[精品]高级英语笔记整理

Part I 词汇第一册第一课中东的集市1）2010 do the same as someone elase has done…collect in the same area : gather2010 4)bargaing is the order of the day : the prevailing state of things; the commanding thing to do 头等大事glowing or burning8) a trickle of oil ozzes own…no longer new; second hand第二课广岛—日本最有活力的城市1)feeling of pressure in one’s throat, caused by repressed emotionbecause of strong emotion2)to have the same preoccupations: 占据思想；全神贯注；心里总想着的事物3)to rub shoulders with :meet and mix with (people) 与...有来往；和。

接触:4)上下疾动)5)form of words used as a rite礼节20116)the rear-view mirror ：riving-mirror inside a motor-vehicle for seeing out of the rear window后视镜7)this intermezzo came to an end:插曲；间奏曲；幕间剧8)9）：group of people sharing the same thought9)第三课沙漠之舟1）the amount of something caught; in the sentence it refers tousually blows逆风的4）of events, real or imagined 方案5)with more than one Tennessee’这句话的意思the area of rain forest burned in one year is bigger than the state of Tennessee.垃圾填埋地7)from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities :生物量；用作燃料的植物或动a region in which active military operations are in泄漏10）depllyment by one side or the other of some ultimate weapon: furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme终极的第四课外婆的日用家当：bring face to 7.black pumps to match a green suit : low-cut shoes without straps or ties浅口无带皮鞋用目光压倒:长了苔的牙齿抢拍，as in a churn，etc．(奶油)搅拌器第五课关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话1、warning突袭2.they will in hordes : to gather together scattered things ,people,animals ,to herd together, collect together animals that are scattered. 积攒，使聚拢2011 ．or sth．with confidence 依靠，信赖，指望4. devoid of all theme and principle : a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in literary or artistic work;指导思想2012 5.all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding :经将那一切冲得烟消云散了。

高级英语复习笔记Lesson one: Rock Superstars: What Do They Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society?1. Rock Superstars 摇滚乐超级明星rock : rock music , rock ' n ' roll ( or : rock and roll ) 摇滚乐早期的摇滚乐是源于美国的民歌 ( folk )爵士乐( jazz )勃鲁斯歌曲(blues) 等的一种音乐 , 其特征是具有强烈的节奏 ( rhythm ) 单纯的旋律( melody )一再重复的歌词和音符的后拍音 ( after beat )2. Rock is the music of teenage rebellion . 摇滚乐是青少年的反叛音乐a. teenage adj. pertaining to a teenager ( 13 至 19 岁的 ) 青少年的.其名词形式为 teenager: (13 至 19 岁的青少年).b. rebellion : resistance to or defiance of any authority 造反,反派.如; a rebellion against old traditions 对旧传统的反叛 .3. By a man’s heroes ye shall know him. 你将从一个人崇拜的英雄得知其人.a. 这句句子的句型与英语中常说的 judge a man by the company he keeps(以一个人所交的朋友断定其为人 )很相似.b. ye = you 用于古英语或诗歌中 ,是第二人称代词 thou 的复数. 如:Ye are the salt of the earth . 你们是社会的中坚 . (出自<<圣经>>)4. '' Midnight Ramblerramble : walk for pleasure 漫游,既可表动词,也可作名词 .如; They rambled through the woods. 他们在林中漫步 .5. ... he said, '' Grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform, sprinkling its contents over the first rows of sweltering listeners ... ''a. grab : to seize suddenly , eagerly , or roughly ; snatch 急抓,夺取. 如: He jumped up from the table, grabbed his hat and ran out of the door.他从桌子旁跳了起来 ,抓起自己的帽子 ,奔出门去.另外,grab 后面可以跟其他名词或名词短语 . 如:grab a shower 快速冲了澡,grab a sandwich,胡乱吃了一个三明治 ,grab a taxi 赶搭出租车 .有时,还可以作不及物动词 . 如:He grabbed at the opportunity of going abroad. 他设法抓住这次出国的机会 b. sprinkle : to scatter drops or particles of water , powder or the like on 洒液体,撒粉末等(于......上). 如:They sprinkled ashes on the icy sidewalk . 他们在积水溜滑的人行道上撒了灰.We sprinkle the lawn every day . 我们每天给草坪洒水 .以'' sprinkling ''引导的短语是动词的 '' - ing '' 形式做伴随状语 . 再如: They stood there , watching the basketball . 他们站在那里 ,观看篮球比赛 .6. They surge to follow him, eager to be touched by a few baptismal drops.a. surge : to move or swell forward in or like waves 如波涛汹涌而至 .A crowd surged out of the theater . 观众从剧院里蜂拥而出 .b. 以形容词'' eager ''引导的不定式词组在语法功能上起着并列分句的作用.7. Some 14,000 screaming fans were crunching up to the front of the stage at Capital Centera. some : ( before a number ) approximately , about ( 在数字前)大约. 如: some twenty students 大约 20 个学生.b. scream to make a loud , sharp cry 尖声大叫. '' screaming ''是动词 scream 的 '' - ing ''形式作前置修饰语 , '' screaming fans '' 意为"尖声大叫的歌迷"c. crunch : to proceed with a crushing noise 嘎吱嘎吱地往前 .如: The children crunched through the snow .孩子们嘎吱嘎吱地踩着雪走.8. I ought to be crawling on my knees.a. crawled : to move with the face downward and the boys close to the ground 爬行. 如; The bus crawled along . 公共汽车缓慢地行进 .如: Somehow I don't like this novel though it is so popular. 这本小说虽然很流行 ,但不知什么原因我却不喜欢它 .c. fantasy : imagination , esp. when it is let free and not held back( 自由奔放的)想象,幻想,狂想. wildest fantasies , 最为狂妄的奇想 .11. These aren't idle questions.idle : of no real worth or purpose 无聊的.a. see ... as ... : consider ... as ... 把......看作......b. forum : a meeting place of discussion of matters of public interest 论坛.c. a place 是 a sort of debating forum 的同位语,后面由 where 引导的句子是定语从句 ,修饰 a place.'' ideas clash and crash ''意为"各种思想冲撞".13. '' The redefinition, '' Horowitz says '' is a task uniquely performed by the young...'''' uniquely performed by the young '' 是过去分词短语 ,用于修饰前面的''a task''.14. It is they alone who combine invention and exaggeration...a. it is .. who ( that ) 是强调句式.b. lone : ( after a noun or pronoun ) only( 在名词或代词后面)仅,只.....如: idle rumor 无聊的谎言 .12. Horwitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and crash注意:短语 crawl into the favor of one's superiors 表示"卑躬屈膝地讨好上司".b. on one's knees : 双膝跪地.9. How do you feel about all this adulation and hero worship?a. feel about : consider , think of 觉得,感到.经常用于疑问句中 ,如: How do you feel about the suggestion? 你认为这个建议怎么样? b. adulation 是 adulate 的名词形式 .adulate : flatter or admire excessively 过分赞赏,奉承,恭维.如: One can hardly understand why young people so adulate film stars. 年轻人为什么如此过分赞赏影星 ,真让人费解 .10. Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown , perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies ?a. draw : attracts 吸引.如: Some mutual interests draw us together . 一些共同的兴趣把我们吸引到一块了.b. somehow : in some way not specified or known 不知什么缘故.... .His name alone was enough to draw a large audience . 仅仅他的名字就足以 吸引一大批观众 . 15. '' Rock music,'' he says '' is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force. ''rather than : instead of 而不是(肯定前者,否定后者.) 比如:He is a poet rather than a novelist . 与其说他是小说家 ,不如说他是诗人 . 这里介绍另一个短语 or rather,意为 more exactly 更为确切地说". 如: late last night , or rather early this morning 昨天深夜,更为确切地说 ,是 今天清晨. 16. It's just that Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950sa. 句中的 it 有 the reason 的意思, that = be cause .b. embody : give a definite form to 具体体现 如:The statue embodies the sentiment of the sculptor .这尊塑像表现了雕像家 的感情.The latest model of the lorry embodies many improvements .卡车的最新式 样体现了许多改进的地方 .17. TV network banned hima. network : a group of radio or television stations linked by wire or microwaves (广播, 电视)广播网b. ban : prohibit , forbid 禁止.如: Students are banned from reading dirty books . 禁止学生阅读色情书刊 .18. Most of the older viewers frowned, while most of the younger viewers applaudeda. frown: to wrinkle the forehead , such as when one is displeased or in deep thought 皱眉.如:听到我说错了答案 ,他便皱起了眉头 . 短语 frown on ( upon )表示"不赞同".如: He frowned upon my plan . 他不赞同我的计划 .b. applaud : to clap the hands together in approval or appreciation 鼓掌喝彩; 称赞.如: The audience applauded wildly . 观众热烈鼓掌 . c. 连接词 while 在这里表示对照 ,再如: I like books while my brother loves sports .我喜欢书,而我的兄弟则 热衷于体育 .19. The Rolling Stones, arrogant street-fighting men, demanded revolution. arrogant|| 'ær əg ənt] : acting as if one were more important than others 傲慢的; 妄自尊大的 .如; He was just too arrogant to his subordinates . 他对他的部下太傲慢了 . 20. Feelings, always a part of any musical statement, were a major subject. 这里 always a part of any musical statement 是 feelings 的同位语. 21. The Beatles showed there were a range of emotions between love and hate.range : a number of different things of the same general sort or type ( 变动的, 可供选择的)范围;幅度.如: a range of colors to choose from 可以选择的一系列颜色;a range of prices from 5 Yuan to 50 Yuan 从 5 元到 50 元不等的各种价格 . 22. This country element, Horowitz feels, helped its audience express an urge to '' get away from it all, ‘‘... urge : an instinctive drive . 冲动.如: I felt an urge to further my studies in Europe . 我有一种去欧洲深造的冲动. 23. ...these rock musicians mirror feelings...mirror : reflect 反映.如: The election result reflects their opinions.选举结果反映了他们的观 点. 24. ... where it's heading?head ( for ) : move toward ( 朝某一方向)前进.如: They were heading for the deep jungle for hunting .他们去丛林深处 打猎.Lesson Two Four Choices for Young People 1. Jim Binns wrote me about some of his misgivings misgiving: worry, concern( 常用复数)(对未来之事)疑虑不安,怀疑.如: I like your scheme in principle; my only misgiving is that it may require too large a sum of money. 我原则上喜欢你的计划 ,唯一担心的是花销可能太大 .2...our generation views the adult world with great skepticism...skepticism: doubt suspicion 怀疑(态度);怀疑主义 be skeptical about:对......持怀疑太度;不相信.如: He is skeptical about everything . 他对一切事物都抱怀疑态度 . with a skeptical expression 带着怀疑的表情。

高级英语句型笔记高级英语句型汇总笔记高级英语是高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段(本科)的精读课，属于必考课程。

下面是由店铺为大家分享高级英语句型汇总笔记，欢迎大家学习。

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。

)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性都不为过。

2)There is no need for sb to do sth.\ for sth.(某人没有必要做……)例如：There is no need for you to bring more food.不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语+can …. (借着……，……能够……)例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)。

例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?)例如：What will happen to the orphan?那个孤儿将会怎样?7)For the past + 时间，主语+ 现在完成式/现在完成进行时…. (过去……时间来，……一直……)例如：For the past two years，I have been busy preparing forthe examination.过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

高中英语知识归纳一.重点短语1.face the music 面对命运对你的不公平2.absorb…into 吸收，理解接受，吞并be absorbed in全神贯注于, 专心致志于be lost in thought想得出神沉思于…be engaged in 从事于…忙于be concentrated on 集中注意力…3.make a suggestiongive an advicemake the investigation4.look into 调查看浏览5.slow down 减缓6.relate to 有关涉及7.link to 有关联系8.die out 灭绝;die of 死于;die from死于9.his career came to an end. 他的事业结束了。

10.develop a severe illness 染上很严重的疾病高中英语知识要点1. on holiday 在度假，在休假中When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的时候去看望了叔叔。

2. travel agency旅行社=travel bureau3. take off1)脱下(衣服等), 解(除)掉He took off his wet shoes.他脱下了湿鞋子。

2)(飞机)起飞The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飞机准时起飞。

起飞非常顺利。

3)匆匆离开The six men got into the car and took off for the park.这六个人上了车，匆匆离开去公园。

4. go wrong v. 走错路, 误入岐途, (机器等)发生故障5. in all adv. 总共6. stay away v.外出7. look up 查询(如宾语为代词，则代词放中间)Look up the word in the dictionary.在字典里查单词。

高级英语复习笔记及讲解3Lesson Four1.dodge ： avoid , evade or elude 逃避.如；He was accused of dodging his taxes .他被指控逃税.You shouldn 't dodge your responsibilities. 你不能回避责认.move aside suddenly 突然闪开.如：I dodged out of the way when he threw a chair at me . 他将椅子向我扔来的时候,我急忙闪开.2.condemn： express an unfavorable judgement or opinion of 谴责.如：We condemned empty talk instead of hard work.我们谴责只说空话不务实的行为.3.to come to light ： to be discovered or revealed 暴露.如；On investigation some new facts came to light . 一经调查，一些新的事实就被暴露了.It has now come to light that he was financially backed by some interest group.人们刚刚得知，他受到了某个利益集团的经济支持.nguish ：1) become feeble ;droop ; lose liveliness orthe will to do things 凋萎，有气无力.如；languish from the heat /in prison/ in his dull job 由于天气炎热/坐牢/工作乏味而萎靡不振.2)suffer from a feeling of longing 苦思.如；languish for some kind words/her love 苦苦期盼一些抚慰的话语/ 她的爱.5.moral ： the moral teaching or practical lesson continued ina fable , tale , experience,etc.寓意.如；There is a moral to the story .这个故事有个寓意.arre ： unusual in appearance, style , or characters 夕卜貌,风格或性格怪异.如；a bizarre coincidence——次奇，怪的巧合;his bizrre behavior 他，怪异的行为.7.at her own request根据她本人的要求.另如：He wrote this book at the request of his 写了他根据……的要求那本书._vote on ：就进行表决.如：Let 's vote on this issue , since we can' t agree . 既然我们不能达成一致意见,就来投票表决吧.8.inprivate ： not publicly , secretly 私下.如：Such a thing is best discussed in private . 这种事情最好私卜讨论.He can be very rube in private, though he is usually polite in public .他私下可能很粗鲁，但在群众面前通常彬彬有礼.9.taboo adj.忌讳的，禁止的.如：This topic is taboo on the campus .校园里忌讳讨论这个话题.10.A. prolong ： cause sth. to continue longer 延长.如：I have to prolong my stay here for another three days . 我必须继续在这里呆三天时间.You should not have prolonged the ceremony . 你本不该延长仪式的时间.B. throes ： agony 痛苦.如；in death throes处于临终痛苦.11.h old out ： continue to last 坚持，挺住.如：Can you hold out much longer ?你能再坚持一段时间吗?12.a dminister to apple as a remedy 施用.如：administer laws执彳亍法律.The doctor administered some me medicine to the girl . 医生给女孩施用了一些药.ply with ： act in accordance with wishes , requirements or conditions 遵守（意愿，要求或条件等）.如；You ought to comply with the rules /the demands/ the 1aw/ the requests.你应该遵守规章/命令/法律/要求.14.p ose danger 造成危险.pose ： cause sth. to exist 导致产生.另如：pose problems 引起问题.15.b y contrast 相比之下.By contrast , his brother is quite easygoing . 相比之下，他的兄弟比拟好相处.16.u sher in ： herald 预报，宣告.如；usher in a new age of prosperity宣告新的繁荣时期的到来.The rising sun ushered in a new day . 太阳的升起宣告新的——天开始了.The cuckoo ushered in Spring.布谷鸟宣布春天到来.。

高考英语知识点笔记整理高考英语知识点笔记整理1.because of 因为…… (注意和because 的区别)2. even if (= even thoug)即使，用来引导让步状语从句3. come up 走上前来，走近，发生，出现 come up with 追上，赶上，提出4. communicate with sb 和某人交流5. be different from…与……不同be different in …在……方面不同Most of my projects are different in performance.我多数作品的演奏风格都不同。

6. be based on 以……为基础7. at present 目前，眼下 for the present眼前;暂时8. make (good/better/full)use of9. the latter后者 the former 前者10. a large number of 大量的 the number of …的数量11. such as 例如12. hold on 坚持住，握住不放;(打电话时)等—会13. … you will hear the difference in the way(that/ in which) people speak.你会听出人们在说话时的差异。

14. play a role/ part (in) 在…中担任角色;在…中起作用;扮演一个角色15. the same …as…与……一样16. at the top of…在…顶上at the bottom of 在……底部17. bring up 教养，养育;提出18. request sb (not) to do sth. 要求某人做/不要做某事19. be satisfied with…对……感到满意，满足于20. suggest v. (request，insist…)I suggested you do what he says. 我建议你按照他说的去做。

高级英语复习笔记及讲解9Lesson TenThe Tenth Man1. making his first entry …… 第一次进入。

另如：make a triumpohant entry 凯旋进入；have free entry 可以自由进入。

2. abrupt ： subben or unexpected 忽然。

如：an abrupt departure 忽然离开。

3. sullen ： showing irritation or anger by a gloomy silence 愠怒旳。

4. indifferent ： without interest or concern 漠不关怀，不在意。

如： He seems indifferent to worldly success . 他似乎不在意名利。

5. draw or cast lots ： to settle a question by the use of lots 抽签。

6. be bound to do sth.bound ： certain ， sure 肯定。

如：We are bound to secceed . 我们肯定会成功。

7. refasten ： re + fastenfasten ： to attach firmly or securely in place or to something else 系牢，牢牢固定，绑住。

如：Please fasten your seat belt . 请系牢你旳安全带。

fasten a boat to the quay 把船系于码头。

8. may as well ： used to express an opinion about a reason for doing or not doing the action of the given verb 还是做……旳好；不妨……如：If that‘s the case ， you may as well have a try .假如状况果真如此，你不妨试试看。

高中英语重点笔记大全高中英语的学习对于很多同学来说都是一项具有挑战性的任务，但只要掌握了重点知识，就能事半功倍。

以下是为大家整理的高中英语重点笔记，希望能对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、词汇1、词汇量的积累词汇是英语学习的基础，建议同学们每天背诵一定量的单词，可以通过单词书、手机APP 等方式进行。

同时，要注意单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法。

2、重点词汇（1）动词：如 break、come、get、go、make、put、take 等常见动词的多种用法。

（2）形容词：如 good、bad、beautiful、important 等形容词的比较级和最高级形式及用法。

（3）名词：如 family、friend、classroom 等名词的复数形式和所有格形式。

3、词汇记忆方法（1）联想记忆法：通过将单词与相关的事物、场景或经历联系起来，帮助记忆。

（2）词根词缀记忆法：了解常见的词根和词缀，有助于推测单词的词义。

（3）语境记忆法：将单词放在句子或文章中记忆，更能理解其用法。

二、语法1、时态和语态（1）一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等时态的构成和用法。

（2）主动语态和被动语态的转换和使用。

2、句子成分（1）主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等成分的概念和作用。

（2）能够正确分析句子的成分，有助于理解句子结构和意思。

3、从句（1）定语从句：关系代词（that、which、who、whom、whose）和关系副词（when、where、why）的用法。

（2）宾语从句：注意宾语从句的语序和时态。

（3）状语从句：时间状语从句（when、while、as、before、after 等）、条件状语从句（if、unless 等）、原因状语从句（because、since、as 等）等的用法。

4、虚拟语气（1）if 引导的虚拟条件句的三种情况（与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反）。

In return 作为(对某物)的付款或回报What do we give them in return。

Conceive of 想像、认为I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of usbillion-dollar Babies(俚语：人).对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗处嘲笑他们。

Scores of 很多Scores of young people.Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象These conclusion strike me as reasonable.我认为他们的话是合情合理的Drop out 脱离传统社会Ever since 自从In hopes of 怀着…希望Every since civilization began, certain individuals(人) have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler, more pastoral, and more peaceful lifeSupport oneself 自食其力Run out of 没有，用完，耗尽Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes.我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少the other way (round) 相反come off 成功These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off.In need of 需要It dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal.它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。

Lesson Three 1. startle ： to disturb suddenly as surprise惊吓。

如：starling news/s startling discovery （disturbing，frightening ）令⼈震惊的新闻/ 发现He startled us when he slammmed the door so loudly. 他砰的⼀声把门关上，让我们⼤吃⼀惊。

The noise startled me out of my sleep.喧哗之声把我从梦中惊醒。

2.a. motion ： to make a motion or gesture， as with the hand （⽤⼿等）作⽰意。

如：He motioned me to sit down. 他向我作了个⼿势，让我坐下。

b. look over： examine， esp . briefly检查。

如：I will look over your paper soon .我会很快看⼀下你的论⽂。

We looked over several new models before deciding.我们看过了⼏种新的模型之后才做了决定。

He asked my age ， height ， weihgt and marriage status ， and then looked me over。

他询问了我的年龄，⾝⾼，体重和婚姻状况，然后打量了⼀番。

3. eye sb. up and down上下仔细打量。

如：They eyed the stanger up and down . 他们对那陌⽣⼈仔细上下打量了⼀番。

4. be up to sb. to do sth.： be one‘s responsbility to do sth.由……负责做……。

如：It‘s up to you to break the news to him . 应该由你向他透露这条消息。

Lesson Eight A Lesson in Living 1.inedible： not fit to be eaten不可⾷的，不宜⾷⽤的2.swirl ：（ cause to ） move or flow at varying speeds ， with twise and turns 涡旋⽽动，使打旋。

如：A gust of wind swirled dust about the streets . 阵风吹起灰尘弥漫⼤街。

The snow was swirling in the air .雪花在空中盘旋。

3.…… that would have peeled like a plum if snagged . peel ： came off in stips or flakes剥落，脱⽪。

如：The wall-paper seems to be peeling off .墙纸看来要剥落了。

4.let alone ： without reference to ， or considering 更不必说。

如； He doesn‘t have money for food ， let alone amusements.他连吃饭的钱都没有，更甭说娱乐了。

5.incessant ： continual， often repeated ：不断的，不停的。

如：incessant chatter 喋喋不休；incessant rain连绵不断的⾬。

6.It would be safe to say that……可以这么说……。

如； It would be safe to say that you would get nowhere if you are so lazy .可以这么说，如果你这样懒惰，你将⼀事⽆成。

7.pick her way：慎⾏。

另如：pick one‘s words精选词语；pick flaws找碴；pick and steal⼩偷⼩摸；pick and choose挑三拣四。

L5 Love is a fallacy1 Charles Lamb , as merry and enterprising [Showing initiative and willingness to undertake newprojects <有事业心的, 有进取心的, 有魄力的, 有胆量的>]a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays[a very long time], unfettered [不受约束的To set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds <to unchain; to unshackle; to liberate>]the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, [Consider this: Metaphor, comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier. <limitations vs. limits> indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or ―flaccid" [unpleasantly soft & weak] or possibly "spongy" [elastic/flexible] are perhaps more appropriate.查尔斯．兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人,他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》无拘无束、自由奔放.实在令人难忘.下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加自由奔放.实际上,用"自由奔放〞的字眼来形容这篇文章并不十分确切,或许用"柔软〞、"轻松〞或"轻软而富有弹性〞更为恰如其分.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more?Could Ruskin?尽管很难说清这篇文章是属于哪一类,但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文.它提出了论点.引用了许多例证,并得出了结论.卡菜尔能写得更好吗?罗斯金呢? 3 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes [attempts担任] to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic [迂腐的学究式的academic <over-concerned with correctness>]discipline[有条理], is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma[创伤]. [Consider this: Logic is not at all dry, learned branch of learning. It is like a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painfulemotional shocks.] —Author's Note这篇文章意在论证逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味而且活泼、清新、富于关感和激情,并给人以启迪.诸位不妨一读. ——作者注4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute—I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And—think of it!—I only eighteen.我这个人头脑冷静,逻辑思维能力强.敏锐、慎重、聪慧、深刻、机智一一这些就是我的特点.我的大脑像发电机一样发达,像化学家的天平一样精确,像手术刀一样锋利.一一你知道吗?我才十八岁呀.It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Bellows, myroommate at the university. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enoughfellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst ofall, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new crazethat comes along, to surrender oneself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有.就拿在明尼苏达大学跟我同住一个房间的皮蒂·伯奇来说吧,他跟我年龄相仿,经历一样,可他笨得像头驴.小伙子长得年轻漂亮,可惜脑子里却空空如也.他易于激动,情绪反复无常,容易受别人的影响.最糟的是他爱赶时髦.我认为,赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现.见到一种新鲜的东西就跟着学,以为别人都在那么干,自己也就卷进去傻干——这在我看来,简直愚蠢至极,但皮蒂却不以为然.6 One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face thatI immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don’t move,〞I said, "Don’t take a laxative. I’ll get a doctor.〞7"Raccoon,〞he mumbled thickly.8"Raccoon?〞I said, pausing in my flight.9 "I want a raccoon coat,〞he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you want a raccoon coat?〞一天下午我看见皮蒂躺在床上,脸上显露出一种痛苦不堪的表情,我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎."别动,〞我说,"别吃泻药,我就请医生来.〞"浣熊,〞他咕哝着说."浣熊?〞我停下来问道."我要一件浣熊皮大衣,〞他痛苦地哭叫着.我明白了,他不是身体不舒服,而是精神上不太正常."你为什么要浣熊皮大衣?〞11"I should have known it,〞he cried, pounding his temples. "I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can’t get a raccoon coat.〞"我本早该知道,〞他哭叫着,用拳头捶打着太阳穴,"我早该知道查尔斯登舞再度流行时,浣熊皮大衣也会时兴起来的.我真傻,钱都买了课本,可现在不能买浣熊皮大衣了.〞12 "Can you mean,〞I said incredulously, "that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?〞13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ve you been?〞14 In the library,〞I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room. "I’ve got to have a raccoon coat,〞he said passionately. "I’ve got to!〞我带着怀疑的眼神问道："你是说人们真的又要穿浣熊皮大衣吗?〞"校园里有身分的人哪个不穿?你刚从哪儿来?〞"图书馆,〞我说了一个有身分的人不常去的地方.他从床上一跃而起,在房间里踱来踱去."我一定要弄到一件浣熊皮大衣,〞他激动地说,"非弄到不可!〞16"Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weigh too much. They’re unsightly. They—〞17 "You don’t understand,〞he interrupted impatiently. "It’s the thing to do. Don’t you want to be in the swim?〞18"No,〞I said truthfully.19"Well, I do,〞he declared. "I’d give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!〞20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped intohigh gear. "Anything?〞I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything,〞he affirmed in ringing tones. "皮蒂,你怎么啦?冷静地想一想吧,浣熊皮大衣不卫生,掉毛,味道难闻,既笨重又不好看,而且……17"你不懂,〞他不耐烦地打断我的话."这就叫时髦.难道你不想赶时髦吗?〞Don’t you want to be fashion-wise <chase fads and fashion追逐时尚与潮流>?"不想,〞我坦率地回答."好啦,我可想着呢!〞他肯定地说."只要有浣熊皮大衣,要我什么我都给,什么都行!〞我的大脑一一这件精密的仪器一一即刻运转起来[high gear高档位].我仔细地打量着他,问道："什么都行?〞slipped into: began to work very fast."什么都行!〞他斩钉截铁地说.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn’t have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.我若有所思地抚着下巴.好极了,我知道哪儿能弄到浣熊皮大衣.我父亲在大学读书时就穿过一件,现在还放在家里顶楼attic的箱子里.恰好皮蒂也有我需要的东西.尽管他还没有弄到手,但至少他有优先权.我说的是他的女朋友波利·埃斯皮.23 I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.我早已钟情.我要特别说明的是,我想得到这妙龄少女[in nature本质上]并不是由于感情的驱使.她确实是个易于使人动情的姑娘.可我不是那种让感情统治理智的人,我想得到波利是经过了慎重考虑的,完全是出于理智上的原因.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer’s career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.我是法学院一年级的学生,过不了几年就要挂牌当律师了.[In a few years I would graduate and pick up a job as a lawyer.]我很清楚,一个合适的妻子对一个律师的前途来说是非常重要的.我发现大凡有成就的律师几乎都是和美丽、文雅、聪明的女子结婚的.波利只差[omission省略]一条就完全符合这些条件了.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt that time would supply the lack. She already had the makings.她漂亮.尽管她的身材还没有挂在墙上的美女pin-up照片那么苗条,但我相信时间会弥补这个不足.她已经大致不差了.She was not yet as beautiful as a pin-up girl but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time. She already had all the physical qualities needed for developing into a very beautiful woman.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house—a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut—without even getting her fingers moist.她温文尔雅——我这里是指她很有风度.她婷婷玉立[Erectness: Uprightness of posture or form],落落大方,泰然自若,一眼就看得出她很有教养[exquisite优美的].她进餐时,动作是那样的优美.我曾看见过她在"舒适的校园之角〔Kozy Kampus Korner〕〞吃名点——一块夹有几片带汁的炖肉和碎核桃仁的##治,还有一小杯泡菜——手指儿一点儿也没有沾湿.27Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.她不聪明[intelligent:clever, smart ],实际上恰好相反[veered改变方向].但我相信有我的指导,她会变得聪明的.无论如何可以试一试,使一个漂亮的笨姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮毕竟要容易些.28"Petey,〞I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?〞29"I think she’s a keen kid,〞he replied, "but I don’t know if you’d call it love. Why?〞30 "Do you,〞I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?〞31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?〞32 "Is there,〞I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?〞"皮蒂,〞我说,"你在跟波利谈恋爱吧?〞"我觉得她是一个讨人喜欢的姑娘,〞他回答说,"但我不知道这是不是就叫做爱情.你问这个干吗?〞"你和她有什么正式的安排吗?我是说你们是不是常有约会,或者有诸如此类的事情?〞我问. "没有,我们常常见面.但我们俩各自有别的约会.你问这个干嘛?〞"还有没有别人使她特别喜欢呢?〞我问道.33"Not that I know of. Why?〞34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?〞[<if you stop dating her>, other would be free to compete for her friendship. ]35"I guess so. What are you getting at?〞36"Nothing , nothing,〞I said innocently, and took my suitcase out the closet.37"Where are you going?〞asked Petey.38"Home for weekend.〞I threw a few things into the bag."那我可不知道.你问这些干吗?〞我满意地点点头说："这就是说.如果你不在,场地就是空着的.你说是吗?〞"我想是这样.你这话是什么意思?〞"没什么,没什么,〞我若无其事地说,接着把手提皮箱从壁橱里拿了出来."你去哪儿?〞皮蒂问."回家过周末.〞我把几件衣服扔进了提箱.39"Listen,〞he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you’re home, you couldn’t get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?〞40"I may do better than that,〞I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left."听着,〞他焦急的抓住clutching我的胳膊说,"你回家后,从你父亲那儿弄点钱来借给我买一件浣熊皮大衣,好吗?〞"也许不仅只是这样呢.〞我神秘地眨着眼睛说,随后关上皮箱就走了.41"Look,〞I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.星期一上午我回到学校时对皮蒂说："你瞧!〞我猛地打开皮箱,那件肥大、毛茸茸、散发着怪味的东西露了出来,这就是我父亲.1925年在施图茨比尔凯特汽车里穿过的那一件浣熊皮大衣.42"Holy Toledo!〞[Slang] said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!〞he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43"Would you like it?〞I asked.44 "Oh yes!〞he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. Then a canny look came into his eyes."What do you want for it?〞45"Your girl.〞I said, mincing no words.46"Polly?〞he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?〞47"That’s right.〞"太好了!〞皮蒂恭敬的[respectfully]说.他把两只手插进那件皮大衣,然后把头也埋了进去."太好啦!〞他不断地重复了一二十遍."你喜欢吗?〞我问道."哦,喜欢!〞他高声叫着,把那满是油腻的毛皮紧紧地搂在怀里.接着他眼里露出机警的神色,说着："你要什么换呢?〞"你的女朋友,〞我毫不讳言地说."波利?〞他吃惊了,结结巴巴地说,"你要波利?〞"是的.〞48 He flung the coat from him. "Never,〞he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don’t want to be in the swim, I guess it’s your business.〞他把皮大衣往旁一扔,毫不妥协的说："那可不行.〞我耸了耸肩膀说："好吧,如果你不想赶时髦,那就随你的便好了.〞50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. [He was a man torn between two forces: love for Polly and love for the raccoon coat. | He was an agonized <agitated> man.] First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. Finally he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.我在一把椅子上坐了下来,假装读书,暗暗地瞟着皮蒂.他神情不安,用面包店窗前的流浪儿那种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣,接着扭过头去,坚定地咬紧牙关.过了一会儿,他又回过头来把目光投向那件皮大衣,脸上露出更加渴望的神情.等他再扭过头seiveled去,已经不那么坚决了. [desire waxing:To increase gradually in size, number, strength, or intensity逐渐增大：在大小、数量、强度或强度上逐渐增加]他看了又看,越看越爱,慢慢地决心也就减弱[resolution waning:To decrease gradually in size, amount, intensity, or degree; decline]了.最后他再也不扭过头去,只是站在那儿,贪婪地盯着那件皮大衣.51"It isn’t as though I was in love with Polly,〞he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that.〞52"That’s right,〞I murmured.53"What’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?〞54"Not a thing,〞said I.55 "It’s just been a casual kick—just a few laughs, that’s all.〞56 "Try on the coat,〞said I."我和波利好像不是在谈恋爱,〞他含含糊糊地说."也说不上经常约会或有诸如此类的事情.〞"好的,〞我低声地说."波利对我算得了什么?我对波利又算得了什么?〞"只不过是一时高兴[fun]-----不过是说说笑笑[casual play]罢了,如此而已.〞"试试大衣吧.〞我说57 He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine,〞he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?〞I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed. "It’s a deal,〞he said and shook my hand."他照办了.衣领蒙住了[bunched 束住]他的耳朵,下摆一直拖到脚跟.他看起来活像一具浣熊尸体.他高兴地说："挺合身的.〞"我从椅子上站了起来."成交了吗?〞我说着,把手伸向他.他轻易地接受了[swallowed吞咽]."算数．〞他说,并跟我握了握手.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required.I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish dinner,〞she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy movie,〞she said as we left the theatre. And then I took her home. "Gee, I had a sensaysh time,〞she said as she bade me good night.第二天晚上,我与波利第一次约会了.这一次实际上是我对她的考察.我想弄清要作多大的努力才能使她的头脑达到我的要求.我首先请她去吃饭."哈,这顿饭真够意思,〞离开餐馆时她说.然后我请她去看电影."嘿,这片子真好看marvy [marvelous],〞走出影院时她说.最后我送她回家.和我道别时她说："嘿,今晚玩得真痛快[sensational:outstanding; spectacular].〞61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl’s lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information. First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.我带着不大痛快的心情回到了房间.我对这任务的艰巨性gravely估计underestimated得太低了.这姑娘的知识少得叫人吃惊terrifying.只是给她增加知识还不够,首先得教她学会思考.这可不是一件容易的事,当时我真想把她还给皮蒂算了.但我一想到她那充满魅力的身材,她那进屋时的模样,她那拿刀叉的姿式,我还是决定再作一番努力.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my fingertips. "Poll’,〞I said to her when I picked her up on our next date, "tonight we are going over to the Knoll and talk.〞就像做其他的事情一样,我开始有计划地干了起来.我开始给她上辑课.幸好我是一个学法律的学生,我自己也正在学逻辑学,所以对要教的内容我都很熟悉fingertips指尖..当我接她赴第二次约会时,我对她说："今晚上咱们去‘小山’谈谈吧〞.63"Oo, terrif,〞she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.64 We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly. "What are we going to talk about?〞she asked.65"Logic.〞66 She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. "Magnif,〞she said.63"啊,好极了[terrific],〞她回答道.对这姑娘我要补充一句的是,像她这么好商量的人是不多见的.[ you would do a good job <do great> if you could find another girl so congenial <so suited to my heart>.]我们去了"小山〞,这是校园里人们幽会trysting的地方.我们坐在一棵老橡树下,她用期待的眼神看着我."我们谈些什么呢?〞她问."逻辑学.〞她想了一会儿,觉得不错,便说："好极了[magnificent].〞67"Logic,〞I said, clearing my throat,"is the science of thinking. Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic. These we will take up tonight.〞68"Wow-dow!〞she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on. "First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter.〞"逻辑学,〞我清了清嗓了,"就是思维的科学.在我们能正确地思维之前,首先必须学会判别逻辑方面的常见谬误.我们今晚就要来谈谈这些.〞"哇!〞她叫了起来,高兴地拍着手.我打了个寒噤,但还是鼓足勇气讲下去："首先我们来考究一下被称为绝对判断的谬误.〞70"By all means,〞she urged, batting her lasheseagerly.71"Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.〞72 "I agree,〞said Polly earnestly. "I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everything.〞"好呀!"[by all means: of course]〞urged强烈要求她眨了眨眼[batting her lashes:/blink one’s eyes] ,催促着eagerly热切地."绝对判断指的是根据一种无条件的前提推出的论断.譬如说,运动是有益的,因此人人都要运动.〞波利认真地说,"运动是非常有益的,它能增强体质,好处太多了!〞73"Polly,〞I said gently, "the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see?〞"波利,〞我温和地说,"这种论点是谬误.运动有益是一种无条件的前提.比方说,假设你得了心脏病,运动不但无益,反而有害,有不少人医生就不准他们运动.你必须给这种前提加以限制.你应该说,一般来说运动是有益的.或者说,对大多数人是有益的.否则就是犯了绝对判断的错误,懂吗?〞74"No,〞she confessed. "But this is marvy. Do more! Do more!〞75"It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,〞I told her, and when she desisted, I continued. "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can’t speak French. Petey Bellows can’t speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.〞"不懂,〞她坦率地说."这可太有意思了,讲吧!往下讲吧!〞"你最好别拉tugging at我袖子了,〞我对她说.等她松了手,我继续讲："下面我们讲一种被称为草率结论的谬误.你仔细听：你不会讲法语,我不会讲法语,皮蒂也不会讲法语.因此我就会断定在明尼苏达大学谁也不会讲法语.〞76"Really?〞said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?〞77 I hid my exasperation. "Polly, it’s a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.〞78"Know any more fallacies?〞she asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even.〞"真的?〞波利好奇的问道,"谁也不会吗?〞我压住火气exasperation愤怒."波利,这是一种谬误,这是一种草率的结论exasperation匆忙.能使这种结论成立的例证太少了.〞"你还知道其他的谬误吗?〞她气喘吁吁地说："这真比跳舞还有意思啦!〞79 I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.80"Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.〞我极力地使自己不灰心.我真拿这姑娘没办法,的确是毫无办法despair绝望.I was making no progress in the coaching of this girl, absolutely not a bit.可是,如果我不坚持下去,我就太没有用了.因此,我继续讲下去. "现在听我讲讲‘牵强附会’的谬误.听着：我们不要带比尔出去野餐.每次带他一起去,天就下雨.〞81"I know somebody just like that,〞she exclaimed. "A girl back home—Eula Becker, her name is. It never fails. Every single time we take her on a picnic—〞82 "Polly,〞I said sharply, "it’s a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn’t cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.〞"我就见过这样的人,〞她感叹地说."我们家乡有个女孩,名叫尤拉·蓓克尔.从没有例外,每次我们带她去野餐……〞"波利,〞我严厉地说,"这是一种谬误.下雨并不是尤拉蓓克尔造成的,下雨与她没有任何关系.如果你责怪尤拉·蓓克尔,你就是犯了牵强附会的错误.〞83"I’ll never do it again,〞she promised contritely."Are you mad at me?〞84 I sighed deeply. "No, Polly, I’m not mad.〞85"Then tell me some more fallacies.〞86"All right. Let’s try Contradictory Premises.〞87"Yes, let’s,〞she chirped, blinking her eyes happily."我再也不这样了,〞她懊悔地保证说."你生我的气了吗?〞我深深地叹了一口气："不,波利,我没生气.〞"那么,给我再讲些谬误吧!〞"好,让我们来看看矛盾前提吧.〞"行,行,〞她叽叽喳喳地叫着[鸟叫chirped],两眼闪现出快乐的光芒.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead. "Here’s an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it?〞89 "Of course,〞she replied promptly.90"But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone,〞I pointed out.91 "Yeah,〞she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess He can’t make the stone.〞92"But He can do anything,〞I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I’m all confused,〞she admitted.我皱了皱眉头frowned,但还是接着讲下去[plung:突降]."这里有一个矛盾前提的例子：如果上帝是万能的,他能造出一块连他自己也搬不动的大石头吗?〞"当然能,〞她毫不犹豫地回答道."但是如果他是万能的,他就能搬动那块石头呀,〞我提醒她."是嘛!〞她若有所思thoughtfully地说,"嗯,我想他造不出那样的石头.〞"但他是万能的啊,〞我进一步提醒她.她用手抓了抓她那漂亮而又空虚的脑袋[scratched弃权]."我全搞糊涂了,〞她承认说. 94"Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?〞95"Tell me more of this keen stuff,〞she said eagerly."你确实糊涂了.因为一种论点的各个前提premises相互问是矛盾的,这种论点就不能成立.如果有一种不可抗拒的力量．就不可能有一种不可移动的物体；如果有一种不可移动的物体,就不可能有一种不可抗拒的irresistible力量.懂吗?〞"再给我讲些这类新奇的玩意儿吧,〞她恳切地说.96 I consulted my watch. "I think we’d better call it a night. I’ll take you home now, and you go over all the things you’ve learned. We’ll have another session tomorrow night.〞我看了看表,说："我想今晚就谈到这里[call it a night: I think we’d better stop here tonight ].我现在该送你回去了.你把所学的东西复习一遍,我们明晚上再来上一课session吧.〞97 I deposited her at the girls’dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly home to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.我把她送[deposited: put <something somewhere> firmly; drop <compare: place or put>]到了女生宿舍,在那里她向我保证说这个晚上她过得非常痛快[terrif好极了].我闷闷不乐地glumly 回到了我的房间,皮蒂正鼾声如雷snoring地睡在床上.那件浣熊皮大衣像一头多毛的hairy野兽beast扒在他的脚边[huddled挤在一起].我当时真想把他叫醒,告诉他可以把他的女朋友要回去.看来我的计划会要落空了.这姑娘对逻辑简直是一点儿都不开窍.98 But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening; I might as well waste another. Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct craterof her mind a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a prospec t fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.但是我回过头一想,既然已经浪费了一个晚上,不妨还是再花一个晚上看看.天晓得,说不定她头脑里的死火山口[crater:死火山crater of an extinct <inactive/dead> volcano/dormant volcano?] 中的什么地方,还有些火星会喷射出来呢.也许我会有办法能把这些火星[embers:余火[small, glowing pieces of coal or wood]扇成熊熊烈焰[smoldered:慢燃burn slowly and without a flame].当然,[充满filled with/charged with]成功的希望是不大的,但我还是决定再试一次.No one knew what the outcome might be. Maybe somewhere in the corner of her mind which was like the crater of an extinct <dead/inactive> volcano, some embers <small, glowing pieces of coal or wood> still burned slowly and flamelessly. Maybe I could blow <stir> the embers into flame. I had to admit that the chance of my making it <completing the mission> was very small, but I decided to give it one more shot <do it one more time>.99 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.〞100 She quivered with delight.第二天晚上我们又坐在那棵橡树下,我说："今晚上我们要谈的第一种谬误叫做文不对题.〞她高兴得都发抖quivered了.。

Lesson Five 1. I‘d rather …… than ： prefer …… to …… .如：I’d rather deal with a simple man than a sophisticated man . 我宁愿与纯朴的⼈打交道，不愿与世故的⼈交往。

I had rather never have been born than see this day of humiliation. 我宁愿⾃⼰未曾出⽣，也不愿遭受今天的耻辱。

I would （had ） rather ……但愿（+that 从句中⽤过去式）。

如：I would rather he didn‘t tell her about it .我真希望他不告诉她这件事。

I had rather you did it alone . 但愿你⼀⼈做。

2. handicap ： 1） any disadvantage that makes success more difficult . 不利的因素。

如：Bad health is a handicap. ⾝体不好是不利因素。

His lack of English is a great handicap to him .他不懂英语对他是⼀⼤缺陷。

2 ） a physical or mental disability残疾。

如：Blindness is a great handicap.眼瞎是⼀⼤残疾。

3. at once at the same time ； simultaneously 同时。

如：It‘s hard for one to do two things at once .⼈很难同时做两件事。

4. eliminate： get rid of ； remove 消除。

如：to eliminate poverty根除贫穷； eliminate the prejudice消除偏见。

L4. Inaugural Addressinaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的;1. We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signify ing renewal,as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath庄严的誓言our forebear s prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.1.今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。

这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端，表示了一种更新，也表示了一种变革。

因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。

signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立2.The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebear s fought are still at issue around the globe,1the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.2. 现在的世界已大不相同了，人类的巨手掌握着既能消灭人间的各种贫困，又能毁灭人间的各种生活的力量。

Lesson one：Rock Superstars：What Do They Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society1. Rock Superstars 摇滚乐超级明星rock ：rock music ，rock ' n ' roll （or ：rock and roll ）摇滚乐早期的摇滚乐是源于美国的民歌（folk ）爵士乐（jazz ）勃鲁斯歌曲（blues）等的一种音乐，其特征是具有强烈的节奏（rhythm ）单纯的旋律（melody ）一再重复的歌词和音符的后拍音（after beat ）2. Rock is the music of teenage rebellion .摇滚乐是青少年的反叛音乐a. teenage adj. pertaining to a teenager （13 至19 岁的）青少年的。

其名词形式为teenager：（13至19岁的青少年）。

b. rebellion ：resistance to or defiance of any authority 造反，反派。

如；a rebellion against old traditions 对旧传统的反叛。

3. By a man's heroes ye shall know him. 你将从一个人崇拜的英雄得知其人。

a.这句句子的句型与英语中常说的judge a man by the company he keeps（以一个人所交的朋友断定其为人）很相似。

b. ye = you 用于古英语或诗歌中，是第二人称代词thou的复数。

如：Ye are the salt of the earth .你们是社会的中坚。

（出自<>）4. " Midnight Ramblerramble ：walk for pleasure漫游，既可表动词，也可作名词。

高级英语（上）L1-10 笔记Lesson 1一.句子1.How do you feel about this adulation and hero worship? When Mick Jagger’s fans look at himas a high priest or a god, are you with them or against them? Do you share Chris Singer’s almost religious reverence for Bob Dylan? Do you think he-or Dylan-is misguided? Do you reject Alice Cooper as sick? Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown, perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies?There aren’t idle questions. Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are thinking and about what your society is thinking-in other words, about where you and your society are. “Music expresses its times,” says sociologist Irving Horowitz, Horowitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and crash .He sees it as a place where American society struggles to define and redefine its feelings and beliefs. “The redefinition,” Horowitz says, “is a task uniquely performed by the young. It is they alone who combine invention and exaggeration, reason and motion, word and sound, music and politics.你如何看待这种赞美和英雄崇拜？当米克.贾格尔的歌迷把他视作大主教或神时，你对他们是持赞成还是反对态度？你是否赞同克里斯.辛格对鲍勃.狄佗的近乎宗教般的崇敬？你认为是他-还是狄伦-迷入歧途了？你是否认为艾利斯.库珀的表演令人讨厌因而拒绝接受他呢？你是否因为这位奇怪的小丑表达出了你狂热的幻觉而多少被他吸引？这些并不是随便提出的毫无价值的问题。

高中英语单词重点笔记归纳第一部分：名词1. advantage 优势，好处e.g. One of the advantages of living in the city is easy access to amenities.2. analysis 分析e.g. The analysis of the data showed some interesting patterns.3. anxiety 焦虑，担忧e.g. Exam anxiety is a common problem among students.4. application 申请，应用程序e.g. He submitted his application for the job.5. approach 方法，途径e.g. We need to find a new approach to solving this problem.6. attitude 态度，看法e.g. She has a positive attitude towards life.7. behavior 行为e.g. His behavior at the party was unacceptable.8. challenge 挑战e.g. The exam was a real challenge for me.9. communication 沟通e.g. Effective communication is important in any relationship.10. competition 竞争e.g. There is fierce competition for jobs in the current market.11. consequence 结果，后果e.g. His actions will have serious consequences.12. decision 决定e.g. It's a difficult decision to make.13. definition 定义e.g. Can you give me a clear definition of this word?14. development 发展e.g. The city has seen rapid development in recent years.15. education 教育e.g. Education is the key to success.16. effect 影响e.g. The medicine had a positive effect on her health.17. environment 环境e.g. We need to protect the environment for future generations.18. experience 经验e.g. Traveling is a great way to gain new experiences.19. explanation 解释e.g. Can you give me an explanation for your actions?20. expression 表达e.g. She had a confused expression on her face.第二部分：形容词1. accurate 准确的e.g. His calculations were accurate.2. afraid 害怕的e.g. She was afraid of heights.3. available 可用的e.g. Is there a room available for tonight?4. careful 小心的e.g. Be careful when crossing the street.5. certain 确定的e.g. I'm certain that he will pass the exam.6. confident 自信的e.g. She is confident in her abilities.7. difficult 困难的e.g. The test was very difficult.8. effective 有效的e.g. This medicine is very effective for treating headaches.9. familiar 熟悉的e.g. I am familiar with this neighborhood.10. flexible 灵活的e.g. She has a flexible schedule.11. grateful 感激的e.g. I am grateful for your help.12. honest 诚实的e.g. He is known for being honest.13. important 重要的e.g. It is important to exercise regularly.14. interesting 有趣的e.g. The book was very interesting.15. necessary 必要的e.g. It is necessary to bring your ID to enter the building.16. patient 耐心的e.g. The teacher was patient with her students.17. recent 最近的e.g. The recent events have caused a lot of concern.18. responsible 负责任的e.g. He is a responsible person who always completes his work on time.19. similar 相似的e.g. The two paintings are very similar in style.20. typical 典型的e.g. This is a typical example of the problem.第三部分：动词1. accept 接受e.g. She accepted the job offer.2. achieve 实现e.g. He achieved his goal of running a marathon.3. act 行动e.g. It's time to act and find a solution.4. affect 影响e.g. The rain affected our plans for the day.5. believe 相信e.g. I believe in you.6. choose 选择e.g. Choose your words carefully.7. consider 考虑e.g. We need to consider all options before making a decision.8. develop 发展e.g. He developed a new method for solving the problem.9. discover 发现e.g. She discovered a hidden treasure in the attic.10. encourage 鼓励e.g. Her parents encouraged her to pursue her dreams.11. exist 存在e.g. Does life exist on other planets?12. experience 经历e.g. He experienced many hardships in his life.13. fail 失败e.g. Don't be afraid to fail; it's part of the learning process.14. improve 改善e.g. She worked hard to improve her grades.15. involve 包含e.g. The project will involve a lot of teamwork.16. learn 学习e.g. He is eager to learn new skills.17. perform 表现e.g. She performed brilliantly in the play.18. realize 实现e.g. He finally realized his dream of becoming a pilot.19. succeed 成功e.g. With hard work, you can succeed in anything.20. understand 理解e.g. I don't understand the instructions.第四部分：副词1. actually 实际上e.g. He didn't actually mean what he said.2. always 总是e.g. She always arrives on time.3. clearly 清楚地e.g. He explained his ideas clearly.4. directly 直接地e.g. Please speak directly to me instead of going through someone else.5. easily 容易地e.g. She learned how to swim easily.6. fully 完全地e.g. I fully agree with your decision.7. generally 通常地e.g. Generally, it's better to be prepared for any situation.8. highly 高度地e.g. He is highly respected in his field.9. just 只是e.g. I was just kidding.10. maybe 或许e.g. Maybe we should try a different approach.11. nearly 几乎e.g. She nearly missed her flight.12. particularly 特别地e.g. I particularly enjoy reading books about history.13. recently 最近e.g. I haven't seen him recently.14. simply 简单地e.g. The answer is simply to work harder.15. truly 真正地e.g. She truly believes in the power of love.16. usually 通常e.g. I usually go for a run in the morning.17. well 好e.g. The project is going well so far.18. yet 还，仍然e.g. I haven't finished my homework yet.19. actively 积极地e.g. He actively participates in class discussions.20. justly 公正地e.g. The judge made a justly decision in the case.。

高级英语2笔记(一)高级英语2笔记整理Unit 1：Cross-cultural Communication•What is cross-cultural communication?•Barriers to cross-cultural communication•Strategies for effective cross-cultural communication Unit 2：Globalization and its impact•Definition and nature of globalization•Positive and negative impacts of globalization •Globalization and cultural diversityUnit 3：Intercultural Business Communication•Understanding cultural differences in business •Communication strategies for cross-cultural business •Interpreting body language and nonverbal communication Unit 4：Language and Society•The relationship between language and culture•Language and social identity•Language and powerUnit 5：Language Learning and Teaching•Approaches to language learning and teaching •Communicative language teaching•Language assessment and evaluationUnit 6：Global Englishes•Varieties of English around the world•Implications for language learning and teaching •English as a lingua francaUnit 7：Language Policy, Planning, and Management•Language policy and planning•Language and globalization•Language planning and management in multilingual societiesUnit 8：Language and Technology•Uses of technology in language learning and teaching •Digital literacies•Future directions in technology and language education Unit 9：Culture and Identity•Understanding cultural stereotypes•Cultural identity and self-awareness•Intercultural competence in personal and professional lifeUnit 10：Language and Politics•The role of language in politics•Language and nationalism•Language and democracyNote: This set of notes is not exhaustive and it is recommended to refer to the course materials forfurther information and elaboration.Unit 11：Language and Gender•Understanding the social construction of gender •Gender and language use•Gender and language in professional contextsUnit 12：Language Contact•Types of language contact•Language mixing and borrowing•Contact-induced language changeUnit 13：Language Variation and Change•Classification of language variation•Factors influencing language variation and change •Social, regional, and stylistic variationUnit 14：Language and Education•Language policy issues in education•Bilingual and multilingual education•Language learning challenges in educational settings Unit 15：Language, Literature, and Culture•Interdisciplinary connections between language, literature, and culture•The impact of culture on language and literature •Approaches to teaching literature in a language classroomNote: It is important to also keep up with current events and developments in the field of language and linguistics, as they can have significant impacts on the topics covered in this course.。

L5 Love is a fallacy1 Charles Lamb , as merry and enterprising [Showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects (有事业心的, 有进取心的, 有魄力的, 有胆量的)] a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays[a very long time], unfettered [不受约束的To set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds (to unchain; to unshackle; to liberate)] the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, [Consider this: Metaphor, comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier. (limitations vs. limits) indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or ―flaccid" [unpleasantly soft & weak]or possibly "spongy" [elastic/flexible] are perhaps more appropriate.查尔斯．兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人，他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》无拘无束、自由奔放。