综合英语一上册第七课lesson-seven

Unit 7 The Fun They HadMain idea:This narrative story is a science fiction telling a story happening in the year of 2157. Margie and Tommy found a book in 21st century and they know something from the book about education in 21st century. Also, from the dialogue between Margie and Tommy, we, the people in 21st century know something of the education in the future predicted and imagined by the author. Structural AnalysisThis text can be divided into three parts.Part I (paragraph 1):This paragraph, which serves as the background of the story, tells us the time, characters, and the real book around which the story evolves.Part II (paragraphs 2-30):This part tells the story: Margie’s school life and school life of hundreds years ago she got from a book.Part III (paragraphs 31—35):This part tells Margie’s schoolroom, the mechanical teacher and Margie’s psychological activities Text Explanationhead1) lead; be at the front of; be at the top ofE.g.: The president’s car headed the procession.This canyon heads the list of natural attractions.2) be in charge of; take charge ofe.g.: The sales director heads a team of 20 representatives.crinklyhaving many thin folds; (of hair) curlye.g.: My shirts were all crinkly when I got them out of the suitcase.Her hair is a bit crinkly, which makes her look much prettier.be supposed to1) have a duty or responsibility to do sth.E.g.: Everybody is supposed to bring a bottle to the party.You are not supposed to smoke in here.2) be generally considered to be; have the reputation of beingE.g.: I haven’t seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a very good film.…and it was awfully funny to read words that stood still instead of moving about the way they were supposed to—on a screen…and it was very amusing to read words that were motionless instead of moving the way they ought to – on a screenWhen you’re through with the book, you just throw it away, I guess.—When you have finished reading the book, you merely throw it away, I believe.When you have finished reading the book, you merely cast it away, I believe.through1) in at one side, end, or surface, and out at the other; all the waye.g.: The guard at the gate wouldn’t let us through.Does this train go right through to London?2) from the beginning to the end; to completione.g.: Have you read the letter right through?You should read the article through before you translate it.scornfulshowing contempt for;e.g.: His scornful laugh greatly embarrassed me.His scornful dismissal of the democratic process showed that he did not support it. What's there to write about school?This is a rhetorical question, which calls for no answer. A positive rhetorical question is negative in meaning. The rhetorical question here means: There is nothing at all to write about school. mechanical1) of or moved, worked, or produced by machinerye.g.: That factory manufactures a variety of mechanical products.Being a mechanical genius, that man is at home in mechanical applications.2) Done without thought or feeling; (done) from habit rather than wille.g.: He greeted me in a mechanical way by using mechanical compliments.superior:1) of a higher rank or class; better in quality or valuee.g.: Of the two books, this one is superior to that one2) of high qualitye.g.: This is a very superior make of car.Superior goods are very popular among the customers.regular:1) happening or appearing with the same amount of time or space between each one and the next; not varyinge.g.: Plant the seed at regular intervals.2) happening, coming or doing something again and again at the same times each day, week, month, etce.g.: We keep regular working hours.Mr. Smith is a regular customer of the small store.nonchalantly:indifferently, coldly, not feeling excitede.g.: He reacted nonchalantly to my suggestion.He treated me nonchalantly when I visited him.tuckv 1 (a) ~ sth into sth; ~ sth in/up, push or fold or turn the ends or edges (of cloth, paper, etc) so that they are hidden or held in place; draw (sth) together into a small space 将（布、纸等）的端部或边缘掖好、叠拢或卷起（使之看不见或固定住）;将（某物）缩拢起来塞入狭小空间: e.g. tuck your trousers into your boots.He tucked up his shirt-sleeves.The nurse tucked her hair (up) under her cap.dispute1) (about, over, with) argue about sth. Esp. angrily and for a long timeThe two governments disputed over the ownership of the territory.The question was hotly disputed in the Senate.2) Disagree about or question the truth or correctness ofI dispute the Minister’s figures—the true cost of the project is much higher.adjustv 1) put (sth) into the correct order or position; alter (sth) by a small amount so that it will fit or be right for use; regulate 整理; 校准; 调准; 校正:She carefully adjusted her clothes and her hair before going out.adjust the rear mirror,2)~ (sth/oneself) (to sth) become or make suited (to new conditions); adapt 使适合（新环境等）; 适应:The body quickly adjusts (itself) to changes in temperature.adjustable adjadjustmentlight up1) ignite; (cause to ) start to burn; give light toe.g.: The fire won’t light up.The stage was lit up by several powerful spotlights.2) cause to become bright with pleasure or excitement.e.g.: Suddenly, a smile lit up her face when she heard the news.Her face lit up with joy when she saw him coming.ExercisesParaphrase:1. Her mother asked the County Inspector to come over.2. The mechanical teacher finished the calculation of the mark very quickly.3. Tommy looked at Margie with an air which suggested he knew far better about school than others.4. A teacher, a computerized teacher on net, has to be changed slightly so as to be suitable for each boy and girl to learn from.Grammar:1.The usage of articles;2.“It … to do something” pattern.Translation:1. Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2. It is awfully funny and splits your sides with laughter to observe these caricatures which satirize social ills.3. Computers are one of the most useful teaching aides, for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4. As soon as his mother fell ill suddenly the day before yesterday, Xiao Zhang sent for a doctor, who came and diagnosed and treated his mother.5. He failed in the college entrance examination last year, but he did not feel disappointed. Instead, he continued to study hard, passed the examination successfully and became a student in a famousuniversity this year.6. There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly. Therefore, he has to make great effort to learn the phonetic symbols well and acquire standard English pronunciation.7. In this new ear marked by knowledge explosion and information explosion, we have to pursue constant study and take particular care to renew our knowledge. Only thus, can we become adjusted to the requirements of our specialized work.8. With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag tucked under his arm, the boy looked just like a boss.9. Although she is only eight years old, the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions. No wonder her parents feel very proud of her.10. All the neighborhood have heard about the news, but you haven’t. Don’t you think it is very strange.Text II The LaugherMain idea:In this essay, the author introduces to the readers his occupation—a laugher. Being good at all kinds of laughter and portraying gaiety in work, the author, however, does not like his job and does not feel happy at all.Questions for discussion:1. He thinks that the nature of all the professions is clear and needs no further explanation.2. His talents in the field of mime and elocution are not good enough to meet the requirements of an actor.3. He is most probably a professional laugher, imitating the laughter of different kinds of people and of different occasions.4. He wants to stress that skill comes from practice.5. They do not feel at home in punch lines, as a result, their performance may fail to entertain its audience.6. He feels sad because he cannot change or control the way that things will happen.7. Like a pessimist, the author condemns his job because he thinks that it results in more pain than pleasure.8. He goes back to normal, and in fact the feels happy because he does not have to play the fool. Memorable QuotesJohann Wolfgang von GoetheGerman poet, novelist, playwright, courtier, and natural philosopher, one of the greatest figures in Western literature. In literature Goethe gained early fame with The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), but his most famous work is the poetic drama in two parts, FAUST.Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern science.。

综合英语（一）上册词汇与短语Lesson One The Time MessageWord List （单词表）message n. 要旨，要点tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的；（人）狡猾的beginning n. 开始；起初semester n. （尤指美国大专院校的）学期cover v. 处理duty n. 任务management n. 管理number one adj. 最重要的；头号的seriously adv. 真心地，当真地；认真地，严肃地once conj. 一旦……（就……）weekly adj. 每周一次的follow v. 遵照；沿用following adj. 紧接着的realistic adj. 现实可行的essay n. 作文；短文quiz n. 考查；测验upset v. 打乱（计划等）；打翻ability n. 能力；才智grade n. （考试或作业的）分数achieve v. 获得flexible adj. 灵活的re-plan v. 重新计划basis n. 基础；根据project n. 课题；科研项目mid-term adj. 期中的solid adj. 扎实的schedule n. 计划表alive adj. 起作用的；现存的；活着的assignment n. （指定的）作业activity n. 活动social adj. 社交的；交谊的seem v. 似乎；好像back adj. 以前的；过去的Proper NamesElwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼（人名）Useful Expressions(常用短语)Look ahead 看前面；考虑未来at the beginning of 在……的开始plenty of 大量的have time on one’s hands 有许多时间towards the end of… 即将结束时work for 为……效力work against 对……不利get the most out of sth. 充分利用……的机会put… into practice 付诸实践allow for 考虑到at least 至少in… case 在…… 情况下on a weekly /daily basis 每周/每天work out 制定出seem to be 看来，好像keep sth./sb. + adj. 使……保持某种状况run out (of ) (被)用完，将尽Time is running out.I have run out of money.take… some time to do… 花…… 时间做… …It will take us an hour to get there.depend on 取决于，随……而定It depends on how many people are goingso that 以便（用来引出目的状语从句）Tell me your telephone number so that I can call you when I have time.catch up on 赶上，补上I have to catch up on my sleep. I didn’t sleep much last night. Lesson Two Hans Christian Andersen’s Own Fairy Tale (1) Word List（单词表）fairy tale n. 童话，神话fairy n. 小仙子，小精灵shoemaker n. 鞋匠shoemaking n. 制鞋，补鞋prince n.王子princess n. 公主poetry n.诗（总称）act v.表演royal adj.王室的，皇家的sensible adj.（建议、主意等）合情合理的，明智的；（人）明智的，明白事理的stepfather n.继父weaving n. 编织weaver n.织布工unhappiness n.不幸福，不愉快tragedy n.悲剧，悲惨的事dancer n.舞蹈演员genius n.天才；创造力warm v.（使……）变暖，暖和for conj. 因为，由于frost n.霜woman-like adj.女人似的figure n.身影，人影writer n.作家，作者helping adj.帮助的finally adv.最后，最终beautiful美妙动听的high高音调的，尖声的break（男孩的嗓音）青春期时变低沉Proper Names（专有名词）Donald Peattie唐纳德·皮蒂Louise Peattie 路易丝·皮蒂Hans Christian Anderson汉斯·克里斯琴·安徒生Denmark丹麦Odense欧登塞（地名）Copenhagen哥本哈根（地名）Useful Expressions(常用短语)Once upon a time很久以前ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮忙look at看着believe in 相信，信任work hard at在……上下功夫pay for sth.支付……的费用be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事change/turn …into…把……改变成……arrive in /at到达for ever永远from time to time不时的，常常lend a helping hand to sb.帮某人一把pretend to do sth.假装做某事not… at all根本不，一点儿也不He doesn’t know the meaning at all .start out出发，动身They started out to look for the lost boy.We starte d out at 7 o’clockadd sth. to sth.加上Please add your name to the list.out of sight从视线中消失（变得看不见）The ship was soon out of sightOut of sight, out of mind.（谚语：不见就忘。

综合英语一课后答案自考英语大专学历综合英语一课后答案第一课：一、written workTime is important .Everyone has 24 hours in a day ,and 365 days in a year. Once a day runs out in our life,it will never come back again.If we love our lives,we shouldn't waste time.we must control time.The best way to use time is to plan it well.When making the study plan,we should remember twothings .First ,be realistic.Don't try to do too many things .Second ,a good study plan should be flexible .We may make some small changes,but follow the same pattern.Let's be the master of time ,start our plan now.二、1、I have run out of food ,I must go to buy some.2,You have said so ,you should put them into practice .3.It takes at least two hours to get there by bus.4.Although we failes,at least we tried our best .5.you speak louder so that everyone can hear you.6.How long has it taken you to write that article?7.You seem to be very sad .Tell us what has happened so that we mayhelp you.8.We should keep our classroom clean.9.We may asd Xiao Wang to help us ,he seems to have a lot of time.10.My brother will come to Beijing next week. he must make good use of time to stay here.三、用本课的动词句型1。

Unit 7 ，Text A >，Comprehension CheckI Directions: In the text, there are some details about how gloomy the Christmas Eve has been. Please scan the text and finish the following table.正确答案：1) wretched 2) shabby 3) carelessly 4) wrong 5)slapped 6) scolding 7) ragged 8) Wearily 9) monotonously 10) emptyII Directions: For each of the following sentence, there are four choices. Please choose the best choice according to Text A to complete the sentence. 正确答案：1) C 2) A 3) D 4) C 5) BUnit 7 >，Self-testI Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. (10 minutes)正确答案：1) D 2) B 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) D 7) A 8) C 9) D 10)A 11) A 12)B 13)C 14)D 15) B 16) A 17) B 18) C 19)A 20) CII Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage. You are required to fill in each blank with one word or expression selected from the bank of words and expressions given in the box below. Change the form when necessary. You may NOT use any of the words or expressions in the bank more than once. (10 minutes)正确答案：1) checked into 2) keep time 3) deal with 4) breeze through 5) wipe down 6) write down 7) flag down 8) count in 9) broke down 10) in timeIII Directions: There are several different definitions for the word “embrace”. Match the definitions in the left column with the sample sentences given in the right column. (3 minutes)正确答案：1) D 2) F 3) E 4) C 5) A 6) BIV Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the correct forms of the words that have been given in brackets. (2 minutes)正确答案：1) Feeling 2) Not knowing 3) Hearing 4) leaving 5) reading。

Before Reading >> GorillaI. Introduction to GorillasListen to the following passage and fill in the gaps with the words you hear.It’s the largest of the great apes. The male is heavily built and may stand 1.7m (5.5 feet) in height, with an arm spread of 2.4m (7.8 feet). It has a large head with a short neck, a prominent (突起的) mouth, thin lips, and small ears. The female is smaller than the male. This huge animal has formidable (可怕的) canine (似犬的) teeth, yet it feeds on fruit and vegetables and has no natural enemies.Most of the day is spent on the ground; they usually walk on all four limps leaning on the knuckles (手指关节) of their hands, but occasionally upright. Gorillas live in family groups. The young gorillas climb very well, but old ones stay almost all the time on the ground. At night, the gorilla family sleeps on the ground in nests made of branches and leaves. Gorillas are hard to keep in captivity, for they are likely to get human diseases, such as tuberculosis (结核病). Gorillas, generally, are a center of attraction in most of the big cities.II. Features of GorillasHair and Skin:Gorillas are covered with brownish hair on most of their body (except their fingers, palms, armpits, and bottoms of their feet).Head:Gorillas have a very large head with a bulging forehead, and each has a unique nose print (like we have unique fingerprints).Senses:Gorillas have senses very similar to ours, including hearing, sight (they seem to be slightly nearsighted and have color vision), smell, taste, and touch.Habitat:Gorillas are primarily terrestrial (陆栖的) (although they lived in trees back in their evolutionary past). Gorillas live in tropical rain forests (in the forest edges and clearings), wet lowland forests, swamps, and abandoned fields.Before Reading >> Killer WhaleListen to a passage and answer the questions.1. How long and how heavy is a male killer whale?(The male averages 27 feet and 11 tons.)2. How fast dose a killer whale swim?(It swims with a speed of 30 mph.)3. How many members are there in a family group of killer whale?(There are about 5 to 20 members in a family group of killer whale.)Before Reading >> English Song –BenI. Michael JacksonA Brief Introduction:Michael Jackson is more than just an extraordinarily popular singer and a wonderfully gifted dancer: he is a phenomenon that has forever left an imprint on the music industry. Chronology of Michael Jackson:— 1958Michael Jackson was born.— 1965Michael joined his brothers in the Jackson Five.— 1972Michael released his first solo album, Ben.— 1982Michael’s landmark album Thriller was released.— 1994Michael married Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of rock innovator and cultural icon Elvis Presley. — 1996Michael and Lisa Marie were divorced in an amicable manner.— 1996Michael married Deborah Rowe, an assistant to his dermatologist (皮肤科医生).— 1997His first child, Prince Michael Jackson Jr., was born.— 1998His daughter, Paris Michael Katherine, was born.— 1999Michael and Deborah got divorced.— 2000“Billie Jean,” “Rock with You,” “I Want You Back” and “Beat It” were enlisted in Rolling Stone magazine’s list of the 100 greatest songs of all time.— 2002Jackson lifted his newborn son, Prince Michael, over a hotel room terrace so fans could catch a glimpse — and was roundly criticized for endangering his child.— 2003Jackson was charged with seven counts of child sexual abuse and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent.— 2005Jackson was acquitted on all counts in the Arvizo case in the the People v. Jackson trial in Santa Maria, California.— 2006Jackson made his first public appearance since the Arvizo trial to accept eight records from the Guinness World Records in London.— 2008Jackson issued Thriller 25, celebrating 25 years of the iconic album. The reissue reached number two in the U.S. Sony releases King of Pop, a fan-curated compilation.— June 25, 2009:Jackson died in Los Angeles at 50 after going into cardiac arrest.II. Ben(视频略)III. Questions about the Song1. What’s the relationship between Michael Jackson and Ben?2. Does Ben have any intelligence?Before Reading >> Warm-up Questions1. Do you or your family or friends have a pet, such as a dog, cat, or bird? If so, how does the pet communicate with you or them? Does the pet understand you or them?2. Do you think animals, especially very intelligent ones, have thoughts and feelings? Explain. Before Reading >> Animal RankingStudents are required to form groups to rank the following animals according to their intelligence and explain the reasons behind the ranking. Examples, anecdotes, personal experiences, scientific findings, etc. may be cited.Global Reading >> Part Division of the TextGlobal Reading >> Skimming and ScanningFill in the blanks with the information about the animals mentioned in Text A and figure out the author’s purposes.1.Colo: Broke the key chain.Author’s purpose: Animals know how to negotiate with people.2.Chantek: 1) Expanded the money supply by breaking plastic chips in two; 2) Found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies of metal chips.Author’s purpose: Aminals can even handle the money.3.Orky: Allowed somebody to stand on his head to reach up and release the baby.Author’s purpose: Animals can assess the situation and make a right decision.4.Melati: Hid an orange in her other hand.5.Towan: Hid an orange underneath his foot.Author’s purpose: Animal intelligence can be seen in their attempts to deceive.Global Reading >> Further UnderstandingI. For Part 1 & 2 Multiple Choice1. The author writes this article in order to _______. (A)A) find out how animals use their intelligenceB) find out if animals are as intelligent as human beingsC) find out if animals do what human beings tell them to doD) find out if animals can survive better if they are intelligent2. One thing that is obvious to the author is that _______. (C)A) animals have their own thinkingB) animals do things scientists tell them to doC) animals think for their own purpose if they can thinkD) animals think when scientists want them to3. The author is convinced that when dealing with human beings, animals are _________. (B)A) less intelligent than expected B) more intelligent than expectedC) as stupid as expected D) as intelligent as expected4. Colo’s example indicates that ________. (D)A) some animals know quite well how to deceive the keepersB) some animals know quite well how to help the keepersC) some animals know quite well how to handle suspicious objectsD) some animals know quite well how to negotiate with the keepers5. Mile’s experiment to teach Chantek to share things proves to be __________. (A)A) a great success B) a blunder C) a great failure D) an unwanted thingII. For Part 3 & 4 True or False1. Behaviorists say that animals cooperate with human beings for their own benefit. (T)2. Laule believed that Orky, a killer whale, was the most intelligent animal she had ever seen. (F) (Laule believed that Orky, a killer whale, was the most intelligent animal she had ever worked with.)3. Some animals’ intelligence can be seen in their attempts to deceive. (T)4. Orky allowed somebody to stand on his head to reach up and release the baby because he had been trained to do so. (F)(Orky let somebody stand on his head to reach up and release the baby, but he had not been trained to do so.)5. Animals can learn from each other in playing some tricks. Towan is a good example. (T)Detailed ReadingI. Difficult Sentences1.the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet — humans. (Para. 2)1) What do you learn from this sentence?(Animals have the abilities to deal with human beings’ captivity though human beings are more intelligent than them.)2) Paraphrase the sentence.(Animal show great intelligence when they deal with human beings’ captivity even though human beings control and dominate this planet.)3) Translate the sentence into Chinese.(即动物在对付樊笼生活和地球上的主宰物种——人类——时所表现的高超的思维技能。

Unit 6 What Animals Really Think1.controversy: [U] [C] + over / about / oneg. There was a heated ~ over the building of the bridge.I was engaged in a ~ with / against her on the issue.contradiction:矛盾 A is in contradiction with B.contradictory (adj.) A and B are contradictory.2.consciousness[U] 知觉，意识※conscious: adj. = awareeg. He is conscious of his mother’s anger.※conscience: [U] [C] 良心eg. have a clear ~ / have a guilty ~※conscientious: adj.eg. a conscientious worker3.explore①examine thoroughly, learn abouteg. to ~ the possibility of crossing the river.②travel over an area for the purpose of discoveryeg. to explore space / to explore a place on foot4.encounter (fml): come across, meet…unexpectedlyeg. We encountered a girl selling sea shells on the sea shore.※ encounter: n. 遭遇eg. the ~ with enemiesConfront be confronted with… 遭遇5.convince: make sb feel sure by the use of argument or evidence~ sb of sth / ~ sb that… 使人相信→ be convinced of / be convinced that… 确信※convincing: adj. a ~ speech※convinced: adj. 有坚定立场的※convincible: adj. 可被说服的“The stories they tell us revealanimal intelligence”1.2.6.make / do a deal (with sb.)deal:v.经营，买卖--- He runs a shop that deals in sea food.n.（colloq.）交易，成交---It’s a deal.dealer: trader, merchant7.only to (do sth.): do sth with a surprising, disappointing resulteg. He worked out a plan with great efforts, only to be ridiculed by the others.8.negotiate: ~ with sb / ~ to do… / ~ for…eg. The two companies both believe that they need to ~ to share the market.The workers will ~ for a pay increase of 4%.9..relieve: (vt.) free sb from pain, anxiety, etc., ease sb's paineg. Drugs can relieve much of the pain.relieve sb. of stheg. A part-time job can relieve you of the financial burden.10.“careful bargainer that she was…”▲as, that, though引导的原因状语或让步状语从句eg.①Intelligent as / though he is, Tim is quite modest.②Hard as he tried, he couldn’t learn French well.③Child that he is, he can ride a horse.11.undertake: carry out, take upon oneself (a task)To ~ responsibility / a taskTo ~ the role of Juliet.12.expand: 数目，尺寸，量上的增长，金属的膨胀，领土的扩张extend: 比喻意义上的延长，扩展，“时、空”之延长/拓展The extended meaningExtend my stay in ShanghaiExtend one’s vision13.switch ( to sth…) 转换变成eg. He used to play tennis, but now he has switched to golf.Switch sth. on / off 接通、切断→switch n. 开关，闸14.in sb’s interest(s): in sb’s favour, to sb’s advantageeg.It will be in your interests to undertake this task.to work in the interests of humanity.15.go far: help very much, achieve much successeg. Mike is diligent and intelligent. He will go far.This is a new problem. I don’t think the old method will go far.16.judgment①opinion about stheg.—What has caused his failure in the examination, in your ~?—My ~ is that he has made a wrong ~ of his own ability?②the ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisionseg. He is promoted because of his excellent judgment.17.emergencyeg.※to make an ~ landing 紧急降落※In an ~, call 110.※The ~ services are the fire brigade, the police, and the ambulance service.18.halt①vi. / vt. Stop②vi. hesitate→to halt between two opinions③n. stop →come to a halt④halter: 缰绳19.release: (vt.) release sb. / sth. from…to ~ a bird from the cageto ~ his hold of the ropeto ~ a new film20.evidence① [U] ~ for …/ ~ of… / ~ that- / ~ to do…②pl.evidences 迹象，痕迹21.deceive: ~ sb. / ~ sb. into doing …The cheat deceived the old lady into buying the dyed little dog.22.inaccessible: beyond reach, unreachable, unavailable→accessiblea painting not accessible to the public→access: n. 通路an access to the castle23.give in ( to sb. / sth. ) = yield to sb. / sth.= surrender to…= submit to…= be subjected to…eg. Never give in to temptation!The parents gave in to the boy’s tears and bought him a computer.24.wipe out: get rid of, destroyeg. The village was wiped out in the flood.25.horizon: 海平线，水平线眼界，见识limit of one’s knowledge or experience horizontal line→vertical line。