罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第三章

罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第四章●知识目标：1.了解十五世纪的英国历史背景及社会发展状况。

2.掌握十五世纪英国文学的特征。

3.了解十五世纪英国的著名作家及其生平。

4.阅读理解并正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作。

重点阅读理解十五世纪英国著名作家的作品教学难点正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作C h a p t e r4T h e15t h c e n t u r y(1400–1550)●I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)●Henry VI--a puppet●French heroine Joan of Arc●In 1453, all English territory in France was lost to the French only Calais to English king●2. The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485)●a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. All noble families were involved in it.The House of Lancaster-red roseThe House of York - white roseResult:Henry Tudor (VII) married Elizabeth of the House of York -brought compromise between the two familiesand established a highly consolidated rule.3. The discovery of America and the new sea routes●Christopher Columbus, 1492, landed in America●Vascoda Gama, 1497, rou nd the tip of Africa and reached India ●John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 1498, provided thebasis for the English claim to North America●4. Reformation of the church●Tudor Monarchs ruled England and Wales for 200 years●Henry VII●Henry VIII -- 6 wives: divorce 2, kill 2, struggle for divorce●Edward VI●Mary Tudor●Elizabeth I●Henry VIII took decisive measure to break away from the Church of Rome.●1534---passed the Act of Supremacy: as the supreme head on earth, thus the Anglican Church was foundedM e d i e v a l l i t e r a t u r e(c o n t i n u e d):B a l l a d1. Ballad2. Textual study:1) Robin Hood and the three squires2) Sir Patrick SpensB a l l a d:d e f i n i t i o n●An anonymous narrative poem preserved by oral transmission. Usually inquatrains with a distinctive and memorable rhyme, the ballad uses iambic tetrameter for the 1st & 3rd lines and iambic trimeter for the 2nd & 4th.●Ex:●The youngster was clothed in scarlet red,●In scarlet fine and gay;●And he did frisk it over the plain,●And chanted a roundelay.Q u a t r a i n:d e f i n i t i o n●A poem or stanza that contains 4 lines with various rhymingpatterns.●Ex:●It fell about the Martinmas time,And a gay time it was then,When our goodwife got puddings to make,And she’s boile d them in the pan.T h e b a s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b a l l a d s●The beginning is often abrupt: without any introduction of the characters and the background of the tale●There are strong dramatic elements: single episode, climax, intensity andimmediacy●The story is often told through dialogue and action●The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads●The ballad meter is used: four-line stanzasodd numbered lines with 4 feet eacheven numbered lines with 3 feet each●Subject matter of the balladsEnglish ballads: the Robin Hood balladswar ballad, bloodshed ballad, superstition ballad, domestic affairs, outlawry, love, sea, and border ballad.●Collections of balladsBishop Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Professor F. J. Child, English and Scottish BalladsL i t e r a t u r e i n t h e15t h c e n t u r y●1. Popular Ballads●Review the definition and the main feature of ballads●2. Sir Thomas Malory (1405 –1471)●The Death of Arthur: complied togeth er the stories of KingArthur and the Knights of the Round Table●contribution to the development of English prose●left a legacy to later writers that many of them used as subject matter in their writing●3. Early English plays●ancient Greece and Rome, drama was a form of entertainment●roman catholic church prohibited it●9th and 10th century allowed only for religious services14th century developed into 2 kinds●Mystery plays -are chiefly based on stories form the Bible●Miracle plays -are on the lives of Christian saints●These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed amongChristian nations at the end of the Middle Ages. It should be noted that the word"mystery" has often been applied to all Christian dramas prior to the sixteenth century, whereas it should be confined to those of the fifteenth century, which represent the great dramatic effort anterior to the Renaissance Before this period dramatic pieces were called "plays" or "miracles". The embryonic representations, at first given in the interior of the churches, have been designated as liturgical dramas.T e x t u a l s t u d y:●Ballads of Robin Hood●It was popular in the second half of the 14th C.●Origin：the ballads are based on the perpetual struggles of the peasants against thelandlords and local official. (peasant uprising).●The character of Robin HoodHe is a partly historical and partly legendary character. He is many-sided. He is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate. He hates the noble class and loves the low-class people. However, he is devout and orthodox in religion; in addition, heshows reverence for the king. In spite of this, Robin Hood represents the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantryT e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 11) What is the king doing at the beginning of the scene?2) What does he want to do?●Stanza 21) Who answered the king?2) What does he tell the king?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 31) What does the king do to the knight’s suggestion?2) What is Patrick Spens doing at the time?●Stanza 41) What does Patrick Spens do at the first sight of the letter?2) What does he do after that?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 51) Why does Sir Patrick Spens feel that “the tear blinded his ee” ?2) What is the implied meaning of the phras e “to send meout this time o’ the year” ?Stanza 61) What does Sir Patrick Spens do to his men?2) What is the response from his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 71) Who is speaking in this stanza?2) What does the speaker say?●Stanza 81) What are the “Scots nobles” like with reference to the first two lines of the stanza?2) What conclusion do you come to with the reference to the last two lines of thestanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 91) What do the wives of the sailors do after what happened in stanza 8?●Stanza 101) What is the meaning expressed in this stanza?2) Why does this stanza express a similar meaning to the last stanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 111) What finally happens to Sir Patrick Spens and his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●What is the theme of this ballad?the courageous knight diligently obeying the command of his king in spite of the knowledge that he will almost certainly be going to his death.Homework:What are the basic characteristics of ballads?。

罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第三章I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’ War between England and France (1337--- 1453) cause: for the French throneresult: awakening of national consciousness in EnglandFrench language gradually replaced by the native tongue2.the peasant uprising of 1381cause: the exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords leader: spiritual leader: John BallLiterary worksJohn Wycliff (1324? –1384): father of English proseFirst figure to demanded to reform the church to do away with the corruption and rottenness ?Translated the Bible into standard EnglishA great contribution to English literature and English languageFix a national standard for English instead of dialectsWilliam Langland (1330? –1400)Works: The Vision of Piers PlowmanForm: allegory--is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.Double meaning:Abstract qualities or ideas are personified as characters in the storyMedieval Literature (continued)— Chaucer (1340?—1400)Chaucer: some basic factsChaucer’s masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales●Overview;●Structure;●Textual study:●the opening lines of the General Prologue●the image of the Nun●Scansion 韵律分析Chaucer: some basic factsFull name:●Geoffrey ChaucerBirth & death:●1340?—1400Career:●A wide range of career as courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant ?Place in British literature:●“father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England●Forerunner of humanism●The first realistic writer●Master of the English language●The first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster AbbeyLiterary Career1. The first period (the 1360s-about 1372)He was influenced by the French poetry of the Middle Ages and he translated works from French.Romance of the Rose/ The Book of the Duchess2. The second period (1372-1386)He was influenced by the great literary figures of early Renaissance in Italy, such as Dante.Troilus and Cryseyde the longest couplet poemThe Parliament of Fowls The House of Fame3.The third period (1386-1400)He produced his work full maturity free from any dominant foreign influenceThe Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales: an overviewThe Canterbury T ales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in prose, the rest in verse). The tales are told by a group of pilgrims on their way from Tabard Inn in Southwark to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The Canterbury Tales are written in Medieval English.Canterbury Tales: an overviewOne day in April, the poet comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall, 29 pilgrims arrive at the inn and they get ready to go to Canterbury. Harry Bailey, the host of the Tabard Inn, proposes that eachpilgrim should tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best story-teller is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest. The host offers to go with them as their judge and guide. According to the plan, there should be 120 stories, but actually 24 tales are finished.Portrait of Chaucer as a pilgrimThe Canterbury Tales: its structureThe Canterbury Tales is made up of three parts:The General Prologue;24 tales, two of which left unfinished;separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.ProloguePrologue provides a framework for the tales. It creates agalley of vivid characters from all walks of life, except the highest (the king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor labouring folk), then assigns to each of them appropriate tales that shed light on the respec tive narrator’s distinctive personality.Textual study: General PrologueThe structure of the general prologue:●Lines 1-34: an elaborate introduction●Lines 35-719: portraits of pilgrims●Lines 720-821: the host’s suggestion of a tale-telling contest andits acceptance●Lines 822-858: the decision that the knight tell the first tale Textual study: General Prologue1. What is the structure of the opening 18 lines?The opening 18 lines make up 1 sentence in the original.2. What is the imagery expressed in these lines?spring’s renewal and rebirth3. Which verbs describe the action of nature?piercing (2), engendering (4), inspiring (5), pricking (11)4. What is the main idea expressed in these lines?a microcosm of 14th-century English society;5. How do you appreciate these lines?The literary forms of talesThese tales cover all the major types of medieval literature romance: folk tale, beast fable, story of adventure, allegorical tale, Saint’s life, sermon and alchemical accountThe wife of Bathlight-hearted, merry, vulgar, talkativeSocial significanceChaucer takes the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, because he affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism. As a forerunner of Humanism, he praises man’s energ y, quick wit and love of life. At the same time, his tales expose and satire the social evils at his time.WeaknessLiving in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprising, so sometimes , he cracks a rough joke.The significance of The Canterbury TalesIt gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s timethe dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by criticsstories are cleverly woven together by links between the storiesstories are related to the personalities of the tellersChaucer’s humourChaucer ―the smyler with the knyf under the cloke‖Chaucer’s contribution to the English languageHe wrote in the London dialect to prove that English language is abeautiful language and can be handled to express different moodsThus increased the prestige of eh English language.ContributionChaucer greatly contributes to the founding of the English literary language. His language now is called Middle English. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He didmuch in making the dialect of London thestandard for the modern English speech.Chaucer introduced heroic couplet from France to English poetry, instead of alliterative verse.In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.In The Romance of the Rose, he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet.Couplets: couplets are two lines of verse, usually connected by a rhyme. Poets in the 18th C,in particular used couplets frequently. Heroic couplet:couplets in iambic pentametere.g.Her eyes are wild, her head is bore,The sun has burnt her coal-black hair.Her eye-brow have a rusty stain,And she came from far over the main.---Wordsworth: The Mad MotherHome work1. What are the artistic features and significances of The Canterbury Tales?Scansion 韵律分析Scansion is the process of measuring斟酌verse, identifying its prevailing meter 韵律、格律and rhythm 节奏, and accounting for deviations from the metrical pattern. In scanning a poem, we try to determine its dominant rhythm and meter, and to account for variations from the norm.The form of a poemNumber of lines2. A few verse formsThe form of a poemNumber of linesA stanza or poem with1 line: monostich2 lines: couplet3 lines: tercet / triplet4 lines: quatrain5 lines: limerick6 lines: hexastich7 lines: heptastich 8 lines: octaveThe form of a poem2. A few verse forms:sonnet 十四行诗blank verse 无韵诗/ 素体诗free verse 自由体诗heroic couplet 英雄偶句体诗doggerel 打油诗Triolet 八行两韵诗Rhythm1. Definition:the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in a poem 2. How do we mark the rhythm of a poem?We use ’ for a stressed syllable and ﹀an unstressed syllable. For example:﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?MeterDefinition: the number of foot in a poetic lineTypes of meter:1) iambic抑扬格的：an unstressed syllable followed by astressedsyllable;for example:﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the root﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootTypes of meterIamb 抑扬格Trochee 扬抑格Anapest 抑抑扬格Dactyl 扬扬抑格…Types of meterIamb 抑扬格：an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable;iambic抑扬格的for example:﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the root﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootTypes of meter2. Trochee 扬抑格：a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable;trochaic扬抑格的for example:’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀Whan that April with his shoures sooteTypes of meter3. Anapest抑抑扬格：two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllableanapestic:抑抑扬格的4. Dactyl扬抑抑格：a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllablesdactylic:扬抑抑格的Foot 音步DefinitionThe basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. In scansion, a foot represents one instance of a metrical pattern and is shown either between or to the right or left of vertical lines, as in the following:﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’whose woods︱these are︱I think ︱I knowFoot2. Below is a list of classifications:monometer: one foot 单音步dimeter: two feet 两音步trimeter: three feet 三音步tetrameter：four feet 四音步pentameter：five feet 五音步hexameter：six feet 六音步heptameter：seven feet 七音步octameter：eight feet 八音步FootThe meter in a poem is classified according both to its pattern and the number of feet to the line.The following line is one of iambic pentameter﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the rootThe following line is one of trochaic tetrameter:’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀Whan that April with his shoures sooteRhyme1. Definition:the matching of final vowel and consonant sounds in two or more words.2. How do we record the rhyme scheme of a poem?We use a, b, c, …We use the same letter to mark the lines with the same rhyme.3. What is the rhyme scheme of The Canterbury Tales?Heroic coupletDefinition:lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer, and has been in constant use ever since.for example:As soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootthrough every vein of sap with gentle showersfrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;。

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章　盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)　1.1　复习笔记　1.2　考研真题与典型题详解第2章　诺曼时期(1066～1350)　2.1　复习笔记　2.2　考研真题与典型题详解第3章　乔叟时期(1350～1400)　3.1　复习笔记　3.2　考研真题与典型题详解第4章　15世纪(1400～1550)　4.1　复习笔记　4.2　考研真题与典型题详解第5章　英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)　5.1　复习笔记　5.2　考研真题与典型题详解第6章　17世纪(1603～1688)　6.1　复习笔记　6.2　考研真题与典型题详解第7章　18世纪(1688～1798)　7.1　复习笔记　7.2　考研真题与典型题详解第8章　浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)　8.1　复习笔记　8.2　考研真题与典型题详解第9章　维多利亚时期(1832～1901)　9.1　复习笔记　9.2　考研真题与典型题详解第10章　20世纪　10.1　复习笔记　10.2　考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）（罗经国主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。

作为罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材的学习辅导书，本书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。

本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。

每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。

2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。

本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。

新编英国文学选读罗经国英国文学是世界文学的一部分，其作品流传广泛，并对后世文学产生深远影响。

罗经国给出的新编英国文学选读，是对英国文学经典作品的深入整理和介绍。

在本文中，我们将对该选读进行简要介绍，并结合几位英国文学大师的作品进行更详细的分析和评价。

首先，新编英国文学选读所包含的作品涵盖了从中世纪到现代的英国文学精华，包括莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多作家的代表作。

从古老的史诗《贝奥武夫》、《坎特伯雷故事集》到现代的小说和诗歌，这些作品展现了英国文学的丰富多彩和深厚底蕴。

首先，我们来看莎士比亚的作品。

莎士比亚是英国文学史上最杰出的戏剧家和诗人之一，他的作品被称为世界文学的瑰宝。

在新编英国文学选读中，包括了莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》等著名作品。

他的作品情节曲折，语言精炼，对人性和社会现实的描写深刻而真实，通过对人类心灵的深度剖析，展现了人类的欲望、恐惧、痛苦和幸福，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

其次，我们来分析狄更斯的作品。

狄更斯是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了工业革命期间英国社会的黑暗面和悲惨生活的真实写照。

在新编英国文学选读中，包括了狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等著名作品。

他的作品具有强烈的社会批判意识，对贫困、不公正和伦理道德等问题进行了深刻的揭露，展现了他对人道主义事业的关怀和呼吁。

最后，我们来谈谈奥斯丁的作品。

奥斯丁是英国文学史上最杰出的女作家之一，她的作品以细腻的笔触描绘了当时英国乡村的风土人情和上层社会的生活，以及女性在那个年代的境遇和处境。

在新编英国文学选读中，包括了奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等著名作品。

她的作品以幽默机智的语言和深刻的洞察力，展现了当时社会的习俗、道德观念和婚姻观念，对后世文学和社会风气产生了深远的影响。

总之，新编英国文学选读是一部对英国文学经典作品的深入整理和介绍，通过对这些作品的研读和分析，有助于我们更好地了解英国文学的发展历程和特点，对世界文学和人类精神有着深刻的启示和影响。