政治科学罗斯金第一编政治基础第1章关于政治的科学一、政治科学的研究对象：即围绕政府权力而进行的斗争和竞争，集中于两个问题：1、领导者为何及如何做决定？2、为什么公民遵守绝大部分决定而有时却不遵守其他部分？二、合法性的三个方面：1、合法性：A：政治科学中的最重要概念之一，最初含义指国王有权即位是由于他们的“合法”出身，中世纪以来意思增加，不再只是指“统治的合法权利”，而且指“统治的心理权利”。
现在的合法性意指人们内心的一种态度，这种态度认为政府的统治是合法的和公正的。
B：合法性的基础是同意，如《独立宣言》中所说的“对统治的同意”。
C：政府获得合法性的方法有四：①长时间的存在；②良好的政绩；③组成结构；④操纵国家象征。
2、主权：A：最初含义是独裁者统治其王国的权力，后来词义扩大为民族国家对其领土的控制，即成为其地盘的主人。
B：主权与合法性相互关联，合法性式微的国家很有可能丧失主权，也很容易成为邻国扩张的对象；C：一个国家能够从其他国家获得越多的外交承认，就越能维持它的主权与合法性。
3、权威：A：指特定的领导人赢得服从的能力。
常与影响、操纵、说服和强制区分开来，只有权威才依赖于人们服从领导的义务，这种服从来自于领导者所属职位的合法权力，但并非所有的人都服从权威。
B：权威来自于职位，但它也必须加以培养，它蕴含着人与人之间的心理关联，并且需要结构性的制约支持；C：权威还必须让自己受到尊重。
4、合法性、主权和权威三者相互关联：A：三者其实是合法性的不同说法，如果一个政府的统治是合法的，它就具有合法性；如果一个国家的存在是合法的，它就拥有了主权；如果一个领导的统治是合法的，他就是有权威的。
B：合法性是对政府的遵奉，主权是对国家的遵奉，而权威则是对领导者个人的遵奉。
三、政治权力1、权力的定义：一个人让另一个人做某事的能力；2、关于政治权力的解释：A：生物学：亚里士多德最早提出生物学解释，“人天生是个政治动物”。
政策科学第一讲政策科学的产生政策是人类社会的一项最基本的管理手段，伴随人类社会管理活动而产生和发展政策科学是一门应用性很强的学科，是一个跨学科、综合性的研究领域。
学术地位：它是当代西方社会科学发展过程中的一次革命（德洛尔）它是当代西方政治学的一次“最重大的突破”（冯·贝米）它是“当代公共行政学的最重要发展”（罗迪）一、政策研究的沿革按照政策科学奠基人拉斯韦尔的观点，政策科学所关注的是政策相关知识，即公共决策过程知识和公共决策过程中的知识。
政策研究历史悠久，思想源远流长（一）政策是一种社会历史现象政策是人类社会的一种普遍现象国家产生以来，政策成为国家管理社会的一种重要手段如产生于公元前21世纪的汉谟拉比法典可能是已知最早的与公共政策有关的文献在古希腊，有一个“智者”阶层，他们中的许多人充当统治者的“智囊”，柏拉图是西西里统治者的顾问，亚里士多德是亚里山大的私人教师中国古代的孔子“游学”（二）政策研究源远流长在中国和西方，都有着悠久的政策研究历史和丰富的政策研究成果1.中国古代的政策思想---博大精深①主要流派儒家----德治、仁政、民本（《儒家政论衍义》）“德政”政策思想的核心，强调对人的内在教化与约束“礼治”“礼者，政之本也”“安上治民，莫善于礼”“道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格”礼治是德治的保障，是对人的外在规范与制约。
“民本”“治天下有道，得其民斯得天下矣，得其民，有道，得其心，斯民矣；得其心有道，所欲与之聚之，所恶勿施而也”法家：法、术、势“不务德而务法”道家：无为而治②主要的政策思想权变思想：“世异则事异，事异则备变”“俗之所欲，因而与之，俗之所否，因而去之”（管仲）民本思想：以民为本，政在得民“民为本，社稷次之，君为轻”（孟轲）“水则载舟，水则覆舟”（荀况）“顺民心”则功名成，“审民心”则事可举，“取民之所悦”则民聚（《吕氏春秋》）“宽以养民，严以治吏”（王夫之）“仁者人也”的角色意识“仁者爱人”的为民理念（人性认识）“中恕之道”的社会责任感（“己所不欲勿施于人”）惠民思想：惠民、养民、富民“因民之所利而利之”（孔丘）重农抑商思想：自然经济、农民为本“国以人为本，人以衣食为本”（李世民）“国待农耕而富，主待农战而尊”（商鞅）公平思想：不患寡而患不均“天地之道故平，平则万物各得其所”平等原则自由原则公正为制度的首要原则无为思想：“我无为，而民自化；我好静，而民自正；我无事，而民自富；我无欲，而民自朴”（老子）“善政者，无形，无名，无事无政可举，闷闷然，卒至于大治”（王弼）④中国古代政策研究的不足政策思想丰富，但未能形成学科体系表现为：政治思想有“民本之意”，但体制无“民本之实”；政策的公共性缺乏（有理念追求，无机制保证）；有结果分析，无过程研究；有直观体验和经验积淀，无科学程序和方法准备与积累。
The Modern Language Association (MLA) style source of all material you paraphrase, summa This guide shows the most common scenarios Research Papers . 7th ed. (McPherson Library R Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 3rded. (McPhersNOTE: Some significant changes have been ma Titles are now italicized rather than URLS are no longer required for electr The document format (Print, Web, PD Cited list.General Rules: In-text Citations • Place the reference where a pause occurs in possible to the relevant material.• Cite the author’s last name and the relevan Example: Music is thought to be the fo • If you include the author’s name in the sent Example: Blair argues that music is the • Page numbers may be omitted if a source la numbered paragraphs or sections, use thes Example: (Smith, para. 4)• Multiple sources in the same reference: Example: (Matthews and Smith 88; Su • No author : use the complete or shortened t Example: (History of Rome 143) • Two authors with the same surname: Add t name.• Corporate author (organization, company, a rather than the parentheses. 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For more examples, see MLA Handb brary Reference, call number LB2369 M53 2009) and the cPherson Library Reference, call number PN147 G526 200en made for the new edition of the MLA Style Manual han underlined electronic sources (unless required by your instructor) eb, PDF File, DVD, etc.) must be included in every entry in onscurs in the sentence (such as before a period, semicolon o elevant page number(s).the food of love (Blair 135).e sentence, do not cite it in parentheses.c is the food of love (135).urce lacks page numbers (for example, on many Web sou e these in the citation.ce: separate citations with a semicolon.88; Suzuki 105-107) ened title – book titles are italicized and article titles are i Add the first initial, or, if the authors have the same first pany, association, etc.): cite the name. If it is long, include arentheses, shorten commonly abbreviated terms (see c reviations).n 1991 (Natl. Research Council 65). ociation agrees (195).add the title, shortened or full.ched” (Jones, Tiger Thief 16). detective to Yemen (Kat Tales 207). urce with no page or section numbers, avoid parenthetica e in the sentence.Bebbington’s History of Economics .ext of your paper. Cite the Handbook for Writers of d the MLA Style Manual and26 2008). :try in the Works olon or comma), as near as b sources). If a source has are in quotations. e first initial, add the full first clude it in the sentence see chapter eight of the MLA hetical references. Instead,• Indirect source : avoid taking material from an indirect source, add qtd. in before the in Example: Bedi praised the “meticulou • Classic novel or classic prose play : to help r semicolon, and give other identifying inform Example: (Dostoevsky 5; pt. 1, ch. 1)• Classic poem or classic verse play : omit pag a period between the numbers.• You may abbreviate the title of a famous lit Manual chapter eight).Example: “As meditation . . . / May swGeneral Rules: List of Works Cited The list of works cited appears at the end of yo Format• Begin the list on a new page and give it th • Double space the entire list.• For each entry, indent all lines other than • Provide page numbers where appropriate • Include the document format (i.e. Print, W List Order• Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names any initial A, An, or The.Authors and Editors• Reverse the name (e.g., Shakespeare, Will the first (e.g., Shakespeare, William, and C • Present names as given in the work you’re • If there are four or more authors or editor • If there’s no known author or editor, begin Title• Capitalize the first word and all principal w • Separate a title from a subtitle with a colo • Italicize the title of a work published indep • Place quotation marks around the title of page on a Web site. Publisher’s Name• Omit articles such as The, business abbrev and Publishers.• If no publisher is provided, use n.p.• For a university press, abbreviate universi • If the name includes a personal name (e several personal names (e.g., Farrar, Strau from an indirect (secondhand) source. If quoting or parap the indirect source.culous brushwork” (qtd. in Paul 231).help readers locate the material in other editions, cite the nformation.h. 1)mit page numbers. Cite by division (act, scene, canto, book ous literary work if you include it in the parenthetical refe May sweep to my revenge” (Ham. 1.5.36-37). Citedd of your paper and helps readers locate your sources.e it the heading Works Cited. Centre the heading. than the first line, one-half inch from the left margin. priate; for example, for journal articles or works from an int, Web, DVD, etc.) in the citation. names. If an entry has no author, alphabetize by the title,e, William). If an entry has multiple authors or editors, on and Christopher Marlowe). you’re citing. If the full name is listed, use the full name editors, you have a choice: name all, or name the first an , begin the entry with the title. cipal words, including those that follow hyphens in compo a colon and one space. Omit the colon if the title ends in independently, such as a book, play, periodical, or Web s tle of a work within a larger work, such as an article, essa bbreviations such as Co. and Ltd., and descriptive words iversity as U and press as P (e.g., Oxford UP; U of Toronto e (e.g., Harry N. Abrams), cite the surname alone (e.g., Ab Straus, and Giroux), cite only the first (e.g., Farrar).paraphrasing a quotation in ite the page number, add a , book, part) and line, placing al reference (see MLA Style es. m an anthology. e title, ignoringrs, only reverse the name ofame (rather than initials). rst and add et al. compound terms. ds in ? or — or ! Web site. , essay, poem, short story, orwords such as Books, House,oronto P). .g., Abrams). If it includesPlace of Publication• If multiple cities are listed, use only the fir • If no place of publication is provided, use n • If the city is outside of the United States, may be ambiguous or unfamiliar to theDate of Publication• If the date of publication is unknown, use • If more than one date of publication is list • Abbreviate the names of the months exce Electronic Publications• NOTE: MLA does not require you to includ assignment requirements.• If you must include a URL, place it after th Example: Harrison, Justin. “Political Sc Web. 15 Aug. 2007. <http://www.sear • If possible, provide the entire address (inc • If the URL must be divided over two lines,• If no publisher is provided, use n.p.• If the document has no page numbers, use • Always provide the date you accessed the • State the document format after the publDigital Files and Multimedia• Give the type of media format at the end Film, JPEG file, PDF File, MP3 File, etc.). IfGrey Literature• For examples of citations for technical rep MLA Style Manual and Guide to ScholarlyLegal Sources• The MLA Style Manual refers you to unifo • For Canadian legal sources, use the Canad for some common sources are included at • Bill citations should be constructed as foll (additional information, e.g. passed by Ho • Statute citations should be constructed: pinpoint.• Case Law citations should be constructed:volume reporter (series – if any) page (cou the first. , use n.p. ates, add an abbreviation of the country or province nam reader. n, use n.d. in place of the date. is listed, use the most recent one. s except May, June, and July. include URLs in citations, but your instructor may. Be sur ter the date of access, enclose in angle brackets, and con ical Science.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2007. Ency />.ss (including http:// or ftp://) for the work you are citing.lines, break it only after a slash, and do not insert a hyph rs, use n. pag. ed the publication at the end of the citation. e publication date and before the date of access. e end of every citation (DVD, Videocassette, Print, Web, P . If you do not know the file type, use Digital File . al reports, pamphlets, advertisements, fact sheets, annua olarly Publishing . uniform legal citation styles for the country of the legisla Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 6thed. (KE259 C ded at the end of this guide. as follows: Number, title , session, legislature, jurisdiction,by House or Senate – optional). ted: Title , statute volume, jurisdiction, year, (session or su ucted: Style of Cause (year of decision), neutral citation, [e (court – if required). name if the name of the cityBe sure to confirm thed conclude with a period.7. Encyclopaedia Britannica. iting. hyphen at the break. Web, Performance, Lecture,annual reports, etc., seeegislation or case law.E259 C36 2006). Examplesction, year, pinpointn or supplement), chapter,ion, [year of reporter]Reference (Works Cited) List Example Book: one author (p. 186)Ableson, Serena. In thIn-text citatio Book: two or threeauthors (p. 189)Aquila, Salvatore, Caro Romance Lan Book: four or more authors (p. 190)Aquila, Salvatore, Caro Romance LanIn-text citatio Several books by the same author(s) (p.173)Bedi, Shailoo. New Me---. Children as Muses Book: group as author (organization, company, agency, etc.)Canadian Institute for Homelessness . Ottawa First in-text c Subsequent Book: with editor(s) andno named author Bebbington, Tina M.,In-text citatioBook with author and editor (p.196) Bebbington, Tina M. Cambridge U Book: edition (p.200) Brendle-Moczuk, Dan Book: reprint (p.203)Jones, Laurie. Distanc Book: illustrated (p.198) Kilgour, Nancy. The Bi Print. Book: online (p.216)Kehoe, Inbarani. Envir NetLibrary Book: translated (p.197) Kilgour, Nancy. Shorte Essay, short story, or poem in an anthology (p.190)Blair, William. “The Do Catharines, O Encyclopedia entry (p.194)Cooley, Kenneth H. “L Print.1 Page numbers refer to MLA Style Manual and Gu amples 1In the Skin of a Lawyer . Markham, ON: Penguin, 2005. Print.citation: (Ableson 65)e, Carol Gordon, and Pia Russell. When in Rome: Rediscovering ce Languages . New York: McGraw, 2008. Print. e, Carol Gordon, Ying Liu and Pia Russell. When in Rome: Redis ce Languages . New York: McGraw, 2008. Print. citation: (Aquila, Gordon, Liu and Russell 78) Or: (Aquila et. al.ew Metaphors for Ancient Greece . Toronto, ON: U of Toronto P Muses in Ancient Greece . Berkeley: U of California P, 2004. Prin te for Health Information. Improving the Health of Canadians:Ottawa, ON, Canada: CIHI, 2007. PDF File.text citation: (Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA] uent citations: (CMHA 54)a M., ed. The Medieval Studies Reader . New York: Garland, 200citation: (Bebbington 43) a M. Portraits of Women in Medieval Japan . Ed. Danielle Russe dge UP, 1999. Print. , Daniel. World Religious Traditions . 3rd ed. New York: Crossro stance Education . 1994. New York: Springer, 2007. Print.The Big Book of Terriers. Illus. Liz Ball. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Environmental Tourism in Asia . Amsterdam: Butterworth-Hei ary . Web. 15 Aug. 2007. Shorter Stories . Trans. Bette Kirchner. New York: Knopf, 2001.The Doane Ukulele Method.” Music Education in Canada . Ed. C nes, ON: Vanwell, 2003. 197-203. Print. H. “Library, Digital.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macr nd Guide to Scholarly Publishing , 3rd ed.Print.vering the Roots of theRediscovering the Roots of the et. al. 79) onto P, 2002. Print.Print. dians: Mental Health and HA] 54) d, 2001. Print.Russell. Cambridge, Eng.:rossroad, 1999. Print. nada: West Coast Books, 2008. Heinemann, 2007.2001. Print.Ed. Carlie Graham. St. Macropaedia . 15th ed. 2002.Encyclopedia entry in a less-familiar source (p.194)Hansen, Elizabeth. “ElU of British CEncyclopedia entry online Harrison, Justin. “PolitWeb. 15 AugJournal article from a print journal(p.185)Lines, Michael R. “Law241. Print.Journal article from an online journal(p.218-219)Ma, Ophelia. “Visualiz2007.Journal article from an online database (p.220)Matthews, Kathleen WPremier. WebMagazine article(p.180)Nelson, Katy. “Is Pluto Magazine article: online Paul, Kathryn. “NursinMagazine article: review (p.181)Rollins, Caron. “FlorenLynne WoodNewspaper article(p.178)“The Happiness DrugIn-text citatio Newspaper article online Robin, Randi. “Too MuFilm/video recording (p.225) It’s a Wonderful LifeRepublic, 200Television episode(p.221)“See Homer Run.” TheSound recording(p.223)Brendle-Moczuk, DanImage: reproduction in a print source(p.228)Goya, Francisco. The FHistory ofIn-text citatioGoya paintecaption in teFigure 2.GoySource: WooSuncoast BoNote: In the Works Cih. “Electronic Books.” Encyclopedia of Digital Media. Ed. Junetish Columbia P., 2002. Print.“Political Science.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2007. Enc5 Aug. 2007.. “Law Enforcement in the High Middle Ages.” Journal of Medint.sualizing the Aquatic Food Web.” The Art of Science 9.3 (2000een W. “Dancing with Data.” Big Numbers 45.1 (2004): 13-14.Web. 15 Aug. 2007.Pluto a Planet?” Discover Apr. 1998: 85-86. Print.Nursing the Economy.” Newsweek 11 Feb. 2006. Web. 15 Aug.Florence Through the Wrong End of the Telescope.” Rev. ofWoodruff. New Yorker 5 Feb. 2001: 34-35. Print.Drugs.” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 13 Nov. 2003: B3. Print.citation: (“The Happiness Drug”)oo Much Sex in Teen Fiction?” Washington Post 19 May 2005.Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, and Lc, 2001. DVD.The Simpsons. Fox, Los Angeles. 21 Sept. 2003. Television., Daniel. “It’s All Uphill.” Wandering Blues. Nettwerk, 2007.The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Woof Spanish Painting. 5th ed. Toronto, ON, Canada: Suncoast Bocitation:The Family of Charles IV (see figure 2) was one of sevainted as court painter to the king.in text (below image):Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del PWoodruff, Lynne. A History of Spanish Painting. 5th ed. Torontast Books. 224. Print.rks Cited, cite the source only, not the individual image.June Smith. 5 vols. Vancouver:7. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Medieval Law 7 (2006): 234-(2000): 71-75. Web. 15 Aug.14. Academic SearchAug. 2007.of The Fountain of Neptune, by2005. Web. 15 Aug. 2007.and Lionel Barrymore. 1946.sion.CD.Woodruff, Lynne. Aast Books. 224. Print.of several royal portraitso del Prado, Madrid.oronto, ON, Canada:Image: online (p.217-218) van Gogh, Vincent. Museum of M Web site, entire (p.214-215) Romanesque . Ed. Jean Web page (p.214-215)Russell, Danielle. “A T Society. Web“Sarah Bernhardt.” Class Lecture(p.230)Harrison, Justin. “The Victoria, Vict Notes or slides posted to Blackboard or Moodle Harrison, J. (2009). http://mood Reprinted custom course materialsSmith, June. “Conflict 74.4 (1998):Jones. Victor BlogPaul, Kathryn. “Can st 5 April 2009.Personal communication (email, interview, etc.) (p.229, 231)Bebbington, Tina. "Re 2009. E-mail.Jones, Laurie. Persona PodcastNelson, Katy. “How to and Technol 10 Jan. 200Legal: BillBill 59, An Act to amen (assentedBill S-36, An Act to am (as passed by StatuteIncome Tax Act , R.S.C.Agricultural Land ComCanadian Charter of R Canada Act 1Case LawR. v. Latimer , 2001 SCR. v. Byfield (2005), 74nt. The Starry Night . 1889. Museum of Mod. Art, New York. m of Modern Art . Web. 14 Jan. 2007.d. Jean Macgregor. 4 July 2007. Architecture Education Society . “A Timeline of English Literature.” History in a Nutshell . 3 Dec Web. 15 Aug. 2007.dt.” Theatre Greats . n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2007. “The Comedic Tradition in Canadian Short Films.” ENGL 335 C a, Victoria, BC. 4 October 2008. Lecture. 9). The economic impact of resource development in BC . 24 Jan moodle.uvic.ca/. Course Notes.nflict resolution in multicultural households.” Canadian Multic 998): 20-34. Rpt. in DR 502: Conflict, Culture and Diversity Cou Victoria, BC: University of Victoria Bookstore, 2008. 255-64. Can students survive on Google alone?” The Searching Libraria 2009. a. "Re: Thoughts on today’s class discussion." Message to auth mail.ersonal Interview. 26 Nov. 2008.ow to encourage girls to study engineering,” Host Kathleen M chnology Education Today . Canadian Public Science Associatio 2009. amend the Civil Code as regards marriage , 1st Sess., 37th Leg ed to 10 November 2004), S.Q. 2004, c.23.to amend the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act , 1sed by the Senate 20 June 2005). R.S.C. 1985 (5th Supp.), c. 1, S. 18(1)(m)(iv)(c).d Commission Act , S.B.C. 2002, c. 36. er of Rights and Freedoms , Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11. 01 SCC 1, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3 at para. 10, 193 D.L.R. (4th) 577. 05), 74 O.R. (3d) 206 (C.A.).rk. MoMA: Theociety. Web. 15 Aug. 2008.3 Dec. 2006. The History 335 Class. University of24 Jan. 2008. Multicultural Studies Course Reader . Comp. Laurie brarian . 14 January 2009. Web. o author. 27 February en Matthews. Scienceciation, 13 Oct. 2008. MP3 file. h Leg., Quebec, 2004, st Sess., 38thParl., 2005, cl. 31982, being Schedule B to the。
