英语阅读与写作常见问题及例释1，阅读理解中如何处理难于理解的长句子？例1：Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. Places are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications.步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质a. that until recently were deaf and dumbb. that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.以上两句中，that 均作关系代词，分别是动词were 和will let 的主语，由此可知，两个句子都是限定性定语从句，可以理解为（……的……）的结构步骤三：判断从句与主句（主句中的某些成分）的关系a. that until recently were deaf and dumb 是修饰先行词placesb. that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. 是修饰先行词telecommunications步骤四：理解（a. that until recently were deaf and dumb=以往通讯闭塞的）地方（places）已经快速获得了日新月异的而且（b.that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.=可以提高国内外投资量）的通讯方式（telecommunications）.例2：All these developing regions see advanced communications as a way to leap over whole stages of economic development.步骤一：确定句子的主干All these developing regions see advanced communications as a way.步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质to leap over whole stages of economic development.动词不定式to leap over 做的是修饰性成分步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系as a way to leap over whole stages of economic development.动词不定式短语修饰的是先行词way步骤四：理解很多发展中的地区都把先进的通讯方式看作是一种（to leap over whole stages of economic development=完全超过经济发展水平的）方式（way）.例3：Widespread access to information technologies, for example, promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering, marketing, and design.步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句Widespread access to information technologies promises to condense the time.步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质过去分词短语required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries关系代词that引导定语从句：that involve engineering, marketing, and design. 步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系过去分词短语required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries修饰的是the time关系代词that引导定语从句：that involve engineering, marketing, and design. 饰的是industries步骤四：理解广泛引用信息技术可以进一步节约（required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries=用于从劳动密集型产业转向that involve engineering, marketing, and design.=包括工程技术、市场营销和设计）的新产业（industries）的时间（the time）.例4：Many experts think Vietnam is going too far by requiring that all mobile phones be expensive digital models, when it is desperate for any phones, period.步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句Many experts think Vietnam is going too far步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质介词短语by requiring关系词that引导宾语从句that all mobile phones be expensive digital models, 关系副词when引导状语从句when it is desperate for any phones, period.步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系介词短语by requiring是主句的方式状语从句that all mobile phones be expensive digital models是requiring的宾语关系副词when引导状语从句when it is desperate for any phones, period.是主句的时间/条件状语步骤四：理解（when it is desperate for any phones, period.=当使用电话还是比较遥远的奢望的时候）越南的技术革新有些超前了（by requiring that all mobile phones be expensive digital models,=还是通过让所有的手机都成为昂贵的数字化机器）2，阅读理解中如何处理不认识的单词？例文：That leaves private industry—computer, phone, and cable companies —to move into the vacuum left by the government’s absence. And while these industries are pioneering the most exciting new technologies, some critics fear that profit-minded companies will only develop services for the wealthy. “If left in the hands of private enterprise, the data highway could become little more than a synthetic universe for the rich,” worries Jeffrey Chester, president of the Center for Media Education in Washington D.C.Advocates for the poor want the companies building the data highway to devote a portion of their profits to insuring universal access. Advocates of universal access have already launched a number of projects of their own. In Berkeley, California, the city’s Community Memory Project has placed computer terminals in public buildings and subway stations, where a message can be sent for 25 cents. In Santa Monica, California, computers have replaced typewriters in all public libraries, and anyone, not just librarians, can send correspondence via computer.步骤一：确定生词的词性1, cable 在原文中位于computer, phone, and cable companies 可以得出cable company 是与computer company和phone company并列的，可知cable 为名词2, vacuum前有the，并且含有名词后缀-um，为名词3,pioneering 前有系动词are, 自身又是-ing形式，可知是现在进行时形式的动词4, profit-minded “x+N.-ed”结构表明此合成词为形容词，如warm-hearted 5, enterprise在“A of B”结构中，为名词6,synthetic “a synthetic universe”短语，说明synthetic为形容词（有形容词后缀-ic）universe 为名词7,universe 同上8，Advocates 做动词want的主语，是名词9, portion 前有冠词a,并且有名词后缀-ion,为名词10，launched 处在助动词have之后，是动词的过去分词，为完成时态的动词11，terminals 做动词has placed 的宾语，为名词12， typewriters 做have replaced的宾语，为名词13，correspondence 做can send 的宾语，为名词步骤二：根据生词的词性，寻找上下文搭配关系线索1, cable 在原文中位于computer, phone, and cable companies 可以得出cable是与computer和phone有类比意义2，根据原文the vacuum lef t by the government’s absence可知，vacuum 与absence意思有关3,根据原文…are pioneering the most exciting new technologies可知，pioneering 与new 有关4，根据原文profit-minded companies will only develop services for the wealthy可知profit-minded与wealthy有关5, 根据private industry 和private enterprise的表达，可知enterprise 与industry和company有类比意义6，7,根据原文data highway could become little more than a synthetic universe for the rich可知，synthetic universe是由data highway变来(become)的8,9, 根据原文Advocates for the poor want the companies building the data highway to devote a portion of their profits to insuring universal access.可知advocates是一类人，且支持穷人（for the poor）；portion 是被贡献的利润(devote…their profits)的属性10,lauched 的宾语是a number of projects of their (advocates) own11，根据原文has placed computer terminals in public buildings and subway stations,可知terminals是与computer有关的安装（have placed）在公共建筑和地铁站（public buildings and subway stations）的东西12, typewriters是图书馆里被电脑（computer）替换（have replaced）的东西13, 根据原文can send correspondence via computer.可知，correspondence 是一种由电脑（computer）发送（can send）的东西答案：1, cable n.有线网络2, vacuum n.空缺3,pioneer vt.充当……先锋；试制4, profit-minded a.利润至上的；只关心利润的5, enterprise n. 产业；企业6,synthetic a. 合成的；制造的7,universe n. 宇宙；世界；环境；……的整体8，Advocates n. 鼓吹者；支持者9, portion n. 部分；份额10，launch vt. 发射；开发11，terminals n. 终点站；终端设备12， typewriters n. 打字机13，correspondence n. 信件；邮件；通讯方法与原则1，寻找动宾关系，可以依据搭配意义，猜动词和做宾语的名词、2，依据类比关系，可以猜词3，根据上下文无法翻译的词，可以知道大概意义的域3，如何在写作中完成规定的字数?例: Shopping on Internet1，当前有很多人在网上购物2，网上购物既给人们带来了方便，也可能会产生一些问题3，谈谈你的看法学生原文问题分析：More and more people go shopping on Internet. But shopping on Internet has some disadvantages. Some of people don’t accept shopping on Internet.A number of people think that shopping on Internet can acquire some conveniences. Sometimes, goods on Internet are a lot more than that of markets. And, goods are cheaper on the Internet. So more and more people like shopping on Internet, but the others don’t like shopping on Internet, because some of goods don’t have good quality on the Internet. And we don’t know if the goods that you buy are similar to those on Internet.I think that we can buy goods on the Internet, because shopping on the Internet have a lot of conveniences. And shopping on Internet more and more conform to our modern life. (131 words)问题1：重复的词语频率过高，如More and more/ shopping on Internet问题2：复合句或表达意思充分的长句过少问题3：用词过于简单，以至于表达意思不甚明确，如：goods/ quality/ similar/ don’t like/ some of/ the other问题4: 文章重点不突出范文及解决方法：Recently,①there is a big trend that more and more people go shopping on Internet. However,①There are some disadvantages for ①it. ③A fairly large portion of people ②doubt if it is really perfect of shopping on Internet.A number of people think that ②some conveniences can be acquired in ①this way. Sometimes, ③merchandises exhibited on Internet shops are a lot more than that ③in the real-life markets. Furthermore, goods are ③usually cheaper on Internet. In a sense, ①a group of people like shopping on Internet. However, t he others don’t like shopping on Internet, because sometimes ③things sold on Internet don’t have good quality.②Comprehensively speaking, it is obvious that young people are more likely to do shopping on Internet of the reason that they are fonder of fashionable things and living style commonly disregarding the endurability and quality of the things they buy. By the way,we don’t know if the goods that you buy are similar to those on Internet.Consequently, I think that we can buy goods on the Internet, because ①doing this kind of shopping has a lot of conveniences. And ①this trend conforms much more to our modern life. (197 words)符号①：因为短语词数较多不易重复，所以通过使用短语来替代过于常用的口语化表达符号②：使用两到三个融合有复杂句子成分的长句来使得意义表达更完整符号③：通过清楚讲出使用的名词的概念，既避免重复，又使意义更清楚用关联词语（文中斜体部分）讲清楚句子与句子之间的逻辑联系，突出文章重点4，如何分析写作的题目和安排文章结构？例：My View on Modern College Education1，大学教育随着时代的变化、文化的发展而变化2，当前的大学教育考试占有非常重要的地位，同时也有人认为大学教育应该是纯粹的素质教育3，谈谈你的看法题干分析：题干1：主要讲这个文章的基本主题，可以看作是topic sentence，可以根据它展开论点题干2：规定了主题下具体讨论问题的方向，文章的主要阐述部分应该围绕这个方向展开段落结构：第一段，确定基本的论点，如本文可以是“Both the examination oriented education and the quality education are terms that happen in specific historical period, and they will also change with the social and cultural development.”；再确立基本论点的基础上，可以用1~2句话对论点进行说明第二段，根据题干2确立的方向进行讨论，详细解释各个涉及到的概念，及概念间的相互关系。
