脾,门静脉 spleen, portal vein

脾功能亢进hypersplenism目录脾功能亢进(hypersplenism) (1)脾功能亢进 (1)What Is Hypersplenism? (2)病因 (2)What Causes Hypersplenism? (3)What Are The Risk Factors? (4)临床表现 (5)What Are Some Symptoms Of Hypersplenism? (6)和急性白血病区别 (6)治疗 (7)肝硬化时的脾肿大有什么危害？ (7)脾功能亢进要脾脏切除吗？ (8)不做脾脏切除可以吗？ (9)How Can It Be Diagnosed And Treated? (9)脾功能亢进脾功能亢进(hypersplenism)是一种综合征，引起脾大原因有多种，如：传染性单核细胞增多症、亚急性感染性心内膜炎、粟粒性肺结核、布鲁菌病、血吸虫病、黑热病及疟疾等。

临床表现为脾大，血细胞减少可出现贫血，感染和出血倾向。

脾切除后血象正常或接近正常，症状缓解。

What Is Hypersplenism?Hypersplenism locationOne of the adverse outcomes of having an enlarged spleen is that the organ becomes hyperactive. Accordingly, this condition is known as hypersplenism. While its normal function involves filtering out worn-out blood cells, an overactive spleen will decommission blood cells at an abnormally rapid rate, even pulling out or sequestering healthy ones from the bloodstream. Since the enlarged spleen keeps blood cells trapped for extended periods of time, the overall result is a deficit of healthy blood corpuscles in circulation.This shortage of blood corpuscles is known as cytopenia and it can take different forms depending on which type of blood cell is involved. The deficit of red blood cells is known as anemia. Shortage of white blood cells is called leukopenia and the shortage of platelets is known as thrombopenia.病因脾亢与脾大有关，引起脾大的病因包括：1.感染性疾病传染性单核细胞增多症、亚急性感染性心内膜炎、粟粒性肺结核、布鲁菌病、血吸虫病、黑热病及疟疾等。

超声医学术语、缩略语中英文对照一解剖学方面：1、眼、面颈，乳腺，涎腺眼球Optic bulb;Eyeball 角膜Cornea 虹膜Iris 睫状体Ciliary body 视网膜Retina脉胳膜Choroid 巩膜Sclera 视神经Optic nerve(ON) 眼动脉Ophthalmic artery(OA)唾液腺、涎腺Salivary gland 甲状腺Thyrlid 颌下腺Submaxillay gland 舌下腺Sublingual gland 乳腺Breast 颈总动脉Common carotid Artery（CCA）颈外动脉External carotid Artery（ECA）颈内动脉Internal carotid Artery（ICA）无名动脉Innominate artery 椎动脉Vertebral artery （V A）2、腹部血管、周围血管腹主动脉Abdominal aorta(AA) 肠系膜上动脉Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)肝动脉Hepatic artery (HA) 胃左动脉Left gastric artery (LGA) 脾动脉SpA 肾动脉RA 卵巢动脉OA 髂内动脉IIA 髂外动脉EIA 大隐静脉GSV 下腔静脉ICA 门静脉PV 肝静脉HV 肾静脉RV 股动脉FA 锁骨下动脉Subclavian artry3、肝、胆、胰、脾、泌尿男生殖肝左叶Left liver lobe (LL) 肝右叶（RL）尾状叶CL 方叶QL胆囊GB 胆囊管CD肝管HD 肝门Porta hepatis 胆囊窝CBF 肝总管CHD 胆总管CBD 胰腺Pancreas (Pa) 胰头Head 0f pancreas （PaH）胰颈PaN 胰体PaB 胰尾PaB 钩突Uncinate process 脾Spleen（SP）脾门SPH 集合系统CS 肾Kidney (K) 肾盂RP 肾盏RC 肾柱RCo 肾上腺Adrenal gland （AG）输尿管UR 膀胱BL/UB 尿道Urethra 睾丸Tesitis (TS) 副睾Epididymis （Ep）鞘膜Tunica vagialis 精囊SV 阴囊Scrotum （SC）腹股沟Inguen 前列腺Prostate (PST)4妇产科子宫Uterus (U)t 输卵管Uterine tube 卵巢Ov 子宫内膜En 阴道Vagina 胚胎Embryo 卵黄囊Yolk sac (YS) 羊膜A m 胎儿Fetus(F) 胎心F Ht 胎头FH 胎儿脊柱F Sp 胎儿胃泡F STO 胎儿肾FK 胎儿肢体 F Lb 卵泡Follicle 附件Adnexa 羊水AF 宫内节育器IUD 妊娠囊GS 顶臀长度CRL 双顶径BPD 头围HC胸围Th C 腹围AC 股骨长度FL脊柱Spine(Sp) 胎盘PL 脐带Umbilical cord (UC)（一）仪器和原理方面切面面积Cross sectional Area (CSA) 扫描器、探头Scanner (SCNR)凸形、凸阵Convex (CVX) 扇扫角度Sector Angle (Sec Ang)辉度、亮度Brightness 冻结Freeze (FRZ)平均速度Mean Velocity (Mean Vel) 增益Gain返流Reversed Flow (RF) 频谱Frequency Spectrum彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI)经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD)腹部血流显示Abdominal Flow Display (AFD)阴道超声Transvagin Scan (TVS)（二）解剖学方面1）妇产科胎盘Placenta (PL) 胎心Fetal Heart (F Ht)胎头Fetal Head (FH) 胎头指数Cephalic Index大脑镰Falx Cerebri (FC;;;;FL) 丘脑、视丘Thalmus (Th)侧脑室Lateral Ventricle (LV) 第三脑室Third Ventricle (V3)透明隔Septum Pellucidum (SP) 透明隔腔Septum Pellucidum (SP)脐带Umbilical Cord (UC) 绒毛Villus绒毛膜Chorion (C ) 蜕膜Decidua羊水Amniotic Fluid (AF) 羊水指数Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)妊娠囊Gestational Sac (GS) 双顶径Biparietal Diameter (BPD)股骨径Femur Length (FL) 顶臀长度Crowm-Rump Length (CRL)胸围Thoracic Circumference (Th C) 腹围Abdominal Circumference (AC)头围Head circumference (HC) 枕额径Occipital Frontal Diameter (OFD)子宫Uterus 输卵管Uterine Tube,Oviduct卵巢Ovary, Ovaries (Ov) 子宫颈Cervix (C )子宫腔Urterine Canal 子宫内膜Endometriosis (En)阴道Vagina 卵黄囊Yolk Sac (YS)子宫内口Internal Ostium of the Uterius 子宫口Orifice of the Uterius2) 眼、面颈、涎腺、乳腺、胸腔眼球Optic Bulb;;;; Eyeball 角膜Cornea前房Anterior Chamber(AC ) 虹膜Iris睫状体Ciliary Body 视网膜Retina脉络膜Choroid 巩膜Sclera房水Aqueous Humour 玻璃体Vitreous晶状体Lens 腮腺Parotid颌下腺Submaxillay Gland 舌下腺Sublingual Gland甲状腺Thyroid 甲状旁腺Parathroid乳腺Breast 横膈Diaphragm (D)胸腔Thoracic cavity3）血管腹主动脉Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹腔动脉Celiac Artery (Ce A;;;;CA)肠系膜上动脉Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) 胃左动脉Left Gastric Artery 脾动脉Splenic Artery (Sp A) 肾动脉Renal Artery (RA)门静脉Portal Vein (PV) 肝静脉Hepatic Vein (HV)肝中静脉Medial Hepatic Vein (MHV) 肝左静脉Left Hepatic Vein(LHV)肝右静脉Right Hepatic Vein (RHV) 下腔静脉Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)肠系膜上静脉Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) 肾静脉Renal Vein (RV)腋静脉Axillary Vein 锁骨下静脉Subclavian Vein (SCV)颈外静脉External Jugular Vein 颈内静脉Internal Jugular Vein颈总动脉Common Jugular Artery 髂内动脉Internal Iliac Artery髂外动脉External Iliac Artery 髂总动脉Common Iliac Artery大隐静脉Great Saphenous Vein 小隐静脉Short Saphenous Vein股动脉Femoral Artery 股静脉Femoral Vein腘动脉Popliteal Artery 腘静脉Popliteal Vein足背动脉Dorsal Pedal Artery4）肝、胆、胰、脾、泌尿生殖肝左叶Left Liver Lobe (LL) 肝右叶Right Liver Lobe (RL)尾状叶Caudate Lobe (CL) 方叶Quadrate Lobe (QL)胆囊Gallbladder (G 胆囊管Cystic Duct (CD)肝管Hepatic Duct (HD) 胆总管Common Bile Duct (CBD)肝门Porta Hepatis 肝总管Common Hepatic Duct (CHD)肝管Hepatic Duct (HD) 胰腺Pancreas (P;;;;Pa)胰管Pancreatic Duct (PD;;;;PaD) 副胰管Santorini Duct (SD)胰头Head of Pancreas (PaH) 胰颈Neck of Pancreas (PaN)胰体Body Of Pancreas (Pa 胰尾Tail of Pancreas (PaT)钩突Uncinate Process 脾Spleen (Sp)肾Kidney (K) 肾盂Renal Pelvis (RP)肾盏Renal Calyces (RC) 锥体Pyramids (Py)肾柱Renal Colums (Rco) 肾上腺Adrenal Gland (AG)输尿管Ureters (Ur) 膀胱Urinary Bladder (U,Bladder (BL)前列腺Prostate (Pro) 尿道Urethra睾丸Testis (Ts) 副睾Epididymis (Ep)鞘膜Tunica Vagialis, Vagina Tunic 精囊V esiculae Seminals;;;; Seminal Vesicle (SV) 阴囊Scrotum (Sc),Scrotal Sac (SS) 精索Spermatic Cord腹股沟Inguen5)胃肠胃Stomach (STO) 贲门Cardia (C ),(Ca)胃底Fundus of Stomach (SF) 胃体Body of Stomach (S幽门Pylorus (Py) 十二指肠Duodenum (Du)小肠Small Intestine 空肠Jejunum回肠Ileum 盲肠Cecum阑尾Appendix (Ap) 大肠Large Intestine结肠Colon (Co) 结肠肝曲Hepatic Flexure of Colon结肠脾曲Splenic Flexure of Colon 升结肠Ascending Colon (As C)横结肠Transverse Colon (Tr C) 降结肠Descending Colon (De C )乙状结肠Sigmoid Colon 直肠Rectum肠系膜Mesentery6) 肌肉、骨关节肌肉Muscle, Musculus (M) 肌腱Tendon Tendon腓骨Fib 腰大肌M.Psoas Major尺骨Ulna 脊柱Verebral Colum, Spine椎骨Vertebra (V 肱骨Humerus脊柱裂Spina Bifida (S 桡骨Raduis股骨Fumur 胫骨Tibiaula颅骨Skull ,Cranial Bones 髂骨Ilium髋骨Hip 髂嵴Iliac Creast关节Joint7) 其它脓肿Abscess (ABS) 钙化Calcification (CAL)肌瘤Myoma (MYO) 结核Tuberculosis (TB淋巴结Lymph node (LN) 肿瘤Tumor (T)包块Mass( M) 结节Node (N)壁Wall (W) 积液Effusion (Eff)腹水Ascites (ASC) 坏死Necrosis (Nec)结石Stone (St) 靶团Target (TAR)血肿Hematoma (HMA) 血栓Thrombus (Th) 纤维化Fibrosis (Fib) 疤痕Scar (Sc)囊肿Cyst (Cy) 脂肪瘤Lipoma淋巴瘤Lymphoma 错构瘤Hamartoma异物Foreign Boby (F 栓塞Embolism粪石Fecalith (Fe) 半月板Meniscus转移灶Metastasis (Met) 沉积物Sediment (Sed 针尖Needle Tip (NT)血管瘤Angioma (ANG)宫内节育器Intrauterine Devices (IUD)蛔虫Ascariasis (As)胆道蛔虫Bile Dull Ascariasis (BDAS)。

第一题肝硬化、门脉高压症导致侧支循环开启，引起脐周浅静脉高度扩张，形成“海头蛇”呕血的原因：肝硬化压迫肝门静脉，导致肝门静脉回流受阻，此时肝门静脉系的血液经上述交通途径形成侧支循环，通过上、下腔静脉系回流。

由于血流量增多，交通支变得粗大和弯曲，出现静脉曲张，如食管静脉丛、直肠静脉丛和脐周静脉丛曲张。

如果食管静脉丛和直肠静脉丛曲张破裂，则引起呕血和便血。

肝门静脉系统的胃左静脉、胃短静脉和胃后静脉，在食管下段和胃底处，与腔静脉系统奇静脉的食管静脉相吻合。

在肝门静脉高压症时，血液可经胃左静脉至食管静脉、奇静脉流入上腔静脉，因此可发生食管、胃底静脉曲张。

曲张的静脉易受物理性或化学性损伤和粘膜面溃疡糜烂而破裂，引起急性大出血。

存在出血潜在危险的部位1、脾静脉(splenic vein)：由数条小静脉在脾门处汇合而成，经过胰的后方，脾动脉下方向右行进，与肠系膜上静脉以直角汇合成肝门静脉。

脾静脉回收脾、胰及部分胃的静脉血，还常收纳肠系膜下静脉。

2、肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein)：走行于小肠系膜内，与同名动脉伴行。

收集十二指肠至结肠左曲以上肠管、部分胃和胰腺的静脉血，并与脾静脉一起构成门静脉。

3、肠系膜下静脉(inferior mesenteric vein)：与同名动脉伴行，在胰头后方注入脾静脉或肠系膜上静脉，少数注入上述两静脉汇合处的夹角。

肠系膜下静脉收集降结肠、乙状结肠及直肠上部的静脉血。

4、胃左静脉(left gastric vein)：与胃左动脉伴行，收集胃及食管下段的静脉血直接注入门静脉。

（胃左静脉在贲门处与食管静脉吻合，食管静脉吻合可注入奇静脉和半奇静脉，借此，门静脉可与上腔静脉相交通）。

5、胃右静脉(right gastric vein)：与胃右动脉伴行，在胃小弯处可与胃左静脉吻合，并在注入肝门静脉前收纳幽门前静脉（此静脉是胃与十二指肠的分界标志之一）。

胃右静脉收纳同名动脉分布区的血液。

超声医学术语胃肠心脏疾患方面一、胃肠：胃Stomach(STo) 贲门Cardia(Ca) 胃底Fundus of stomach(SF)胃体Body of stomach(SB) 幽门Pylorix (Py) 肠Bowel(Bo)十二指肠Duodenum(Du) 小肠(Small intestine ) 空肠Jejunum回肠Ileum盲肠Cecum阑尾Appendix(Ap)结肠Colon(Co)直肠Rectum二、疾患方面：淋巴结Lymphaden(Ly) 结节Nodule(N) 脓肿Abscess(Abs)积液Effusion(Eff) 腹水Ascites(Asc) 坏死Necrosis(Nec)沉积物Sediment(Sed) 转移灶Metastasis(Met)钙化Calcification(Cal)结石Stone(ST)肿瘤Turmor(T)血肿Hematoma(HMA)肌瘤Myoma(Myo)血栓Thrombus(Th) 血管瘤Angioma(Ang) 囊肿Cyst(Cy)半月板Meniscus 脂肪瘤Lipoma 错构瘤Hamartoma 肿块Mass(M)斑块Plaque 蛔虫Ascariasis(As) 息肉Ployp(P)肾盂积水Hydronephrosis(Hydro) 幼稚子宫Pubescent uterus(PU)双角子宫Uterus bicornis (UB) 脑积水Hydrocephalic(HYD)葡萄胎hydatidiform mole (HM)三、心脏解剖术语左房Left Atrium(LA) 左心耳LAA 肺静脉PV 房间隔IAS左室LV 室间隔IVS 左室前壁LVAW 左室后壁LVPW左室侧壁LVLW 左室下壁LVIW 左室流出道LVOT左室流入道LVIT 二尖瓣MV 三关瓣TV 二尖瓣前叶AML二尖瓣后叶PML 乳头肌PM 主动脉AO 主动脉根部AOR升主动脉AAL 降主动脉DAL 主动脉弓ALA 主动脉窦AS主动脉瓣AV 右冠瓣RCC 左冠瓣LCC 无冠瓣NCC左主冠状动脉LMCA 左前降支LAD上腔静脉SVC下腔静脉IVC肝静脉HV 卵圆孔FO 冠状静脉窦CS 右室RV右室流出道RVOT 右室流入道RVIT 三尖瓣TV 三尖瓣隔叶STL三尖瓣前叶ATL 三尖瓣后叶PTL 主肺动脉MPA 肺动脉PA肺动脉瓣PV 心包P 压差降半时间PHT四、部分测量术语左房内径LAD 右房内径RAD 左室舒张末期内径LVDd主动脉内径AoD 主动脉环内径AoAd 左室流出道内径LVOTD右室流出道内径RVOTD 左室短轴缩短率FS 左室射血分数EF左室舒张末期压LVEDP 反流量PV 反流面积RA反流分数RF 反流指数RI1 颅脑大脑cerebrum大脑纵裂longitudinal cerebral fissure大脑皮质cerebral cortex大脑镰falx cerebri大脑导水管，中脑水管cerebral aqueduct中脑midbrain, mesencephalon小脑cerebellum小脑幕tentorium cerebelli丘脑，视丘thalmus延髓medulla oblongata侧脑室lateral ventricle第三脑室third ventricle第四脑室fourth ventricle第五脑室fifth ventricle脑桥，桥脑pons脑干brain stem间脑diencephalon中间块intermidiate mass尾状核caudate nucleus脉络丛choroid plexus胼胝体corpus callosum脑岛，岛叶insula大脑脚cerebral peduncles大脑外侧沟（窝、裂）lateral sulcus ,sylvius fissure穹窿fornix透明隔septum pellucidum透明隔腔cavity of septum pellucidum额叶frontal lobe顶叶parietal lobe枕叶occipital lobe颞叶temporale lobe缘叶limbic lobe大脑动脉环Willi's artery circle大脑前动脉anterior cerebral artery大脑中动脉middle cerebral artery大脑后动脉posterior cerebral artery基底动脉basilar artery前交通支（动脉）anterior communicating branch 后交通支（动脉）posterior communicating branch 颅前窝，凹anterior cranial fossa颅中窝，凹middle cranial fossa颅后窝，凹posterior cranial fossa2 眼、面颈、涎腺、乳腺、胸肺眼球optic bulb ,eyeball角膜cornea前房anterior chamber虹膜iris睫状体ciliary body视网膜retina脉络膜choroid巩膜sclera房水aqueous humour玻璃体vitreous玻璃体膜hyaloid membrae晶状体lens（眼）直肌recti muscles视神经optic nerve眶上动脉supraorbital artery眼动脉ophthalmic artery视网膜中央动脉central retinal artery睫状后长（短）动脉posterior long(short) ciliary artery泪腺动脉lacrimal gland artery滑车上动脉supratrochlear artery眼静脉ophthalmic vein眶上静脉suprorbital vein滑车上静脉supratrochlear vein视网膜中央静脉central retinal vein涡状静脉vorticose veins眼眶orbit结膜conjunctiva唾液腺、涎腺sali<I>var</I>y gland腮腺parotid(gland)颌下腺submaxillary gland舌下腺sublingual gland甲状腺thyroid(gland)甲状旁腺parathyroid(gland)上颌窦maxillary sinus气管trachea食管esophagus乳腺breast, mammary gland额front枕occiput颞temples颊cheek胸廓、胸腔thorax, thorax cavity肋骨ribs, costae肋软骨costal cartilages胸骨sternum乳腺组织breast tissue悬韧带suspensory ligament, Copper's ligament乳腺后组织retromammary tissue横膈diaphragm颈总动脉common carotid artery颈外动脉external carotid artery颈内动脉internal carotid artery椎动脉vertebral artery无名动脉innominate artery颈内静脉internal jugular vein甲状腺上动脉superior thyroid artery乳房内动脉internal mammary artery3 腹部血管、周围血管腹主动脉abdominal aorta腹腔动脉celiac artery肠系膜上动脉superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉inferior mesenteric artery 肝总动脉common hepatic artery肝动脉hepatic artery胃左动脉left gastric artery胃十二指肠动脉gastroduodenal artery 脾动脉splenic artery肾动脉renal artery卵巢动脉o<I>var</I>ian artery髂总动脉common iliac artery髂内动脉internal iliac artery髂外动脉external iliac artery锁骨下动脉subclavian artery椎动脉vertebral artery乳房内动脉internal mammary artery颈内静脉internal jugular vein颈外静脉external jugular vein腋静脉axillary vein奇静脉azygos vein大隐静脉great saphenous vein下腔静脉inferior vena cava门静脉portal vein肠系膜上静脉superior mesenteric vein 肝静脉hepatic vein肾静脉renal vein腰静脉lumbar vein精索静脉spermatic vein肾弓形动脉renal arcuate arteries股动脉femoral artery肱动脉humeral artery桡动脉radial artery尺动脉ulnar artery面动脉facial artery锁骨下动脉subclavian artery颈浅动脉superficial cervical artery颞浅动脉superficial temporal artery4 肝、胆、胰、脾、泌尿男生殖肝左叶left liver lobe(LL)肝右叶right liver lobe(RL)尾状叶caudate lobe(CL)方叶quadrate lobe(QL)附垂叶Riedel's lobe胆囊gallbladder(G胆囊管cystic duct(CD)肝管hepatic duct(HD)胆总管common bile duct(CBD)肝门porta hepatis胆囊窝gallbladder forssa肝圆韧带hepatoumbilical ligament, round ligament 肝镰状韧带falciform ligament肝静脉韧带venose ligament胆管、胆道bile duct(BD)螺旋状瓣spiral valve肝总管common hepatic duct肝外胆管extrahepatic duct乏特壶腹Vater's ampulla胰腺pancreas胰管pancreatic duct ,Wirsung's duct副胰管Santorini duct胰头head of pancreas胰颈neck of pancreas胰体body of pancreas胰尾tail of pancreas钩突uncinate process脾spleen脾门splenic hilum肾周脂肪perinephrit fat集合系统collective system肾kedney肾盂renal calyes锥体pyramids肾柱renal colums肾上腺adrenal gland输尿管ureters, ureteral ,uretero膀胱urinary bladder ,bladder尿道urethra睾丸testis附睾epididymis鞘膜tunica vagialis, vagina tunic白膜tunica albuginea ,albuginea输精管ductus deferens, deferent duct精囊vesiculae seminals, seminal vesicle射精管ejaculatory ducts阴囊scrotum, scrotal sac精索spermatic cord腹股沟inguen前列腺prostate5 妇产科子宫uterus输卵管uterine tube, oviduct卵巢o<I>var</I>y, o<I>var</I>ies子宫颈cervix子宫腔uterine canal子宫内膜endometriosis子宫直肠陷凹rectouterine fossa子宫内口internal ostium of the uterus子宫口orifice of the uterus阴道vagina胚胎embryo卵黄囊yolk sac羊膜amnion羊膜腔amniotic cavity蜕膜decidua绒毛villus绒毛膜chorion胎盘placenta胎儿fetus胎心fetal heart胎动fetal movement, feta motion 胎儿脊柱fetal spine胎儿胃泡fetal stomach bubble胎儿胸部fetal thorax胎儿肾fetal kidney胎儿肢体fetal limb脐带umbilical cord卵泡，滤泡follicle附件adnexa羊水amniotic fluid宫内节育器intrauterine device妊娠囊gestational sac顶臀长度crown-rump length双顶径biparietal diameter胎头指数cephalic index枕额径occipito-frontal diameter头围head circumference胸围thoracic circumference腹围abdominal circumference小脑径cerebellum diameter头（径）指数cephalic index双眼间距ocular distance腹部横径transverse trunk diameter腹部前后径anteroposterior trunk diameter椎骨长度（胸6～腰3）length of vertebrae脊柱spine, vertebral colum股骨长度femur length肱骨长度humerus length胎儿体重fetal weight脐动脉umbilical artery脐静脉umbilical vein胎盘placenta孕周gestational week孕龄gestational age超声成像ultrasonic imaging实时成像real-time imaging灰阶显示gray scale display彩阶显示color scale display经颅多普勒transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像color doppler flow imaging 彩色血流造影color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图color doppler energy彩色能量图color power angio超声内镜ultrasound endoscope超声导管ultrasound catheter血管内超声intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像intravascular ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography心内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术endosonography膀胱镜超声技术cystosonography阴道镜超声技术vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像transvaginal color doppler imaging经直肠超声扫描transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术）rectosonography经尿道扫查transurethral scanning介入性超声interventional ultrasound术中超声监视intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 三维显示three dimensional display三维图像重建3D image reconstruction组织特性成像tissue specific imaging动态成像dynamic imaging数字成像digital image血管显像angiography声像图法echography sonography声像图sonogram echogram多用途探头multipurpose scanner宽频带探头wide-band probe环阵相控探头phased annular array probe术中探头intraoperative porbe穿刺探头ultrasound guided probe食管探头transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头transesophagel echocardiography probe阴道探头transvaginal probe直肠探头transrectal probe尿道探头transurethral probe膀胱探头intervesical probe腔内探头intracavitary probe内腔探头endo-probe导管超声探头catheter-based US probe扫描方式scan mode线阵linear array凸阵convex array扇扫sector scanning传感器sensor换能器transducer放大器amplifier阻尼器buffer解调器、检波器demodulator触发器trigger零位调整zero adjustment定标、校正calibration快速时间常数电路fast time constant自动增益控制automatic gain control深度增益补偿depth gain compensation 时间增益补偿time gain compensation 对数压缩logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制sensitivity time control 动态范围dynamic range消除erase, eliminate变换shift倒置、反转invert消除clear注释annotation放大magnification ,magnify ,zoom写入write记录record聚焦focus帧率<I>frame</I> rate冻结freeze字符character抑制rejection, reject ,suppression增益gain帧相关<I>frame</I> correlation回放rendering ,play back彩色极性color polarity彩色边界color edge彩色增强color enhance菜单选择menu selection彩色余辉color persistence彩色捕获color capture彩色壁滤波color wall filter彩色速度显像color velocity imaging彩色转向color steering彩色消除color cut彩色锁定color lock成像数据imaging data预设置preset前处理pre process后处理post process重调、复原reset动态频率扫描dynamic frequency scanning焦距focal distance动态聚焦dynamic focusing滑动聚焦sliging focusing区域聚焦zone focusing连续聚焦sequential focusing电子聚焦electric focusing分段聚焦segment focusing多段聚焦multistage focusing全场连续聚焦confocusing图像均匀性image uniformity运动辨别力motion discrimination穿透深度penetration depth空间分辨力spatial resolution瞬时分辨力temporal resolution帧分辨力<I>frame</I> resolution图像线分辨力image-line resolution对比分辨力contrast resolution细节分辨力detail resolution多普勒取样容积doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 彩色多普勒空间分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒强度color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板CFM processing board彩色视频监视器color video monitor。

超声常用术语英语解释2D：two-dimensional 二维3D: three-dimensional 三维AAO: ascending aorta 升主动脉AbAO: abdominal aorta 腹主动脉ABD: automatic borderline determination 自动边缘检测AC: accessory chamber 附属腔AD: acoustic densitometry 声学密度定量AML: anterior mitral leaflet 二尖瓣前叶AMV: anterior mitral valve 二尖瓣前叶AN: anuerysm 动脉瘤AO: aorta or aorta root 主动脉或主动脉根部AoAR: aortic arch 主动脉弓AoS: aortic sinus 主动脉窦AQ: acoustic quantification 声学定量ARCH: aortic arch 主动脉弓ARV: atrialized right ventricle 房化右室ASD: atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损ATL: anterior tricuspid leaflet 三尖瓣前叶ATV: anterior tricuspid valve 三尖瓣前叶A V: aortic valve 主动脉瓣AW: anterior wall 前壁CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting冠状动脉旁路血管移植术CDFI: color Doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流成像CDFM: color Doppler flow mapping 彩色多普勒血流成像CK: color kinesis 彩色室壁动态技术CO: cardic output 心排出量CPV: common pulmonary vein 肺总静脉CS: coronary sinus 冠状静脉窦CS: crista supraventricularis 室上嵴CT: chordae tendinae 腱索CV: common ventricle 共同心室CW: continuous wave Doppler 连续型多普勒DA: dissecting aneurysm 夹层动脉瘤DAO: descending aorta 降主动脉DSE: Dobutamine stress echocardiography 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图DTI: Doppler tissue imaging 组织多普勒成像技术DV: ductus venosus 静脉导管ECG: electrocardiogram 心电图EN: endocardium 心内膜EP: epicardium 心外膜EPSS: E point-septal seperation E 峰至室间隔间距ET: ejection time 射血期FCR: flow convergence region 血流汇聚区FFT: fast Fourier transformation 快速富利叶转换FL: false lumen 假腔HPLA: high pressure left atrium 左房高压腔HR: heart rate 心率HV: hepatic vein 肝静脉Hz: Hertz 赫兹I A S: interatrial septum 房间隔LA: left atrium 左房IBS: integral of backscatter 背向散射积分IVC: inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVS: interventricular septum 室间隔IVUS: intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声IW: interior wall 下壁VSD: ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损LAA: left atrial auricle 左心耳VV: vertical vein 垂直静脉LAD: left anterior descending coronary atery 左冠状动脉前降支LCA: left coronary artery 左冠状动脉LCC: left circumflex coronary artery 左冠状动脉回旋支LD: long diameter 长径LIV: left innominate vein 左无名静脉LPA: left pulmonary artery 左肺动脉VC: vena cava 腔静脉LPEP: left ventricular pre-ejection period左室射血前期LPLA: low pressure left atrium 左房低压腔LPV: left pulmonary vein 左肺静脉L-RD: left-right diameter 左右径LSVC: left superior vena cava 左位上腔静脉LV: left ventricle 左室LVC: left ventricular cavity 左室腔LVET: left ventricular ejection time 左室射血时间V: vegetation 赘生物LV I T: left ventricular inflow tract 左室流入道LV O T: left ventricular outflow tract 左室流出道LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall 左室后壁LW: lateral wall 侧壁m／s: 米/秒 MHz: 兆赫MCE: mycardial contrast echocardiogrphy 心肌声学造影M-LD: medial-lateral diameter 内外径M-mode: motion mode M型（超声心动图）MPA: main pulmonary artery 主肺动脉MV: mitral valve 二尖瓣MVP: mitral valve prolapse 二尖瓣脱垂PE: pericardial effusion 心包积液PA Bif: pulmonary artery bifurcation 肺动脉分叉PDA: patent ductus arteriousus 动脉导管未闭PM: papillary muscle 乳头肌PMV: posterior mitral valve 二尖瓣后叶PRF: pulsed repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率RA: right atrium 右房RPV: right pulmonary vein 右肺静脉PTV: posterior tricuspid valve 三尖瓣后叶PW: pulsed wave Doppler 脉冲型多普勒RCA: right coronary artery 右冠状动脉RIV: right innominate vein 右无名静脉RPA: right pulmonary artery 右肺动脉RPEP: right ventricular pre-ejection period 右室射血前期RSVC: right superior vena cava 右位上腔静脉RUPV: right upper pulmonary vein 右上肺静脉RLPV: right low pulmonary vein 右下肺静脉RV: right ventricle右室RV AW: right ventricular anterior wall 右室前壁RVC: right ventricular cavity 右室腔TL: true lumen 真腔RVET: right ventricular ejection time 右室射血时间RVOT: right ventricular out tract 右室流出道RWMA: regional wall motion abnormality 节段性室壁运动异常SAM: systolic anterior motion 二尖瓣收缩期前向运动SHI: second harmonic imaging 二次谐波成像技术SV: sampling volume or strake volume 取样容积或心搏量TEE: transesophageal echocardiography 经食管超声心动图TGA: transposition of the great arteries 大动脉转位TH: thrombosis 血栓形成ThAO: thoracic aorta 胸主动脉TMLR or TMR: transmyocardial laser revascularization 激光心肌血运重建术TTE: transthoracic echocardiography 经胸超声心动图TV: tricuspid valve 三尖瓣仪器和原理方面：切面面积Cross sectional Area (CSA)扫描器、探头Scanner (SCNR)凸形、凸阵Convex (CVX)扇扫角度Sector Angle (Sec Ang)辉度、亮度Brightness冻结Freeze (FRZ)平均速度Mean Velocity (Mean Vel)增益Gain返流Reversed Flow (RF)频谱Frequency Spectrum彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI)经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD)腹部血流显示Abdominal Flow Display (AFD)阴道超声Transvagin Scan (TVS)解剖学方面1）妇产科：胎盘Placenta (PL)胎心Fetal Heart (F Ht)胎头Fetal Head (FH)胎头指数Cephalic Index大脑镰Falx Cerebri (FC;FL)丘脑、视丘Thalmus (Th)侧脑室Lateral Ventricle (LV)第三脑室Third Ventricle (V3)透明隔Septum Pellucidum (SP)透明隔腔Septum Pellucidum (SP)蜕膜Decidua脐带Umbilical Cord (UC)绒毛Villus绒毛膜Chorion (C )羊水Amniotic Fluid (AF)羊水指数Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)子宫内口Internal Ostium of the Uterius妊娠囊Gestational Sac (GS)双顶径Biparietal Diameter (BPD)股骨径Femur Length (FL)子宫口Orifice of the Uterius顶臀长度Crowm-Rump Length (CRL)胸围Thoracic Circumference (Th C)腹围Abdominal Circumference (AC)阴道Vagina头围Head circumference (HC)枕额径Occipital Frontal Diameter (OFD) 子宫Uterus输卵管Uterine Tube,Oviduct卵巢Ovary, Ovaries (Ov)子宫颈Cervix (C )子宫腔Urterine Canal子宫内膜Endometriosis (En)卵黄囊Yolk Sac (YS)眼、面颈、涎腺、乳腺、胸腔：眼球Optic Bulb; Eyeball角膜Cornea前房Anterior Chamber(AC )虹膜Iris睫状体Ciliary Body视网膜Retina脉络膜Choroid巩膜Sclera房水Aqueous Humour玻璃体Vitreous晶状体Lens腮腺Parotid颌下腺Submaxillay Gland舌下腺Sublingual Gland甲状腺Thyroid甲状旁腺Parathroid乳腺Breast横膈Diaphragm (D)胸腔Thoracic cavity血管：腹主动脉Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹腔动脉Celiac Artery (Ce A;CA)肠系膜上动脉Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) 胃左动脉Left Gastric Artery脾动脉Splenic Artery (Sp A)肾动脉Renal Artery (RA)肾静脉Renal Vein (RV)门静脉Portal Vein (PV)肝静脉Hepatic Vein (HV)肝中静脉Medial Hepatic Vein (MHV)肝左静脉Left Hepatic Vein(LHV)腋静脉Axillary Vein肝右静脉Right Hepatic Vein (RHV)下腔静脉Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)肠系膜上静脉Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) 锁骨下静脉Subclavian Vein (SCV)颈外静脉External Jugular Vein颈内静脉Internal Jugular Vein颈总动脉Common Jugular Artery髂内动脉Internal Iliac Artery髂外动脉External Iliac Artery髂总动脉Common Iliac Artery大隐静脉Great Saphenous Vein小隐静脉Short Saphenous Vein股动脉Femoral Artery股静脉Femoral Vein腘动脉Popliteal Artery腘静脉Popliteal Vein足背动脉Dorsal Pedal Artery肝、胆、胰、脾、泌尿生殖：肝左叶Left Liver Lobe (LL)肝右叶Right Liver Lobe (RL)尾状叶Caudate Lobe (CL)方叶Quadrate Lobe (QL)胆囊Gallbladder (G)胆囊管Cystic Duct (CD)肝管Hepatic Duct (HD)胆总管Common Bile Duct (CBD)肝门Porta Hepatis肝总管Common Hepatic Duct (CHD)胰腺Pancreas (P;Pa)胰管Pancreatic Duct (PD;PaD)副胰管Santorini Duct (SD)胰头Head of Pancreas (PaH)胰颈Neck of Pancreas (PaN)胰体Body Of Pancreas (Pa)胰尾Tail of Pancreas (PaT)钩突Uncinate Process脾Spleen (Sp)肾Kidney (K)肾盂Renal Pelvis (RP)肾盏Renal Calyces (RC)肾锥体Pyramids (Py)肾柱Renal Colums (Rco)肾上腺Adrenal Gland (AG)输尿管Ureters (Ur)膀胱Urinary Bladder (U,Bladder (BL)前列腺Prostate (Pro)尿道Urethra睾丸Testis (Ts)副睾Epididymis (Ep)鞘膜Tunica Vagialis, Vagina Tunic腹股沟Inguen精囊Vesiculae Seminals; Seminal Vesicle (SV) 阴囊Scrotum (Sc),Scrotal Sac (SS)精索Spermatic Cord胃肠：胃Stomach (STO)贲门Cardia (C ),(Ca)胃底Fundus of Stomach (SF)胃体Body of Stomach (S)幽门Pylorus (Py)十二指肠Duodenum (Du)小肠Small Intestine空肠Jejunum回肠Ileum盲肠Cecum阑尾Appendix (Ap)大肠Large Intestine结肠Colon (Co)结肠肝曲Hepatic Flexure of Colon 肠系膜Mesentery结肠脾曲Splenic Flexure of Colon 升结肠Ascending Colon (As C)横结肠Transverse Colon (Tr C)降结肠Descending Colon (De C ) 乙状结肠Sigmoid Colon直肠Rectum肌肉、骨关节：肌肉Muscle, Musculus (M)肌腱Tendon Tendon腓骨Fib腰大肌M.Psoas Major尺骨Ulna脊柱Verebral Colum, Spine 椎骨Vertebra (V)半月板Meniscus肱骨Humerus脊柱裂Spina Bifida (S)桡骨Raduis股骨Fumur胫骨Tibiaula颅骨Skull ,Cranial Bones 髂骨Ilium髋骨Hip髂嵴Iliac Creast关节Joint其它：脓肿Abscess (ABS)钙化Calcification (CAL)肌瘤Myoma (MYO)结核Tuberculosis (T)蛔虫Ascariasis (As)淋巴结Lymph node (LN)肿瘤Tumor (T)包块Mass( M)结节Node (N)壁Wall (W)积液Effusion (Eff)腹水Ascites (ASC)坏死Necrosis (Nec)结石Stone (St)靶团Target (TAR)血肿Hematoma (HMA)血栓Thrombus (Th)纤维化Fibrosis (Fib)疤痕Scar (Sc)囊肿Cyst (Cy)脂肪瘤Lipoma淋巴瘤Lymphoma错构瘤Hamartoma异物Foreign Boby (F)栓塞Embolism粪石Fecalith (Fe)胆道蛔虫Bile Dull Ascariasis (BDAS)转移灶Metastasis (Met)沉积物Sediment (Sed)针尖Needle Tip (NT)血管瘤Angioma (ANG)宫内节育器Intrauterine Devices (IUD)消化系统肝脏L尾状叶CL方叶QL肝总管CHD肝管HD肝外胆管EHBD圆韧带HUL胆囊GB胆总管CBD胰管ＰD 镰状韧带FL门静脉PV胰腺PA胰头PA胰体PAB淋巴结LYN胆囊管CD胰尾PAT脾动脉SPA脾SP脊柱Spine左肝管LHD胃STO胃底SF胃体SB十二指肠DU幽门PY肠BO升结肠ASC结肠CO降结肠Dec横结肠Tre泌生肾上腺AG肾K肾盂RP肾盏RC肾柱Rco肾动脉RA肾静脉RV尿道UR睾丸TS附睾EP输尿管UR前列腺PST阴囊S精囊SV膀光BL子宫内膜En子宫UT卵巢OV阴道S卵泡Fou心血管系统腹主动脉AO奇静脉AIV腘动脉POA肱静脉BV腹腔动脉CA脐静脉UV腓动脉PEA桡静脉RV肠系膜上动脉SMA肱动脉BA腋静脉AxV桡动脉RA肠系膜上静脉SMV尺动脉UA腋动脉AxA股总动脉CFA肠系膜下静脉IMV上肢静脉UEV腘静脉POV股浅动脉SFA 肠系膜下动脉IMA上肢动脉UEA椎动脉V A股深动脉DFA 颈内动脉ICA胫前静脉ATV椎静脉VV胫前动脉ATA颈内静脉IJV胫后静脉PTV大隐静脉GSV胫后动脉PTA基底动脉V A颈总动脉CCA小隐静脉SSV足背动脉DPA锁骨下动脉SCA颈外动脉ECA上腔静脉SVC下肢静脉LEV 锁骨下静脉SCV无名静脉INA下腔静脉IVC髂总静脉CIV 髂总动脉CIA无名动脉INA肾静脉RV髂内静脉IIV髂内动脉ILA股浅静脉SFV腓静脉PEV髂外静脉EIV髂外动脉EIA股深静脉DFV股总静脉CFV血栓TH主动脉弓AOAR血管瘤ANG产科胚胎Emb胎儿F胎盘FC胎心FHT胎头FH脐带UC羊水AF头围HC胸围Thc腹围AC妊娠囊GS双顶径BPD枕额径OFD头臀长CRT异常脂肪瘤Lipoma结节N脓肿ABS积液Eff腹水AS坏死Nec钙化CAL异物FB结石ST肿瘤T血肿HMA肌瘤MYO纤维化Fib疤痕SC囊肿CY错构瘤FETAL肿块MAO腹主动脉CA腹腔动脉SMA肠系膜上动脉SMV肠系膜上静脉CHA肝总动脉HA肝动脉SA脾动脉IVC下腔静脉PV门静脉RPV门静脉右支LPV门静脉左支SPJ脾门融合SV脾静脉RHV右肝静脉MHV中肝静脉LHV左肝静脉RRV右肾静脉RRA右肾动脉LRV左肾静脉LRA左肾动脉L肝脏RL肝右叶LL肝左叶CL尾叶PHT门脉高压L肝癌N结节T肿瘤HMAS血肿ABS脓肿CY囊肿AS角征HS驼峰征ANG血管瘤HP冰雹状TAR靶团SP脾脏TSP移植脾D隔肌ASC腹水GB胆囊RBD右胆管LBD左胆管ST结石BDAS胆道蛔虫SH声影CBD总胆管P胰腺WD胰管PCY假性囊肿DU十二指肠LY淋巴LYMA淋巴瘤PE胸水AA动脉瘤FH胎头TP双胎BPD双顶径HDY脑积水ANY无脑畸形MES脑脊膜膨出TH丘脑LVS侧脑室3rdV第三脑室FL大脑镰SP脊柱SB脊柱裂THX胸部H心脏STO胃BO肠SC阴囊UV脐静脉UC脐带AF羊水PL胎盘UT子宫C宫颈V阴道OV卵巢MYO肌瘤FN内膜HM葡萄胎GS妊囊DCY皮样囊肿UBI双角子宫PU幼稚子宫M包块BL膀胱K肾脏LAG左肾上腺RAG右肾上腺PST前列腺【超声基础方面】超声成像ultrasonic imaging实时成像real-time imaging灰阶显示gray scale display彩阶显示color scale display经颅多普勒transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像color doppler flow imaging彩色血流造影color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图color doppler energy彩色能量图color power angio超声内镜ultrasound endoscope超声导管ultrasound catheter血管内超声intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像intravascular ultrasonic imaging管腔内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography心内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术endosonography膀胱镜超声技术cystosonography阴道镜超声技术vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像transvaginal color doppler imaging经直肠超声扫描transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术）rectosonography经尿道扫查transurethral scanning介入性超声interventional ultrasound术中超声监视intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography三维显示three dimensional display三维图像重建3D image reconstruction组织特性成像tissue specific imaging动态成像dynamic imaging数字成像digital image血管显像angiography声像图法echography sonography声像图sonogram echogram多用途探头multipurpose scanner宽频带探头wide-band probe环阵相控探头phased annular array probe术中探头intraoperative porbe穿刺探头ultrasound guided probe食管探头transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头transesophagel echocardiography probe 阴道探头transvaginal probe直肠探头transrectal probe尿道探头transurethral probe膀胱探头intervesical probe腔内探头intracavitary probe内腔探头endo-probe导管超声探头catheter-based US probe扫描方式scan mode线阵linear array凸阵convex array扇扫sector scanning传感器sensor换能器transducer放大器amplifier阻尼器buffer解调器、检波器demodulator触发器trigger零位调整zero adjustment定标、校正calibration快速时间常数电路fast time constant自动增益控制automatic gain control深度增益补偿depth gain compensation 时间增益补偿time gain compensation 对数压缩logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制sensitivity time control 动态范围dynamic range消除erase, eliminate变换shift倒置、反转invert消除clear注释annotation放大magnification , magnify , zoom写入write记录record聚焦focus帧率frame rate冻结freeze字符character抑制rejection, reject , suppression增益gain帧相关frame correlation回放rendering , play back彩色极性color polarity彩色边界color edge彩色增强color enhance菜单选择menu selection彩色余辉color persistence彩色捕获color capture彩色壁滤波color wall filter彩色速度显像color velocity imaging 彩色转向color steering彩色消除color cut彩色锁定color lock成像数据imaging data预设置preset前处理pre process后处理post process重调、复原reset动态频率扫描dynamic frequency scanning 焦距focal distance动态聚焦dynamic focusing滑动聚焦sliging focusing区域聚焦zone focusing连续聚焦sequential focusing电子聚焦electric focusing分段聚焦segment focusing多段聚焦multistage focusing全场连续聚焦confocusing图像均匀性image uniformity运动辨别力motion discrimination穿透深度penetration depth空间分辨力spatial resolution瞬时分辨力temporal resolution帧分辨力frame resolution图像线分辨力image-line resolution对比分辨力contrast resolution细节分辨力detail resolution多普勒取样容积doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution彩色多普勒空间分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒强度color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板CFM processing board彩色视频监视器color video monitor【解剖学方面】1 颅脑大脑cerebrum大脑纵裂longitudinal cerebral fissure大脑皮质cerebral cortex大脑镰falx cerebri大脑导水管，中脑水管cerebral aqueduct中脑midbrain, mesencephalon小脑cerebellum小脑幕tentorium cerebella丘脑，视丘thalmus延髓medulla oblongata侧脑室lateral ventricle第三脑室third ventricle第四脑室fourth ventricle第五脑室fifth ventricle脑桥，桥脑pons脑干brain stem间脑diencephalon中间块intermidiate mass尾状核caudate nucleus脉络丛choroid plexus胼胝体corpus callosum脑岛，岛叶insula大脑脚cerebral peduncles大脑外侧沟（窝、裂）lateral sulcus , sylvius fissure 穹窿fornix透明隔septum pellucidum透明隔腔cavity of septum pellucidum额叶frontal lobe顶叶parietal lobe枕叶occipital lobe颞叶temporale lobe缘叶limbic lobe大脑动脉环Willi's artery circle大脑前动脉anterior cerebral artery大脑中动脉middle cerebral artery大脑后动脉posterior cerebral artery基底动脉basilar artery前交通支（动脉）anterior communicating branch 后交通支（动脉）posterior communicating branch 颅前窝，凹anterior cranial fossa颅中窝，凹middle cranial fossa颅后窝，凹posterior cranial fossa2 眼、面颈、涎腺、乳腺、胸肺眼球optic bulb ,eyeball角膜cornea前房anterior chamber虹膜iris睫状体ciliary body视网膜retina脉络膜choroid巩膜sclera房水aqueous humour玻璃体vitreous玻璃体膜hyaloid membrae晶状体lens（眼）直肌recti muscles视神经optic nerve眶上动脉supraorbital artery眼动脉ophthalmic artery视网膜中央动脉central retinal artery睫状后长（短）动脉posterior long (short) ciliary artery泪腺动脉lacrimal gland artery滑车上动脉supratrochlear artery眼静脉ophthalmic vein眶上静脉suprorbital vein滑车上静脉supratrochlear vein视网膜中央静脉central retinal vein涡状静脉vorticose veins眼眶orbit结膜conjunctiva唾液腺、涎腺salivary gland腮腺parotid (gland)颌下腺submaxillary gland舌下腺sublingual gland甲状腺thyroid (gland )甲状旁腺parathyroid (gland )上颌窦maxillary sinus气管trachea食管esophagus乳腺breast, mammary gland额front枕occiput颞temples颊cheek胸廓、胸腔thorax, thorax cavity肋骨ribs, costae肋软骨costal cartilages胸骨sternum乳腺组织breast tissue悬韧带suspensory ligament, Copper's ligament 乳腺后组织retromammary tissue横膈diaphragm颈总动脉common carotid artery颈外动脉external carotid artery颈内动脉internal carotid artery椎动脉vertebral artery无名动脉innominate artery颈内静脉internal jugular vein甲状腺上动脉superior thyroid artery乳房内动脉internal mammary artery3 腹部血管、周围血管腹主动脉abdominal aorta腹腔动脉celiac artery肠系膜上动脉superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉inferior mesenteric artery 肝总动脉common hepatic artery肝动脉hepatic artery胃左动脉left gastric artery胃十二指肠动脉gastroduodenal artery 脾动脉splenic artery肾动脉renal artery卵巢动脉ovarian artery髂总动脉common iliac artery髂内动脉internal iliac artery髂外动脉external iliac artery锁骨下动脉subclavian artery椎动脉vertebral artery乳房内动脉internal mammary artery颈内静脉internal jugular vein颈外静脉external jugular vein腋静脉axillary vein奇静脉azygos vein大隐静脉great saphenous vein下腔静脉inferior vena cava门静脉portal vein肠系膜上静脉superior mesenteric vein 肝静脉hepatic vein肾静脉renal vein腰静脉lumbar vein精索静脉spermatic vein肾弓形动脉renal arcuate arteries股动脉femoral artery肱动脉humeral artery桡动脉radial artery尺动脉ulnar artery面动脉facial artery锁骨下动脉subclavian artery颈浅动脉superficial cervical artery颞浅动脉superficial temporal artery4 肝、胆、胰、脾、泌尿男生殖肝左叶left liver lobe(LL)肝右叶right liver lobe(RL)尾状叶caudate lobe(CL)方叶quadrate lobe(QL)附垂叶Riedel's lobe胆囊gallbladder(G)胆囊管cystic duct(CD)肝管hepatic duct(HD)胆总管common bile duct (CBD)肝门porta hepatis胆囊窝gallbladder forssa肝圆韧带hepatoumbilical ligament, round ligament 肝镰状韧带falciform ligament肝静脉韧带venose ligament胆管、胆道bile duct(BD)螺旋状瓣spiral valve肝总管common hepatic duct肝外胆管extrahepatic duct乏特壶腹Vater's ampulla胰腺pancreas胰管pancreatic duct , Wirsung's duct副胰管Santorini duct胰头head of pancreas胰颈neck of pancreas胰体body of pancreas胰尾tail of pancreas钩突uncinate process脾spleen脾门splenic hilum肾周脂肪perinephrit fat集合系统collective system肾kedney肾盂renal calyes锥体pyramids肾柱renal colums肾上腺adrenal gland输尿管ureters, ureteral , uretero膀胱urinary bladder , bladder尿道urethra睾丸testis附睾epididymis鞘膜tunica vagialis, vagina tunic白膜tunica albuginea , albuginea输精管ductus deferens, deferent duct精囊vesiculae seminals, seminal vesicle 射精管ejaculatory ducts阴囊scrotum, scrotal sac精索spermatic cord腹股沟inguen前列腺prostate5 妇产科子宫uterus输卵管uterine tube, oviduct卵巢ovary, ovaries子宫颈cervix子宫腔uterine canal子宫内膜endometriosis子宫直肠陷凹rectouterine fossa子宫内口internal ostium of the uterus 子宫口orifice of the uterus阴道vagina胚胎embryo卵黄囊yolk sac羊膜amnion羊膜腔amniotic cavity蜕膜decidua绒毛villus绒毛膜chorion胎盘placenta胎儿fetus胎心fetal heart胎动fetal movement, feta motion 胎儿脊柱fetal spine胎儿胃泡fetal stomach bubble 胎儿胸部fetal thorax胎儿肾fetal kidney胎儿肢体fetal limb脐带umbilical cord卵泡，滤泡follicle附件adnexa羊水amniotic fluid宫内节育器intrauterine device 妊娠囊gestational sac顶臀长度crown-rump length双顶径biparietal diameter胎头指数cephalic index枕额径occipito-frontal diameter 头围head circumference胸围thoracic circumference腹围abdominal circumference小脑径cerebellum diameter头（径）指数cephalic index双眼间距ocular distance腹部横径transverse trunk diameter腹部前后径anteroposterior trunk diameter 椎骨长度（胸6～腰3）length of vertebrae 脊柱spine, vertebral colum股骨长度femur length肱骨长度humerus length胎儿体重fetal weight脐动脉umbilical artery脐静脉umbilical vein胎盘placenta孕周gestational week孕龄gestational age。

肝门术语解释肝门术语是指与肝脏相关的一些解剖学和医学术语。

以下是关于肝门术语的详细解释：1. 肝门（Hepatic Hilum）：肝门位于肝脏的后缘，是肝脏的入口区域。

它包括肝门动脉、门静脉、胆管以及淋巴结等结构的进出口。

2. 门静脉（Portal Vein）：门静脉是一条重要的血管，将从消化道器官（如胃、肠等）吸收的营养物质和毒素输送到肝脏进行代谢和排泄。

它从肝门穿过，将血液输送到肝脏内部。

3. 胆管（Bile Duct）：胆管是一个管道系统，主要负责将肝脏产生的胆汁输送到肠道中，以帮助消化和吸收脂类食物。

胆管起源于肝脏的肝内胆管，经过肝门与胆囊相连，再经过肝门与胰腺的胰管相连，最终进入十二指肠。

4. 肝内胆管（Intrahepatic Bile Ducts）：肝内胆管是分布于肝脏内部的管道系统，将肝细胞产生的胆汁收集并输送到肝门。

肝内胆管的分支逐渐合并形成大的胆管。

5. 肝门淋巴结（Hepatic Lymph Nodes）：肝门淋巴结是位于肝门周围的淋巴结群，它们的主要功能是过滤和清除从肝脏流出的淋巴液中的废物、细菌和其他异物。

6. 肝门动脉（Hepatic Artery）：肝门动脉是从主动脉分出的一条血管，为肝脏提供氧气和营养物质。

它与门静脉一起进入肝脏，为肝脏的功能提供必要的血液供应。

7. 肝门囊肿（Hepatic Cyst）：肝门囊肿是指位于肝门区域的液体充满的囊性病变。

这些囊肿可能是先天性的，也可能是由于感染、损伤或其他疾病引起的。

8. 肝门转移瘤（Hepatic Metastasis）：肝门转移瘤是指从其他部位的肿瘤扩散到肝门区域形成的继发性肿瘤。

肝门是肿瘤转移的主要通道之一，常见的原发癌症包括结直肠癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等。

9. 肝门切除术（Hepatectomy）：肝门切除术是一种外科手术，用于切除肝门区域的一部分肝组织。

这种手术常用于治疗肝门区域的肿瘤或其他疾病，如胆管癌或肝内胆管结石。