Degradation potential and diversity of oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the sediments
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2010年考研mba联考英语二试题全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇12010年考研mba联考英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The advantages of free trade -----(1)---- economic growth and welfare have long been acknowledged. However, the downside of globalization and free trade has been watched with -----(2)---- by critics and policymakers who view trade openness as the cause of growing wage inequality, unemployment, child labor, and poor working conditions in some countries. It is said by the critics, for example, that -----(3)---- individual countries become more specialized in the production of goods in which they have a comparative advantage, there may be a shift in demand that -----(4)---- a decline in the relative demand for low-skilled workers and the subsequent fall in their wages.On the other hand, free trade is also viewed as providing-----(5)---- to economic growth and poverty reduction. As trade barriers are lowered and more goods and services are exchanged across countries, there is greater economic -----(6)----, more efficient allocation of resources, and technological transfer that can lead to higher productivity. This in turn results in higher economic growth and a rise in the standard of living for consumers.Despite these benefits, there are concerns that free trade may -----(7)---- negative consequences, particularly for developing countries who may not have the capacity to compete in the global market. These countries may face challenges such as unemployment, insufficient infrastructure, and a lack of access to capital and technology. As a result, they may be -----(8)---- marginalized in the global economy. Therefore, it is important for policymakers to consider the potential risks and impacts of free trade on different countries and take measures to ensure that the benefits are distributed equitably.In conclusion, while free trade has the potential to-----(9)---- economic growth and reduce poverty, it is important to address the challenges it may pose and ensure that the benefits are shared by all countries and segments of society. Bypromoting inclusive growth and addressing the needs of vulnerable populations, policymakers can harness the full potential of free trade to create a more prosperous and equitable global economy.1. A. in B. with C. for D. on2. A. attention B. care C. concern D. watch3. A. since B. that C. unless D. although4. A. results in B. results from C. results about D. results by5. A. impetus B. incentive C. emollient D. constraint6. A. integration B. imposition C. intersection D. insulation7. A. generate B. result C. entail D. incur8. A. progressively B. retroactively C. constantlyD. collectively9. A. impede B. promote C. inhibit D. facilitateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text 1In business, the concept of competence has become a key word, particularly as the effects of globalization and fluid organizations have driven a shift from jobs and job descriptions to know-how and knowledge. What, in simple terms, are competencies? Competencies describe work-related knowledge, know-how, motivation, and personal characteristics that affect success in job performance. They are the key to effective performance in jobs, teams, and organizations.The idea behind competencies is simple: The more competencies you have, the better-equipped you are. But while competencies are easy to understand, they can be difficult to master. As demand for competency models grows, thousands of organizations have launched work-related initiatives or programs, but the expected results failed to meet the promises. Despite this, the interest in competencies is likely to continue. However, to spread the theories and practices of competencies, champions are needed to promote their worth.10. What has driven the shift towards focusing on competencies in business?A. The effects of globalization and fluid organizations.B. The need for a more knowledgeable workforce.C. The desire for greater job descriptions.D. The lack of proficient employees.11. What are competencies?A. Job descriptions.B. A person's natural abilities.C. Factors affecting job performance.D. Key work experiences.12. Why have thousands of organizations launched competency programs?A. To improve job performance.B. To promote their worth.C. To spread competency models.D. To meet the demands of globalization.Text 2Freedom of press, freedom of speech, and freedom of information are crucial components of a just and democratic society. In the past, these freedoms were often suppressed by oppressive regimes or authoritarian governments in an attempt to control the flow of information and public opinion. However, with the rise of the Internet and social media, the ability to censor or restrict these freedoms has become increasingly difficult.The Internet has revolutionized the way information is shared, allowing for the rapid dissemination of news and opinions across the globe. Social media platforms have empowered individuals to share their voices, ideas, and beliefs with a wide audience, challenging traditional media outlets and authorities. While this new era of information sharing has brought about positive changes, it has also raised concerns about the spread of misinformation, hate speech, and fake news.13. What has made it difficult for oppressive regimes to suppress freedom of information?A. The rise of the Internet and social media.B. The spread of misinformation.C. The empowerment of traditional media outlets.D. The flow of public opinion.14. How has the Internet revolutionized the sharing of information?A. It has restricted access to news.B. It has empowered traditional media outlets.C. It has allowed for the dissemination of news and opinions.D. It has made censorship easier.15. What are some of the concerns raised by the new era of information sharing?A. The empowerment of individuals.B. The spread of fake news.C. The suppression of free speech.D. The ability to control public opinion.Text 3Sustainability is a concept that has gained increasing importance in recent years as concerns about climate change, environmental degradation, and resource depletion have become more prominent. The idea of sustainability is based on the principle of meeting the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Achieving sustainability requires a comprehensive approach that addresses economic, social, and environmental factors. Businesses, governments, and individuals must work together to develop strategies that promote sustainable practices and reduce the impact of human activities on the planet. This includes investing in renewable energy sources, promoting recycling and waste reduction, and implementing green technologies that minimize resource consumption.16. What has led to the increasing importance of sustainability?A. Concerns about resource depletion.B. A decrease in environmental degradation.C. The development of green technologies.D. A shift towards traditional energy sources.17. How is sustainability defined?A. Meeting the needs of future generations.B. Using resources without regard for the future.C. Compromising the needs of the present.D. Ignoring economic and social factors.18. What is required to achieve sustainability?A. A focus on economic factors.B. Collaboration among businesses, governments, and individuals.C. The promotion of resource consumption.D. The exclusion of green technologies.Part BDirections:Read the following text and draw your own conclusions from it. You are required to write in about 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Globalization has transformed the world economy, connecting countries and cultures in ways never before imagined. While globalization has brought about numerous benefits, including economic growth and increased opportunity, it has also raised concerns about inequality, exploitation, and environmental degradation. As companies extend their reachacross borders, they must navigate a complex web of regulations, cultural differences, and ethical dilemmas. In this globalized world, success is often measured not only by profits and market share, but also by the impact on society and the environment. The challenge for businesses, policymakers, and individuals is to find a balance between economic prosperity and social responsibility. Only by working together can we ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared equitably and sustainably for future generations.In conclusion, the 2010 MBA entrance exam reflected the growing importance of global issues on the business landscape. As aspiring business leaders, it is essential to consider the broader implications of our actions and decisions in a global context. By embracing diversity, promoting sustainability, and upholding ethical standards, we can create a more just and prosperous world for all.Thank you.篇22010 MBA Joint Entrance Examination English II Test QuestionsSection I Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The Japanese language is incredibly complex with a wide range of linguistic phenomena. One often-cited complexity is its rich morphology. For example, Japanese verbs can have as many as 15 different forms, which can be quite overwhelming for learners. However, the language also has a relatively simple phonology. In fact, Japanese only has five vowels and a relatively small number of consonants compared to many other languages. Despite this, pronunciation is still a challenge for many learners, especially for those whose native language does not contain similar sounds.1. What is one of the complexities of the Japanese language mentioned in the passage?A. Rich morphologyB. Simple phonologyC. Few vowels and consonantsD. Easy pronunciation2. How many forms can Japanese verbs have?A. 5B. 10C. 15D. 203. What aspect of Japanese pronunciation can be challenging for learners?A. The range of consonantsB. The small number of vowelsC. The rich morphologyD. The sounds not found in their native language4. Which of the following is NOT true about Japanese pronunciation?A. It has five vowels.B. It has a small number of consonants.C. It is easy for English speakers.D. It can be challenging for learners.5. The main idea of the passage is:A. Japanese has a complex morphology.B. Japanese has a simple phonology.C. Japanese pronunciation is easy.D. Japanese verbs have many forms.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Entrepreneurs are often seen as risk-takers who defy the odds to achieve success. However, recent studies suggest that successful entrepreneurs actually have a high tolerance for uncertainty rather than a love of risk. They are able to navigate uncertainty by making calculated decisions based on sound judgment and a deep understanding of the market. This adaptability and resilience are key qualities that set them apart from others.6. What quality do successful entrepreneurs have according to recent studies?A. Love of riskB. High tolerance for uncertaintyC. Impulsive decision-makingD. Lack of understanding of the market7. How do successful entrepreneurs navigate uncertainty?A. By taking uncalculated risksB. By making snap decisionsC. By using sound judgmentD. By avoiding risks altogether8. What sets successful entrepreneurs apart from others?A. Lack of adaptabilityB. High risk-taking behaviorC. Deep understanding of the marketD. Inability to make decisions9. According to the passage, what qualities are key for successful entrepreneurs?A. Love of risk and impulsivenessB. High tolerance for uncertainty and adaptabilityC. Lack of understanding and resilienceD. Lack of judgment and insight10. The main idea of the passage is:A. Successful entrepreneurs take risks.B. Successful entrepreneurs lack tolerance for uncertainty.C. Successful entrepreneurs rely on sound judgment and adaptability.D. Successful entrepreneurs are impulsive.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in recent years, with applications ranging from virtual assistants to autonomous vehicles. Despite the progress, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI and its potential impact on society. Issues such as privacy, bias, and job displacement are hot topics of debate as AI continues to evolve.11. What is one of the applications of artificial intelligence mentioned in the passage?A. Virtual realityB. Health careC. Autonomous vehiclesD. E-commerce12. What are some concerns surrounding AI?A. Lack of progressB. Ethical implicationsC. Advantages for societyD. Privacy, bias, and job displacement13. What is a hot topic of debate regarding AI?A. Its impact on the environmentB. Its potential benefitsC. Its role in educationD. Issues of privacy, bias, and job displacement14. What is the main focus of the passage?A. Progress in AI technologyB. Ethical concerns about AIC. The benefits of AID. The impact of AI on society15. The main idea of the passage is:A. AI has no ethical implications.B. AI has made little progress.C. AI raises concerns about privacy, bias, and job displacement.D. AI is only used for virtual assistants.Section II Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are thirty sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.16. The new manager will __________ her predecessor’s leadership style.A. take placeB. take overC. take on17. The company’s __________ performance has led to decreased profits.A. inefficientB. efficientC. inabilityD. reliable18. The team needs to work __________ if they want to meet the deadline.A. hardB. hardlyC. hardlyD. difficult19. It is important to __________ the impact of climate change on vulnerable communities.A. addressB. adaptC. achieve20. The __________ of resources has caused shortages in many parts of the country.A. misuseB. weaponC. supplyD. treatmentSection III Error IdentificationDirections: There are ten sentences in this part. Each sentence contains an error. Each error is underlined. You need to identify the error and choose the best correction. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. Due to the bad weather, the concert is postponed until next weekend.A. Due toB. postponedC. untilD. next weekend22. The new employee are being trained on the new software system.A. The newB. are beingC. onD. the new23. She told me that she had went shopping before meeting me for lunch.A. thatB. had wentC. meetingD. for24. The company is looking to hire a new marketing manager who is able to speak English and Chinese fluently.A. to hireB. who is ableC. andD. fluently25. Despite of the challenges, the project was completed on time and under budget.A. Despite ofB. theC. on timeD. underSection IV WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write an essay. You should write at least 150 words on the Answer Sheet. Your essay should be based on the following outline.Outline:1. The benefits of studying abroad2. The challenges of studying abroad3. Personal experiences of studying abroad4. ConclusionRemember to:1. Write in English with proper grammar and punctuation.2. Present your ideas clearly and logically.---This is just a partial example of the 2010 MBA Joint Entrance Examination English II Test Questions. The full test consists of more questions in different sections. The purpose of this sample is to demonstrate the format and complexity of the exam questions. It is important for candidates to practice and prepare diligently in order to perform well on the examination.篇32010 MBA Joint Entrance Examination English II Test QuestionsPart I Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each question.Passage 1Marketing is one of the most important functions of any business. It involves understanding the needs and wants of customers and creating products or services that satisfy those needs and wants. Successful marketing requires analyzingconsumer behavior, developing effective advertising strategies, and building strong relationships with customers.Question 1: What is the main focus of marketing?A. Understanding customer needsB. Creating advertising strategiesC. Building relationships with suppliersD. Developing new productsQuestion 2: What is an essential aspect of successful marketing?A. Analyzing employee behaviorB. Ignoring customer feedbackC. Understanding consumer behaviorD. Focusing solely on profitsQuestion 3: What is the purpose of developing effective advertising strategies?A. To increase costsB. To build relationships with competitorsC. To satisfy customer needsD. To decrease salesQuestion 4: Why is it important to build strong relationships with customers?A. To increase expensesB. To improve employee productivityC. To attract new competitorsD. To increase customer loyaltyPart II Vocabulary and Structure (40 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. Complete each sentence with one word that fits in the blank.Example:0. The workers were _______ to go on strike.Question 1: The most important _____ in life is health.Question 2: She was _____ happy to see him again after so many years.Question 3: The company's profits have been steadily _______.Question 4: He was unable to_______ his feelings and started crying.Question 5: The project was a great _______ and everyone congratulated him.Part III Writing (30 minutes)Directions: In this part, you are to write within 200 words an essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management in the Workplace." In your essay, you should discuss why time management is essential, provide examples of effective time management strategies, and explain how good time management can lead to increased productivity and success in the workplace.Overall, the 2010 MBA Joint Entrance Examination English II Test focused on testing students' reading comprehension, vocabulary, and writing skills. It challenged students to think critically about marketing principles, language structure, and the importance of time management in a professional setting. Participants were required to demonstrate their ability to analyze information, communicate effectively, and presentwell-organized arguments.。
2024爱我中华英语演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished guests, good evening.I stand before you today to express my deep love and appreciation for my beloved country, China. As we approach the year 2024, I believe it is essential to reflect on the rich history and remarkable journey that have brought us to where we are today.China, or Zhonghua, has long been revered for its ancient wisdom, profound culture, and resilient people. Throughout its long and storied history, China has witnessedthe rise and fall of dynasties, the birth of great thinkers and philosophers, and the creation of groundbreaking inventions that have shaped human civilization.With each passing year, China has evolved and transformed into a global powerhouse. Our nation has made significant strides in various fields, from science and technology to economics and diplomacy. The indomitable spirit of the Chinese people, combined with the visionary leadership of the government, has propelled China to become one of the world's leading nations.In the year 2024, I envision China as a pioneer of innovation, leading the global charge in advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and renewable energy. Our nation's commitment to sustainability and green development will serve as a model for others to emulate. Through our technological advancements, we will tackle the pressing challenges of climate change, environmental degradation, and resource scarcity, ensuring a better future for generations to come.Furthermore, I believe that China will continue to foster a harmonious society built on the pillars of inclusivity, equity, and social justice. As we embrace diversity and harness the potential of our multicultural society, we will create opportunities for everyone to pursue their dreams and contribute to the nation's progress. Education will remain a cornerstone of our society, nurturing the next generation of leaders who will continue to drive China forward.In this vision for 2024, I see China as not only an economic and technological powerhouse, but also as a compassionate and responsible global leader. We will actively engage with the international community, fostering cooperation and understanding while championing peace and stability. Through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, China will promote connectivity and development, uplifting countries across the globe and reinforcing the bonds between nations.In conclusion, as we approach 2024, I am filled with hope and optimism for the future of our great nation. China's journey has been marked by resilience, determination, and unwavering love for our homeland. Let us come together as one, united in our pursuit of national rejuvenation, and continue to build a prosperous, innovative, and harmonious China that stands tall on the world stage.Thank you, and may the love for our motherland, China, forever thrive in our hearts.。
•经济上,发展中国家的劳动力被剥削,资源被取用,而产品却不能够进人发达国家,国内产业受到外商和外企的冲击;•社会上,外国的产品流人一个国家,会改变人们的生活习惯和购买习惯;年轻人比较喜欢外同产品,比如说食品、衣服、电子产品和娱乐方式;•文化上,本土文化会被削弱,本土语言会受到威胁,文化多样性会逐步损失;•环境上,工业化生产和交通量的加大会增加温室气体的排放;游人的增多会对自然环境构成威胁。
Topic 1: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to increase tension between people from different countries?外来人口的增加有利于文化的交流:•游客或者移民都具备经济利益和价值(commercial interest and economic value);而外同人的停留时间是和东道国的合作密切相关的(The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);很多当地人因此表现得非常好客和友好,这有助于文化的交流(Many local people are very friendly and hospitable, which promote the cultural communications.);•对其他的文化和人民更为了解(a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改变人们对其他民族和文化的态度(alter one's attitudes towards another people or culture);人们因此可以接受不同的文化和价值观(embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共处(create motivation to coexist peacefully), 并促进对"多元文化的理解(promote multi-cultural understanding);•促进文化的融合(promote integration),消除文化障碍(remove cultural barriers), 外来人口的增加导致冲突:•违反当地的习俗会激怒当地人(breach of local customs can irritate the locals);•不同文化的人看待同一事物总有不同的角度(harbour different perceptions),并给予不同的解释(different interpretations),比如对手势、衣服、言行举止有不同的理解;举止不当会引起当地人意想不到的反应(provoke unanticipated responses); •外国游客增多会对当地环境造成压力,甚至破坏环境,而移民增多可能导致工作机会减少,致使竞争更加激烈,这些都有可能引起当地人的反感(cause resentment in local communities).Globalization is a catch-all term that refers to any activity that involves more than one country, for example, travel from one country to another. The dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent years has sparked controversy over the potential impacts of this trend on individual countriesf especially those new member states of globalization. Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new arrivals will prompt local hostility against visitors instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background. This notion should be rejected as one can see many facts in favor of this development between countries.The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact that both visitors and locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local people. In turn, locals should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each other's cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social background, cultural values and religious belief might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their foes. Now they have concrete relations with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemedinherent but over time, with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community with their scant regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to be improved with the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture.According to the above analysis, we can observe that the increase in the international travel should not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries. Alternatively, one should recognize its role in improving mutual understanding between two countries.1. catch-all = all-embracing:包罗甚广的;包括一切的2. hostility=enmity=resentment:敌意,怨'恨,愤恨3. rooted in=derived from=based on:基于4. entrepreneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企业家,实业家5. discrepancy=disagreement=difference=divergence:分歧,矛盾6. foe=enemy=rival:敌人,竟争对手7. concrete=tangible=solid:具体的,实际的8. overtime=in due course=sooner or later:最终,早9. resort:胜地;tourist resort:旅游胜地;holiday resort:度假胜地;beach resort:海边度假胜地;scenic spot:景观;place of interest: 旅游景点10. repel=revolt=repulse:使厌恶,憎恶11. scant=limited=scarce:缺乏的,不足的Topic2: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?媒体信息一致的缺点:•国际媒体(global media)—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中(in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations);有了媒体的宣传(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大规模的、有吸引力的广告(mass seductive advertising )唤起了落后地区人们对物质新的向往(create fresh desires),经济联系增强(strong economic ties),西方产品取代了本地产品,使人们更加向往西方的文化;•文化开始融合在一起(mingle),人们被新的价值观所围绕(bombarded with new values),对自己的文化失去信心和自豪感(confidence and pride),拒绝接受自己的文化传统(rejection of their cultural heritage)转而接受西方的文化习惯(adoption of Western cultural practices);西方媒体削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社会的凝聚力(social cohesion);因为担心失去观众(a loss of viewers),当地的电视台也开始播放西方的电视节目(television shows),•国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的品质和多样性(degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商业化(commercialized), —些文化产品(cultural goods),如音乐、服装,都变成了商品(commodities in the marketplace)。
如何做新时代好少年英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1How to be an Excellent Youth in the New EraAs a student living in this rapidly evolving era, it is essential for us to embrace the changes and strive to become exemplary individuals. Being an excellent youth in the new era encompasses various aspects, ranging from academic excellence to moral integrity and social responsibility. In this essay, I will delve into the key elements that define what it means to be an outstanding youth in today's world.Firstly, academic excellence should be a top priority for any student aspiring to be an excellent youth. Education is the foundation upon which we build our knowledge and skills, enabling us to navigate the complexities of the modern world. Dedication, hard work, and a thirst for learning are indispensable qualities that every student must possess. We should strive to excel in our studies, continuously expanding our intellectual horizons and developing critical thinking abilities. Additionally, we must embrace lifelong learning, recognizing that education isa continuous journey, and knowledge is the key to unlocking new opportunities.However, being an excellent youth goes beyond academic prowess; it also requires cultivating strong moral values and ethical principles. Integrity, honesty, and respect for others are fundamental virtues that should guide our actions and decisions. We must uphold these values in our daily interactions, treating everyone with dignity and compassion, regardless of their background or circumstances. Furthermore, we should strive to be socially conscious, actively contributing to the betterment of our communities and society as a whole.In the new era, technological advancements and digital literacy are crucial. As excellent youths, we must embrace the power of technology and utilize it responsibly and ethically. We should develop proficiency in various digital tools and platforms, enabling us to stay connected, collaborate effectively, and explore new avenues for learning and growth. However, we must also exercise caution and maintain a healthy balance between our digital and physical lives, ensuring that technology does not consume us or compromise our well-being.Another vital aspect of being an excellent youth is cultivating a spirit of innovation and creativity. The world is constantlyevolving, and new challenges and opportunities arise daily. We must be open to new ideas, willing to think outside the box, and embrace unconventional approaches. Fostering creativity and innovation will not only benefit our personal growth but also contribute to the advancement of society as a whole.Furthermore, being an excellent youth in the new era necessitates a deep understanding and appreciation of diversity and inclusivity. We live in a globalized world, where people from different cultures, backgrounds, and beliefs coexist. Embracing diversity and promoting inclusivity are essential for fostering a harmonious and respectful society. We must strive to beopen-minded, tolerant, and accepting of others, recognizing that our differences are not barriers but rather sources of strength and enrichment.Physical and mental well-being are also crucial components of being an excellent youth. We must prioritize our health by adopting a balanced lifestyle that includes regular exercise, proper nutrition, and adequate rest. Additionally, we should cultivate healthy coping mechanisms and seek support when needed, as mental health is equally important as physical health.Lastly, being an excellent youth in the new era requires us to be environmentally conscious and actively engaged insustainable practices. Climate change and environmental degradation are pressing issues that demand our attention and action. We must adopt eco-friendly habits, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and promoting sustainable initiatives within our communities. By taking proactive steps towards environmental stewardship, we can contribute to a greener and more sustainable future for generations to come.In conclusion, being an excellent youth in the new era is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses academic excellence, moral integrity, digital literacy, innovation, diversity and inclusivity, well-being, and environmental consciousness. It is a journey that requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to continuously learn and adapt. By embracing these principles and striving to be exemplary individuals, we can not only unlock our full potential but also contribute positively to the world around us. As the leaders of tomorrow, it is our responsibility to shape a better future, and by embodying the qualities of an excellent youth, we can pave the way for a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable society.篇2How to Be a Good Youth in the New EraAs a student living in this rapidly changing world, I often ponder what it truly means to be a "good youth" in the new era we find ourselves in. The definition has evolved over time, shaped by technological advancements, globalization, and shifting societal values. In my view, being a good youth today requires striking a delicate balance between embracing progress while staying rooted in core moral principles.Firstly, we must be open-minded and adaptable learners, eager to acquire new skills and knowledge that will equip us for the challenges of the future. The pace of innovation is unprecedented, and careers that seem cutting-edge today may become obsolete tomorrow. As such, we must cultivate a passion for lifelong learning, constantly seeking to expand our horizons and develop a diverse skill set that transcends any single field or discipline.This doesn't mean abandoning traditional academic pursuits; rather, it entails complementing them with practical, hands-on experiences and a willingness to think outside the box. Whether it's learning to code, mastering a new language, or experimenting with emerging technologies, we must embrace opportunities to grow and evolve alongside the rapidly changing world around us.However, being a good youth is about more than just academic or professional prowess. It's also about possessing a strong moral compass and a deep sense of social responsibility. In an era where information flows freely and misinformation can spread like wildfire, we must cultivate critical thinking skills and the ability to separate fact from fiction. We should question assumptions, challenge narratives that contradict our values, and strive to be voices of reason in an increasingly polarized world.Compassion, empathy, and respect for diversity are also essential qualities for today's youth. The world is becoming increasingly interconnected, and we must learn to appreciate and embrace different cultures, perspectives, and ways of life. Prejudice, discrimination, and narrow-mindedness have no place in the new era; we must actively work to promote inclusion, understanding, and mutual respect.Furthermore, as inheritors of this planet, we have a sacred duty to be stewards of the environment and champions of sustainability. Climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation are among the greatest challenges facing our generation, and we must take bold, decisive action to protect our world for future generations. This means making eco-friendly choices in our daily lives, supporting policies andinitiatives that prioritize sustainability, and using our voices to raise awareness and drive positive change.In the digital age, being a good youth also means navigating the complex world of technology and social media with wisdom and responsibility. While these platforms offer tremendous opportunities for connection, learning, and self-expression, they also pose risks in the form of cyberbullying, privacy violations, and the spread of harmful content. We must learn to strike a healthy balance, using technology as a tool for personal and professional growth while maintaining boundaries and prioritizing our mental and emotional well-being.Ultimately, being a good youth in the new era is about striking a harmonious chord between embracing progress and upholding timeless values. It's about being curious, adaptable, and forward-thinking while also being principled, compassionate, and socially conscious. It's a delicate dance, but one that we must master if we are to shape a better future for ourselves and generations to come.As we navigate this exciting and challenging new era, let us be guided by a spirit of innovation, resilience, and unwavering commitment to making a positive impact on the world around us. Let us be the architects of our own destinies, fearlessly chartingnew paths and leaving an indelible mark on history. And above all, let us never lose sight of our shared humanity, for it is only through unity, empathy, and mutual understanding that we can truly thrive as the good youth of the new era.篇3How to Be a Good Youth in the New EraAs a student in the modern age, the world around us is changing rapidly. Technology is advancing, social norms are shifting, and the future seems uncertain. In such a dynamic environment, it's crucial for us young people to adapt and find our place while still holding onto our values and principles. Being a "good youth" in this new era requires a combination of embracing progress while staying grounded in what truly matters.First and foremost, we must prioritize our education and personal growth. The knowledge and skills we acquire today will shape our tomorrow. It's not just about memorizing textbooks or acing exams – true learning comes from being curious, asking questions, and developing a thirst for understanding the world around us. We should strive to be well-rounded individuals,exploring diverse subjects and extracurricular activities that ignite our passions.However, education extends far beyond the classroom walls. As good youths, we need to educate ourselves on the pressing issues facing our society and the world at large. Climate change, poverty, human rights – these are challenges that will define our generation. By staying informed and engaged, we can develop informed opinions and contribute to finding solutions. Reading credible sources, attending talks and debates, and participating in community service projects are all ways to broaden our perspectives.In this digital age, we must also be mindful of our online presence and behavior. Social media has given us unprecedented connectivity, but it also comes with risks. Cyberbullying, misinformation, and unhealthy comparisons are all pitfalls we need to navigate carefully. As good youths, we should use these platforms responsibly, spread positivity, and fact-check information before sharing it. Our online footprint can have lasting impacts, so we must be mindful of the content we consume and create.Amidst the rapid changes, it's essential to hold onto our values and moral compass. Respect, empathy, integrity, andkindness should be the guiding principles that shape our actions and interactions. We must treat others with compassion, celebrate diversity, and stand up against injustice and discrimination. By embodying these values, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious society.Furthermore, being a good youth in the new era means taking care of our physical and mental well-being. The pressures of academics, social media, and societal expectations can take a toll on our mental health. We should prioritize self-care, seek support when needed, and practice mindfulness to manage stress and anxiety. Engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep are crucial for our overall well-being.As we navigate this new era, it's also important to cultivate resilience and adaptability. Change is the only constant, and we must be prepared to face challenges and setbacks with a positive mindset. Developing problem-solving skills, fostering grit, and embracing lifelong learning will equip us to pivot and thrive in an ever-evolving landscape.Moreover, being a good youth means contributing to the betterment of our communities and the world around us. We should seek opportunities to volunteer, participate in civicengagement, and use our skills and talents to make a positive impact. Whether it's tutoring underprivileged children, organizing beach cleanups, or raising awareness about important causes, every action counts towards creating a better future.In this new era, we must also embrace innovation and entrepreneurial thinking. The jobs and industries of tomorrow might not even exist today. By cultivating creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities, we can position ourselves to be the innovators and changemakers of the future. Exploring entrepreneurship, participating in hackathons, and collaborating on projects can help us develop these essential skills.Finally, as good youths, we must not forget the importance of maintaining strong relationships and connections. Our friends, families, and mentors provide the support system that helps us navigate life's challenges and celebrate our successes. We should nurture these bonds, communicate openly, and be there for one another. Building a strong network of positive influences and role models can inspire and guide us on our journey.In conclusion, being a good youth in the new era requires a multifaceted approach. We must prioritize our education andpersonal growth while staying informed and engaged with the world around us. Embracing technology responsibly, upholding strong values, and taking care of our well-being are equally crucial. Additionally, we should cultivate resilience, contribute to our communities, embrace innovation, and nurture positive relationships. By embodying these traits, we can not only thrive in the present but also shape a better future for ourselves and generations to come.。
关于国内游现状的描述的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Current Situation of Domestic Tourism in ChinaAs the world's most populous country with a rich history and diverse culture, China has become a popular destination for both domestic and international travellers. In recent years, domestic tourism in China has been experiencing significant growth, driven by various factors such as rising disposable incomes, improved infrastructure, and government initiatives to promote tourism.One of the key drivers of domestic tourism in China is the increasing affluence of the country's middle class. With rising incomes and improving living standards, more and more Chinese people are able to afford leisure travel within the country. This has led to a burgeoning domestic tourism market, with a wide range of destinations and attractions catering to the diverse interests of tourists.Another factor contributing to the growth of domestic tourism in China is the continued investment in tourisminfrastructure. The government has been actively promoting the development of tourism-related facilities and services, including transportation, accommodation, and attractions. Improved connectivity through high-speed rail networks and highways has made it easier for tourists to travel between different regions of the country, while the construction of new hotels and resorts has increased accommodation options for travellers.In addition, the Chinese government has implemented various policies to promote domestic tourism, such as the introduction of visa-free entry for certain nationalities and the expansion of visa on arrival services. This has made it easier for both domestic and international tourists to visit China and explore its myriad attractions.One of the most popular forms of domestic tourism in China is group tours, where travellers join organized tours to visit popular destinations such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Xi'an. These tours typically include transportation, accommodation, meals, and guided tours of key attractions, making them a convenient and hassle-free option for tourists.In recent years, there has also been a growing trend towards independent travel among Chinese tourists. With the rise of online travel platforms and mobile apps, more people are optingto plan and book their own trips, allowing them to customize their itineraries and explore off-the-beaten-path destinations at their own pace.Despite the growth of domestic tourism in China, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. One of the key issues is over-tourism in popular destinations, leading to overcrowding, environmental degradation, and damage to cultural heritage sites. The government is taking steps to manage visitor numbers and promote sustainable tourism practices to ensure thelong-term viability of the country's tourism industry.Overall, the current situation of domestic tourism in China is vibrant and dynamic, with a wide range of opportunities for travellers to explore the country's natural beauty, cultural heritage, and modern amenities. With continued investment in infrastructure and the promotion of sustainable tourism practices, China is well positioned to attract even more visitors in the years to come.篇2The Current Situation of Domestic Tourism in ChinaWith the rapid development of the economy and improvement of living standards, domestic tourism in China hasentered a golden age in recent years. People are more willing to travel within the country, exploring its rich history, culture, and natural beauty. The booming domestic tourism industry has brought immense economic benefits and cultural exchanges.One of the main reasons for the rise in domestic tourism is the convenience of transportation. The vast high-speed rail network and expressways connect every corner of the country, making it easier for people to travel. Moreover, the development of online booking platforms and mobile payment systems has simplified the process of planning and paying for trips, attracting more people to travel.Another factor contributing to the popularity of domestic tourism is the increasing disposable income of Chinese people. As incomes rise, more people have the financial means to travel and experience different cultures within their own country. This has led to a significant increase in domestic tourism revenue and the development of tourist destinations across the country.In addition, the Chinese government has been actively promoting domestic tourism through various policies and initiatives. The “Beautiful China” campaign, launched in 2013, aims to enhance the country's tourism infrastructure, protect the environment, and promote sustainable tourism development. Byinvesting in the construction of tourist attractions, improving service quality, and organizing cultural events, the government has successfully attracted more visitors to explore the beauty of China.However, despite the rapid growth of domestic tourism, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. For example, the quality of tourism services in some areas needs improvement. Some tourist destinations are overcrowded during peak seasons, leading to long queues and unsatisfactory experiences for visitors. In addition, the lack of diversified tourism products limits the attractiveness of certain regions, making it difficult to attract a wider range of tourists.Furthermore, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has had a significant impact on domestic tourism. Travel restrictions and safety concerns have led to a decline in tourist numbers and revenue, affecting the overall development of the industry. However, with the effective control of the pandemic in China and the gradual resumption of normalcy, the domestic tourism industry is expected to recover and thrive once again.In conclusion, the current situation of domestic tourism in China is promising, with increasing demand and government support driving its growth. By addressing current challenges andcontinuously improving tourism infrastructure and services, China’s domestic tourism industry has the potential to become even more vibrant and attractive in the future. Travelers will continue to discover the beauty and diversity of their own country, contributing to the overall development and prosperity of the tourism sector.篇3The Current Situation of Domestic Tourism in ChinaIn recent years, with the rapid development of economy and improvement of people's living standards, domestic tourism in China has experienced a booming growth. More and more people choose to travel within the country, exploring diverse landscapes, experiencing rich culture, and enjoying various local cuisines. This trend has not only stimulated the growth of the tourism industry but also promoted regional economic development.One of the major factors contributing to the popularity of domestic tourism is the improvement of transportation infrastructure. With the construction of high-speed railways and expressways, traveling within the country has become much more convenient and efficient. People can easily reach theirdesired destinations in a short amount of time, making it easier for them to plan trips and explore new places.In addition, the development of technology has also played a significant role in promoting domestic tourism. The emergence of online travel platforms and mobile applications has made it easier for people to book accommodations, purchase tickets, and plan itineraries. Moreover, the use of social media platforms such as WeChat and Weibo has allowed travelers to share their experiences, post photos, and recommend attractions to their friends, thereby influencing more people to travel domestically.Furthermore, the Chinese government has been actively promoting domestic tourism as part of its efforts to boost the economy and create job opportunities. Various policies and incentives have been implemented to encourage people to travel within the country, such as tax breaks for tourism-related businesses, subsidies for tour guides, and discounts on transportation and accommodation.Despite the positive trends in domestic tourism, there are still some challenges and issues that need to be addressed. One of the major concerns is overtourism in popular destinations, leading to overcrowding, environmental degradation, and cultural erosion. To alleviate these problems, there is a need forbetter management and regulation of tourist flows, as well as the promotion of off-the-beaten-path destinations to distribute visitors more evenly.Another issue is the quality of tourism services, as some travelers have reported instances of scams, overcharging, and poor customer service. To enhance the overall travel experience, it is crucial for the government and tourism industry to improve standards, train staff, and ensure the safety and satisfaction of tourists.In conclusion, domestic tourism in China is currently experiencing a rapid growth due to various factors such as improved transportation infrastructure, technological advancements, government support, and rising disposable incomes. However, in order to sustain this momentum and address the challenges ahead, it is essential for stakeholders to work together to enhance the quality of services, protect natural and cultural resources, and promote sustainable practices in the tourism industry. By doing so, China can continue to attract more domestic travelers and contribute to the overall development of the tourism sector.。
高一野生动物白暨鲸英语作文1The beluga whale is a remarkable and captivating wild animal. It has a distinct appearance. The beluga whale has a rounded head and a short beak. Its body is sleek and white, which gives it a charming and elegant look. The fins of the beluga whale are well-developed, allowing it to swim gracefully in the water.When it comes to their living habits, beluga whales are highly social creatures. They often travel and hunt in groups. They are known to be excellent divers, capable of reaching considerable depths in search of food. Their diet mainly consists of various fish and invertebrates. They have a unique way of foraging, using their acute sense of hearing and echolocation to locate prey in the vast ocean.However, the survival status of beluga whales is a cause for concern. Human activities, such as overfishing, pollution of the marine environment, and the construction of ships' routes, have had a significant negative impact on their population. The number of beluga whales has been decreasing at an alarming rate.It is of utmost importance that we take immediate and effective measures to protect these precious creatures. We should raise public awareness about the importance of conservation and implement strictregulations to control human activities that threaten their existence. Only through our collective efforts can we ensure the survival and prosperity of beluga whales and maintain the balance and diversity of the marine ecosystem.2The beluga whale, a remarkable creature of the high seas, plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and species diversity of our oceans. These gentle giants are not just a part of the marine ecosystem; they are its guardians.Beluga whales contribute significantly to the health of the ocean. They help control the populations of smaller marine organisms, influencing the entire food chain. By doing so, they ensure the stability and equilibrium of the marine environment.However, the situation for beluga whales and other endangered whale species is alarmingly precarious. Take, for instance, the blue whale, whose numbers have dwindled dramatically due to excessive hunting and habitat degradation. The fin whale and sei whale also face similar threats, with their survival hanging in the balance.The endangerment of these whales is a stark reminder of the urgent need to protect beluga whales. Our actions and inactions have a direct impact on their existence. It is our responsibility to take measures to reduce pollution, enforce strict fishing regulations, and establish protected areasin the ocean.Let us not stand idly by as these magnificent creatures edge closer to extinction. We must act now to safeguard the beluga whale and preserve the beauty and diversity of our oceans for future generations.3The beluga whale, a magnificent creature of the ocean, is facing significant threats in its natural habitat. It is of utmost importance that we take immediate and effective measures to protect these wonderful animals.Firstly, the establishment of marine protected areas is crucial. These protected zones can provide a safe haven for beluga whales, allowing them to reproduce and thrive without the disturbance of human activities such as excessive fishing and shipping. For instance, areas like the Norwegian Sea could be designated as protected, where strict regulations are enforced to safeguard the whales.Secondly, limiting fishing is essential. Overfishing not only deprives beluga whales of their food sources but also poses a direct threat to their survival. By implementing strict fishing quotas and banning certain fishing methods that are harmful to the marine ecosystem, we can ensure the stability of the food chain and the well-being of beluga whales.Furthermore, reducing marine pollution is of paramount significance. Pollutants such as plastic waste, oil spills, and chemical runoff can have detrimental effects on the health of beluga whales. We need to enforcestricter environmental regulations and promote sustainable industrial practices to minimize the pollution entering our oceans.In conclusion, protecting beluga whales requires a collective effort from all of us. By taking these concrete steps, we can give these precious creatures a fighting chance to survive and continue to grace our oceans with their presence.4The baiji, a remarkable and endangered species of wild animal, has had a complex relationship with humanity. In the past, due to human's ignorance and greed, the baiji suffered from excessive hunting and fishing. Their population declined rapidly as a result of this relentless exploitation.However, in recent times, there has been a significant shift in our attitude towards these wonderful creatures. Scientists and conservationists have been working tirelessly to protect the remaining baiji. They conduct extensive research to understand their behavior, habitat requirements, and reproductive patterns. Through these studies, they have been able to develop effective conservation strategies.For instance, efforts have been made to establish protected areas in their natural habitats, where human activities are strictly regulated. Special monitoring systems have also been put in place to keep track of the baiji's population and health. Additionally, public awareness campaigns have been launched to educate people about the importance of protecting theserare animals.It is our responsibility to ensure that the baiji has a chance to thrive and recover. We must continue to support the efforts of researchers and conservationists, and do our part to protect the environment in which they live. Only by working together can we hope to safeguard the future of the baiji and other endangered species for generations to come.5The beluga whale, a remarkable creature in the animal kingdom, has always fascinated biologists and nature enthusiasts alike. From a biological perspective, its characteristics and evolutionary journey are truly captivating.Beluga whales possess unique genetic traits that set them apart from other marine species. Their genes have adapted to the harsh conditions of the ocean, allowing them to thrive in cold waters. For instance, they have a thick layer of blubber that not only insulates their bodies but also provides energy reserves during periods of food scarcity.Throughout the long process of evolution, beluga whales have undergone significant adaptations to their environment. Their streamlined bodies and flexible flippers enable them to maneuver effortlessly through the water, enhancing their hunting and survival skills. Moreover, their acute sense of hearing and echolocation abilities have evolved to detect prey and navigate in the vast and often murky underwater world.Another remarkable aspect of their evolution is their social behavior. Beluga whales live in groups, which provides protection and helps in sharing knowledge and skills among individuals. This social structure has likely contributed to their survival and success as a species.In conclusion, the beluga whale's biological characteristics and evolutionary adaptations are a testament to the wonders of nature's design and the remarkable ability of life to adapt and persist in an ever-changing world.。
海洋健康英语作文带翻译Title: Promoting Ocean Health: A Vital Imperative。
The health of our oceans is a matter of paramount importance, for it not only sustains marine life but also profoundly impacts the well-being of our planet as a whole. In this essay, we will delve into the various facets of ocean health and explore potential measures to safeguard and restore it.首先,让我们深入了解海洋的重要性。
海洋是地球上最大的生物圈,它们承载着丰富的生物多样性,提供了人类所需的食物、药物和其他重要资源。
此外,海洋还是调节气候的重要因素之一,通过吸收二氧化碳和释放氧气,对地球的气候起着至关重要的作用。
To begin with, let us delve into the significance of oceans. They constitute the largest biosphere on Earth, harboring rich biodiversity and providing essential resources such as food, medicines, and other vital commodities for human needs. Furthermore, oceans play acrucial role in climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, thus exerting a pivotal influence on the Earth's climate.然而,随着人类活动的增加,海洋生态系统正面临着严重的威胁。
中国青年在现代化进程中的角色英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Role of Chinese Youth in the Modernization ProcessAs a young Chinese student, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and responsibility when I think about the role we play in China's ongoing modernization process. Our nation has undergone tremendous changes over the past few decades, transforming from an agrarian society into a major global economic and technological powerhouse. This remarkable progress has been fueled by the unwavering determination and hard work of our people, and the youth of today have a crucial part to play in shaping the future.To begin with, it is important to understand the historical context that has brought us to this point. China's modernization journey has its roots in the late 19th century, when a series of reforms were initiated to address the nation's declining position in the world. However, it wasn't until the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the country truly embarked on a path of rapid industrialization andsocio-economic development. The subsequent decades witnessed remarkable achievements, such as the establishment of a robust industrial base, the improvement of infrastructure, and the eradication of widespread poverty.However, the modernization process has not been without its challenges. Environmental degradation, regional disparities, and social inequalities are just a few of the issues that China continues to grapple with. It is here that the role of Chinese youth becomes particularly significant. We are not only the beneficiaries of the progress made thus far but also the torchbearers who will shape the future trajectory of our nation.One of the most crucial roles that Chinese youth can play in the modernization process is to embrace and drive technological innovation. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things, is already transforming the way we live and work. As digital natives, we are uniquely positioned to harness the power of these technologies and develop solutions that can address some of the most pressing challenges facing our society.For instance, the application of AI and machine learning can help streamline manufacturing processes, leading to increasedefficiency and reduced waste. Likewise, the integration of big data analytics into various sectors, such as healthcare and urban planning, can lead to more informed decision-making and better resource allocation. It is up to us, the youth, to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to drive these technological advancements and ensure that China remains at the forefront of innovation.Furthermore, Chinese youth have a crucial role to play in fostering sustainable development. As our nation continues to industrialize and urbanize, the strain on our natural resources and the environment becomes increasingly apparent. It is imperative that we adopt a more eco-friendly approach to growth, one that balances economic progress with environmental protection. This means actively promoting renewable energy sources, implementing waste management strategies, and advocating for policies that prioritize sustainability.In addition to embracing technology and promoting sustainability, Chinese youth must also strive to uphold the values and principles that have guided our nation's development. These include a strong work ethic, a commitment to lifelong learning, and a deep sense of social responsibility. Byinternalizing these values, we can ensure that the modernization process is not only about economic growth but also about fostering a more equitable and harmonious society.Moreover, as China's global influence continues to grow, it is essential that we, the youth, develop a deeper understanding of other cultures and cultivate a spirit of openness and inclusivity. This cross-cultural competence will enable us to navigate the complexities of an increasingly interconnected world, forging stronger ties with other nations and contributing to the collective progress of humanity.Lastly, it is crucial to acknowledge that the modernization process is not without its social and cultural implications. As our society evolves, we must strike a balance between preserving our rich cultural heritage and embracing the changes brought about by modernity. It is our responsibility as the youth to celebrate and promote the diversity of our cultural traditions while simultaneously adapting to the realities of the modern world.In conclusion, the role of Chinese youth in the modernization process is multifaceted and profound. We are the driving force behind technological innovation, the champions of sustainable development, the upholders of core values, the bridge-builders to other cultures, and the custodians of ourcultural heritage. The future of our nation rests on our shoulders, and it is up to us to embrace this responsibility with courage, wisdom, and unwavering determination.As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, let us be guided by the words of President Xi Jinping, who has urged the youth to "have ideals, skills, and a sense of responsibility." By heeding this call, we can collectively contribute to the realization of the Chinese Dream – a dream of national rejuvenation, prosperity, and a more harmonious world.篇2The Role of Chinese Youth in the Modernization ProcessAs a student in China, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and responsibility when it comes to my country's rapid modernization. We are living in an era of unprecedented change, where China is transforming itself from an agrarian society into a global economic powerhouse. This remarkable transition has brought about immense opportunities as well as formidable challenges, and the youth of China are poised to play a pivotal role in navigating this complex process.Firstly, we must acknowledge the tremendous strides that China has made in recent decades. The country's economicreforms, initiated in the late 1970s, have lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty and propelled China onto the world stage as a major player. However, this economic progress has also given rise to numerous societal issues, such as environmental degradation, income inequality, and therural-urban divide.It is within this context that the youth of China must step forward and embrace the mantle of driving our nation's continued modernization. We are the inheritors of a rich cultural legacy, but we must also be the torchbearers of innovation and progress. Our generation has been blessed with unprecedented access to education, technology, and global connectivity, equipping us with the tools necessary to tackle the challenges that lie ahead.One of the most pressing issues that we must confront is the need for sustainable development. As China's industrialization has accelerated, the environmental toll has become increasingly apparent. Air pollution, water scarcity, and the depletion of natural resources are just a few of the many environmental challenges that we face. It is imperative that the youth of China embrace a mindset of eco-consciousness and actively seek outsolutions that balance economic growth with environmental protection.This could involve advocating for the adoption of renewable energy sources, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and encouraging a shift towards a circular economy that emphasizes resource efficiency and waste reduction. By harnessing the power of innovation and technological advancements, we can pave the way for a greener, more sustainable future for our nation.Additionally, the modernization process in China has brought about significant social and cultural transformations. The rapid urbanization and the influx of Western influences have challenged traditional values and norms, leading to a sense of identity crisis among some segments of society. As the youth of China, it is our responsibility to bridge this cultural divide and find a harmonious balance between preserving our rich heritage and embracing the inevitable changes that come with modernity.We must strive to be culturally aware and appreciative of our traditions, while also remaining open-minded and adaptable to the ever-evolving global landscape. By fostering cross-cultural understanding and promoting diversity and inclusivity, we cancreate a more cohesive and tolerant society that celebrates its diversity while maintaining its unique cultural identity.Furthermore, the youth of China have a crucial role to play in driving innovation and entrepreneurship. In a rapidly changing world, it is those who can think outside the box and embrace creativity and risk-taking who will ultimately shape the future. China has already made significant strides in fostering an environment conducive to innovation, with initiatives such as the establishment of numerous tech hubs and the promotion of entrepreneurship through favorable policies and incentives.However, true innovation requires more than just financial support and infrastructure; it requires a mindset that encourages curiosity, critical thinking, and a willingness to challenge the status quo. As the youth of China, we must cultivate these qualities within ourselves and within our communities, fostering an environment where new ideas can flourish and where failure is viewed not as a barrier, but as an opportunity for growth and learning.By embracing an entrepreneurial spirit and a drive for innovation, we can unlock the potential for game-changing technologies and solutions that could not only propel China'smodernization efforts but also contribute to the betterment of humanity as a whole.Moreover, the youth of China must also play an active role in shaping the country's political and social discourse. As we navigate the complexities of modernization, it is essential that we engage in open and constructive dialogue, voicing our concerns and aspirations while also remaining respectful of diverse perspectives.We must strive to be well-informed, critical thinkers who are capable of analyzing complex issues from multiple angles and proposing well-reasoned solutions. By actively participating in the democratic process and holding our leaders accountable, we can help ensure that the modernization efforts are truly inclusive and reflective of the needs and aspirations of all segments of society.Lastly, it is imperative that we, the youth of China, approach the modernization process with a global mindset. In an increasingly interconnected world, the challenges we face are not confined within our borders; they are global in nature and require collaborative, transnational efforts to address them effectively.From climate change to public health crises, from technological disruptions to economic instability, the issues we confront are intrinsically linked to the well-being of the global community. As such, we must cultivate a deep understanding and appreciation for diverse cultures and perspectives, seeking to build bridges of mutual understanding and cooperation.By embracing a spirit of global citizenship and actively engaging with international organizations and initiatives, we can contribute to the collective efforts towards creating a more sustainable, equitable, and peaceful world.In conclusion, the youth of China stand at a pivotal juncture in our nation's history. The modernization process has brought about immense opportunities and challenges, and it is our responsibility to navigate this complex landscape with wisdom, courage, and a commitment to progress.We must embrace sustainable development practices, foster cross-cultural understanding, drive innovation and entrepreneurship, engage in constructive political discourse, and adopt a global mindset. By doing so, we can not only shape the future of our nation but also contribute to the betterment of humanity as a whole.The road ahead is not without its obstacles, but with determination, creativity, and a deep sense of purpose, we can overcome these challenges and pave the way for a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable future for all. Let us embrace this moment in history and rise to the occasion, for it is our generation that will define the course of China's modernization and its impact on the world stage.篇3The Role of Chinese Youth in the Modernization ProcessAs a young student in China, I cannot help but feel a sense of awe and responsibility when it comes to my country's rapid modernization. China's transformation from an agrarian society to a global economic powerhouse within just a few decades is nothing short of remarkable. However, this unprecedented progress has not come without its challenges, and the youth of China play a pivotal role in navigating this complex journey.Firstly, it is crucial to understand the historical context that has shaped China's modernization efforts. For centuries, our nation was mired in poverty, plagued by wars, and largely isolated from the rest of the world. It was not until the late 20th century, under the visionary leadership of Deng Xiaoping, thatChina embarked on a path of economic reforms and Opening Up policies that catalyzed its meteoric rise.Today, we stand at a crossroads, where the successes of the past must be tempered with the realities of the present and the aspirations of the future. As the inheritors of this remarkable legacy, the youth of China bear the responsibility of ensuring that our nation's modernization continues in a sustainable, equitable, and innovative manner.One of the most significant roles that we, as young people, play in this process is that of embracing and driving technological advancements. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by the fusion of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology, is reshaping every aspect of human civilization. China has positioned itself at the forefront of this revolution, and it is our duty to become proficient in these emerging fields, fostering an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship.Furthermore, as the torchbearers of China's modernization, we must prioritize sustainable development. The pursuit of economic growth at the expense of the environment has proven to be a shortsighted and detrimental approach. It is our responsibility to champion eco-friendly practices, promoterenewable energy sources, and advocate for policies that strike a balance between industrial progress and environmental preservation.Another crucial aspect of our role lies in bridging therural-urban divide that has emerged as a byproduct of China's rapid development. While cities have flourished, many rural areas have been left behind, exacerbating income inequality and social tensions. As the youth of China, we must actively engage in initiatives that promote rural revitalization, improve access to education and healthcare, and create economic opportunities in these regions.Moreover, as global citizens, we must embrace cultural diversity and foster international cooperation. China's rise to prominence has been accompanied by increased scrutiny and skepticism from the international community. It is our duty to serve as ambassadors of our nation, promoting cross-cultural understanding, and dispelling misconceptions through open dialogue and constructive engagement.Underpinning all these roles is the necessity for us to uphold the values of integrity, resilience, and compassion. The modernization process is not merely about economic metrics or technological advancements; it is a profound journey ofself-discovery, where we must remain true to our cultural roots while adapting to the ever-changing global landscape.As I reflect on the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, I am reminded of the words of President Xi Jinping, who has urged the youth of China to "dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the。
写一篇全球化的短文英语作文英文回答:Globalization is an intricate and multifaceted phenomenon that has profoundly shaped the contemporary world. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and peoples, primarily driven by advancements in technology and transportation. Globalization encompasses various dimensions, including economic, political, cultural, and environmental.At its core, economic globalization involves the integration of markets across national borders. This process facilitates the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor, leading to increased trade and investment. The establishment of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has played a significant role in promoting economic globalization.Political globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of political systems and institutions. This includes the establishment of international organizations like the United Nations, which provides a platform for global cooperation and dialogue. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also contribute topolitical globalization by advocating for specific causesor interests on a global scale.Cultural globalization refers to the dissemination of ideas, values, and lifestyles across cultures. This process is often facilitated by mass media, social media, and travel. Globalization has led to increased awareness and appreciation of diverse cultures, while simultaneously fostering a sense of global interconnectedness.Environmental globalization refers to the global implications of environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and the depletion of natural resources. Climate change, in particular, is a transnational issue thatrequires cooperative global action to mitigate its impacts.Globalization has had a profound impact on the world.It has contributed to economic growth, technological advancements, and increased access to goods and services. However, it has also raised concerns about inequality, environmental degradation, and the loss of culturalidentity.To harness the benefits of globalization whilemitigating its potential negative impacts, it is crucial to adopt a balanced approach. This includes promoting fair trade, fostering sustainable development, and respecting cultural diversity. By embracing dialogue, cooperation, and responsible governance, we can navigate the complexities of globalization and create a more equitable and prosperous world.中文回答:全球化是一个复杂且多方面的现象,它深刻地塑造了当代世界。
考研英语作文范文10篇模板1. 电影类。
Nowadays, with the rapid development of the film industry, more and more people are attracted to the cinema. Some people believe that watching movies is a waste of time, while others argue that movies can broaden our horizons and enrich our lives. In my opinion, watching movies can be both entertaining and educational. On the one hand, movies provide us with a means of relaxation and escape from the pressures of daily life. On the other hand, movies can also be a powerful medium for conveying important messages and ideas. For example, many films address social issues such as poverty, discrimination, and environmental degradation. By watching such films, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and become more empathetic individuals. In conclusion, I believe that watching movies is a valuable and enjoyable pastime that can benefit us in many ways.2. 旅游类。
Degradation potential and diversity of oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay, ChinaWei Gao 1, 2†, Xiangxing Gao 2, 3†, Tiezhu Mi 4, 5, 6, Bin Han 2, Yiran Zhang 2, Xinzi Li 2, Xiaofei Yin 2,Chengjun Sun 2, Qian Li 2, Zhisong Cui 2, Xiao Luan 2, Zhigang Yu 5, 6, Li Zheng 2, 6*1 College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China2 Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061,China3 National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao 266237, China4 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China5 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China6 Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science andTechnology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, ChinaReceived 2 February 2018; accepted 22 March 2018© Chinese Society for Oceanography and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019AbstractA great deal of oil contaminated the shoreline by the Qingdao oil pipeline explosion in 2013. The four oil-degrading consortia were enriched from sediment samples with crude oil as sole carbon and energy sources. The biodiversity and community analysis showed that the Luteibacter , Parvibaculum and a genus belonging to Alcanivoracaceae were found predominant bacteria in the four consortia, which belonged to Proteobacteria . Nine strains exhibiting distinct 16S rRNA gene sequences were isolated from the consortia. These strains were identified to eight genera based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Five of the nine strains degraded more than 30% of the crude oil in two weeks by gravimetric method. From the analysis of GC-MS, most of the isolated strains tended to degrade n-alkanes rather than PAHs. Five strains showed high degrading ability of the total n-alkanes. Only Strain D2 showed great PAHs degrading ability and the degrading rates ranged from 34.9% to 77.5%. The sequencing analysis of the oil-degrading consortia confirmed that the genus of Alcanivorax was one of the dominant bacteria in Consortia A and E and Strain E4 might be one of the dominant bacteria. The strains obtained in this study demonstrated the potential for oil bioremediation in oil-contaminated beach ecosystems.Key words: oil spill, biodegradation, microbial consortium, dominant bacteriaCitation: Gao Wei, Gao Xiangxing, Mi Tiezhu, Han Bin, Zhang Yiran, Li Xinzi, Yin Xiaofei, Sun Chengjun, Li Qian, Cui Zhisong, Luan Xiao,Yu Zhigang, Zheng Li. 2019. Degradation potential and diversity of oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay,China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(6): 54–64, doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1353-21 IntroductionMillions of liters of petroleum hydrocarbons from both natur-al and anthropogenic sources contaminated the marine environ-ment annually (Hassanshahian et al., 2012). Bioremediation technologies to degrade these pollutants had long been investig-ated in laboratory and in field studies (Mortazavi et al., 2013; Cai et al., 2013). However, new knowledge on the microbial physiolo-gical activities was required to improve the degradation effi-ciency in practice (Samanta et al., 2002). The key step to enhance the efficiency was to eliminate the adverse effects of the biotic and abiotic factors on the functional communities. It was gener-ally acknowledged that the abundant bacteria were the best ad-apting to the environment. So screening the predominant mi-croorganisms with high degrading rate should be a sound ap-proach. To screen the dominant bacteria, the abundance of each bacterium should be exhibited firstly and high-throughput se-quencing analysis provided an efficient way to get the abund-ance information. Combining the sequencing analysis and isola-tion of bacteria would give a sight to understand the abundanceof each isolate. The dominant bacteria would be more efficiently screened based on the abundance information.Changes in composition and abundance of oil lead the rapid succession on the associated bacterial community (Mason et al.,2014). The bacteria would be totally different between the fresh and weathered oil. Most of the studies used oil samples collected after more than 10 d after oil-spill, and in this circumstance the oil composition varies significantly due to weathering effect (Fin-gas, 2012; Kleindienst et al., 2015). The consortia in these samples would change to adapt to the altered conditions. The dominant strains were more suitable for the biodegradation ofFoundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41406127 and 41476103; the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No. 2015T05; the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Funded Project under contract No. U1406403; the Marine Science and Technology Project of Huangdao District under contract No. 2014-4-20; the 2012 Taishan Scholar Award and China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund East Asia Marine Cooperation Platform.*Corresponding author, E-mail: zhengli@ †These authors contributed equally to this work.Acta Oceanol. Sin., 2019, Vol. 38, No. 6, P. 54–64https:///10.1007/s13131-019-1353-2 E-mail: hyxbe@weathered oil, but not for the quick response of oil-spill. This may be one reason for the low efficiency of bioremediation in large scaled application. The Qingdao blowout on November 22, 2013 (known as “11.22”) resulted in an intermittent spill of an es-timated 2 000 metric tons of crude oil on the seashore. Our team collected the sediment samples polluted with fresh oil. We wanted to study whether there were differences in oil-degrading bacteria isolation between these samples and the weathered oil polluted samples. And then we expected to isolate the dominant strains with the high oil-degrading ability under the direction of high through sequencing analysis. All the strains we screened would be useful for directing the cleanup in oil-contaminated beach ecosystems.2 Materials and methods2.1 Sites and sampling protocolAfter the “11.22” explosion in Qingdao on November 22, 2013, the neighboring seashore was contaminated by heavy crude oil. Within the following week, we collected sediments from four sites (Sites A, B, C, D and E) along the oil-polluted seashore (Fig. A1). The consortium from Site A (Site C, Site D and Site E) which showed high degrading performance was defined as Consortium A (C, D and E), specifically shown in Table A1. Samples were col-lected using sterilized, site-specific sampling shovels. Excavated samples were wrapped in aluminum foil, immediately transpor-ted to the lab on ice and kept at 4°C before further processing. Each site consisted of sandy sediment with an oil content of 0.92–1.40 g per 100 g of sediment (Table A1).2.2 Isolation of the oil-degrading bacteriaA total of 2 g contaminated sediment was added to 100 mL ONR7a medium with 1% (w/v) crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source (Dyksterhouse et al., 1995). The medium was auto-claved in 121°C for 15 min. After incubation for two weeks under aerobic conditions at 25°C, cultures that showed visible degrad-ing changes to the oil were transferred as a 2% inoculum to fresh medium as above, and cultivated under the same conditions. This consortium enrichment was repeated three times to obtain a stable bacterial consortium. A culture without added sediment was used as a negative control. The consortia that caused most visible degradation of the oil from Sites A, C, D and E were defined as Consortia A, C, D and E respectively.Then the culture (100 μL) was serially diluted and plated on M8 agar plates (Cui et al., 2008) and incubated at 25°C for 5 d. Bacterial strains displaying different morphologies were streaked on fresh M8 plates for purification. The consortia and all isolates were stored in 20% of glycerol in cryogenic vial at –80°C.2.3 DNA extraction and Illumina MiSeq sequencingDNA was extracted from cell biomass pelleted from 10 mL of the final cultures through centrifugation at 9 660 g for 10 min. Total genomic DNA was extracted following the method de-scribed by Rochelle (Rochelle, 2001). The V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified by PCR (95°C for 2 min, fol-lowed by 25 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s and a final extension stage at 72°C for 10 min) using primers 338F and 806R. All PCR reactions were performed in triplicate with a reaction volume of 20 μL (4 μL of 5× FastPfu buffer, 2 μL of 2.5 mmol/L dNTPs, 0.8 μL of each primer (5 μmol/L), 0.4 μL of FastPfu Poly-merase, and 10 ng of template) on an ABI GeneAmp® 9700 thermal cycler. Products were run on 2% agarose gels, from which amplicons were extracted, purified using the AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences, Union City, CA, US) ac-cording to the manufacturer’s instructions, and quantified using QuantiFluor TM-ST (Promega, US). Purified amplicons were pooled in equimolar mixtures and paired-end sequenced (2×250 bp) on an Illumina MiSeq platform according to standard protocols.2.4 Bacterial community analysisRaw fastq files were demultiplexed, quality-filtered using QIIME (version 1.17) with the following criteria: (1) The 300 bp reads were truncated at any site with an average quality score <20 over a 50 bp sliding window, discarding any reads with less than 50 bp remaining; (2) exact barcode matching, two nucleotide mismatch in primer matching, reads containing ambiguous characters were removed; (3) only sequences that overlapped by more than 10 bp were assembled according to their overlap se-quence, and reads that could not be assembled were discarded.Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered with a 97% similarity cutoff using UPARSE (Version 7.1 / uparse/), chimeric sequences were identified and removed us-ing UCHIME. Each 16S rRNA gene sequence was taxonomically classified against the SILVA (SSU115) 16S rRNA database using the RDP Classifier (/) with a confidence threshold of 70% (Amato et al., 2013). All the sequences data were submitted to the Genebank and the Bioproject accession numbers were PRJNA399603. The alpha-diversity indices (ACE, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson) were analyzed with Mothurv (version 1.30.1) at a 97% similarity level (Schloss et al., 2011).2.5 Identification and phylogenetic analysisPurified strains were cultured in M8 medium at 25°C for 3 d (cell concentration at OD600: 1.0–1.2). Genomic DNA was extrac-ted and 16S rRNA amplified as above from pellets obtained by centrifugation at 9 660 g for 5 min, except for the primer set re-placed by 16SR and 16SF (Cui et al., 2008). The amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments were sequenced using the ABI 3730xl se-quencing system by TsingKe Biological Technology (Qingdao). Sequences were aligned using BLAST and used to construct the phylogenetic tree according to the methods described by Shao et al. (2010). The dominant Strain E4 isolated was deposited in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center with the number CGMCC 1.16160.2.6 The characterization of Thioclava isolatesThe six strains belonged to genus Thioclava were discrimin-ated by the house keep gene and multilocus sequence analysis. PCR amplification of gyrB, rpoD, recA, trpB, and dnaK gene were performed using the primers as described previously (Lai et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2017). The PCR products were sequenced with the ABI 3730xl sequencing system by TsingKe Biological Techno-logy (Qingdao). All sequences were submitted to GenBank data-base. The accession numbers were assigned and listed in Table A2. The type strain Rhodovulum sulfidophilum DSM 1374T was chosen as an outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis. The multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) was followed the study of Liu et al. (2017). Phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbor-join-ing method based on MLSA sequences with MEGA software (Ver-sion 7.0.26). Bootstrapping analysis was carried out with 1 000 replicated. And the similarities of different genes were calculated by the DNAMAN software (Version 6.0.3).2.7 Degradation rate and analysis of characteristicsNext, the rates at which the bacterial consortia and isolated strains degraded crude oil were quantified. All four consortia and9 of the 15 isolated strains with distinct 16S rRNA gene sequence were tested. Of each enriched consortium or isolate, 1 mL was transferred to 100 mL of sterilized ONR7a medium containing 1%(w/v) crude oil (1% inoculum volume) in three replicates, and in-cubated at 25°C on a rotator shaker for two weeks. After this peri-od of biodegradation, the total residual hydrocarbons and their derivatives were extracted from the control (medium without any inoculum) and the degraded medium using 50 mL of dichloro-methane.The rate at which oil was degraded was calculated using the residual weight of oil, determined by gravimetric analysis as de-scribed by Zheng et al. (2012). Degrading rates (A ) were obtained using the formula:A =[(m 0¡m 1)¥m 0]£100%;where m 0 is the residual weight of the control and m 1 is the resid-ual weight of the sample after degradation.More specifically, the total utilization of alkanes and polycyc-lic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. One mil-liliter of the residual organic phase was dehydrated in a column with 2 g of anhydrous Na 2SO 4 and filtered with a 0.22 μm nylon membrane (JINTENG, Tianjin, China). After evaporation under a stream of nitrogen, the residue was re-dissolved in chromato-graphy-grade n-hexane. N-Tetracosane-D50 and P-Terphenyl-D14 were set as internal standards (10 μg/mL each). The samples were then analyzed using a 6890A gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies) in an HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m long×250 μm internal diameter, 0.22 μm thickness) and a 5 973 mass spectro-meter equipped with a quadrupole axis detector. Hydrocarbonswere quantified following the protocols described by Zheng et al.(2012) and degradation rates calculated as a percentage relative to each hydrocarbon’s concentration in the control.The utilization of alkanes and PAHs as a sole carbon and en-ergy source was determined. One of the following compounds was contained in the culture. The compounds were Hexadecane,Dotriacontane, Napthalene, Dibenzothiopene, Fluorene, Phen-anthrene, and Pyrene. The bacteria were centrifugated, washed and resuspended in ONR7a medium. The culture, containing 0.3% (w/v) alkane and PAH respectively, was inoculated by 2%(v/v) bacterial suspension and incubated on a rotary shaker at 25°C for 7 d. The medium without innoculation was served as control. All the experiments were performed in triplicate. The growth was obtained by measurement of the optical density at 600 nm. The utilization of carbon sources was measured by the increase of the bacteria (Balachandran et al., 2012).3 Results3.1 Structure of oil-degrading microbial consortiaBacterial consortia that visibly degraded oil yielded a total of 55 548 effective reads with a length of 427–440 bp (Table 1). Se-quence coverage was 99.9%, indicating that the sequencing depth captured the composition of the prokaryotic consortia well. The RDP classifier gave a total of 262 OTUs, with Consorti-um A containing 86 OTUs and Consortia C, D, and E less than 70OTUs each (Table 1). Moreover, community richness was consid-erably higher in Consortium A than in the other consortia, while biodiversity was highest in Consortium D (Table 1). Consortia A,C and E showed similar levels of biodiversity (Simpson index 0.23–0.28, Table 1).The bacterial community composition was analyzed at differ-ent taxonomic levels (Figs 1 and 2). Across all the consortia, eight phyla were identified, with Proteobacteria the most abundant phylum in all the samples (98% in Consortium A, 90% in Consor-tium C, 98% in Consortium D and 95% in Consortium E; Fig. 1).Consortia C and E showed a broadly different structure to Con-sortia A and D. Bacteroidetes was the second most abundant phylum, at a similar abundance in both Consortia C (4.3%) and E (4.7%), while Actinobacteria represented 5.4% of Consortium C but only 0.6% in Consortium E (Fig. 1).At a lower taxonomic level, 80 genera were identified (Fig. 2).The different sites again showed substantial differences in com-munity structure. A genus belonging to Alcanivoracaceae (Al-canivoracaceae -norank in Fig. 2) was the main genus in Consor-tia A and E, reaching up to 45.1% and 40.7%. The other dominant taxa (>10%) were totally different in the four consortia (Fig. 2). In Consortium A, Thalassospira accounted for 23.3% of the reads,while in Consortium E, Defluviimonas (17.2%), other genus be-longing to Rhodobacteraceae (14.2%), and Parvibaculum (11.5%)Table 1. OTU richness and diversity indexes of culturable oil-degrading consortia with similarity level of 97%Sample IDReads OTU Ace Chao Coverage Shannon Simpson A17 3598692980.999 2.120.26(88, 106)(89, 140)(2.09, 2.14)(0.26, 0.27)C 9 2696976730.999 2.060.28(71, 93)(70, 88)(2.02, 2.09)(0.27, 0.29)D 13 2155362760.999 2.280.16(56, 83)(58, 150)(2.26, 2.3)(0.16, 0.16)E15 7055461(56, 76)60(55, 81)0.9991.86(1.85, 1.88)0.23(0.23, 0.24)Fig. 1. The community structure of the bacterial consortia at the phylum level.were the most abundant genera after Alcanivoracaceae -norank.In contrast, in Consortium C the dominant genus was Luteibac-ter (51%), which contributed <1.1% to other consortia. Consorti-um D showed a richer structure, with 71.5% of reads consisting of three main genera (Parvibaculum 34%, genus belonging to Eryth-robacteraceae 18.9%, genus belonging to Rhodobacteraceae 18.6%; Fig. 2).3.2 Identification of oil-degrading bacteriaA total of 15 strains (8 genera in Proteobacteria ) were isolated and identified (Table 2, Fig. 3). All the strains belonged to the phylum of Proteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria accounted for 80% of the 15 strains. One strain, C3, may be a novel strain due toits relatively low similarity (98.37%) with the type strain (Thioclava pacifica DSM 10166T ) (Stackebrandt and Ebers, 2006). All the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the 15 strains were submitted to the Na-tional Center for Biotechnology Information (GenBank acces-sion numbers in Table 2).The strains belonging to genus Thioclava showed high simil-arity in 16S rRNA gene sequence. In order to discriminate the six strains, five house-keeping genes were used for the phylogenetic analysis. In comparison with 16S rRNA gene tree, the phylogenet-ic trees of Strains C3, C4, and C5 showed deep branches on the basis of the house-keeping genes (Fig. 4). The other three strains (D3, D4 and E5) were cluster to the same clade with high similar-ities. Then the five house-keeping genes were concatenated forTable 2. Matches of sequences from isolated bacterial strains compared against the GenBank databaseStrain No.Accession No.Type strain (accession No.)Similarity/%Affiliation A4KT715762Marinobacter adhaerens HP15T (CP001978)99.87GammaproteobacteriaA3KT715761Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM T (AALY01000002)99.87AlphaproteobacteriaA5KT715763Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM T (AALY01000002)99.86Alphaproteobacteria C1KT715765Labrenzia alba CECT 5094T (AJ878875)99.74AlphaproteobacteriaC2KT715766Thalassospira mesophila MBE#74T (AB786711)99.87AlphaproteobacteriaC3KT715767Thioclava pacifica DSM 10166T (AUND01000024)98.37Alphaproteobacteria C4KT715768Thioclava pacifica DSM 10166T (AUND01000024)98.25AlphaproteobacteriaC5KT722757Thioclava pacifica DSM 10166T (AUND01000024)98.13AlphaproteobacteriaD2KT722759Celeribacter baekdonensis L-6T (HM997022)100AlphaproteobacteriaD3KT722760Thioclava dalianensis DLFJ1-1T (JHEH01000075)99.74AlphaproteobacteriaD4KT722761Thioclava dalianensis DLFJ1-1T (JHEH01000075)99.74Alphaproteobacteria E1KT722762Catenococcus thiocycli DSM 9165T (HE582778)100GammaproteobacteriaE2KT722763Celeribacter baekdonensis L-6T (HM997022)99.87AlphaproteobacteriaE4KT722765Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2T (AM286690)100Gammaproteobacteria E5KT722766Thioclava dalianensis DLFJ1-1T (JHEH01000075)99.74AlphaproteobacteriaNote: A n (C n , D n , E n ) represents the screened nst isolate from the A (C, D, E) oil-degrading consortium solution processed by crude oil as the sole source.Fig. 2. Biodiversity and community structure of the bacterial consortia at the genus level.the MLSA analysis. The topology of the MLSA tree was similar to most of the single house-keeping gene trees (Fig. A2).The MLSA similarities ranged from 86.9% to 100%, with a mean value of 94.0%. The similarities of Strains C3, C4 and C5 ranged from 97.1%–97.3%, which were less than or equal to the soft spe-cies threshold (Liu et al., 2017). Strains D3, D4 and E5 were the same species and Strains C3, C4 and C5 would be different spe-cies belonging to genus Thioclava .3.3 Oil degradation rates of the bacterial consortia and isolates An oil-degrading test was performed within two weeks with the crude oil as the sole carbon resource. All the four consortia apparently showed good degrading ability, like emulsifying and turning brown, with no floating oil visible on the medium sur-face. The degradation rate was evaluated by gravity method (Fig. 5a ).Consortia A and C both showed degradation rates of around 20%(24% and 22%, respectively) while Consortia D and E both showed similar higher rates around 40% (49% and 46%, respect-ively; Fig. 5a ).Furthermore, nine of the isolates with different 16S rRNA gene sequences were selected for degradation analysis. The de-grading rates of the isolates varied widely (Fig. 5b ). Three strains exhibited low degrading abilities (<15%), which were lower than those of the consortia in which they were found. The other six strains showed degradation rates of 25.8%–40.3%. Strain C3showed the highest degradation rate (40.3%) among all screened bacteria.3.4 Degradation of different oil componentsSimilar to the results of gravimetric method, the degradationD4E5D389100819910099Thioclava dalianensis DLFJ1-1T (JHEH01000075)C3C4C5100Thioclava pacifica DSM 10166T (AUND01000024)76100A3A5Roseovarius mubinhibens ISM T (AALY01000002)100D2E2100Celeribacter baekdonensis L-6T (HM997022)100C1Labrenzia alba CECT 5094T (AJ878875)100C2Thalassospira mesophila MBE#74T(AB786711)100Catenococcus thiocycli DSM 9165T (HE582778)E1100Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2T(AM286690)E4100680.020100A4Marinobacter adhaerens HP15T (CP001978)Fig. 3. Phylogeny of the isolated oil-degrading strains, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. A, C, D and E denote the community from which the strains were isolated.Fig. 4. Phylogeny of the isolated oil-degrading strains based on the five concatenated housekeeping genes sequences.rates of four strains (A3, A4, C1 and C2) were below 40% on al-kanes (two weeks at 25°C; Fig. 6). The other five strains present much higher degrading ability. The degrading rates were very close to each other, ranging from 50.1% to 63.0%. Strain D2showed the highest degrading ability. Most strains did not differ from each other in degradation of short-chain (<C15) alkanes.Strains A3, A4, C1 and C2 showed much lower degrading ability in different n-alkanes. Strains C3, D2, D4, E1 and E4 whichshowed good degrading ability in total alkanes were mainly de-grading the 15–29 carbon atom alkanes (Table A3). Strain C3 ex-hibited broader degradation ability, affecting chain lengths from C15 to C39. The utilization rate of the alkane from C15 to C29 (ex-cept C16) ranged from 51.7% to 82.3%, and the degrading rate of C15 was especially higher than 80%. The middle-chain (C15 to C25 except C16, higher than 60%) alkane utilization of Strain D2was higher than Strain C3.The isolated strains showed much lower degrading abilities to degrade PAHs than the n-alkanes. Most of the bacteria show very low ability in PAHs degradation, with only Strain D2 showing a PAHs degrading rate above 40% (Fig. 6). Most strains were markedly less able to degrade PAHs than n-alkanes, especially Strains D4 and E4, which degraded less than 30% of the PAHs (Table A4). Strain D2 degraded the broadest range of PAHs, af-fecting all compounds examined (22 PAH compounds, two- to four-ring PAHs), with degrading rates of 34.9%–77.5%.The degrading potential of the nine isolates was determined with seven types of carbon source (Table A5). Hexadecane and Dotriacontane represent middle chain and long chain alkanes,respectively. The other five carbon sources represent the PAHs with different rings. Strains A4 and E4 were found to have the ability to degrade Hexadecane and Dotriacontane. Strain D2 was able to utilize a variety of carbon sources and all the seven types of carbon source could be degraded.4 DiscussionIn this study, we examined the bacterial characteristics of de-gradation in recently-spilled oil. The age of an oil spill likely played an important role in defining the bacterial diversity. In-deed, isolation of different strains has been shown to depend on succession within the sampled bacterial community (Atlas et al.,2015; Dubinsky et al., 2013; Mishamandani et al., 2016). Until now, most samples of bacterial communities associated with oil spills had been obtained at least 10 d after the spill (Kostka et al.,2011; Ruberto et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2014). Functional con-sortia, with the potential to be utilized in bioremediation of oil spills, would exhibit substantial successional changes within this period (Dubinsky et al., 2013). Thus, strains of Alcanivorax,Marinobacter , Pseudomonas , Roseovarius , Thalassospira ,Thioclava , etc. had been studied the ability of oil-degradation (Bacosa et al., 2015; Chronopoulou et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2014). Here, we collected oil-contaminated sedi-ments 7 d after the oil-spill. Accordingly, we found several differ-aACDEConsortiumA3A4C1C2C3D2D4E1E4StrainFig. 5. The oil degradation rates of the enriched consortia (a) and the isolated strains (b). A, C, D and E denote the community from which the strains were isolated.a StrainA3A4C1C2C3D2D4E4E1StrainA3A4C1C2C3D2D4E4E1Fig. 6. Percentage of biodegradation of total alkanes (a) and PAHs (b) degraded by isolated bacterial strains generated by GC/MS. A,C, D and E denote the community from which the strains were isolated.ences, including isolating the potentially novel strain Thioclava sp. C3. The strain belonging to Catenococcus was found to be the first time as an oil-degrading bacteria. Whereas previously isol-ated strains showed a good ability to degrade both alkanes and PAHs (Gao et al., 2015), most strains isolated here (except D2) degraded alkanes well, but not PAHs. This suggested that alkane-degrading bacteria, particularly obligate alkane degraders, were most easily isolated from freshly oil-polluted samples.Bioaugmentation contributed importantly to the biodegrada-tion of hydrocarbon contaminants in oil polluted environment (Ruberto et al., 2003; Simons et al., 2013). To improve the biode-grading efficiency, studies of suitable oil-degrading strains fo-cused on isolating bacteria that showed high degradation effi-ciency. However, this approach ignored the potential of environ-mental factors in limiting degrading efficiency (Boopathy, 2000). The dominant bacteria were least limited to the environment. The predominant microorganisms with high oil-degrading abil-ity would exhibit their ecological functions (Hazen et al., 2016). Using both high-throughput sequencing and 16S rRNA se-quences from isolated strains, we found that Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial phylum, in keeping with many previous studies (Hassanshahian et al., 2012; Hazen et al., 2010; King et al., 2015). Genus belonging to Alcanivoracaceae was a dominant genus at two of four sampling sites. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Strain E4 was aligned with the representative OUT sequence of the dominant consortia. It showed a 99.56% similarity between the two sequences (Fig. A3). This means that Strain E4 was one of the most dominant strains in Consortium E. This research con-firmed that the dominant strains could be discovered by the dir-ection of the consortia structural analysis. This isolation method would provide time-saving way to screen dominant bacteria with high oil-degrading ability. Hence, Strain E4 might be more useful in field applications. This hypothesis could productively be in-vestigated in future research.5 ConclusionsThe current study investigated the enriched oil-degrading consortia via high-throughput sequencing, and the isolation pro-cedure was also performed in the same enrichment. We found that the obligate alkane degraders were most easily isolated from freshly oil-polluted samples. Strain C3 would be a novel strain ac-cording to the low similarity to the type strain (98.37%). Alcani-vorax borkumensis SK2 was one of the dominant taxon in Con-sortium E. Under the direction of the sequencing analysis, Strain E4 should be the dominant strain with high oil-degrading ability. Strain E4 was deposited in China General Microbiological Cul-ture Collection Center with the number CGMCC 1.16160. ReferencesAmato K R, Yeoman C J, Kent A, et al. 2013. Habitat degradation im-pacts black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) gastrointestinal microbiomes. 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