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古代英国的发展历程
古代英国在历史的发展中经历了许多重要的阶段。
以下是英国古代发展的一些重要历程：
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）：古代英国的最早历史
可以追溯到盎格鲁-撒克逊人的移民和定居。
在这一时期，英
国逐渐形成了公国和王朝体制。
诺曼底征服（1066年）：这标志着威廉征服者成功征服英格兰，并成为英格兰的新国王。
诺曼征服导致法国与英国之间的紧密联系，对英国的政治、社会和文化产生了深远影响。
中世纪时期（1066年-1485年）：在这一时期，英国各地的领
主和贵族竞相争夺权力。
英王亨利七世建立了都铎王朝，开始英国的强大和繁荣时期。
大航海时代（15世纪-17世纪）：英国探险家开始探索世界各地，并建立了海外殖民地和贸易帝国。
著名的探险家包括弗朗西斯·德雷克和詹姆斯·库克。
这个时期还见证了英国海军的崛起，并成为世界上最强大的海军之一。
工业革命时期（18世纪-19世纪）：工业革命在英国开始，英
国成为世界上第一个工业化国家。
这个时期英国的经济快速增长，工业和科技取得了重大突破，如蒸汽机和纺织机械的发明。
维多利亚时代（1837年-1901年）：在维多利亚女王统治下，
英国经济和帝国达到巅峰。
英国成为当时世界上最强大和最富
裕的国家之一，扩展了殖民地地盘，拥有广泛的海外帝国。
这些重要的阶段和事件共同塑造了古代英国的发展历程。
它们对英国的政治、社会、经济和文化产生了深远影响，并为现代英国的建立奠定了基础。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈把⽇⽿曼宗教带到了英国。
除了康⽡尔、威尔⼠、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特⼈还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。
公元597，教皇格⾥⾼⼀世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国⼈皈依基督教。
公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷⼤主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教⽅⾯，奥古斯丁特别成功。
但是普通⼈的皈依很⼤程度上归功于北部修⼠们的传教活动。
England(南部，最大人口稠密的地区) Scotland（北部，有三大自然区北部高低中部低地南部山岭-Edinburgh）Wales(西部-Cardiff)/Northern Ireland(-Belfast)英联邦：The Commonwealth of notion is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries until 1991.英国的起源公元前5000年-1066年（The Norman Conquest）大宪章（the Great Charter）1215年by King John百年战争（The Hundred Years War）1337-1453英国被赶出法国后的影响：1. Regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France the superior size and wealth of France would have 2. Hindered the development of a separate English national identity 3.while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.玫瑰战争（The Wars of Rose）1455-1485伊丽莎白一世（Elizabeth I）1558-1603英国内战（The Civil Wars）1642.8.22-1651(the beginning of modern history)王政复辟（The Restoration）1660光荣革命（The Glorious Revolution）1688辉格党人和托利党人（Whigs and Tories）1688农业革命（Agricultural changes)18世纪末工业革命（The industrial Revolution）1780-18301.John Kay’s flying shuttle(飞梭)17332.James Hardgrave' Spinning Jenny(詹幕士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机)17663.Richard Ark Wright’s water frame(水力纺织机)17694.Shmuel Crampon’s mule(走定纺纱机)17795.Edmund Cartwright's power loom(力织机)17846.James Watt's steam engine(高效蒸汽机)1765宪章运动（The Chartist Movement）1836-1848人民宪章（A people's Charter）1838英国殖民地扩张（Colonial Expansion）1583《巴黎和约》（Treaty of Paris）17631788把囚犯流放到澳大利亚1816自由定居1840不再流放1851-1892淘金热1901六个自治区统一为澳大利亚独立联邦1660东印度公司建立（East India Company）1840鸦片战争（the Opium War）第一次世界大战1914-1918第二次世界大战1939-1945撒切尔1979-1990天然气和石油in the North sea（Natural gas1965 and oil 1970 ）新兴工业的三个地区1985英国纺织业衰退的原因：1. Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods.2.There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign produces.3poor and outdated management decisions have cause problem.d4.Substitutions of human-made fibers have been made for natural fobers.5.An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.君主立宪制（Constitutional monarchy）1688伊丽莎白二世的全称:”Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defended of the Faith”议会（Parliament):The United Kingdom is a unitary(中央集权国家), not a federal, state(联邦制国家). Parliament consists of the Sovereign(君主), the House of Lords(上议院) and the House of Commons(下议院).上院（The House of Lords）:The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual is the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yond and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consists of 1. All hereditary peers and peeresses of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland)2. Life peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties; 3. All other life peers, The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.保守党（the Conservation Party）工党（the Labor Party）1945年开始轮流执政法典的来源:1. Statues 2. A large amount of “ unwritten” or common law 3. Equity law 4. European Community. Anther common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.无罪（not guilt）:means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.英格兰的三种刑事法院：1. the High Court of Justiciary 2. the sheriff court 3. the district court.高等法院的三个分支：1. The family Division 2. The Chancery Division 3. The Queen’s Bench Division警察（Police）：Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike.They do no normally carry firearms.刑法（the penal system）目的: to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offended.国教（established churches）:the church of England/the (Presbyterian)church of ScotlandChristmas day/Easter/Whit Sunday。
英美概况考试笔记英语国家概况The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 英国的历史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Mordern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire1 取关键词Origins的字头O2 取关键词Shaping的字头S3 取关键词Mordern的字头M4 取关键词Empire的字头E连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)!接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代表的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英国历史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容易了.可谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握.History of UK (---O.S.M.E---) 哦（O），是（S）我（ME）O: Early settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman Conquest O（哦）：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服)句子：（老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维达小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。
S: Norman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprising S(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B]句子：（老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯, 老公。
英语国家概况Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain an d Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Irela nd, and hundreds of sm all ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。
2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。
3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。
4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。
II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。
V．The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元1066年）1．Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.威廉在爱德华死后⼊侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤⼈会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。
公元1066年10⽉，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。
2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其产⽣的影响。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历的最事件。
英美概况（英国篇2：英国的起源（公元前5000年-1066年）I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
2．At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3．The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
4．The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。
公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯•凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。
直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。
将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。
2. Roman's influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。
他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。
罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。
First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。
其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。
最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons' invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.(简要：这是第二章"国家的起源"的第二部分。
在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元446年到1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。
这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服)。
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格鲁-撒克逊人（公元446-871年）1．Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.盎格鲁-萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。
这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。
居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。
后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。
这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁-撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became thefirst Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁-撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。
公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。
公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。
但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。
3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.早期盎格鲁-撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.盎格鲁-撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。
