响。
自他的《华夏集》出版以来,人们对庞德的译诗方法褒贬不一。
本文将主要从庞德的诗歌理论以及他对中国古诗的翻译两个方面来进一步探讨庞德在诗歌翻译方面独到的见解。
关键词:庞德,意象派,诗歌翻译1948年诺贝尔奖得主、大诗人T·S·艾略特的著名长诗《荒原》的副题是:“献给埃兹拉·庞德,最卓越的匠人”。
意象派诗人埃兹拉·庞德在英美现代诗坛史上毫无疑问是最有影响的人物之一,他对第一次世界大战后兴起的现代文学运动的一代青年有着巨大的影响,作为“意象派”诗风的倡导人,庞德对现代诗歌界的发展影响深远。
但自庞德出版《华夏集》以来,一部分人对他的诗歌翻译方法持反意见,认为他的翻译是对原诗词的误读。
艾略特曾说:“为了理解庞德的理论,有必要阅读他的诗歌,为了理解庞德的诗歌,有必要阅读他的理论。
”因此,本文将主要从这两方面入手,通过理解庞德的翻译以及分析他对中国古诗的翻译,来进一步探讨庞德在诗歌翻译方面独到的见解。
一、背景埃兹拉庞德,著名的美国诗人。
1885年10月30日出生于美国爱达荷州的海利镇。
在去欧洲以前,他在宾夕法尼亚州立大学就学,在那里攻读美国历史、古典文学、罗曼斯语言文学。
毕业时他不但精通英文文法和文学,而且掌握了九种外语。
两年后,他转至哈密尔顿大学学习,1906年获硕士学位。
1898年庞德首次赴欧,1908年定居伦敦,并结识了著名爱尔兰诗人W.B.叶芝。
以后一度成为伦敦文坛上举足轻重的人物。
在巴黎和伦敦期间除了继续从事创作外,他发掘和扶植人才,与欧美文学界人士广为交游,为打破英美诗歌的沉寂局面,为促进美国文学的“复兴”作出了独特的贡献。
1909年至1917年间,一些英美诗人发起并付诸实践了一场文学运动,其宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动及形象地展现事物,并将诗人瞬息间的思想感情溶化在诗行中。
东学西渐语境下论庞德汉诗英译内容摘要:通过翻译、改写与创作,庞德从汉语古典诗歌中吸取异质养分,既做媒婆又做处女,历史地成为崭新时代东学西渐的先行者。
他的翻译思想激励并提升了他的诗歌创作,为诗歌翻译的本质和理想重新下了定义,“中国诗歌之发明者”庞德如愿以偿地将“东方杏花”带到了西方,使中国诗歌成为激发现代派诗人创作灵感的源泉,促进了英语诗歌从传统向现代过渡,做出了对英语诗歌的最持久的贡献。
关键词:东学西渐庞德汉诗英译创造性一庞德主张诗歌当以凝练的意象和简洁的语言表征诗人的理性和感情,诗人应当不断地创造意象,把直观留给诗歌,并借助意象的“叠加”(superposition)和“并置”(juxtaposition)等艺术手段,将读者当作诗歌诠释的主体融入诗歌的解读,完成诗歌意义的建构。
在庞德看来,中国古典诗歌注重意象,精炼直接,包含着深邃的东方古典哲学思想,给意象主义者们提供了良好的创作范例,对美国现代诗歌来说,“是一个宝库,今后一个世纪将从中寻找推动力。
”通过研读费诺罗萨的遗稿,庞德发现,中国诗歌所注重的“意象”、“神韵”、“简洁”、“音乐”等主张与他领导的英美意象主义诗歌运动的诗学观不谋而合,尤其在读到遗稿中的“汉字乃绘画之速写,一行中国诗就是一行速写画”,“一个汉字就是一个意象(animage),一首诗就是一串意象”时,顿有一种“醍醐灌顶,茅塞顿开”之感,并视其为“宝贵财富”,随后便投入到中国诗的翻译之中。
庞德主张,诗歌翻译不应过于强调字词直译,而应更多地再现这一人类感情的方程式背隐的情愫。
“字面翻译无法再现原词语中的美。
”这就要求译者不仅翻译词和精神,并且要有“认同感”,“在某种意义上必须认同和意识到古人的精神内容,并从他们的思想与言语中吸取某些时髦的东西。
”庞德的翻译作品中运用了移译、引用和析字法,求的是喻象,借汉语文字形象构造来表明其意象主义诗歌的创作理念:诗应该富含意象。
《华夏集》的翻译与诗歌创作实践表明,庞德十分清楚文学翻译与文学创作的内在联系,他声称“文学的伟大时代通常都是翻译的伟大时代”,翻译常常带来“文学的创新”。
校园英语 / 翻译研究从庞德中诗英译看其诗歌翻译特点河北农业大学/刘丽宁【摘要】庞德作为意象派创始人,不仅发展了美国诗歌,而且翻译了许多中国古籍,为中国文化的传播作出了贡献。
本文将从庞德所译的两首李白的诗词出发,分析其中诗英译的特点和风格,总结出他意象式翻译和改写式翻译的策略,来了解其诗歌翻译的特点,以期帮助读者理解庞德式翻译。
【关键词】庞德 诗歌翻译 意象 改写一、引言埃兹拉·庞德是20世纪英美文坛极具影响力的人物之一,他既是意象派诗歌的创始人,也是开创美国现代主义诗歌的诗人和翻译家。
庞德对中国古典文化情有独钟,他的《华夏集》便是对李白十多首诗词的翻译。
Eliot·Weinberger曾这样评价诗歌翻译,伟大的诗歌活在永久的蜕变,永久的翻译之中:诗歌死于它无处可去之时。
只有延续不断的翻译才能让诗歌永久地生存下去。
然而诗歌翻译实非易事,不同的译者,有着不同的文化背景和翻译策略,想要翻译出和原作同意义、同意境的作品几乎不可能,译者只能是在某一方面使译作与原作达到一致。
二、庞德中诗英译分析庞德的汉诗英译本在20世纪初美国诗歌界引起了很大反响,学者们纷纷开始关注中国古代诗歌文化。
国内许多学者对庞德的研究多集中于庞德与英美诗歌、庞德与中国文化关系,庞德中诗英译的“误译”等。
本文主要分析庞德的诗歌翻译策略,以其翻译的《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》和《送友人》为例,从意象式翻译和改写式翻译两方面进行分析,进而总结其诗歌翻译的特点。
1.意象式翻译。
以庞德为首的意象派诗人主张简洁、直接地描述对象,不人为创作韵律。
庞德认为人为地追求韵律,会导致多余的辞藻,让句子臃肿。
谈主张简洁、单纯、客观地呈现意象,不提倡添加装饰物。
他在翻译时并不追求英汉意义语义层次的对等,而是着重于意象的体现,寻求与原诗作者思想感情的共鸣相等。
下面就从其译作《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》来探究这一特点。
黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵李白故人西辞黄鹤楼,烟花三月下扬州。
庞德与许渊冲中国古典诗歌翻译理论比较摘要:中国古典诗歌是世界文学宝库里一颗璀璨的明珠。
多年来,中外学者不仅在实践方面对中国古诗的翻译做出了巨大的贡献,而且还就中国古典诗歌的翻译理论提出了各自精辟的见解。
本文通过比较庞德和许渊冲的译诗,探讨他们各自的翻译理论,旨在为中国古诗英译研究提出新的思路和研究视角,为中国古诗英译的发展贡献自己的力量。
关键词:庞德许渊冲中国古典诗歌翻译理论1.引言中国古典诗歌是中华民族文化之瑰宝,中国文学之精髓,其文化内涵丰富,具有独特的艺术风格。
因此,古诗英译对中国古典文学的对外传播和中西文化交流具有重大意义。
早期,古诗翻译主要有以下三种形式:翟理斯为代表的意译法,庞德的创造性翻译法,以及亚瑟·韦利的直译法。
当代中国,翁显良和许渊冲则是这一领域的佼佼者。
前者倾向于归化翻译法,后者比较注重译诗的韵律。
不论何种翻译方法,这些学者都以自己与众不同的翻译理论和技巧获得了很大的成功。
本文通过对比分析庞德和许渊冲所翻译的具体文本,对二者的翻译理论进行比较。
相同的文本,二者却创造出大相径庭的译文,而他们各自的译文在不同的时代又都取得了巨大的成功。
可见,翻译过程中,译者可以根据不同的翻译对象及翻译目标,选择翻译策略,译出符合要求的译文,最终实现翻译目的。
2. 庞德、许渊冲翻译理论比较庞德是意象派的灵魂人物,他早年对中国古典诗歌十分推崇,是对中国诗歌最热情的美国现代诗人。
他认为文学爱好者不仅能从翻译实践中得到训练,而且能从语言本身得到益处。
他主张以自由诗体翻译中国古诗。
译诗应尽量准确、简洁,保留原诗中“不可破坏的”部分。
(pound, 1913: 707)笔者认为,庞德的翻译实质上是一种“忠实的创造”。
所谓“忠实”,即翻译要在意义、风格及氛围上忠实原文。
所谓“创造”,即他认为“诗歌的内在思想既可以用韵律诗体也可以用无韵诗体展现出来”。
然而,这些“创造”是在他忠实的语言翻译的限度之内的。