英美概况(2)1

《英美概况（二）》练习题一答案套一、答案I．Fill in the following blanks in English1. cotton2. Indians3. Superior; Michigan; Huron; Erie; Ontario; Michigan; Canada4. 16075. 126. winner-take-all; majority /2707. Vice- Presidency8.18549. private10. Pittsburg 11. space 12. Scandinavian 13. Civil Rights Movement 14. 88 000, 18 00015. 1922 16. four 17. IndependenceII. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct one1. C2.B3.A4.D5.A6.C7.B8.C9.D 10.B11.B 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.D 20.DIII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.T2. F3. F4.F5. T6. F7.F8.T9. T 10.TIII. Define the following terms1. Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, which was named after Elihu Yale, an early patron and was chartered in 1701. It consists of Yale College for men, three other undergraduate schools for men and women, and eight graduate schools for men and women.2. It is the largest and most famous American stock market. Located on Wall Street in New York City, it centralizes the trading of stock of over 3000 corporations, and hundreds of millions of shares are bought and sold there each day.3.The second continental congress was held in Philadelphia in May 1775. It decided to take charge of the troops around Boston and appointed George Washington as commander to fight for their freedom and independence. IV. Answer the following questions1.In the post World War 11 decade, the United States was the richest nation in the world. After a brief period of postwar adjustment, the economy boomed. Consumers demanded goods and services. Businesses produced more to meet this demand. With 6 percent of the world' s population, the United States produced half the world's goods. As productivity rose, the labor market changed. Employment grew rapidly in the service sector, which includes sales work, office work, and government jobs. Federal foreign aid programs provided overseas markets for US businesses. Finally, the government spent large amounts of money by providing loans, fighting the Cold War, and finding social programs. Technological advances, many achieved with federate aid, ushered in new industries and sped up the pace of production in old ones. Government spending plus consumer demand led to an era of widespread prosperity, rising living standards, and social mobility…2. The mass education can provide free public education for all of American children and improve the whole quality of American citizenries, while it also has caused several problems. One criticism is that basic education in the United States catered to the “least common denominator”,meaning the teacher gives attention to theslower learners while the brighter students become bored and lose interest in learning. A related issue involves "mainstreaming", a program which allows physically and mentally handicapped children to attend the same classes with children without these problems. While parents of handicapped children want their children to be included, other parents are concerned that their children are not receiving the best possible education because the teacher spends a great deal of time helping the disadvantaged students. Moreover, the costs for educating handicapped exceed the costs for educating other children.套二、答案I. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct one1.B2.A3.B4.C5.A6.C7.B8.B9.C 10.D11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DII. Explain the following terms1. The Boston Massacre took place before the American War of Independence. In 1768 some English troopswere sent to the colonies to help tax-collectors. The people of the colonies hated these soldiers. In the spring of 1770 in Boston, a soldier was hit by a club and at last some of the troops fired and killed four people, with many wounded. This is known as Boston Massacre. After the event, Boston was in an uproar. A big meeting was called, demanding that the English troops should be removed. This showed that the people in the colonies began their struggle against the British rule.2. This is a kind of principle in American Presidential election. If the voters of a state choose presidential electors,they have to choose between a Democratic list and a Republican list because of the American two-party system. If the candidates of a party for “ele c tors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that stat e. This system is known as the “winner-take-all” principle.3. In American political system, the American Constitution divides the powers of the government into threebranches —the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. According to the Constitution the powers of the three branches should be separated and kept balanced. The Constitution limits the powers of each branch and prevents any one branch from gaining undue power. This balance is always kept among the three branches and this is called the “system of checks and balances”.4. The American Civil Rights Movement mainly refers to the American black people's struggle against the racialdiscrimination in 1960s. As early as in 1950s, the black people once struggled against segregation in schools.In 1960, the blacks in 20 states held a large-scale sit-in demonstration protesting against racial segregation. In 1961 the blacks held a freedom-rides against segregation on buses. Under the outstanding leader Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement went still further in mid-1960s. There was a march on Washington for “Jobs and Freedom”. So in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed. This movement shows the American black people's bravery and confidence in their struggles for equal rights and liberty.5. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York. Wall Street was the northern limit of New York in 1653,when the Dutch built a wooden palisade here to protect the colony from Indian attack. Now it is the center of one of the most important financial districts in the world, and the name Wall Street is often used to mean the Stock Exchange or American finance in general. Wall Street is the symbol of American monopoly capitalism. III. Answer the following questions1. During American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln took two important measures, one is the “Homestead Bill”,the other is the “Emancipation Proclamation”. During the first stage of the war from 1861 to 1862, the North was in an unfavorable condition. The North army could not get much support from farmers and Negroes, because many farmers had not got enough land and Negroes had been still enslaved. So they had no interest in the war. In order to get support from the broad masses, Lincoln took these two measures. In May 1862 Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, and this stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South, greatly encouraged farmers. In September 1962, Lincoln issued the famous “Emancipation Proclamation”, freeing a great number of the slaves in the South and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North.After issuing the two measures, Lincoln's army became much stronger and got more support from the broad masses. Finally Lincoln won the war.2. In the U.S. government there are three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches.The executive branch is headed by the President, consists of eleven departments and many independent agencies, including the postal service. The President, as the chief executive, performs many functions.He is the head of the government and chief of state. The President can negotiate foreign treaties, appoint government officials, command the armed forces, send and receive diplomatic officials. In fact he makes foreign policy. He also in e ach year submits to Congress a “State of the Union Message”, budget message and other reports. He may introduce legislative bill to Congress. The President has great power in the government. The legislative branch refers to Congress. Only Congress has the right; to make laws. It is the supreme legislative body of the nation, It is made of two houses —the senate and the House of the Representatives. The judicial branch refers to the Supreme Court and some inferior courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole land and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution. The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other justices.套三、答案I. Fill in the following blanks.1. Harvard,2. the end of American Civil War,3.Orthodox Eastern Church,4. Louisiana,5. arrow and heart.6. patriotism; American ideals,7. individuals,8. New Year’s Day;Santa Claus; North Pole; Christmas Eve; sleigh; reindeer; Christmas treeII. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Choose the correct answer. (10%)1. A2.C.3.D4.B5.C6. D7.B8.A9.A 10.DIII. Explain the following terms.1. When Franklin D. Rooselvelt was elected American President in 1982, American was in the Great Depression. In order to save the situation, he made a program to deal with the economic emergency. This program is known as the “ New Deal “. According to the “New Deal”, Roosevelt took efforts to consolidate the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones. At home, many public project, were launched to create employment through a huge increase in government responsibility. Crops were destroyed and agriculture production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices. The big industries were compelled to make reforms. Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”, paying pension to the old, unemployed and the injur ed. The “New Deal”relaxed the economic crisis, made some concessions to the working people. The more important thing is that the Roosevelt Government carried out a progressive foreign policy against fascist aggression and wars.2. It is the largest library in the USA. It serves as a reference library. In 1800 Congress passed legislation founding the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., which was initially established to serve the needs of the members of Congress. Since then, this extraordinary collecti on has become one of the world’s great libraries and a depository for every work copyrighted in the United States. The library is open to the public and maintains major collections of papers, photographs, films, maps, and music.3.In brief, the mass media, including the press, radio, TV and Internet, is the methods of communication for the people. They offer general and narrow audiences with ideas, information and entertainment.4. V oice of America is the most famous of the radio stations of the America. It is started on the air in WashingtonD.C. in 1942 in the Second World War as a speaker for war information. VOA programs include news, commentary, popular music and features about American culture. Owing to its external service function, now it has 16 broadcasting stations, and about 40 foreign languages were used besides English, ranging from Albanian to Chinese. Some advanced technology such as relay facilities and satellites are used to send programs overseas.5. A famous novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. The novel described the cruel things that might happen to a slave under a cruel master. It had a very strong influence and aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery.IV. Answer the following questions.1. By the end of the 19th century the United States had grown into a highly developed industrial country andreached the stage of imperialism. Then it began its overseas expansion. Hawaii fell into her control in 1893. In 1898 U. S. Congress declared war on Spain. It invaded China by means of both force and culture. In 1906 it put down the Cuban uprising. During the two world wars, the U.S. also extended its economic and military influences over Far East, Europe and the Pacific Region. After the war, the U. S. started it s “Cold War”, and established NATO against the Soviet Union. In 1950 it invaded Korea. In 1964 the U. S. started long year's Vietnam War. In 1990s the U. S. attacked Iraq and Kosovo. In a word , the United States never stops its aggression and expansion.2. (1) The system of the Gulf: The Mississippi River and its tributaries form an important inland navigation andirrigation system. (2) The system of the Atlantic: The Hudson River, linked by canals with the five Great Lakes, is one of the main arteries for inland water traffic. There are also Potomac River, St. Lawrence River which serves as an international river forming part of the boundary between U.S. and Canada. (3) The system of the Pacific: two major rivers, the Columbia River and the Colorado River which are rich in potential water power.3. American industry is developing so rapidly that it has been in the leading position for the past century. Manymanufacture goods rank the first three in the world. Its major industry includes aircraft, computers, chemicals, electronics, motor vehicles, textiles, etc. There are many big companies and small enterprises…《英美概况（二）》练习题二答案套四、答案I. Fill in the following blanks.1. 1607, 17762.Christopher Columbus3.Plymouth4. Philadelphia5. 17836. Missouri, Ohio7. St. Lawrence River8. Colorado River9. Appalachian 10. Potomac 11. three 12. State 13.Bill of Rights 14. House of Representatives 15. DemocraticII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[F]4.[T]5.[T]6. [F]7. [F]8.[T]9. [F] 10. [F]III. Explain the following terms.1. The Democratic Party grew out of the “ Anti-Federalists” that appeared after 1787. It was founded in 1828, ledby a group of planters and capitalists and a considerable number of small farmers. Thomas Jefferson was the leader.2. The parties in the United States choose all th eir candidates for election at “primary e lections”, which is held inspring. “Primary elections” are considered the first step and part of the formal voting process and it has many forms. Once the party candidates have been chosen, the primary campaign between the parties begins Sometimes a lot of money is needed for a primary campaign.3. The war was started under Eisenhower and ended in January 1973. It ended with a victory of the NorthVietnamese people and a thorough failure of the United States. The Vietnam War was an example of American imperialism for the benefit of the American corporate military interests.4.. the Civil Rights Movement carried by the blacks to get the civil rights in 1950's to 1960's and to fight againstracial segregation. As the result of their struggle, the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. And the V oting Rights Act was passed in 1965.5. Martin Luther King was an outstanding leader of the Civil Rights Movement, a Baptist clergyman. He upheld“non-violence” struggle. He set up a boycott of the bus lines. He also led the largest civil rights rally in 1963.So the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. He protested against voting-rights restriction. In 1964 the Voting Rights Act was passed. From 1965-1968 his struggle turned to the discrimination and injustice in the North and protested against the Vietnam War. He was assassinated in April 1968.IV. Answer the following questions.1. Because at home, there was wartime scarcity, high wages, accumulated savings and industrial expansion.There was a pent-up demand for consumer goods. The establishment of new factories, the expansion of internal and external markets and the increasing employment all account for the prosperity. At abroad Germany, Japan and Italy lost their capacity for competition with America. They relied greatly upon the aid and products from the. U. S. But this prosperity disappeared so quickly because it was based upon the war time economy.2. (1) It achieved prominent breakthroughs in the three fields of atomic energy, electronic computers and spacenavigation. (2) Organ and Limb transplants were tried such as heart transplants. (3) New drugs and preventatives were discovered such as polio vaccine, vaccinations etc.套五、答案I. Fill in the following blanks in English1. five Great Lakes2. Atlantic coast3. New York Stock Exchange4.the Associated Press (AP)5. space satellite6. Declaration of Independence7. atom bomb8. Desert Storm9. Grand Canyon 10. Death Valley 11. Harriet Beecher Stowe 12. Great Depression 13. Pearl Harbor 14. Second World War 15. Midway Island 16. three 17. 3000 18. Baptist 19. Detroit 20. “do-it-yourself”21. 117 22. privately 23. Labor Day 24. advertising 25. HalloweenII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[T]4.[T]5.[F]6. [T]7. [F]8.[T]9. [F] 10. [F] )III. Define the following terms1. The first ten amendments put into the Constitution in 1791, which include freedom of speech, the right to assemble and other democratic rights.2. The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in May 1775. It decided to take charge of thetroops around the Boston and appointed George Washington as commander to fight for their freedom and independence.3. In April 1945 forty-eight countries attended the conference at San Francisco in America to organize apeacetime, permanent organization in the world. Thus the United Nations was founded.4. The Constitution limits the power of each government branch, and prevents any one branch from gainingundue power. This balance is always kept among the three branches.5. is the largest state in the USA. It was purchased by the USA from Russia in 1867. The total area is 1 500 000square kilometers, much of which is mountainous. Its capital is Juneau. Its chief industries are oil, natural gas and fishing, especially salmon fishing.IV. Answer the following questions1. (1) With the war over, the United States again achieved a stable political environment. Both foreign anddomestic capital became available for investment. (2) Black slaves were free, and the waves of European and Asian immigrants poured into the US, so there was enough labor supply for the development of industries. (3) Science and inventions played a very important role. New thing were invented one after another. (4) The federal government put high taxes on foreign imports. This encouraged Americans to buy American-made goods. (5) The United States was rich in natural resources. These advantages together contributed to the development of the US.2. The bond is the borrower’s written promise to repay the loan on a certain date and also to pay a certain rate ofinterest on the borrowed money. The individual who buys bonds does not share in the company’s profits, but neither does he run the risk of losing money if the stock goes down in value. Corporation may issue bonds to obtain money for expansion. State and local governments issue bonds to raise fund for community improvements such as highway, bridges, schools, and hospitals.3. First a bill introduced by member of Congress is sent to an appropriate legislative Congress works. Thecommittee is formed and holds hearing on it. Then the recommendations of the bill are reported to the Houses.The bill is debated on the floor of each house. Then the votes began. After the majority approval by both houses, the proposal law goes to the president. If two-thirds of each house of Congress approves it, the bill becomes law in spite of president's veto.。

英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。

英美概况（2）1The United Kingdom (The Country and the People) REVIEW!1. Name the countries of the British Isles.England ，Scotland ，Wales ，the whole of Ireland2. Describe the geography of the United Kingdom.Highland Zon e：High hills and mountainsLowland Zone: Plains and low hills3. Describe the weather in the United Kingdom.Maritime Climate (moderate temperature, lots of rain)4. Name one important lake in the United Kingdom.Lough Neagh5. What is the G8?G8 (Group of 8): Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US, represent 65% of the worlds economy.6. What kind of people live in theUnited Kingdom?White: Black: Indian: Pakistani:Mixed: Other7. What happened during the Potato Famine?In the 1845 and 1846, the potato crops failed. In ireland 1 million people died.1 million people went to England and the US.8. What river runs through London?Thames9. What does NATO stand for?NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): Defense organization based on mutual agreements, started because of threat from Russia after WWII.10. What is the purpose of the European Union?economic and political union, makes foreign and securitypolicies, has a bank.UNIT3 History of the United KingdomQUIZ!1. Name two of the famous authors listed in the vocabulary.William Shakespeare Thomas More2. What is the name of the society that used meetings, lectures, and research (not revolution) to inform people of their democratic socialist ideas?The Fabian Society3. In what war did Britain fight against Russia with Turkey and FranceCrimean War4. Who was England’s first female prime minister?Margaret Thatcher5. What happened on Black Wednesday?1992: The UK was forced to withdraw the Pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, costing citizens billions of pounds.6. What is the name of the major religion in the UK?Christianity Catholicism7. What happened in the Gunpowder Plot?An attempt to kill king James ⅠREVIEW!1. Name one prehistoric structure built by man in the UK Stonehenge Silbury Hill2. Which man led the Roman invasion of Great Britain around 55 B.C.?Julius Caesar3. During the 100 Years War, what woman helped France beat Great Britain?Joan of Arc,4. Which monarch began the Church of EnglandKing Henry VIII5. Name 3 important writers who gained fame during the “Age of Glory”.Thomas More William Shakespeare John Milton6. What happened during the Gunpowder Plot?7. Name 4 problems with the government listed in the Petition of Rights.Taxation without parliamentary consent,Forced loans,Arbitrary arrest,Interference with property rights, Exemption of officials from due process8. Who were the participants in the Crimean War?French ,Turkey ,Russia ,Great Britain9. What is the IRA?The IRA (Irish Republican Army) sought to gain independence from Great Britain and reunite the Republic of Ireland with Northern Ireland.10. Who is Margaret Thatcher?England’s first female prime ministerUNIT4-5A Constitutional Monarchy:The Queen and ParliamentREVIEW!1. What is the name of the UK’s system of governmentA Constitutional Monarchy and a parliamentary democracy2. What are the three parts of Parliament?The Crown ,House of Lords, House of Commons3. Where does Parliament meet? Meets in Westminster Palace4. Name 3 responsibilities of the Queen1. Summons and dismisses parliament2. Acts as head of the judiciary (courts)3. Commander in Chief of the military4. Leader of the Churches of England and Scotland5. Agrees to bills6. Leads the opening of Parliament7. Declares war8. Makes peace9. Completes treaty agreements with foreign states5. Name 4 responsibilities of ParliamentPass billsV ote on taxesV ote on government spending ?Examine policiesExamine administration ?Debate political issues6. What is the Shadow Cabinet? 20 members ,appointed by Prime Minister7. What does the House of Lords do?Not much powerNow considered a place ofdiscussionDebates issues of the day Improves bills that were not correctly thought out by the HoC Highest Court of Appeals in the UK 8. Where do the members of the House of Commons come from? Members Elected by the people9. True or False. Scotland, Wales, and N. Ireland have their own parliamentsT10. Who is the current Prime Minister of Great Britain?David Camero11. Who is the leader of the central government?David Camero12. What are the beliefs held by the Labour Party and the Conservative Party?The Whigs Became the Labour PartyTheir Beliefs:Government should supervise industryEqual distribution of wealthEqual opportunityThe T ories Became the Conservative PartyTheir Beliefs:Private enterpriseMinimal state regulationPrivate ownership ofbusiness with somegovernment controlGoverning class with natural rights and privileges13. N ame 3 principles of the “Rule of Law”.Everyone must follow the law.Law and order is kept by state institutions.The courts are free from political pressures.Legal compensation is provided to citizens.All people are equal before the law 14. What is the lowest level of the English criminal court system? Magistrates’Courts15. What are the 3 sources of law? English common law: based on lawdeveloped over the centuries and unchanged.Statute Law: formally written laws passed by either the Westminster or Scottish Parliaments.European Union Law: mostly economic and social matters. Ifthe EU law clashes with either the statute or common law, EU law will be applied.Uint5-6British EconomyREVIEW!1. Explain Keynesian Demand ManagementA economic theory that advocate government intervention designed toincrease employment and stimulate business activity.2. Name the 5 major British IndustriesEnergy, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Transportation and Communication, Finance and Trade3. Today, are more companies private or public?Private4. When did Great Britain become so economically powerful? During 1800s industrial revolution5. Name 3 social services provided by the government/- National Health Service- free health care to all citizens- Nationwide Education- free education to everyone- Slum Clearance- clean up the rundown, broken, dirty areas - Expand low - rent housing- to provide houses for the poor - Social Security- if there’s a need, money for children throughmoney for retired people.6. Who pays for the social services?Tax payers7. True or False: Private doctors are separate from NHS doctors.F8. After what major event did the British economy begin to slow down?World War II10. What is the name of the organization many employers belong to, that is also closely linked to the Conservative Party? CBI (Confederation of British Industry)UNIT8-9 Religion Education(没有?)英国小结Quiz!1.What does NATO stand for.。

Weather
New Zealand is in the southern temperate latitudes midway between the Equator and the South Pole. The climate is maritime.
•slow-to change sea temperatures produce moderate temperatures. •The prevailing wind is westerly. •have extremes of winds and rain.
Unit 1
Land, People and History
Geography
Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean.
This long group of islands is made up of two main landmasses, the North Island and the South Island. The third largest island, Stewart Island is south of the South Island.
Relationship between Maori and Pakeha
In 1860s, war broke out between Maori and settlers Settler society boomed after the gold rushes from the 1860s. Maori and European soldiers fought alongside the British in the two world wars.
History

Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。

Bald eagle: National bird
a preference for peace
US Great Seal
E Pluribus Unum
[Out of Many, One] Traditional motto of America
The shield: a blue Chief: the Congress blue: vigilance, perseverance
An Outline of the UK and the USA
Warming-up
• the symbols of USA
An Outline of the UK and the USA
New words and expressions
• contiguous: adj. very close or connected in space or time 邻近的，接触的，连续的 — California and Mexico are contiguous.
The Star Spangled Banner (2) On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

THANK YOU
感谢各位观看
和技能培训。
02
美国教育改革
美国教育改革关注提高教育质量、缩小教育差距、促进教育公平等议题，
同时推动STEM教育和职业教育的发展。
03
发展趋势
英美两国都在积极探索教育创新，注重培养学生的创新能力和实践能力，
以适应快速变化的社会需求。同时，两国都在加强国际交流与合作，推
动教育的国际化发展。
05
英美文学与艺术概览
国际贸易，对外投 资，吸引外资
教育体系
高等教育，职业教 育，中小学教育
Байду номын сангаас3
美国概况
美国历史与文化
美国的起源与历史发展
美国的文学、艺术与音乐
从13个殖民地的建立到独立战争，再 到西进运动、南北战争等关键历史节 点。
如马克·吐温、海明威等文学巨匠，以 及好莱坞电影、百老汇音乐剧等艺术 成就。
美国的多元文化
美国经济与社会发展
美国的经济发展历程
01
从工业革命到现代经济体系的建立，包括农业、制造业、服务
业等产业的发展。
美国的社会福利制度
02
如社会保障、医疗保险、失业保险等制度的建立和实施情况。
美国的教育与科技
03
包括高等教育、科研创新等方面的成就和挑战，以及硅谷等科
技中心的崛起。
04
英美教育制度比较
教育理念与特点比较
英国概况
英国历史与文化
中世纪英国
文艺复兴时期
盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵， 诺曼征服，中世纪的封
建制度
伊丽莎白时代，莎士比 亚的戏剧，英国文艺复
兴的成就
工业革命
纺织机的发明，蒸汽机 的应用，工业革命的影

英美概况一、引言英美是世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一。

它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要地位，对全球事务产生着巨大影响。

本文将介绍英美的概况，包括其地理、历史、政治体制、经济特征、文化传统等方面的内容。

二、地理特征英美地理上位于北美洲和欧洲西北部。

英国是由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成的岛国，而美国则横跨北美洲的中北部，拥有广袤的土地和多样的地貌。

两国均享有得天独厚的地理优势，拥有丰富的自然资源。

英国气候温和多雨，其著名的乡村风光和城市景观吸引了众多游客。

美国的气候多样，从亚热带到温带再到寒带都有覆盖，其自然景观包括大峡谷、黄石国家公园等世界级的自然奇观。

三、历史沿革英美的历史源远流长。

英国自古以来就是一个重要的国家，曾经统治过英帝国，将其文化和制度传播到全球各地。

美国则在17世纪开始建立，经过独立战争后成为一个独立自主的国家。

英国和美国在历史上有着密切的联系。

美国的政治制度和法律体系受到了英国的影响，英文也成为美国的官方语言之一。

两国之间的经济合作也非常紧密，互为重要的贸易伙伴。

四、政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，现在的国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。

英国的政治制度相对稳定，民主成熟，议会制度是其核心。

议会分为两院，下议院成员由选举产生，上议院则由继承、任命和制度推举产生。

美国是一个联邦制共和国，政府采取三权分立的制度。

总统是国家元首和政府首脑，由选举产生。

国会由参议院和众议院构成，代表着各州和人民的利益。

美国政治体制注重权力平衡和制衡，保障了国家的稳定和民主。

五、经济特征英美在经济上都属于高收入国家，拥有发达的市场经济。

英国是全球最重要的金融中心之一，伦敦市是世界金融的核心。

英国的经济以金融、保险、制造业和创新科技为支柱。

美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的经济实力和产业基础。

其经济结构多样化，包括工业、农业、服务业等多个领域。

美国的创新和科技水平世界领先，许多科技巨头诞生于美国。

六、文化传统英美文化有着广泛的影响力。

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), also known as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, scholar, author, and statesman. During his life he gained a reputation as a leading Renaissance humanist, a violent opponent of the Reformation of Martin Luther, and a government official. For the last six years of his life he was Lord Chancelly
Part I
Chapter I Pre-feudal Society
1. Early Settlement (…-55 B.C.)
the Ice Age (about 20,000 years ago)--- Iberians (3000 B.C. today’s Spain)--- the Celtic (about 750 B.C.)
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost and for his treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica.

Maoritanga
Maoritanga means “Maori culture” and embraces the language, customs and traditions There are many legends about Maui protocols, tangi, hui, pakeha The Treaty of Waitangi The Second World War
History
First settlers of the islands
New Zealand—Aotearoa, ”land of the long white cloud” – was settled over 1000 years ago by voyagers from East Polynesia.
The New Zealanders
4.351 million 86% live in cities and towns, 75% live in North Island 80% identify themselves as having European ancestry Refugees from Europe arrived in the 1930s 7% identify themselves as being of Pacific Island origin Official language: English, Te Reo Maori, NZSL Religion: Christianity is the most common religion First country to give woman the right to vote(1893)
Unit 1

London, capital of England
London
Top: City of London skyline, Middle: Palace of Westminster, Bottom left: Tower Bridge, Bottom right: Tower of London.
2. Lakes
a. Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland). b. Lake District: ① One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain; ② 15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water; ③ The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
3.Rainfall 降雨量:
Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout
the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超 过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St.

I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。

构
阐述美国经济制度的基础，如市 场经济、私有制等，以及产业结 构的现状与特点。
社会问题与挑战
探讨美国当前面临的社会问题， 如种族不平等、贫困、犯罪等， 以及政府和社会如何应对这些挑 战。
2024/3/24
15
课后习题详解：美国部分
1
简答题
回答关于美国历史、文化、社会等方面的 简答题，如“简述美国独立战争的背景和 结果”、“分析个人主义在美国文化中的 地位和影响”等。
阐述美国多元文化的特点，以及不同民族在美国社会中的融合过 程。
实用主义与创新精神
探讨实用主义哲学对美国文化的影响，以及创新精神在美国科技、 经济等领域中的体现。
14
美国社会现状与特点
政治体制与权力结
构
分析美国政治体制的特点，包括 总统制、三权分立等，以及权力 结构中的利益集团、政党等因素。
经济制度与产业结
英美在国际事务中的影响力 分析英美在国际组织、全球治理等方面的作用和影响力。
2024/3/24
英美外交政策的异同点 比较英美在外交政策制定和实施上的相似性和差异性。
20
课后习题详解：政治制度与外交关系部分
习题一
解释英国君主立宪制的基本原则和特 点。
习题二
分析美国总统制与英国君主立宪制的 异同点。
2024/3/24
过去几十年来，英美两国在文化领域的 交流活动不断增多。例如，英国皇家莎 士比亚剧团和美国百老汇的戏剧合作、 英国国家美术馆和美国大都会艺术博物 馆的艺术交流等。这些活动为两国人民 提供了更多了解和欣赏对方文化的机会。
随着全球化的深入发展，英美两国之间 的文化交流将继续加强。未来，两国可 以在数字创意产业、影视制作、艺术教 育等领域开展更多合作，共同推动世界 文化的繁荣和发展。

英美概况1. 概述英美是指英国和美国，两个国家在历史、文化、经济等方面有着紧密的联系。

英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，拥有悠久的历史和文化传统；美国是位于北美洲的一个大陆国家，是世界上最强大的经济体之一。

2. 历史背景2.1 英国历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前1万年左右的旧石器时代。

公元43年，罗马帝国入侵不列颠岛，并建立了不列颠罗马省。

5世纪时，盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠岛，建立了各个王国。

9世纪时，威塞克斯王朝统一了英格兰。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉一世在哈斯丁斯战役中击败了英格兰的哈罗德二世，并建立了诺曼底王朝。

14世纪后期，英法百年战争爆发，在这场战争中英格兰失去了大部分法国领土。

16世纪初，亨利八世发动宗教改革，英格兰成为新教国家。

17世纪中期，英国爆发了内战，最终奥利弗·克伦威尔夺取政权并建立了共和国。

1660年，英国恢复君主制。

18世纪后期至19世纪初期，工业革命在英国兴起，使其成为当时的工业中心。

19世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化的国家，并在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。

2.2 美国历史美洲大陆最早的居民是印第安人。

1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆，并开启了欧洲人对美洲的探索和殖民活动。

17世纪初，英格兰开始向北美洲殖民，并建立了13个殖民地。

这些殖民地于1776年宣布独立，成立了美利坚合众国。

19世纪初至中期，美国经历了西部拓荒运动、南北战争等重要事件。

南北战争结束后，废除奴隶制度，美国逐渐工业化和现代化。

20世纪初至中期，美国崛起为世界上最强大的经济体之一。

两次世界大战后，美国成为超级大国，并在冷战时期与苏联展开了长达几十年的对抗。

3. 政治制度3.1 英国政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主是英国的元首，但权力受到议会的限制。

议会分为上议院和下议院，下议院中的议员由选举产生。

英国政府由内阁和首相领导。

首相通常来自于执政党的领袖。

英国政治体系注重权力分立和民主原则。

医疗卫生制度
英国实行全民免费医疗制度，国民可享受全面的公共卫生服务。
社会福利制度
英国建立了完善的社会福利制度，包括养老保险、失业保险、医疗 保险等，保障国民的基本生活需求。
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03
美国篇：政治、经济与社会制度
2024/3/23
11
美国政治制度及改革
总统制
美国总统是国家元首、政府首脑 和三军统帅，由选举产生，任期 四年。
政治改革
近年来，美国政治改革主要集中 在选举制度、投票权、政党制度 和政治参与等方面。
01
联邦制
美国实行联邦制，联邦政府和各 州政府分权而治，具有相对独立 性。
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03
两党制
美国政治主要由两大政党——民 主党和共和党主导，两党通过竞 选争夺执政地位。
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2024/3/23
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美国经济发展现状与趋势
专业课程《英美概况2》
2024/3/23
1
目录
2024/3/23
• 课程介绍与教学目标 • 英国篇：政治、经济与社会制度 • 美国篇：政治、经济与社会制度 • 英美文化：传统、习俗与价值观 • 英美教育：体系、特点与发展趋势 • 英美科技：创新、应用与影响 • 总结与展望：深化对英美的理解与认识
2
2024/3/23
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英美价值观比较
个人主义与集体主义
探讨英美两国在个人与集体关系上的不同侧 重点。
平等观念与等级观念
分析英美社会在平等与等级问题上的异同。
2024/3/23
竞争与合作
比较英美两国在竞争与合作方面的不同态度 和价值观。
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跨文化交际中的注意事项
01
文化差异意识
强调在跨文化交际中需要认识 到不同文化之间的差异，并尊 重这些差异。

A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century)
First invasion—In August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
I II III IV V
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
Britain since World War II
Additional Information
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
I
The Founding of the Nation
Left—Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.6 The Norman Conquest
In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place. Duke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harold’s succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King.

单选题1.Harvard,one of the most famous universities in the world,was founded in()A.1636B.1635C.1634D.1639答案:A2.The Pilgrims were able to survive in America because().A.they received help from the IndiansB.they were supported by rich companiesC.many ships brought them food from EnglandD.they had signed the Mayflower Compact答案:A3.In the U.S.,people go to church mainly for the following reasons except().A.for finding a job in socielyB.for having a place in a communityC.for identifying themselves with dominant valuesD.for getting together with friends答案:A4.The US is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products, in which the second most important export is().A.CottonB.vegetable oilsC.cereal grainsD.soybeans答案:C5.After the Civil War,the United States saw great developments in().A.agricultureB.economicsC.cultureD.politics答案:A6.What belongs to the attitudes of Americans toward manual labor?A.Highly valuingB.looking down upon it.C.NeutralD.Refusing to take on it.答案:A7.()serve as the media between producers and retailers,or producers and wholesalers.A.ProducersB.RetailersC.WholesalersD.The government答案:C8.The period of colonization covered the years from1607to(), that is,from the first settlement of English colonists to the independence of the USA.A.1776B.1777C.1778D.1779答案:A9.By law any natural-born American citizen of any over years of age()can run for the presidency.A.thirty threeB.thirty fourC.thirty fiveD.thirty six答案:C10.Day-to-day family leisure activities include the following activities EXCEPT().A.going to a restaurant for dinnerB.visit Disney WorldC.barbecuingD.shopping malls答案:B11.The state()is rich in fishing and trapping.A.HawaiiB.CaliforniaC.AlaskaD.New York答案:C12.The largest religious group in America is().A.Roman CatholicsB.ProtestantsC.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians答案:B13.The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of()in1777.A.YorktownB.SaratogaC.Bunker HillD.Lexington答案:B14.The two major political parties in the United States are().A.the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyB.the Labor Party and the Conservative PartyC.the Liberal Party and the Conservative PartyD.the Federalist Party and the Republican Party答案:A15.()is the second largest US city in terms of population in the United States of America and the largest industrial city in the country.A.Los AngelesB.PhiladelphiaC.ChicagoD.California答案:C16.The Midway Island Battle was the turning point of the()War.A.PacificB.ColdC.AtlanticD.Civil答案:A17.The first imperialist war took place between the U.S.and() in1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico答案:C18.Christianity consists of the following except()A.CatholicismB.East OrthodoxC.Jewish ChurchD.Protestantism答案:C19.The“first Americans”were the().A.black slavesB.IndiansC.whitesD.Eskimos答案:B20.()has the power to impeach the President of the United States when he abuses his power.A.The SenateB.The Justice of the Supreme CourtC.The CongressD.The Supreme Court答案:C21.The national flag of the United States is known as().A.the Star-Spangled BannerB.Uncle SamC.Hot DogD.Union Jack答案:A22.The largest seaport of the United States is().A.San DiegoB.San FranciscoC.ChicagoD.New York答案:D23.Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system:(),the Supreme Court and the Presidency.A.the SenateB.The House of RepresentativesC.CongressD.the highest court答案:C24.The University of California,with several branch campuses, has more than()students.A.128000B.129000C.126000D.127000答案:A25.The largest public library in the U.S.is().A.Library of CongressB.Library of HarvardC.Franklin LibraryD.Roosevelt Library答案:A26.The()River forms part of the boundary between Canada and the USA,serving as an international river.A.ColoradoB.OhioC.Missouriwrence答案:D27.The Head of the Representatives is called().A.LeaderB.ChancellorC.SpeakerD.Chairman答案:C28.The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism except().A.challenging the authority of the PopeB.salvation through faithC.salvation through the churchD.establishing a direct contact with God答案:C29.Metropolitan Museum is in().A.Washington D.C.B.BostonC.New YorkD.Philadelphia答案:C30.President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-known policy called()to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New DealC.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the“Big Stick”答案:B31.The original name of New York is().A.New HampshireB.New AmsterdamC.New JerseyD.New England答案:B32.The presiding officer of the Senate is()who serves as chairman when the Senate is in session.A.the SpeakerB.the Vice PresidentC.theCongressmanD.the Floor Leader答案:B33.The U.S. A.is known as a“Melting Pot”for its().A.mixture of religionsB.mixture of nationalitiesC.mixture of climatesD.mixture of habits答案:B34.The state to which the Mayflower sailed is().A.FloridaB.MaineC.MassachusettsD.Virginia答案:C35.()is the largest city in the US.A.Los AngelesB.ChicagoC.DetroitD.the New York City答案:D36.()served more than two terms in American history.A.Franklin D.RooseveltB.George WashingtonC.Thomas JeffersonD.Abraham Lincoln.答案:A37.()are the most numerous in the minorities of the United States.A.blacksB.Hispanicsn-AmericansD.Jews答案:A38.()is the spokesman of the US foreign policy.A.The State SecretaryB.The PresidentC.The Vice PresidentD.The Chief of the White House Staff答案:A39.The Niagara Falls is located on the US and Canadian boundary between lake Erie and lake().A.SuperiorB.MichiganC.HuronD.Ontario答案:D40.The symbol of the Republican Party is().A.a monkeyB.an elephantC.a horseD.a donkey答案:B41.In(),the first satellite was launched in the USA.A.1958B.1657C.1659D.1655答案:A42.The“Senior Citizens”in the senior centers refer to.()A.high officialsB.professorsC.presidentsD.old people答案:D43.()is the only branch that can make federal laws,and levy federal taxes.A.The executiveB.The legislativeC.The JudicialD.The president答案:B44.Harvard University was founded in().A.1366B.1633C.1636D.1363答案:C45.Detroit is famous for the production of().A.bambooB.automobilesC.timberD.airplanes答案:B46.America occupies the leading position in the modern technology in the following areas except().A.atomic energyputersC.spaceD.shipbuilding答案:D47.The three biggest newspapers are of the following except().A.New York TimesB.Reader's DigestC.Washington PostD.Los Angeles Times答案:B48.The first immigrants came to America from England to escape ().A.povertyB.imprisonmentC.religious persecutionD.all of the above答案:D49.The most famous19radio stations is().A.the Columbia Broadcasting SystemB.the American Broadcasting SystemC.Voice of AmericaD.The National Broadcasting System答案:C50.From1949to1972,the number of scientists who moved into the USA from various countries in the world reached()A.200000B.300000C.400000D.500000答案:A51.The largest freshwater lake in the world is().ke Superiorke Erieke Ontarike Michigan答案:A52.When()was elected president,the southern states broke away and formed a new nation,the Confederate States of America.A.Thomas JeffersonB.Franklin D.RooseveltC.George WashingtonD.Abraham Lincoln答案:D53.The most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its()superiority.A.industrialB.agriculturalC.economicalitary答案:A54.The river that serves as the dividing line between the South and the North of the United States is().A.the Columbia RiverB.the Potomac RiverC.the Ohio RiverD.the Colorado River答案:B55.The presiding officer of the Senate is()who serves as chairman when the Senate is in session.A.the SpeakerB.the Vice PresidentC.the CongressmanD.the Floor Leader答案:B判断题1.American government has always been playing an important role in the development of American economy.A.错误B.正确答案:B2.The supreme judicial body in the USA is in the District Court.A.错误B.正确答案:Abour Day was first celebrated in honour of the workers in the USA.B.正确答案:B4.Americans are free to have guns,and this makes hunting a popular sport in the USAA.错误B.正确答案:B5.It was the Scandinavian immigrants in the mid-seventeenth century who introduced skiing into the USA.A.错误B.正确答案:A6.America was once the dominant exporting nation,but her competitive superiority lostA.错误B.正确答案:B7.Basketball is the summer sport in American schools and colleges.A.错误B.正确答案:A8.There are three world religions:Buddhism,Islam and Christianity.B.正确答案:B9.On July4,1775,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of IndependenceA.错误B.正确答案:A10.Americans have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destinies.A.错误B.正确答案:B11.American's biggest challenge is coming from Pacific Rim countries such as Japan,South Korea,and Singapore.A.错误B.正确答案:B12.The leading region for manufacturing activity is the Middle Atlantic regionA.错误B.正确答案:A13.In most high schools,apart from general education,there is also vocational training for specific occupationsA.错误B.正确答案:B14.Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the Civil Rights Movement in the1950s and1970s.A.错误B.正确答案:A15.Christianity came into being in20A.D.A.错误B.正确答案:A16.Some advanced technology such as relay facilities and satellites are used to send programs overseas.A.错误B.正确答案:B17.In the United States,cotton is a leading commercial crop in the South.A.错误B.正确答案:B18.Voice of America is the most famous of the radio stations of the America.A.错误B.正确答案:B19.The1787Constitution consisted of8articles and later26 amendments were added.A.错误B.正确答案:A20.Thomas Jefferson is the3rd US Presidetn from1801to1809. He was a lawyer who opposed the British colonial policy and was a member of the Continental Congress.A.错误B.正确答案:B21.There are nearly3100state parks and recreation areas in the USA..A.错误B.正确答案:B22.Americans like boating.Motorboats,as well as canoes,are very popular for fishing and water-skiingA.错误B.正确答案:B23.Death Valley,280feet below sea level.It is the lowest point in the whole of North America.A.错误B.正确答案:B24.The Eastern Orthodox Church was separated from Roman Catholic Church in1054,with the population of130million.A.错误B.正确答案:B25.The group of buildings of the United Nations stands along the West River at the end of the42nd Street.A.错误B.正确答案:A26.Detroit has been known as the automobile capital of the world.A.错误B.正确答案:B27.American industry is developing so rapidly that it has been in the leadin gposition for the past century.A.错误B.正确答案:B28.St.Valentine’s Day is a sweetheart festival on15th February on which lovers send presents to each other to show his or her love.A.错误B.正确答案:A29.America is the world's largest producer of electricity,but stil it has to import electricity from Canada.A.错误B.正确答案:B30.Christopher Columbus was a Spanish adventurer.A.错误B.正确答案:A31.Women’s Liberation Movement has been the single important social movement of the1970’s.A.错误B.正确答案:B32.The western part consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Appalachian RangeA.错误B.正确答案:A33.Since1816,the executive mansion has been known as"White House".A.错误B.正确答案:A34.Generally speaking,an elementary school teacher must have a BA degree with a major in education.A.错误B.正确答案:B35.In1956,the first satellite was launched in the USA.A.错误B.正确答案:A36.The academic year lasts nine months.A.错误B.正确答案:B37.The chief function of the Congress is to deal with foreign affairs.A.错误B.正确答案:A38.Each of the fifty states of the U.S.A.elects three senators.B.正确答案:A39.When Lincoln was elected president,the southern states broke away and formed a new nation,the Confederate Union of America.A.错误B.正确答案:B40.From1901to1978,there were altogether117people in the USA having won the Nobel Prizes for the research of natural science.A.错误B.正确答案:B41.The Republican Party grew out of the“Anti-Federalists”that appeared after1787when the Constitution was made.A.错误B.正确答案:A42.VOA is the most famous of the eighteen radio stations of the USA for the propaganda to foreign countriesA.错误B.正确答案:A43.The annual session of the Congress begins on January3rd each year.Congress holds two annual sessions each term.B.正确答案:B44.Mount Mekinley,6187meters high,on the north of the Alaska, the highest peak on the American continent.A.错误B.正确答案:A45.The emigration from England to the colonies in America was mainly sponsored by the king.A.错误B.正确答案:A46.According to the US Constitution,Congress exercises the legislative power.It enjoys the power of making laws,levying taxes and appropriating money for government expenditure.A.错误B.正确答案:B47.When the state administrations act out the powers given to them in the Constitution,the federal administration has right to interfere.A.错误B.正确答案:A48.The military leader of the Southern army in the American Civial War was General Grant.A.错误B.正确答案:A49.In1791,the first ten amendments were made.This is the well-known"Bill of Rights",which contains such liberties as freedom of religion,freedom of speech,freedom of press,etc.A.错误B.正确答案:B50.The constitution llimits the power of each government branch, and prevents any one branch from gaining undue power.A.错误B.正确答案:B51.Lexington Fire was the ending of American War of IndependenceA.错误B.正确答案:A52.The land can be divided into three parts according to its geographical features：the eastern part，the western part，and the central Plains.A.错误B.正确53.After the Asian War broke out,there were two war arenas in the world.One was the European arena;the other was the Pacific arena.A.错误B.正确答案:B54.The successful merchants and ship-builders became the forefathers of the American bourgeoisie in industry.A.错误B.正确答案:B55.Los Angeles leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center.A.错误B.正确答案:B56.The election of the American presidency comes every four years.A.错误B.正确答案:B57.William Penn was not one of the founding fathersof the American Republic.B.正确答案:B58.Between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Rocky Mountains there is a large area of desert,of which Death Valley is the lowest and hottest place in America.A.错误B.正确答案:B59.In1920,the USA had only10radio stations.A.错误B.正确答案:A60.The Rocky Mountains form the most important river divide in the States,separating the system of the Mexican gulf and the system of the Pacific.A.错误B.正确答案:A61.There are roughly two industrial sections in the USAA.错误B.正确答案:A62.It is true that the US now has a"free market"system.A.错误B.正确63.The name"Indians"was given by Amerigo Vespucci.When he first discovered the American continent,he mistook the natives there for the people of India.A.错误B.正确答案:A64.Olympic Games are international sporting contests which take place every four years in whatever country the national athletic festival held at Olympia.A.错误B.正确答案:B65.The New York Times is sold all over the USA with a circulation of895000.A.错误B.正确答案:B66.With6percent of the world's population,the United States produced half the world's goods.A.错误B.正确答案:B67.There are two major denominations in America:Christian Science and Mormonism that are the results of native developments.A.错误B.正确答案:B68.The bond is the borrower’s written promise to repay the loan on a certain date and also to pay a certain rate of interest on the borrowed moneyA.错误B.正确答案:B69.In western California lies Death Valley,280feet below sea level.It is the lowest point in the whole of North America.A.错误B.正确答案:A70.The containment policy was to hold back the expansion of the Soviet Union.It was the basis of the US foreign policy during the Cold War.A.错误B.正确答案:B71.The US political system was established on the basis of three main principles:federalism,the separation of powers and respect for the constitution and the rule of law.A.错误B.正确答案:B72.Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system:Congress,the Supreme Court and the Presidency.A.错误B.正确答案:B73.The early settlers in the colony discovered a way to make money by growing tobacco.A.错误B.正确答案:B74.In Protestantism there are about30principal groupsA.错误B.正确答案:B75.The Proclamation declared the abolition of slavery an objective of the war in addition to the objective of saving the Union.B.正确答案:B76.The House of Representatives has435members plus a nonvoting representative from Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia.A.错误B.正确答案:B77.The Federalists are supporters of the federal principle of government or members of political group from1787to1823which favoured strong centralized government and was in power from1789 to1800in the USA.A.错误B.正确答案:B78.The Federal Constitution of the USA,which was adopted in1787 and came into effect in1788,is the first comparatively complete written constitution.A.错误B.正确答案:A79.Between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians lies the Central Plain which occupies one third of America's landmass on the continent.B.正确答案:A80.The period of the“Cold War”began when Trumanism came forth in March1947.A.错误B.正确答案:B81.The Three Faiths in the US.Refer to Protestant,Catholic and Jewish.A.错误B.正确答案:B82.All the newspapers and magazines in the USA are privately owned.A.错误B.正确答案:B83.The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.A.错误B.正确答案:B84.The largest Protestant group is the Baptist.A.错误B.正确85.The basic causes of World War I lay in the political and economical rivalries of the great powers.A.错误B.正确答案:A86.The president can veto the bill if he hopes to prevent the bill from becoming law.A.错误B.正确答案:B87.The Roman Catholic Church was separated from Orthodoxy in1054A.错误B.正确答案:B88.There is unified federal policy for enrollment and every university is not free to select its own first-year students and set its own standardA.错误B.正确答案:A89.Americans show great respect for Abraham Lincoln and most people regard him as a model in their personal struggle.A.错误B.正确90.The president can serve more than two successive terms of four years each.A.错误B.正确答案:A91.In the USA,a two-year college was originally called a“junior college”,but now it is called a“community collegeA.错误B.正确答案:B92.American economy is a free enterprise systemA.错误B.正确答案:B93.The USA supplies a larger share of the imports to all other countries than does any other nation in the world.A.错误B.正确答案:B94.Before the breakout of the Civil War,the Whig Party,which had been formed during Jackson's day,began to break up.A.错误B.正确答案:B95.The Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May so that all can enjoy a three-day weekend.A.错误B.正确答案:B96.Columbus discovered the new World in the year of1493.A.错误B.正确答案:A97.In April1949,13nations established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate the military actions of member nations against the USSR.A.错误B.正确答案:A98.The Statue of Liberty was given by the Spanish people as a gift.A.错误B.正确答案:A99.By the beginning of the20th century,the United States controlled the most part of the globe.A.错误B.正确答案:A100.VOA Radio Station is in Washington.A.错误B.正确答案:B101.May1st is an international Labour Day,a public holiday in the USAA.错误B.正确答案:B102.Iowa is the head of corn-producing states.A.错误B.正确答案:B103.The common house during colonial times was log cabin.A.错误B.正确答案:B104.In the system of the Pacific,there are two major rivers:the Columbia River and the Colorado River.A.错误B.正确答案:B105.Every state constitution divides political power among four elements.A.错误B.正确答案:A106.The Bill of Rights consists of10amendments adopted in1787.A.错误B.正确答案:A107.The second continental congress was held in Philadelphia in May1776A.错误B.正确答案:A108.The first computer came into being in1944and in the same year, the first atom bomb was tested.A.错误B.正确答案:A109.Independence Day is celebrated in all the statesA.错误B.正确答案:B110.The spirit of“do-it-yourself”may be reflected in many aspects of American life.A.错误B.正确答案:B111.About two-thirds of the income of the average daily newspaper comes from advertisingB.正确答案:B112.The American Supreme Court is only headed by eight other judges,all called justices,who are appointed for life terms by the president with the consent of the Senate,and who can only be removed by impeachment.A.错误B.正确答案:A113.The eastern part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.A.错误B.正确答案:B114.The election process in the United States is rather simple.A.错误B.正确答案:A115.New Year's Day is on January1st,a legal holiday in the USAA.错误B.正确答案:B116.The USA has many achievements in the field of science and technologyB.正确答案:B117.The Washington Post was founded in1876and associated with the conventional conservative force in the Congress.A.错误B.正确答案:A118.The Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent. However,ever since the discovery of the land in1492they have been cruelly treated.They were driven into barren desert regions, the so-called“Indian Reservations”.A.错误B.正确答案:B119.A member of either House of Congress doesn't have the right to introduce a bill.A.错误B.正确答案:A120.Chicago,the second largest US city in terms of population in the United States of America,lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake.B.正确答案:B121.The poverty and wealth of the US is not distributed evenly by race,geography or age.A.错误B.正确答案:A122.About96percent of all American homes have television sets and more than25percent have two or more sets.A.错误B.正确答案:B123.Impeachment is a charge brought by the US House of Representatives against an official in the judicial or executive branches of the federal government.A.错误B.正确答案:B124.The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas JeffersonA.错误B.正确答案:B125.The president really has enormous power,both in his or her own capacity as the chief executive and acting through members of his or her Cabinet.A.错误B.正确答案:B126.There is a rather uneven distribution of the population in the U.S. A.There are four densely-populated areas in the country.A.错误B.正确答案:B127.In the USA there occurred six economic crises from the end of the war to the middle of the1970s.A.错误B.正确答案:B128.On December7th,1942,Japan attacked a US naval base at Pearl Harbour.The attack on Pearl Harbour shook the whole country of the United States of America.The next day President Roosevelt gave a short address and Congress declared war on Japan.A.错误B.正确答案:A129.Most of the USA is in the temperate zone，with four distinct seasons and varying numbers of hot and co1d days each season, while the northern states and AIaska have extremely cold winters.A.错误B.正确答案:B130.The standard of living of American farmers is generally high.A.错误B.正确答案:B131.The first National Thanksgiving Day was set on November16, 1789by George Washington in his inauguration.A.错误B.正确答案:A132.The distinctive feature of the American educational system is its“emphasis on education of the masses rather than on education of the intellectuals”A.错误B.正确答案:B133.In1957,the first satellite was launched in the USAA.错误B.正确答案:A134.Boston is situated in Boston Bay,Massachusetts.It is a fine natural harbor and one of America's great seaports.A.错误B.正确答案:B135.The American War of Independence was an event of great historic importance.By smashing the fetters of British rule,it gave the colonies their fight to national independence and assured US capitalism of a free development.A.错误B.正确答案:B136.The Great Plains is the eastern part of the central plain.A.错误B.正确答案:A137.Problems exist in American religion.Some of the small sects are extremely intolerant.A.错误B.正确答案:Bpared with four-year colleges,universities are generally larger in enrollment,with better libraries,more research work, and teachers with higher doctorates.A.错误B.正确答案:B139.The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes.This is known as the winner-take-all principle.A.错误B.正确答案:B140.The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in September1775to consider and act on the situation arising from the so-called Intolerable Acts passed by the Bitish Parliament.A.错误B.正确答案:A141.In April1947,just at the end of the war,a conference was called at San Francisco in America to organize the United Nations.A.错误B.正确答案:A142.Houston is located near the Gulf of Mexico and is connected with the Gulf by a deep-water channelA.错误B.正确答案:B143.The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in LexingtonA.错误B.正确答案:B144.The executive body consists of fourteen departments and many independent agencies,including the postal service.A.错误B.正确答案:A145.During the American Revolution in1776,George Washington had his headquarters for a time in New York City.A.错误B.正确答案:B146.American’s biggest challenge is coming from Pacific Rim countries such as Japan,South Korea,and Singapore.A.错误B.正确答案:B147.Most Americans consider their religious beliefs and activities to be private matters.A.错误B.正确答案:B。