Collective behavior in information communication and management

教育的重要性英语作文6篇一直以来，我们强调着“科教兴国”，百年大计，教育为本。

当然，教育不是一句空号。

那么，你是如何理解教育及教育的重要性呢？四级：论教育的重要性一直以来，我们强调着“科教兴国”，百年大计，教育为本。

当然，教育不是一句空号。

那么，你是如何理解教育及教育的重要性呢？作文题目：论教育的重要性：Importance of EducationChina, as a developing country, is determined to catch up with and even surpass the developed ones. I think that one of the best possible ways to do so is to give first priority(优先)to the development of culture, science and especially education.In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is of primary importance. Moreover, many of the suess in advanced countries have demonstrated that a nation 's prosperity mainly depends on the quality of its labour force, namely those who have been well educated.In a developing country such as China, our investment in culture, education and science, and especially elementary education, must enjoy top priority. This is crucial(决定性的)for China to catch up with the developed nations in today's surging(汹涌的) waves of technological revolution. Otherwise, the gap between China and advanced countries will be widened rather than bridged.The importance of family educationFamily education generally refers to the process of parents and their adult family education of the minor child. Their educational goals should be: before children enter socially aeptable collective education (kindergarten, school education)to ensure that children develop physical and mental health, to aept kindergarten, school education lay the foundation. In children park, into the school, with kindergartens, schools make it moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, labor-round development aspects.(A) family of early sex educationThe family is the cradle of the lives of children, their education after the birth of the first place, that the first class of life; parents are the child's first teacher, that teacher of enlightenment. Therefore, parents of children with the best education facilities early sexual.(B) the continuity of family educationThe second feature is the family education continuity. After the child is born, from small to large, almost 2/3 of the time living in families, day and night, are aepted with parental education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously being carried out, no matter what way, at what time education, arethe parents in their own words and deeds affect the education of children anywhere . Such education for children living habits, moral character, conversation and behavior so constantly giving impact and demonstrate its subtle effect is quite large, along with a person's life can be said to live to old to learn, so some Parent educator again called lifelong teachers.(C) The family education authorityFamily education is the authoritative parents and elders in their children embodied the power and might. The existence of family, kinship established between parents and children, dependency relationships, emotional relationships, children in terms of moral and material needs of life for parents and elders have a great dependence, consistency fundamental interests of family members, have decided Every parent their children have a greater role in the constraints. Parental education and obedience easily aepted by children, parents and rational use of this feature, the children form good character and behavior are very helpful.(D) Family Education infectiousNatural and intimate, so that parents emotions kinship and relationship between parents and children on the child have a strong role in infection. Children of parents demeanor often hint to love through affection. When processing ours around the people and things around relationships and problems, the attitude of the parents of the children held easily resonate.In short, the importance of family education of parents as to fully and consciously make the child's education, parental responsibility and obligation to do good for the country and qualified construction professionals.College Entrance Examination in China Is Necessary Part Ι : OutlineⅠ.Introduction.Ⅱ.Body: Point and Support2.1 The difficult preparatory stage is good for young examinees2.1.1 Cultivate interest2.1.2 Have a good habit2.1.3 Stretch brain and mind2.2 The important result for school and family2.2.1 Check out teaching level2.2.2 Improve school’s education system2.2.3 Give hope to a family2.3 The influence to society2.3.1 Make the society more equitable2.3.2 Keep order of the society environmentⅢ. Conclusion3.1 The college entrance examination is necessary3.2 Good wishPart Ⅱ : PassageIn recent years , The top leadership of reform the national education examination and eollment system . At the same time , whether college ，college entrance examination in China is necessary . young examinees . As we all know , in orderthe hard study tasks . Secondly , this hard process is also beneficial for the large amount of the subjects . So that it is really a great method to practice their thinking ability . Furthermore , the pressures from parents , teachers and classmates can also examination benefits the youths growth .Besides , students , the result of college entrance examination is by the school and family . From the final result ,in a way , the teachers check out their teaching level and learn to improve their own ability . Teachers’to their aptitude and full playing students’ talent . In addition , the figure of college entrance examination results shows a high school’quality and efficiency will improve constantly through learning from the lessons of past . On the other hand , the family can get some information of their children by the results , so that they know well what will happen to their children in the future . Noentrance examination in China is the fairest and most reasonable method Especially for the large number of families which are poor and without any powerful background in China , the college entrance examination make the societyAll in all ,it is unexceptionable that the college entrance examination in China is necessary in this current time and many years in the future . Though there are still many problems , all we can see is that the government in China is that college entrance examination in China will be better and better and bee more necessary in the future .内容仅供参考。

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual andcollective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, ______ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be ______ within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3.As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories ofcomputer technology and consumer electronics firms are ______ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4.The degree in which a man ______ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of ahigh-skilled, high-waged economy by ______ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6.No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions theresulting environmental deterioration is going to make life ______ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7.Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such aspay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels ______ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8.Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of highseismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to ______ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9.By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and ______rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10.While more and more women are ______ roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11.The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, andyouth violence ______, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from onlinepirates but also ensures that the quality for ______ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. malicious恶意的故意的D. legitimate13.There is relatively little ______ of opinion and scholarship about whether generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14.Young people‟s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a ______ onthe sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15.Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer theirown work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their ______ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16.No gene ration is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today‟s youngpeople—“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n ______ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的B. emergentC. hostileD. rural17.Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primaryarena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the ______ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important ______ increasing disparities intechnology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of thegifted and talented, offers ______ which can sometimes cut right across anyone‟s cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objections20.Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon ______ smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, you‟ll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a __21__. Unless you‟re in senior management, you may be limited __22__ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortuna tely, these aren‟t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or __23__ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often __24__ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees willunderstand that wage increases do have their limits, __25__ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the __26__ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance __27__. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. __28__ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who __29__ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more __30__ to stay in a job when they agree with the company‟s goals and values.Another major __31__ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show __32__ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for __ 33__ in their work, having a variety of tasks to __34__, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to __35__ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21. A. blessing B. handicapC. challengeD. failure22 A. in favor of B. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23. A. necessarily B. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24. A. to rank B. being ranked25. C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26. A. top B. bottomC. lowD. peak27. A. driving B. driven28. C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless ofD. For the sake of29. A. specialize in B. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30. A. subject B. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31. A. advantage B. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32. A. that B. howC. whenD. whether33 A. authorship B. automationC. autonomyD. authority34. A. adopt B. undergoC. performD. supply35. A. depart fromC. interfere in B. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don‟t admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It‟s yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here‟s your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won‟t make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don‟t objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn‟t make us happy:It‟s relative income that‟s important. As I‟ve noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don‟t mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we‟re earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we‟re likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don‟t make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People‟s desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There‟s even evidence that materialism make us lesshappy.People don‟t shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of …the focusing illusion‟. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with people‟s everyday experience. Surely if money doesn‟t lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the …focusing illusion‟ we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn‟t. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A.Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness.B.Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C.More money does not necessarily make people happy.D.Money counts most in people‟s feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A.The scientific findings fail to explain people‟s obsession with pursuing money andhappiness.B.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave forearning more.C.Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance ofmoney.D.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens people‟sdesire to make money.38. According to the passage, people _____.A.care a lot about their actual level of incomeB.are convinced that people around them earn higher incomepare their income with that of higher earnersD.feel contented when they earn more than others39. Material goods don‟t make us happy because _____.A.we need something permanent to feel happyB.we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC.people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD.the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A.Because money and wealth gratify people‟s vanity.B.Because money is the only way to measure people‟s achievement.C.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D.Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the world‟s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and don‟ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in whic h employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for.“Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company‟s culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer‟s culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence(默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company‟s mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% inself-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas are readily adopted by my company”. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A. a method of generating electricityB.an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C.The study shows that big firms haven‟t yet built a more caring culture as they say.D.The survey by the Boston Research Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance”?A.Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B.The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C.Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D.Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance companyis ____.A.the adoption of good ideasB.the occurrence of unethical behaviorC.the cases of blowing the whistleD.the level of productivity45. The main purpose of this passage is to show _____.A.employers and employees usually don‟t feel the same about the corporate cultureB.employers should trust and respect their employeesC.self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companiesD.there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-based culturePassage 3“To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul,” Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends”; Second Life mimics real-life places with its homes, offices, and restaurants. What is different about mobile playgrounds is that mobile devices force real life and virtual life (and real places and virtual places) to try to coexist in a way they never have before.We want to see this as a good, enabling thing — I can fire off that e-mail to the office and then get back to relaxing on my vacation! — but it is instructive to go to a playground today: even on a weekend, you will see parents engrossed in their iPhones and BlackBerrys while their children make increasingly loud bids for their attention. The November 2, 2009 cover of The New Yorker sadly and beautifully satirized this trend: it shows an illustration of children out trick-or-treating, basked in the glow of houselights, while their parents bask in the glow of the smart-phones in which they are rapt(全神贯注的). Even our leisure time, it seems, has been colonized by our need to stay connected —and it is a constant struggle to set limits on our engagement with the virtual world so that we can attend to the real one in front of us.And when we decide to leave home entirely, we find it difficult to leave the demands of work behind. Consider the cruise ship industry: every year, more than three million people board a Carnival Cruise ship to take a vacation. They spend a great deal of time eating — and gambling — and then eating some more. The perpetual buffets that have long been a staple of the cruise ship lifestyle cater to one kind of hunger; Carnival now caters to another —one that seems counterintuitive in vacationers eager to get away from it all: staying connected. With their twenty-four-hour Internet cafés, onboard WiFi, and an advertising campaign that features bikini-clad patrons lounging on deck chairs with laptop computers, Carnival Cruise Lines has enthusiastically responded to the demands of patrons who seek an ideal of maritime escape but still want to check their e-mail several times a day.This, too, is the strange new world of leisure: never disconnected, and never really free from the demands of daily life. Notwithstanding all the talk of mobility, we find ourselves tethered in novel ways —not to a hometown, or to a particular social background, but to our devices themselves and the feeling of connection they provide, which we seemingly cannot sit still without.46.According to the first paragraph, what can we learn about MySpace and Second Life?A.They function as real life venues for entertainment.B.They deserve credit for reflecting the human soul.C.As virtual playgrounds, they resemble reality in terms of place.D.Through mobile devices, they represent engagement with society.47.When saying it is instructive to go to a playground today, the author means that ____.A.people‟s indulgence in staying connected can be witnessed thereB.playgrounds are the places for parents and children to spend time togetherC.responsible parents are supposed to engage their children with outdoor activitiesD.smart phones are the culprit for the poor relations between parents and children48.The following statements are TRUE except ____.A.people vacationing on Carnival Cruise ships have access to the Internet todayB.eating and gambling are the exclusive things people can enjoy on cruise shipsC.Carnival Cruise Lines cater to vacationers‟ demands to stay in contact with othersD.people‟s desire to remain connected makes it difficult for them to escape from work49.The word “tethered” in Line 2 of the last paragraph probably means ____.A.disconnectedB. confinedC. immuneD. indifferent50.This passage is intended to ____.A.analyze the various reasons for humans to settle downB.advocate the necessity of virtual connection in leisure timeC.enumerate the enormous benefits of mobile devices for work and lifeD.highlight the transformation of mobility through ubiquitous connectionPassage 4State environmental officials are proposing a new set of rules that would give automobile manufacturers three years to start selling zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) that — for all practical purposes — do not yet exist. The state Department of Environmental Quality has released draft rules mandating that 11 percent of all automobiles sold in Arizona beginning with the 2011 model year have zero emissions. That would increase to 16 percent by 2018 and beyond.However, there are opposing opinions which claim that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles will expose people to dangerous levels of lead, according to industry and environmental groups. A research led by three professors from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh suggests that an electric car powered by lead-acid batteries will “release 60 times more lead per kilometer of use” than an “equivalent car burning leaded gasoline”. But critics argue that the researchers have used unrealistic assumptions.Releases of lead to the environment are now tightly controlled because of the metal‟s toxicity since the 1970s, when leaded petrol began to be removed in the US, levels of lead in the blood of American children have dropped. But economist Lester Lave and engineers Chris Hendrickson and Francis McMichael worry that mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars might reverse that trend.Reaction to this suggestion has been hostile, however. “I think they‟ve missed the point completely,” says John Rodman of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. He says the benefits of reducing pollution from traffic in cities will far exceed the risks of small increases in lead releases. Michael Weistein of Electro Source in Austin, Texas, a developer of advanced lead-acid batteries, complains that is “misleading scare tactics”.The research result, published in the latest edition of Science, comes as American car makers are being forced to produce “zero-emission vehicles” starting in 2000. The plan was originally designed to reduce airborne pollution in California, and Massachusetts and New York have since followed suit. While car company engineers are designing ZEVs, their top executives are fighting the mandates being imposed on them.The Carnegie-Mellon researchers estimated the amount of lead needed to power ZEVs and how much would be released in mining, battery manufacture and recycling. But critics complain that the team's 1378 kilogram figure for the weight of batteries needed in a ZEV is a serious overestimate. General Motors‟ small electric car, called the Impact, weighs 132 kilograms in total and carries only 522 kilograms of batteries. Lave says he had too little performance data to use the impact as a baseline.51. What are the research findings published by the professors from Carnegie-MellonUniversity?A.Conventional cars burning leaded gasoline are more dangerous than electric cars.B.Mass production of lead-acid batteries will seriously affect American children‟s health.C.The wide use of electric cars powered by batteries will increase lead releases to theatmosphere.D.Replacing conventional cars with ZEV will be very dangerous.52. By "that trend"(Line 5, Para.3) the author refers to _____.A.the drop of the lead level in the blood of American childrenB.the replacement of conventional cars with electric carsC.the control of the releases of lead to the environmentD.the ban on the use of leaded petrol53. Which of the following statements best expresses the viewpoints of John Rodman?A.He is opposed to the mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars.B.He believes the advantages of ZEV outweigh its disadvantages.C.He thinks the increase in lead releases will be exceedingly risky.D.He supposes the only benefit of ZEV is to reduce pollution in cities.54. The American car makers' attitude towards the ZEV mandates is _____.A. suspiciousB. scaredC. confidentD. displeased55. According to the Carnegie-Mellon team research, which of the following is NOT the reasonfor the increasing amount of lead needed in a ZEV?A.Production of lead-acid batteries.B. Weight of batteries.C. Leaded petrol.D. Mining of lead.Part 4: Translation (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. And then write your translation in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.We are living in the middle of a revolution in consciousness. Over the past few decades, geneticists, neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, and others have made great strides in understanding the inner working of the human mind. Far from being dryly materialistic, their work illuminates the rich underwater world where character is formed and wisdom grows. They are giving us a better grasp of emotions, intuitions, biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and social bonding, precisely those things about which our culture has least to say. 我们在生活中的革命意识。

选词填空Aexplore transmit resource emerge yield pose assume confidence inherit comprehensive1.Given the chance to show his ability, heregained ___________ and began tosucceed in school.2.It is so difficult to __________ the bottomof the ocean because some parts arevery deep.3.It was about 30 seconds before Alex__________ from the water; we were quite scared.4.We often __________ that when otherpeople do the same things as we do, they do them for the same reason; but this assumption is not always reasonable.5.There is widespread concern that therising unemployment may __________ athreat to social stability.6.After a(an) __________ physical exam, mydoctor said I was in good conditionexcept that my blood pressure was alittle high.7.It is well known that China is a countrywith rich natural __________ and a verybig population.8.Some people believe that the earth can__________ enough food to support atleast twice its present population.9.Sam __________ the gift of imaginationfrom his family, but he lacked the driving power to take action.10.A bee that has found honey is able to__________ to other bees the informationthey need in order to collect the honey. Bconfident cultivate potential instinct approach stimulate curiosity assure capacity participate1.By decreasing the tax rate, thegovernment can __________ or encourage consumer spending, business transaction and investments.2.Our bodies have greater __________ thanmost of us realize, and we can benefit by remembering this.3.One important feature of team sports isthat they can __________ people’s team spirit and sense of collective honor.4.Human behavior is mostly a product oflearning, while animal behavior depends mainly upon __________.5.She has been saving money in the pasttwo years, so she is __________ that in the coming summer she will be able to afford a journey abroad.6.The doctor __________ him that hiscondition was not serious and he would recover soon after a minor operation.7.Generally, children display great__________ about every new thing they see, and they want to find out more about it.8.He was proud of being chosen to__________ in the game, and he promised that he would try as hard as possible. 9.Though it has met with considerable enthusiasm, there has been resistance from some parents to this new __________ to teaching and learning. 10.The room only had a(n) __________ for100 people. However, over 200 enthusiastic students came to listen to the lecture.AEmbarrass polish emotional efficiency curb await donation dump stuff historical1.He has a special feeling for the brilliantbirds, and each spring he eagerly__________ their return.2.Thanks to the __________ of air transport,everyone is free to go anywhere at any time.3.John believes that the __________ of foodto the hungry is more helpful thangiving money.4.Mary was a careful speaker; every wordseemed to have been __________ beforeit was allowed to escape through her lips.5.When she heard it was snowing in thecity they were going to, she __________ two more sweaters into her bag.6.During our stay in Europe we visitedmany places of __________ interest, including several castles.7.The wedding ceremony of my sister wasa very __________ experience for ourfamily.8.He was __________ when he discoveredthat he didn’t have enough money topay for the red wine he had ordered. 9.The local government is pressed to findnew places to __________ waste.10.The new system designed to __________harmful emissions from factories will be put into use soon. BAnticipate suspicious delicate awkward melt immense stretch complain overtake reluctance 1.As a tall girl, I feel very uncomfortableand __________ in high heels.2.Although we were supposed to finishthe project this month, it looks like the work will __________ well into the next month.3.It is believed that the driver had lostcontrol over his car while he was __________ and running into another car.4.After the quarrel, things became very__________ between me and my boss, and as a result I had to give up my job.5.The scientist did not __________ that hisresearch result would be put to an entirely different use.6.With five days before the opening of theCollege Student Arts Festival, there is a(n) __________ amount of work to be done.7.Hans is a warm-hearted person. Whenneeded, he would show no __________ to help others.8.Some older people tend to be quiteconservative and a bit __________ of any supposed advances.9.During the period of adjustment, theinternational student tends to __________ about everything in the new environment.10.Her anger __________ away when sheread his letter of apology.AResponse transform focus analyze estimate competitive compensate adopt typical regulate 1.To make our companies __________ inthe market, we have to be more creative and productive.2.People are beginning to realize that to__________ nature at will is the biggest mistake that man has ever made.3.It is difficult to conclude what a(n)__________ student does in his spare time because every student has different interests.4. A month ago I wrote to the storecomplaining about its bad service, but I haven’t gotten a(n) __________ yet.5.Some of your suggestions have been__________, but others have been turned down as they are not workable.6.All of a sudden, he lost his interest inengineering, and __________ his attention on learning a foreign language.7.If a company decreases health benefitsfor its employees, they should increase salaries to __________ the workers.8.I failed to pass the exam although I hadworked very hard. I should __________ the causes of my failure.9.When you do yoga, try to __________your br eathing. Don’t breathe too fast and make sure you breathe only through your nose.10.It was difficult to __________ how manypeople had been wounded in the earthquake. BEnable essential neglect positive arouse cease concern decline release schedule1.While professors are talking abouteconomic theories, businesspeople are more __________ about profits.2.The police could not prove he had beeninvolved in the crime, so they had to __________ him.3.Keeping a(n) attitude and remainingconfident in your ability to get the job isa way to impress any hiring manager.4.If the Internet __________ to function, theresulting losses could be measured in tens of billions rather than millions of dollars.5.WTO entry will __________ a country tolearn from the world’s best brains and participate directly in international competition at home.6.There has been a sharp __________ inprofits this year, so some companies have dismissed many employees.7.It is said that the meeting, which is__________ to be held this Friday, will be put off till next month.8.Discipline is __________ to anyone whowants to be successful; we cannot hope to make any progress if we cannot work in an organized way.9.I don’t object to your trying to makesome pocket money while you are at university, but don’t __________ your studies.10.We have recently been developing adevice which we believe will __________ great interest among young people.AAdvocate involve confine respond subsequent distinct intense fulfill circumstance reconcile 1.Fortunately, the accident didn’t__________ many people, for there waslittle traffic at that hour.2.She __________ her ambition ofbecoming a fashion designer afteryears of hard work.3.They kept on trying their best todevelop their business, but in such__________ market competition, theyhad no idea if success would comealong one day.4.As music plays an important role in ourlife, many music teachers andeducators __________ taking up amusical instrument at a young age.5.This rule should be entirely clear in theminds of everyone and should not bemisunderstood under any __________. 6.My daughter was shy; she was afraid toask questions, __________ to questions in class, or talk with other children.7.I got from him only a letter, which wasput on my office desk; __________ to thereceipt of this letter I have never heardfrom him.8.The duties to provide services forchildren in need are not __________ tothe local social services department. 9.We pray that all nations be __________and that all people around the wouldlive in peace.10.He suggested a small but __________improvement on our former plan; Ireally appreciate it. BLean collapse aspiration reflect abolish ignore identify slippery betray heal1. A heavy flood caused the bridge to__________; now, no one can cross theriver without boats.2.Susan has been crying a lot since hersister died a year ago; it seems that she could never _________ from the heavyloss.3.It’s sometimes considered bad mannersto __________ on the table while eating,so please be careful not to do so.4.After crying for some time, she lookedat her face __________ in the mirror, only to find she was such a sad and plain-looking girl.5.I had to hold tightly the handrails alongthe hall to keep myself from losing mybalance on the __________ floor.6.The man phoned the police and laterwent to the police station to look atphotos to __________ the robbers.7.The imperial examination system, whichstarted in the Sui Dynasty, was__________ in 1905.8.Many smokers choose to __________ thefact that smoking is harmful to healthand refuse to stop smoking.9.He no longer had a(n) __________ forfurther education because he thoughtthe costs were too high.10.Although she often seemed quite coldand strict, her smiling eyes __________her true nature.ASubstantial annual amateur assemble react furnish distinction contract apparent magnificent 1.The __________ conference which Iattend every year is going to be held in London in January next year.2.According to the terms of your__________, you must give three months’ notice if you intend to leave thiscompany.3.We were honored that so many peopleof __________ and talent were present to discuss the issues.4.The local government has beenproviding __________ support to them,without which they couldn’t have beenso successful.5.The secret agent promised that theinformation he __________ was obtainedfrom reliable sources.6.Whether __________ or professional,American football is perhaps the mostpopular sport in the US. It attracts atotal attendance of over 40 million andis watched by many more millions ontelevision each year.7.Shops try to meet the DIY (do-it-yourself) fashion by offering consumers parts and hardware which they can__________ at home.8.I wonder how she will __________ to thenews if I tell her she is not going to geta raise this year.9.It was __________ that the professor’slecture failed to impress the students as some of them had left before it wasover.10.We all admitted that the trip wasworthwhile after we saw a(n) __________palace and a fantastic museum. BAccomplish critical overcome emphasize adapt demanding underline humble mutual considerable 1.The work of the sales team wasabsolutely __________ to the success ofthe new toy company.2.The general fought many hard battlesand won countless medals, but heremains __________.3.Out English teacher always asked us to__________ new words and phrases inthe text.4.I think it is great that you have foundsomeone with whom you can share__________ understanding and love.5.They promised to make every effort to__________ the task in time. I think weshould trust them.6.When you go to a new country, youneed to __________ to the new mannersand customs.7.At the meeting, he __________ threeimportant element, namely, trade,human resources, and capitalinvestment.8.When children __________ difficulties ontheir own, they develop new skills and a strong belief in their abilities.9. A friend of mine has decided to give uphis well-paid job because the positionis too __________ and he has no time forhis family.10.It takes a(n) __________ amount of timeand energy to achieve proficiency in aforeign language.U6AControversial assess resolve decrease alter abandon indicate undermine compromise conventional 1.Studies __________ that children whooften take part in cooperativeprograms benefit a lot more than other children.2.They are such a(n) __________ familythey must have been shocked whentheir son dyed his hair pink.3.Testing students by examinations haslong been regarded as a reliable way to __________ students’ ability.4.Many power stations have beenmodernized to give off less pollution,or they were moved further away fromthe living areas in order to __________the damage.5.Unemployment has come downslightly, but this does not __________ the fact that it is still a major problem.6.Mr. Smith is not doing well; the doctortold us that several colds __________ hishealth.7.The best way to deal with problems athome is to talk things out calmly andhonestly and try to reach a(n)__________.8.Darwin’s theory of evolution remains__________ partly because it challengesthe religious belief that God createdman.9.It was reported the president had__________ to fight if war was necessary,even if it meant destroying his chancesof re-election.10.I had to __________ one of my emailaccounts as it was filled with junk mail.。

Collective interviews, a term that may sound somewhat unfamiliar to many, are actually a common occurrence in the professional world, particularly in the context of journalism, human resources, and even in the academic sphere. As a high school student with a keen interest in journalism, I had the unique opportunity to participate in a collective interview, an experience that not only broadened my horizons but also provided me with invaluable insights into the dynamics of group interactions and the art of effective communication.The concept of a collective interview, in essence, involves multiple interviewers engaging with a single interviewee or conversely, a single interviewer conversing with multiple interviewees. This method stands in contrast to the traditional oneonone interview format, offering a more comprehensive and multifaceted perspective on the individual being interviewed.My journey into the world of collective interviews began when I joined the schools journalism club. Our club was tasked with the responsibility of interviewing a renowned author who was visiting our school for a book signing event. The author, known for his thoughtprovoking works and engaging storytelling, was a figure of great interest to our club members. We decided to conduct a collective interview to ensure that each member had the opportunity to ask questions and gain insights from the author.The preparation for the collective interview was both exciting and challenging. We had to devise a strategy to ensure that the interview flowed smoothly and that each member had the chance to contribute. Wedivided ourselves into groups, with each group focusing on a specific theme related to the authors works. This approach allowed us to delve deeper into the authors writing style, themes, and inspirations.The day of the interview arrived, and we were all a mix of nervousness and excitement. As the author entered the room, we were struck by his warm and approachable demeanor. The interview began with an introductory question from our club president, setting the tone for the conversation. What followed was a series of wellthoughtout questions from each group, with the author providing insightful and engaging responses.One of the most striking aspects of the collective interview was the diversity of perspectives and questions. While some members focused on the authors writing process, others delved into the societal implications of his stories. This multifaceted approach allowed us to gain a comprehensive understanding of the authors work and his motivations.However, the collective interview was not without its challenges. Coordinating the questions and ensuring that each member had the opportunity to contribute required careful planning and timing. Moreover, the author had to juggle multiple questions and perspectives, which could have been overwhelming in a different setting.Despite these challenges, the collective interview proved to be a highly rewarding experience. It allowed us to engage with the author on a deeper level, gaining insights that would have been missed in a traditional oneonone interview. The experience also taught us valuable lessons inteamwork, communication, and the art of asking thoughtprovoking questions.In conclusion, collective interviews offer a unique and enriching experience, particularly for those interested in journalism, human resources, or any field that requires a deep understanding of individuals and their perspectives. By engaging in a collective interview, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, foster effective communication, and develop critical thinking skills. As I reflect on my experience, I am grateful for the opportunity to have participated in such a unique and enlightening process.。

TPO 46听力文本C onversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and a n employee in the student housing office.-Hi, I’m a first year student here, I live in the dorms, and I… well I like where I’m living now, it’s convenient and quiet but I’m starting to think about where I want to live next year.-Good idea. As a second year, you will have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.-Yeah, and I want to make sure that. Well…that I apply in time to get what I want. And a friend was telling me about these common interest houses on campus.-Yes! We have a language house, a life science house, a music house.-Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in. But umm...I’m not a music major, I do play an instrument but I’m a history major.-Oh, that’s not an issue. You see that house isn't just for music major, it’s for anyone who is in-terested in music.-But… is not that everyone?-Ha-ha, well maybe, but the house has a performance area and practice rooms, so people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there is always gonna be someone playing something, an instrument, the radio, even at odd times. You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.-Doesn’t bother me. And I’d love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.-Well, it does sound like it might be a good fit for you. And the house also functions as a social club.-I know they do activities but I don’t know much beyond that.-Well, for example, every month, I think it is, there is an informal concert, any house resident can perform, and remember that big jazz festival at university park last month?-Of course! It was amazing! The music was great! umm... I didn’t’t connect to the music house -Not many people do, anyway, they put on a whole range of activities as well, someone in the house could give you more information about those.-So how do I…umm what’s the process for getting a room there?-You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director. The form is on the housing department website. But don’t get your hopes up too high. They can only accept about 30% of students who apply.-OH, wow…I have no idea.-So for your application, it needs to include a personal statement. You know why you are inter-ested in living in the house, how you might contribute to the group. There are guidelines on the form. That statement is really important because it’s basically how they decide who to accept into the house.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and her history professor.-So I definitely want to write my term paper on American journalism in the 18th century. That old copy of the New York Daily Gazette you showed us, the one printed from the library's mi-crofilm. Just seeing a newspaper that was published1789 that was really cool.-Yes, reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience, especially to umm budding a story like yourself. As a resource for scholars and researchers, I don’t think any form of publication really captures the day to day life of a community better than a local newspaper.-Yeah! I mean I knew that the number of newspapers exploded in the 18th century. But I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them or you know, make copies.-Well, actually before the mid-1800, newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper, made from cotton fibers, those that’s survived are in surprisingly good shape.-Are there many more copies of the gazette on microfilm?-Yeah! We’ve got a great microfilm library on campus. You will find it invaluable I’m sure as you research your paper. But also talk to the librarians because they are creating an online ar-chive of their microfilm collection. I’m not sure if the project status but if it’s done, it will proba-bly save you time. So 18th century journalism, you must realize that that topic is too broad for this assignment.-I do. So one idea I had was like looking at an important world event, like maybe the French Revolution of 1789, since we just finished a unit on it. The readings you had given us were in-credibly vivid. I loved them, but they were translations of French writers, historians, so I thought it would be interesting to pick the Gazette in one other American newspaper to see how each covered the revolution. How the journalists reported it from American’s perspective?-Umm, interesting approach. But remember I will be grading your paper based on the details you include and in some point in your paper, you wanna focus on a particular event of the revolution, like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison.-How about the formation of the French National Constituent Assembly?-Sure that would work.-And since I’m gonna look at newspapers from two cities. I could read the editorials, the opinion pieces, to find out what each communities thought about the national assembly.-Ok, but you know I want to attend a history conference where a professor presents a paper on the American press on the French revolution. She was discussing the development of democratic ideals here and in France at the time. But she also pointed out that using old newspapers as pri-mary sources to beware that they reflected the values of only a segment of society, and should not be used to draw conclusions about all Americans. I don’t think I hold on to her paper, but it was subsequently published, so you will have no trouble tracking it down on the Internet, let me give you her name.Lecture 1Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.I’d like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today’s class by focusing on a concept we haven’t yet touched upon, swarm intelligence. swarm intelligence is a collective be-havior, that emerges from a group of animals like a colony of termites, a school of fish or a flock of birds. Let’s first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence, and we will use the ant as our model. Now an ant on its own is not that smart, when you have a group of ants however, there you have efficiency and action. You see there is no leader running an ant colony, each indi-vidual, each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when forging for food. Rule no.1, deposit a chemical marker called a pheromone. And rule 2, follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food. So for example, when ants leave the nest, they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take, if they find food, they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger. It’s doubled in strength, because an ant that took a shorter path returns first, its pheromone trail is stronger, and other ants will follow it according to rule 2, and as more ant’s travel that path the pheromone trail gets even stronger. So what’s happening here. Each ant follows two very basic rules, and each ant acts on information it finds in its mediate local environment.And it’s important to note even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan, they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and the food source, because it’s the most reinforced path. By the way, a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we are studying to everyday life, and swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how con-cepts in biology can be apply to other fields. Well, businesses have been able to use this ap-proach a following simple rules when designing complex systems, for instance, in telephone net-works. When a call is placed from one city to another, it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way. At each point, a decision has to be made. Which direction does the call from here? Well, a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants used to find food.Remember individual ants deposit pheromones, and they follow the path that is most reinforced. Now in the phone network, a computer monitors the connection speed of each path and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest, the least crowded part to the network and this information converted into a numeric code is deposited at the network nodes. This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule that telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced. So, similar to the ants’ behavior, at each intermedia node, the callfollows the path that is most reinforced, this leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the net-work as a whole, and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior, another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively, how do they coordinate their movements and know where they are supposed to be? Well it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow. Rule one, stay close to nearby birds. Rule two, avoid collision with nearby birds. And rule three, move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds. Oh and by the way if you are wondering how this approach can be of practical use of humans, the movie industry has been try-ing to create computer generated flocks of birds in movie scenes, the question was how do they do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these three rules in a computer graphics program and it worked. There have also been attempts to create computer generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence. However, I’m not surprised that more research is needed the three rules I mentioned might be great for birds simulations, but that don’t take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior. So if you wanna create crowds of people in a realistic way, that computer model might be too limited.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know portrait artists often position their subjects so that their head is turned a little to one side, thereby presenting the artists with a semi-side view, a semi-profile view. And for some rea-son, western European artists have historically tended to show the left side of the subject’s face more than the right. A while back some researchers examined about 1500 portraits painted from the 16th to the 20th century in western Europe. And in the majority of them it’s the left side of the face that’s most prominently displayed.Why is that? And interestingly enough, this tendency to show the left side diminished over time, especially in the 20th century, in fact, the left right ratio is now about 1to 1, 50 percent left, 50 percent right. Why is that? We do know that for many artists, the choice of left side right side was very important. There is an image by the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh called The Potato Eaters, that shows the profiles of a group of farmers, it’s a lithograph which is a print made from images drawn on a stone. When you print something that way, what you get is a mirror image of the original picture, the exact same image except that left and right are reversed, and Van Gogh was so dissatisfied with the print that he wrote to his brother, quote “The figures I’m sorry to say are now turned the wrong way” end quote.Anyway why do you think so many painters in the past chose to pick the left side of their sub-ject ’s face. Nancy! ‘Could it have to do with whether the artists were left handed or right handed like maybe most of them were right handed and maybe for some reason they felt more comforta-ble painting the left side? Ok, many right handed artists do find it easier to paint left profiles and many art historians think that’s the reason for the directional bias, but if that hypothesis, let’s call it the right handed hypothesis was correct, you’d expect that left handed artists would find it eas-ier to paint right profiles.But the research suggests that left handed artists find it just as easy to paint left profiles as right. So any other ideas? Well another theory is what’s known as parental imprinting hypothesis, which proposes that people are more used to seeing left profiles because supposedly right handed parents are more likely to hold their babies in their left arm. ‘Well my sister just had a baby and she keeps talking about how her left arm is getting so much stronger than the right’. OK, there’s some anecdotal evidence.So then when the baby looks up at their parent, what they see is left profile. Right! And so the theory goes the left side of the face becomes imprinted in our memories. But the parental im-printing hypothesis doesn’t explain why left profiles have decreased over time. I mean parents are still carrying their babies in their left arm, right? Exactly! Alright, what about the way the art-ist’s studio is organized? Specifically, the light source.Remember that the light source determines where the shadows are, so if you are a right handed artist, you want the light coming from your left, because you don’t want your painting hand to catch the shadow across your canvas right? And of the lights coming from your left, you’d want your subject to turn to their right, into the light, and if they do that, what do you see? The left side of their face. Exactly!And while into the 20th century many in artists’ primary light source would be the sun they set up their studio to take maximum advantage of it, but then what happens as other high quality portable artificial light sources become available. Well you can position your subject in a lot more different ways and still have good lighting on your subject and on your canvas. So? You’d expect to see a more balanced ratio of left and right side portraits.Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Ok, so when we were discussing Gainsborough’s painting The Blue Boy, which he painted in 1770, I mentioned a story that the painting might have been an experiment, the result of a chal-lenge, it was believed that the blue couldn’t be an important color in the painting, because well it tends to recede into the background, not good for your main subject right? So to show other-wise, Gainsborough created The Blue Boy, with the boy featured large his famous blue clothes and well I guess he proved his point, but there was another challenge to blue it was very very ex-pensive back then, now of course because of modern chemistry any color is available in tubes at any art supply store. But in the 18th century and before, it wasn’t so easy, and blue, well the color ultramarine, the most desired shade of blue was made of precious stone lapis lazuli, which had to be imported all the way from Afghanistan. And the second most favorite shade of blue, after ultramarine made from lapis lazuli was a shade of blue that came from another precious stone azurite. But azurite was, well, harder to work with. There is evidence that artists would try to get around these difficulties, for example, use pigment from lapis lazuli or azurite very spar-ingly. And also use something cheaper like smalt which was made of ground glass. The thing is smalt became discolored overtime, so many artists probably just avoided blue altogether rather than use something cheap and impermanent. So blue, especially ultramarine pigment was a lux-ury, a status symbol, worth even more than gold at times and you even had the wealthy ordering paintings with ultramarine to show others that they could afford something made from this pre-cious pigment much in the same way they’d order gold leaf. Actually, the ancient Egyptians did manage to make an artificial blue, the first synthetic pigment in fact if you can believe that. They passed the formula onto the Greeks and Romans but then it was lost. Anyway, not only wasthe lapis lazuli hard to get, it was also hard to process. The recipe was difficult, the stone has to be ground finely, not easy to do with a rock, then mixed with melted wax, resins andoils, wrapped in a cloth and kneaded like bread dough, the fine particles of ultramarine were then separated from the rest. The process was time consuming, which also contributed to the high cost of producing ultramarine, and it didn’t’t even eagled very much useable pigment. As a result, the French government sponsored a competition in the 1824, to find a cheaper way to make ultramarine pigment. And soon after, a process was demonstrated where a combination of coal, Sulphur and other cheap carbon plate substances were heated creating a suitable syn-thetic substitute for lapis lazuli. So there is no doubt that 19th century artists after good synthetic versions were available used more ultramarine. Think of the impressionist for example, they had a lot more choices, or at least less expensive choices than painters not that long before them.Listen to part of a lecture in a material science class.So what’s the first thing that comes to mind when we talk about the uses for copper? Tammy? The penny, it’s made of copper. Ok, good one. But what’s a one cent coin worth these days. You might get back change like if you go to the store and give the cashier 5 dollars for something that costs 4.98 cents, you will get 2 cents back, but 2 cents don’t buy much, the value of the pennyin terms of what it will buy has gotten so low that there is actually a move a foot to eliminate the coin from U.S. currency. But there is more to it, as Tammy implied, the penny looks like it’s solid copper, it’s reddish orange, with bright metallic luster when it’s new, but that’s just the copper plating, the penny is not solid copper, in actuality it’s almost 98%zinc. But giving the ris-ing value of both these metals, each penny now costs about 1.7cents to produce, so it generates what called negative seigniorage.Negative seigniorage is when the cost of minting a coin is more than the coin’s face value. Even though the penny generates quite a bit of negative seigniorage there is concern that if it’s elimi-nated we will need more nickels. Because more merchants might start setting prices in fivecent increments. 4 dollars and 95 cents and so on. So we need a trusty five cent piece that can be minted economically. But the n ickels’ negative seignior age is even worse than the pennies. Each nickel costs the U.S mint ten cents to produce. Also, some of us are pretty attached to pen-nies for whatever reason. Nostalgia and there is collectors. And people if they see a penny on the sidewalk, they will pick it up and think it’s my lucky day. Another scenario is that without pennies merchants instead of charging 4.98 might round up the price to even 5 dollars. So con-sumer goods would become slightly more expensive. But on the other hand, some cash transac-tions would be more convenient for consumers. And as I said, the government would save money if pennies were eliminated.But would’t the copper industry suffers financially if the U.S. government stopped buying cop-per to make pennies? But how much copper do pennies actually contain? How much? ohm, got it. Right. So what else comes in mind when you think about copper? what else is copper used for? I know that copper cane shaped to all sorts of things. Sheets, tubing, my cousin’s house has a copper roof. Yes, like gold and silver, copper is extremely malleable. But it’s not a precious metal. It’s far less expensive than gold or silver, it’s also a superb conductor of electricity, so you can stretch it into wires which go into appliances and even car molders.Copper also has superior alloying properties; you know when it’s combined with other metals. For instance, how many of you play a brass instrument? Like a trumpet or trombone. Well brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. If your trombone is made of pure copper or pure zinc it wouldn’t sound nearly as beautiful as a brass trombone. Another alloy, a combination of copper andnickel resists corrosion. It doesn’t rust even with long exposure to water. But what aboutthe statue of liberty in New York harbor, it’s made of pure copper but it turned green. Isn’t that a sign of corrosion? Indirectly, if copper exposed to damp air, its color changes from reddish or-ange to reddish brown.But in time, green film called patina forms. And the patina actually serves a halt for further cor-rosion. It’s one reason that ship holds are made of copper nickel alloys. This alloys are also hard for barnacles to stick to. If these little shellfish adhere to the haul of a ship, it producesdrag, solving the vessel down. Copper is also a key material used in solar heating units and wa-ter desalination plants which are playing increasingly important roles in society. Bottom line, if you are a copper miner, you won’t lose any sleep should the penny get if you excuse the expres-sion pinched out of existence.。

群体效应英语作文Collective Behavior: The Powerful Force that Shapes our SocietiesHumans are inherently social creatures. We thrive in groups, forming intricate social networks that shape our beliefs, behaviors, and the very fabric of our societies. This phenomenon, known as collective behavior, is a powerful force that has profound implications for how we understand and navigate the world around us.At its core, collective behavior refers to the way individuals within a group influence and are influenced by the actions and attitudes of others. This can manifest in a variety of ways, from the contagious spread of emotions and ideas, to the emergence of group norms and social hierarchies. The study of collective behavior has long been a subject of fascination for social scientists, as it offers insights into the complex dynamics that underlie human interaction and decision-making.One of the most striking examples of collective behavior is the phenomenon of "herd mentality." This occurs when individuals within a group abandon their own independent judgment and instead conform to the actions and beliefs of the majority. This canbe seen in everything from consumer purchasing decisions to political ideologies, as people often feel compelled to "go with the flow" rather than bucking the trend.The power of herd mentality can be both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it can foster a sense of unity and belonging within a group, and can even lead to the emergence of innovative solutions or the pursuit of shared goals. However, it can also lead to the perpetuation of harmful beliefs, the suppression of dissenting voices, and the perpetuation of destructive behavior.Another key aspect of collective behavior is the role of social influence. Individuals are heavily influenced by the actions and opinions of those around them, and this can lead to the rapid spread of ideas, behaviors, and emotions throughout a group. This phenomenon is often referred to as "social contagion," and it can have far-reaching consequences for everything from the spread of information to the emergence of social movements.One particularly striking example of social contagion is the way in which emotions can spread through a group. When we see someone else experiencing a strong emotion, such as joy or fear, our own emotional state can be profoundly affected. This can lead to the rapid spread of emotions throughout a group, creating a sense of shared experience and collective identity.Similarly, the spread of ideas and beliefs can also be shaped by collective behavior. When individuals are exposed to a particular belief or ideology, they are more likely to adopt it if they see others around them doing the same. This can lead to the formation of echo chambers, where individuals reinforce each other's beliefs and resist opposing viewpoints.The implications of collective behavior are far-reaching, and they extend beyond the realm of individual psychology. In fact, the study of collective behavior has important applications in fields as diverse as marketing, politics, and public health.In the world of marketing, for example, businesses are increasingly using an understanding of collective behavior to design more effective advertising campaigns and product launches. By tapping into the power of social influence and herd mentality, companies can create a sense of buzz and excitement around their offerings, leading to increased sales and brand loyalty.Similarly, in the realm of politics, political leaders and policymakers are increasingly recognizing the importance of collective behavior in shaping public opinion and driving social change. From the strategic use of social media to the mobilization of grassroots movements, politicians are learning to harness the power of collective behavior toachieve their goals.In the field of public health, the study of collective behavior has also proven to be invaluable. The way in which individuals respond to public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is heavily influenced by the actions and beliefs of those around them. By understanding the dynamics of collective behavior, public health officials can develop more effective strategies for promoting healthy behaviors and combating the spread of disease.Ultimately, the study of collective behavior is a crucial component of our understanding of the human experience. By recognizing the powerful forces that shape our individual and collective actions, we can better navigate the complex social landscape in which we live, and work towards the creation of more just, equitable, and resilient societies.。

The Organization of Information（信息组织）_南京大学中国大学mooc 课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.When handling resource heterogeneity, the best way to prevent problems ofscope and scale is through standardization.参考答案:正确2.The amount of resource description is always shaped by the currentlyavailable technology for capturing, storing, and making use of it.参考答案:正确3.All resources in a collection require the same degree of description.参考答案:错误4.Personal and cultural categories and organizing systems are highly biased.And creatinginstitutional categories using more systematic processes canprevent them from being biased.参考答案:错误5. A category is a group, collection, category, or set sharing characteristics orattributes.参考答案:错误6.The organizing principles of organizing systems depend on ____.参考答案:The types of domains being organized_The types of resources_Thepersonal, social, or institutional setting7.We can unpack the degree of organization into three dimensions, including______.参考答案:The overall extent to which interactions in and between organizing systems are shaped by resource description and arrangement._The amount of organization of resources into classes or categories._The amount of description detail or organization applied to each resource.8.Which of the following is the fundamental interaction in any collection ofresources?参考答案:Access9.Which of the following “Category Categories” has flexible boundaries?参考答案:Cultural categories10.Wisdom is the ability to solve problems. It is not unique to human beings.参考答案:错误11.The organization principles and ways are same in different fields.参考答案:错误12.Which description about “Resource” below is NOT true?参考答案:A resource must be a physical thing.13.Which of the following is the bottom layer of the DIKW model?参考答案:Data14.Which of the following can NOT be thought of as an organizing system?参考答案:The piles of debris left after a tornado15.What is the ultimate purpose of organizing?参考答案:Creating capabilities16.The expected lifetime of the organizing system is the same as the expectedlifetime of the resources it contains.参考答案:错误17.Big data collections are often large, so their scale is their most importantchallenge from an organizing system perspective.参考答案:错误18.Which of the following is the central discipline of Knowledge Organization inits narrow sense?参考答案:Library and Information Science19.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Knowledge Organization?参考答案:Focus on the latest software program20.Which description about “knowledge” is NOT true?参考答案:Tacit knowledge is much more easily shared than Explicit knowledge.21.How many key actions should we focus on when create a knowledgemanagement plan?参考答案:622._____ and _____ are two main types of knowledge.参考答案:Tacit knowledge_Explicit knowledge23.Which of the following ways can be used to test information integrity on theInternet?参考答案:Credibility_Authorship_Objectivity_Timeliness24.Knowledgebases attempt to capture almost every imaginable Tacitintellectual asset that an organization possesses.参考答案:错误25.The effective date of resources is the moment they are created.参考答案:错误26. A resource can only have one identifier.参考答案:错误27.Which of the followin g descriptions about “Passive Resource” are NOT true?参考答案:Passive resources serve as verbs that cause and carry outactions._Passive resources initiate effects or create value on their own.28.For information resources, we more often distinguish domains based on______properties.参考答案:semantic29.The distinction of Resource Format is most important in________.参考答案:Resource storage or preservation30.Which of the following is usually the most important property of informationresources?参考答案:Content31.Which of the following is NOT in Dublin Core Metadata Element Set ?参考答案:Author32.It is a real problem if your organizing system is only designed for yourselfwith a limited lifetime.参考答案:错误33.Backwards traceability includes what is the implementation design of thisrequirement.参考答案:错误34.Most of the specific decisions that must be made for an organizing system arestrongly shaped by the initial decisions about its domain, scope, and scale.参考答案:正确35.The scope of a collection largely determines the extent and complexity of theresource descriptions needed by organizing principles and interactions. The impact of broad scope arises more from the _________ of the resources in acollection than its absolute scale.参考答案:Heterogeneity36.Which of the following is the dominant factor in the design of an organizingsystem?参考答案:The scope of a collection37.In organizing systems that contain digital resources, the logical boundarybetween the resources and their interactions is clear and it is easy todistinguish the interactions supported by the organizing system.参考答案:错误38.Sampling is important when large numbers of resources need to be selectedto satisfy functional requirements. A good sample for statistical purposes is one in which the selected resources are very different in the important ways from the ones that were not selected.参考答案:错误39.Libraries often emphasize intrinsic value, scarcity, or uniqueness as resourceselection criteria.参考答案:错误40.The specifications that guide selection are precise and measurable for anyresource.参考答案:错误41.When resources are unique or rare, organizing activities typically occur afterselection takes place.参考答案:正确42.The purpose of Selection is determining wheth er resources are “Fitness foruse”.参考答案:正确43.Which of the following is FALSE about descriptive statistics?参考答案:Range and Mode are commonly used measures of central tendency.44.Which of the following is the most fundamental decision for an organizingsystem?参考答案:Determining its resource domain。