翻译讲解
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英译汉讲解1Although the American Economy has transformed itself over the years, certain issues have persisted since the early days of the republic. One is the continuing debate over the proper role for government in what is basically a marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant（公然的、明目张胆的）abuses, to dampen（抑制、降低）inflation and to stimulate growth.Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved, to some extent, in economic decision-making. The federal government, for example, has made huge investments in infrastructure（基础设施，如教育、运输、通讯）, and it has provided social welfare programs that the private sector was unable or unwilling to provide. In a myriad of ways （以无数的方式）and over many decades, the government has supported and promoted the development of agriculture.第一段第一句中的transform意思是completely change the appearance or character of something，即“完全改变某事(某人)的外观或特性”。
since the early days of the republic指的是“自美国建国之初”。
第二句的表语很长，其中包含一个从句what is basically a marketplace economy作介词in的宾语。
我们把这个what 引导的从句译为一个前置的介词短语作状语。
the proper role for government意思是“政府在这种市场经济中应该扮演的适当角色”，或者说是“政府应该发挥的适当作用”。
第三句中的短语be characterized by的意思是“以……为特征的”，如果将这句话译为“以自由企业为基础的经济一般以私有制和个人创新为特征”，虽然意思也基本清楚，但是比较生硬。
为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，句中的短语with a relative absence of government involvement，转换成句子，政府的介入相对很少；其中的government involvement的意思就是“政府干涉或介入”，译为“介入”更符合美国经济制度的实际情况。
第四句句子的主要成分出现在开头，最后有很多目的状语。
根据汉语的一般表达习惯，我们将这一句的几个目的状语放到前面来译；其中的to ensure economic opportunities fair and accessible to the people英文表达简练而有力，意思是“确保经济机会对所有人都是均等的，所有人都享有经济机会”。
经常看到这样的说法drug abuse；abuse of privilege，abuse of authority，abuse of power．flagrant公然的，abuse不正当行为第二段第二句中private sector指的是of belonging to or carried out by an individual or an independent company rather than the State, not state-controlled，意思是个体、私人所有或经营的企业或经济部门，如private enterprise，private medical treatment等。
第三句中In a myriad of ways（以无数的方式）and over many decades（在过去数十年中）是两个前置的介词短语作状语。
很显然，如果译为两个前置的状语不符合汉语习惯，所以把这两个状语分开来译。
参考译文：虽然多年来美国经济发生了很大的变化，但是某些问题自美国建国之初以来一直持续至今。
其中之一就是在一个基本上属于市场经济的国家中，围绕着政府应该扮演的适当角色所展开的持久争论。
以自由企业为基础的经济体制，其普遍特征就是私有制和个人创新精神，政府的介入相对很少。
然而，为了确保经济机会人人均等，所有人均可获得经济机会，防止公然的不正当行为，抑制通货膨胀并刺激经济增长，人们发现政府的干预常常也是必要的。
自殖民地时期以来，美国政府或多或少地参与到经济决策中来。
例如，联邦政府在基础设施方面投入了巨资，它也提供了私有经济没有能力或不愿意提供的社会福利项目。
在过去数十年中，政府也以无数的方式支持并促进了农业发展。
这段材料翻译起来相对比较简单。
原文的语言朴素，句子结构也不复杂，属于八级考试翻译部分常见的英文报刊文章。
对翻译者来说，这样的报刊文章就像美国作家Hemingway的小说一样是"deceptively simple"。
如果我们平常阅读英文文章不求甚解的话，动笔翻译时就知道原文处处是陷阱，要做到准确地理解、把握原文的方方面面并不那么容易。
又因为汉语是我们的母语，译文的不通顺、不熨帖，往往逃不过我们相比之下较强的母语语感，所以表达起来老觉得译文不好，和原文出入太大。
英译汉真题2The Reagan administration's most serious foreign policy problem surfaced near the end of the president's second term. In 1987 American learned that the administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in an attempt to win freedom for American hostages held in Lebanon by radical organizations controlled by Iran's Khomeini (霍梅尼)government. Investigation also revealed that funds from the arms sales had been diverted to the Nicaraguan contras(来源于西班牙语contra revolutionary，英语里意思是counter-revolutionary)during a period when(表转折) Congress had prohibited such military aid.The ensuing（随后）Iran-contra hearings（听证会）before a joint House-Senate committee examined（审议）issues of possible illegality as well as the broader question of defining （界定）American foreign policy interests in the Middle Eas t and Central America. In a larger sense, the Iran-contra hearings, like the celebrated Senate Watergate hearings 14 years earlier, addressed（对付、处理）fundamental questions about the government's accountability（作出解释、负有责任）to the public, and the proper balance between the executive and legislative branches of government.第一段第一句中的surface意思是“(策问题)显现出来”，但是按照字面译为好像更为生动，而且在时下的中文媒体”这种说法。
第二句中的that the administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in an attempt to win freedom for American hostages held in Lebanon by radical organizations controlled by Iran‟s Khomeini government是宾语从句，而这个宾语从句中又包含多重修饰关系。
to Iran in an attempt to win freedom for American hostages held in Lebanon by radical organizations controlled by Iran‟s Khomeini government中包含两个过去分词短语分别修饰hostages和organizations。
这样的长句需要“分而治之”。
我们把它译为两句。
第三句也是一个结构复杂的长句，宾语从句中包含一个时间状语从句when Congress had prohibited such military aid．我们把它译为两句。
