英美概况(2)1

《英美概况（二）》练习题一答案套一、答案I．Fill in the following blanks in English1. cotton2. Indians3. Superior; Michigan; Huron; Erie; Ontario; Michigan; Canada4. 16075. 126. winner-take-all; majority /2707. Vice- Presidency8.18549. private10. Pittsburg 11. space 12. Scandinavian 13. Civil Rights Movement 14. 88 000, 18 00015. 1922 16. four 17. IndependenceII. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct one1. C2.B3.A4.D5.A6.C7.B8.C9.D 10.B11.B 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.D 20.DIII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.T2. F3. F4.F5. T6. F7.F8.T9. T 10.TIII. Define the following terms1. Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, which was named after Elihu Yale, an early patron and was chartered in 1701. It consists of Yale College for men, three other undergraduate schools for men and women, and eight graduate schools for men and women.2. It is the largest and most famous American stock market. Located on Wall Street in New York City, it centralizes the trading of stock of over 3000 corporations, and hundreds of millions of shares are bought and sold there each day.3.The second continental congress was held in Philadelphia in May 1775. It decided to take charge of the troops around Boston and appointed George Washington as commander to fight for their freedom and independence. IV. Answer the following questions1.In the post World War 11 decade, the United States was the richest nation in the world. After a brief period of postwar adjustment, the economy boomed. Consumers demanded goods and services. Businesses produced more to meet this demand. With 6 percent of the world' s population, the United States produced half the world's goods. As productivity rose, the labor market changed. Employment grew rapidly in the service sector, which includes sales work, office work, and government jobs. Federal foreign aid programs provided overseas markets for US businesses. Finally, the government spent large amounts of money by providing loans, fighting the Cold War, and finding social programs. Technological advances, many achieved with federate aid, ushered in new industries and sped up the pace of production in old ones. Government spending plus consumer demand led to an era of widespread prosperity, rising living standards, and social mobility…2. The mass education can provide free public education for all of American children and improve the whole quality of American citizenries, while it also has caused several problems. One criticism is that basic education in the United States catered to the “least common denominator”,meaning the teacher gives attention to theslower learners while the brighter students become bored and lose interest in learning. A related issue involves "mainstreaming", a program which allows physically and mentally handicapped children to attend the same classes with children without these problems. While parents of handicapped children want their children to be included, other parents are concerned that their children are not receiving the best possible education because the teacher spends a great deal of time helping the disadvantaged students. Moreover, the costs for educating handicapped exceed the costs for educating other children.套二、答案I. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct one1.B2.A3.B4.C5.A6.C7.B8.B9.C 10.D11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DII. Explain the following terms1. The Boston Massacre took place before the American War of Independence. In 1768 some English troopswere sent to the colonies to help tax-collectors. The people of the colonies hated these soldiers. In the spring of 1770 in Boston, a soldier was hit by a club and at last some of the troops fired and killed four people, with many wounded. This is known as Boston Massacre. After the event, Boston was in an uproar. A big meeting was called, demanding that the English troops should be removed. This showed that the people in the colonies began their struggle against the British rule.2. This is a kind of principle in American Presidential election. If the voters of a state choose presidential electors,they have to choose between a Democratic list and a Republican list because of the American two-party system. If the candidates of a party for “ele c tors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that stat e. This system is known as the “winner-take-all” principle.3. In American political system, the American Constitution divides the powers of the government into threebranches —the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. According to the Constitution the powers of the three branches should be separated and kept balanced. The Constitution limits the powers of each branch and prevents any one branch from gaining undue power. This balance is always kept among the three branches and this is called the “system of checks and balances”.4. The American Civil Rights Movement mainly refers to the American black people's struggle against the racialdiscrimination in 1960s. As early as in 1950s, the black people once struggled against segregation in schools.In 1960, the blacks in 20 states held a large-scale sit-in demonstration protesting against racial segregation. In 1961 the blacks held a freedom-rides against segregation on buses. Under the outstanding leader Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement went still further in mid-1960s. There was a march on Washington for “Jobs and Freedom”. So in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed. This movement shows the American black people's bravery and confidence in their struggles for equal rights and liberty.5. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York. Wall Street was the northern limit of New York in 1653,when the Dutch built a wooden palisade here to protect the colony from Indian attack. Now it is the center of one of the most important financial districts in the world, and the name Wall Street is often used to mean the Stock Exchange or American finance in general. Wall Street is the symbol of American monopoly capitalism. III. Answer the following questions1. During American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln took two important measures, one is the “Homestead Bill”,the other is the “Emancipation Proclamation”. During the first stage of the war from 1861 to 1862, the North was in an unfavorable condition. The North army could not get much support from farmers and Negroes, because many farmers had not got enough land and Negroes had been still enslaved. So they had no interest in the war. In order to get support from the broad masses, Lincoln took these two measures. In May 1862 Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, and this stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South, greatly encouraged farmers. In September 1962, Lincoln issued the famous “Emancipation Proclamation”, freeing a great number of the slaves in the South and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North.After issuing the two measures, Lincoln's army became much stronger and got more support from the broad masses. Finally Lincoln won the war.2. In the U.S. government there are three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches.The executive branch is headed by the President, consists of eleven departments and many independent agencies, including the postal service. The President, as the chief executive, performs many functions.He is the head of the government and chief of state. The President can negotiate foreign treaties, appoint government officials, command the armed forces, send and receive diplomatic officials. In fact he makes foreign policy. He also in e ach year submits to Congress a “State of the Union Message”, budget message and other reports. He may introduce legislative bill to Congress. The President has great power in the government. The legislative branch refers to Congress. Only Congress has the right; to make laws. It is the supreme legislative body of the nation, It is made of two houses —the senate and the House of the Representatives. The judicial branch refers to the Supreme Court and some inferior courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole land and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution. The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other justices.套三、答案I. Fill in the following blanks.1. Harvard,2. the end of American Civil War,3.Orthodox Eastern Church,4. Louisiana,5. arrow and heart.6. patriotism; American ideals,7. individuals,8. New Year’s Day;Santa Claus; North Pole; Christmas Eve; sleigh; reindeer; Christmas treeII. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct answer. (10%)1. A2.C.3.D4.B5.C6. D7.B8.A9.A 10.DIII. Explain the following terms.1. When Franklin D. Rooselvelt was elected American President in 1982, American was in the Great Depression. In order to save the situation, he made a program to deal with the economic emergency. This program is known as the “ New Deal “. According to the “New Deal”, Roosevelt took efforts to consolidate the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones. At home, many public project, were launched to create employment through a huge increase in government responsibility. Crops were destroyed and agriculture production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices. The big industries were compelled to make reforms. Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”, paying pension to the old, unemployed and the injur ed. The “New Deal”relaxed the economic crisis, made some concessions to the working people. The more important thing is that the Roosevelt Government carried out a progressive foreign policy against fascist aggression and wars.2. It is the largest library in the USA. It serves as a reference library. In 1800 Congress passed legislation founding the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., which was initially established to serve the needs of the members of Congress. Since then, this extraordinary collecti on has become one of the world’s great libraries and a depository for every work copyrighted in the United States. The library is open to the public and maintains major collections of papers, photographs, films, maps, and music.3.In brief, the mass media, including the press, radio, TV and Internet, is the methods of communication for the people. They offer general and narrow audiences with ideas, information and entertainment.4. V oice of America is the most famous of the radio stations of the America. It is started on the air in WashingtonD.C. in 1942 in the Second World War as a speaker for war information. VOA programs include news, commentary, popular music and features about American culture. Owing to its external service function, now it has 16 broadcasting stations, and about 40 foreign languages were used besides English, ranging from Albanian to Chinese. Some advanced technology such as relay facilities and satellites are used to send programs overseas.5. A famous novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. The novel described the cruel things that might happen to a slave under a cruel master. It had a very strong influence and aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery.IV. Answer the following questions.1. By the end of the 19th century the United States had grown into a highly developed industrial country andreached the stage of imperialism. Then it began its overseas expansion. Hawaii fell into her control in 1893. In 1898 U. S. Congress declared war on Spain. It invaded China by means of both force and culture. In 1906 it put down the Cuban uprising. During the two world wars, the U.S. also extended its economic and military influences over Far East, Europe and the Pacific Region. After the war, the U. S. started it s “Cold War”, and established NATO against the Soviet Union. In 1950 it invaded Korea. In 1964 the U. S. started long year's Vietnam War. In 1990s the U. S. attacked Iraq and Kosovo. In a word , the United States never stops its aggression and expansion.2. (1) The system of the Gulf: The Mississippi River and its tributaries form an important inland navigation andirrigation system. (2) The system of the Atlantic: The Hudson River, linked by canals with the five Great Lakes, is one of the main arteries for inland water traffic. There are also Potomac River, St. Lawrence River which serves as an international river forming part of the boundary between U.S. and Canada. (3) The system of the Pacific: two major rivers, the Columbia River and the Colorado River which are rich in potential water power.3. American industry is developing so rapidly that it has been in the leading position for the past century. Manymanufacture goods rank the first three in the world. Its major industry includes aircraft, computers, chemicals, electronics, motor vehicles, textiles, etc. There are many big companies and small enterprises…《英美概况（二）》练习题二答案套四、答案I. Fill in the following blanks.1. 1607, 17762.Christopher Columbus3.Plymouth4. Philadelphia5. 17836. Missouri, Ohio7. St. Lawrence River8. Colorado River9. Appalachian 10. Potomac 11. three 12. State 13.Bill of Rights 14. House of Representatives 15. DemocraticII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[F]4.[T]5.[T]6. [F]7. [F]8.[T]9. [F] 10. [F]III. Explain the following terms.1. The Democratic Party grew out of the “ Anti-Federalists” that appeared after 1787. It was founded in 1828, ledby a group of planters and capitalists and a considerable number of small farmers. Thomas Jefferson was the leader.2. The parties in the United States choose all th eir candidates for election at “primary e lections”, which is held inspring. “Primary elections” are considered the first step and part of the formal voting process and it has many forms. Once the party candidates have been chosen, the primary campaign between the parties begins Sometimes a lot of money is needed for a primary campaign.3. The war was started under Eisenhower and ended in January 1973. It ended with a victory of the NorthVietnamese people and a thorough failure of the United States. The Vietnam War was an example of American imperialism for the benefit of the American corporate military interests.4.. the Civil Rights Movement carried by the blacks to get the civil rights in 1950's to 1960's and to fight againstracial segregation. As the result of their struggle, the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. And the V oting Rights Act was passed in 1965.5. Martin Luther King was an outstanding leader of the Civil Rights Movement, a Baptist clergyman. He upheld“non-violence” struggle. He set up a boycott of the bus lines. He also led the largest civil rights rally in 1963.So the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. He protested against voting-rights restriction. In 1964 the Voting Rights Act was passed. From 1965-1968 his struggle turned to the discrimination and injustice in the North and protested against the Vietnam War. He was assassinated in April 1968.IV. Answer the following questions.1. Because at home, there was wartime scarcity, high wages, accumulated savings and industrial expansion.There was a pent-up demand for consumer goods. The establishment of new factories, the expansion of internal and external markets and the increasing employment all account for the prosperity. At abroad Germany, Japan and Italy lost their capacity for competition with America. They relied greatly upon the aid and products from the. U. S. But this prosperity disappeared so quickly because it was based upon the war time economy.2. (1) It achieved prominent breakthroughs in the three fields of atomic energy, electronic computers and spacenavigation. (2) Organ and Limb transplants were tried such as heart transplants. (3) New drugs and preventatives were discovered such as polio vaccine, vaccinations etc.套五、答案I. Fill in the following blanks in English1. five Great Lakes2. Atlantic coast3. New York Stock Exchange4.the Associated Press (AP)5. space satellite6. Declaration of Independence7. atom bomb8. Desert Storm9. Grand Canyon 10. Death Valley 11. Harriet Beecher Stowe 12. Great Depression 13. Pearl Harbor 14. Second World War 15. Midway Island 16. three 17. 3000 18. Baptist 19. Detroit 20. “do-it-yourself”21. 117 22. privately 23. Labor Day 24. advertising 25. HalloweenII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[T]4.[T]5.[F]6. [T]7. [F]8.[T]9. [F] 10. [F] )III. Define the following terms1. The first ten amendments put into the Constitution in 1791, which include freedom of speech, the right to assemble and other democratic rights.2. The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in May 1775. It decided to take charge of thetroops around the Boston and appointed George Washington as commander to fight for their freedom and independence.3. In April 1945 forty-eight countries attended the conference at San Francisco in America to organize apeacetime, permanent organization in the world. Thus the United Nations was founded.4. The Constitution limits the power of each government branch, and prevents any one branch from gainingundue power. This balance is always kept among the three branches.5. is the largest state in the USA. It was purchased by the USA from Russia in 1867. The total area is 1 500 000square kilometers, much of which is mountainous. Its capital is Juneau. Its chief industries are oil, natural gas and fishing, especially salmon fishing.IV. Answer the following questions1. (1) With the war over, the United States again achieved a stable political environment. Both foreign anddomestic capital became available for investment. (2) Black slaves were free, and the waves of European and Asian immigrants poured into the US, so there was enough labor supply for the development of industries. (3) Science and inventions played a very important role. New thing were invented one after another. (4) The federal government put high taxes on foreign imports. This encouraged Americans to buy American-made goods. (5) The United States was rich in natural resources. These advantages together contributed to the development of the US.2. The bond is the borrower’s written promise to repay the loan on a certain date and also to pay a certain rate ofinterest on the borrowed money. The individual who buys bonds does not share in the company’s profits, but neither does he run the risk of losing money if the stock goes down in value. Corporation may issue bonds to obtain money for expansion. State and local governments issue bonds to raise fund for community improvements such as highway, bridges, schools, and hospitals.3. First a bill introduced by member of Congress is sent to an appropriate legislative Congress works. Thecommittee is formed and holds hearing on it. Then the recommendations of the bill are reported to the Houses.The bill is debated on the floor of each house. Then the votes began. After the majority approval by both houses, the proposal law goes to the president. If two-thirds of each house of Congress approves it, the bill becomes law in spite of president's veto.。

英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。

英美概况（2）1The United Kingdom (The Country and the People) REVIEW!1. Name the countries of the British Isles.England ，Scotland ，Wales ，the whole of Ireland2. Describe the geography of the United Kingdom.Highland Zon e：High hills and mountainsLowland Zone: Plains and low hills3. Describe the weather in the United Kingdom.Maritime Climate (moderate temperature, lots of rain)4. Name one important lake in the United Kingdom.Lough Neagh5. What is the G8?G8 (Group of 8): Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US, represent 65% of the worlds economy.6. What kind of people live in theUnited Kingdom?White: Black: Indian: Pakistani:Mixed: Other7. What happened during the Potato Famine?In the 1845 and 1846, the potato crops failed. In ireland 1 million people died.1 million people went to England and the US.8. What river runs through London?Thames9. What does NATO stand for?NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): Defense organization based on mutual agreements, started because of threat from Russia after WWII.10. What is the purpose of the European Union?economic and political union, makes foreign and securitypolicies, has a bank.UNIT3 History of the United KingdomQUIZ!1. Name two of the famous authors listed in the vocabulary.William Shakespeare Thomas More2. What is the name of the society that used meetings, lectures, and research (not revolution) to inform people of their democratic socialist ideas?The Fabian Society3. In what war did Britain fight against Russia with Turkey and FranceCrimean War4. Who was England’s first female prime minister?Margaret Thatcher5. What happened on Black Wednesday?1992: The UK was forced to withdraw the Pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, costing citizens billions of pounds.6. What is the name of the major religion in the UK?Christianity Catholicism7. What happened in the Gunpowder Plot?An attempt to kill king James ⅠREVIEW!1. Name one prehistoric structure built by man in the UK Stonehenge Silbury Hill2. Which man led the Roman invasion of Great Britain around 55 B.C.?Julius Caesar3. During the 100 Years War, what woman helped France beat Great Britain?Joan of Arc,4. Which monarch began the Church of EnglandKing Henry VIII5. Name 3 important writers who gained fame during the “Age of Glory”.Thomas More William Shakespeare John Milton6. What happened during the Gunpowder Plot?7. Name 4 problems with the government listed in the Petition of Rights.Taxation without parliamentary consent,Forced loans,Arbitrary arrest,Interference with property rights, Exemption of officials from due process8. Who were the participants in the Crimean War?French ,Turkey ,Russia ,Great Britain9. What is the IRA?The IRA (Irish Republican Army) sought to gain independence from Great Britain and reunite the Republic of Ireland with Northern Ireland.10. Who is Margaret Thatcher?England’s first female prime ministerUNIT4-5A Constitutional Monarchy:The Queen and ParliamentREVIEW!1. What is the name of the UK’s system of governmentA Constitutional Monarchy and a parliamentary democracy2. What are the three parts of Parliament?The Crown ,House of Lords, House of Commons3. Where does Parliament meet? Meets in Westminster Palace4. Name 3 responsibilities of the Queen1. Summons and dismisses parliament2. Acts as head of the judiciary (courts)3. Commander in Chief of the military4. Leader of the Churches of England and Scotland5. Agrees to bills6. Leads the opening of Parliament7. Declares war8. Makes peace9. Completes treaty agreements with foreign states5. Name 4 responsibilities of ParliamentPass billsV ote on taxesV ote on government spending ?Examine policiesExamine administration ?Debate political issues6. What is the Shadow Cabinet? 20 members ,appointed by Prime Minister7. What does the House of Lords do?Not much powerNow considered a place ofdiscussionDebates issues of the day Improves bills that were not correctly thought out by the HoC Highest Court of Appeals in the UK 8. Where do the members of the House of Commons come from? Members Elected by the people9. True or False. Scotland, Wales, and N. Ireland have their own parliamentsT10. Who is the current Prime Minister of Great Britain?David Camero11. Who is the leader of the central government?David Camero12. What are the beliefs held by the Labour Party and the Conservative Party?The Whigs Became the Labour PartyTheir Beliefs:Government should supervise industryEqual distribution of wealthEqual opportunityThe T ories Became the Conservative PartyTheir Beliefs:Private enterpriseMinimal state regulationPrivate ownership ofbusiness with somegovernment controlGoverning class with natural rights and privileges13. N ame 3 principles of the “Rule of Law”.Everyone must follow the law.Law and order is kept by state institutions.The courts are free from political pressures.Legal compensation is provided to citizens.All people are equal before the law 14. What is the lowest level of the English criminal court system? Magistrates’Courts15. What are the 3 sources of law? English common law: based on lawdeveloped over the centuries and unchanged.Statute Law: formally written laws passed by either the Westminster or Scottish Parliaments.European Union Law: mostly economic and social matters. Ifthe EU law clashes with either the statute or common law, EU law will be applied.Uint5-6British EconomyREVIEW!1. Explain Keynesian Demand ManagementA economic theory that advocate government intervention designed toincrease employment and stimulate business activity.2. Name the 5 major British IndustriesEnergy, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Transportation and Communication, Finance and Trade3. Today, are more companies private or public?Private4. When did Great Britain become so economically powerful? During 1800s industrial revolution5. Name 3 social services provided by the government/- National Health Service- free health care to all citizens- Nationwide Education- free education to everyone- Slum Clearance- clean up the rundown, broken, dirty areas - Expand low - rent housing- to provide houses for the poor - Social Security- if there’s a need, money for children throughmoney for retired people.6. Who pays for the social services?Tax payers7. True or False: Private doctors are separate from NHS doctors.F8. After what major event did the British economy begin to slow down?World War II10. What is the name of the organization many employers belong to, that is also closely linked to the Conservative Party? CBI (Confederation of British Industry)UNIT8-9 Religion Education(没有?)英国小结Quiz!1.What does NATO stand for.。

Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。

英美概况一、引言英美是世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一。

它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要地位，对全球事务产生着巨大影响。

本文将介绍英美的概况，包括其地理、历史、政治体制、经济特征、文化传统等方面的内容。

二、地理特征英美地理上位于北美洲和欧洲西北部。

英国是由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成的岛国，而美国则横跨北美洲的中北部，拥有广袤的土地和多样的地貌。

两国均享有得天独厚的地理优势，拥有丰富的自然资源。

英国气候温和多雨，其著名的乡村风光和城市景观吸引了众多游客。

美国的气候多样，从亚热带到温带再到寒带都有覆盖，其自然景观包括大峡谷、黄石国家公园等世界级的自然奇观。

三、历史沿革英美的历史源远流长。

英国自古以来就是一个重要的国家，曾经统治过英帝国，将其文化和制度传播到全球各地。

美国则在17世纪开始建立，经过独立战争后成为一个独立自主的国家。

英国和美国在历史上有着密切的联系。

美国的政治制度和法律体系受到了英国的影响，英文也成为美国的官方语言之一。

两国之间的经济合作也非常紧密，互为重要的贸易伙伴。

四、政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，现在的国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。

英国的政治制度相对稳定，民主成熟，议会制度是其核心。

议会分为两院，下议院成员由选举产生，上议院则由继承、任命和制度推举产生。

美国是一个联邦制共和国，政府采取三权分立的制度。

总统是国家元首和政府首脑，由选举产生。

国会由参议院和众议院构成，代表着各州和人民的利益。

美国政治体制注重权力平衡和制衡，保障了国家的稳定和民主。

五、经济特征英美在经济上都属于高收入国家，拥有发达的市场经济。

英国是全球最重要的金融中心之一，伦敦市是世界金融的核心。

英国的经济以金融、保险、制造业和创新科技为支柱。

美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的经济实力和产业基础。

其经济结构多样化，包括工业、农业、服务业等多个领域。

美国的创新和科技水平世界领先，许多科技巨头诞生于美国。

六、文化传统英美文化有着广泛的影响力。