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英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
英美概况知识点总结英语1. Geography:The United Kingdom (UK) is located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a diverse landscape, including rolling hills, mountains, and fertile plains. It is also known for its coastline and numerous islands.On the other hand, the United States (US) is a vast country in North America, with 50 states and a federal district. It is the fourth-largest country in the world by land area and has a diverse geography that includes mountains, plains, deserts, and coastlines, as well as the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.2. Politics and Governance:The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The Head of State is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, while the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The UK Parliament has two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The political system is based on the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.In contrast, the United States is a federal republic with a presidential system. It has a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President is both the head of state and the head of government, and the Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The US political system is based on the principles of federalism and checks and balances.3. Economy:The UK has one of the largest economies in the world, with a focus on services such as finance, healthcare, education, and creative industries. London is a global financial center, and the UK has a strong manufacturing and technology sector as well. It is also a member of the European Union, although it recently departed from the bloc following the Brexit referendum in 2016.The United States has the world's largest economy, characterized by its diversity and innovation. It is a global leader in technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. The US economy is driven by private enterprise and innovation, with cities like New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco serving as major economic hubs.4. Education:The UK has a well-established education system, including prestigious universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16, and the system is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary (higher) education. The UK is known for its high-quality education and research facilities.In the United States, education is decentralized, with each state responsible for its own education system. The US has a wide range of educational institutions, including Ivy League universities, public and private colleges, and community colleges. The US is also a popular destination for international students seeking higher education.5. Culture and Society:Both the UK and the US have rich and diverse cultural traditions. The UK is known for its literature, theater, music, and art, with a strong influence from its historical legacy. British culture has also been shaped by its multicultural population, with significant contributions from immigrants and diverse ethnic communities.The US is a melting pot of cultures, influenced by the traditions of Native American, African, European, Asian, and Latin American communities. It has made significant contributions to global popular culture, including music, film, and sports. The US is also known for its emphasis on individualism and the "American Dream," the belief that anyone can achieve success through hard work and determination.6. Healthcare:The UK has a public healthcare system known as the National Health Service (NHS), which provides free or subsidized healthcare to all residents. The NHS is funded through taxation and offers comprehensive medical services, including primary care, hospital treatment, and emergency services.In the United States, healthcare is provided through a combination of private and public systems. While public programs like Medicare and Medicaid offer coverage to specific groups, the majority of Americans are covered by private health insurance. The US has a complex healthcare system with varying levels of access and quality, and healthcare costs are a major issue for many Americans.In conclusion, the United Kingdom and the United States are two influential and diverse countries with distinct characteristics in terms of politics, economy, education, culture, and healthcare. Despite their differences, they share a common language and history, and they continue to have a significant impact on global affairs. Understanding the nuances of these two nations can provide valuable insights into the complexities of international relations and the modern world.。
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
姓名：HaoSummary一、The period of ancient Greece1、Thales:○1Nature is rational○2Water is the basis of everything2、Anaximander:○1the world I terms of opposites3、Pythagoras:○1the entire natural world with numbers4、Heraclitus:○1change as the only unchanging reality in the universe○2opposites are inherently connected5、Parmenides:○1everything was the same○2human reasoning could discover the hidden universal truth which was disguised by the façade of change6、Democritus:○1everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity○2nothing actually changes○3the atomic theory○4Nature consisted of an unlimited number and variety ofatoms .When a plant or animal died,its atoms disperse and could be used again in new bodies.○5his view of the world is mechanistic7、Socrates:○1strongly disagreed with the Sophists○2some norms are universally valid and absolute○3a rationalist who had unshakable faith in human reason○4distinguished between two types of knowledge: innate or a priori knowledge and empirical or not learned through the physical senses. A priori , or prior to birth , each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical senses. Empirical or a posteriori knowledge is learned through the physical senses.8、Plato:○1everything in the material world dies , decomposed and disintegrates. ○2there were a limited number of forms○3true , absolute and eternal knowledge must be a priori, or innate within human beings.○4Idealism○5Understanding the world of ideas leads to understanding the ultimate cause of the physical world.○6He used earlier philosophical contributions to develop his Idealism into a comprehensive system which became a pillar of western thinking.9、Aristotle:○1the highest reality was gained through the physical senses○2nothing exists in consciousness that has not first been experienced through the senses.○3specific objects represented an ideal form○4His motto was “Matter over Mind”.○5man has the innate ability to reason○6Since man had reasoning ability ,he could organize physical experiences into categories.○7Reality consisted of “substance”, what objects are made of , and “form”, each object’s specific characteristic or what it can do.○8the modern explanation that moisture in the clouds cool and condense into raindrops which fall to the earth by the force of gravity○9developed four causes for why events occur in the natural world10founded the science of logic○11the earth was the center of universe○二、The Middle Ages1、St. Augustine:○1(influences by Plato’s Idealism) man has a body and a soul; all human history is a struggle between the materialistic and the spiritual worlds.2、St. Thomas Aquinas:○1He believed that he could demonstrate the existence of God , basedon both innate reason and faith.三、The Renaissance1、Nicholaus Copernicus: the Polish astronomer2、Galileo Galilei: the Italian scientist and mathematician3、Johann Kepler: the German astronomer; demonstrated that the world was only a small part of an infinite universe.4、Isaac Newton: laws of motion explained all visible motions.5、Francis Bacon: wrote the first description of the modern scientific method : constructing a hypothesis; conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis; and reaching conclusions based on the experiment.6、Thomas Hobbes: His harsh description of the materialistic, selfish society is very different from either Plato’s Republic or Christianity’s idealism.7、Rene Descartes:○1reason was the only path to knowledge○2agreed with thinkers who relied on mathematics, he used logic to reason through complex problems in other fields knowledge○3the human body is a perfect machine, following natural laws○4his dualism separated mind and matter into two great , mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive divisions of the universe.○5“I think ; therefore , I am”○6He has been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern western philosophy.8、John Locke:the modern father of Empiricism○1ideas come from sense experiences and are processed in the mind through thinking. He combined thinking, reasoning, believing and doubting into a single concept which he named “reflection”.○2the blank mind○3Locke asked his next question, “Is the world really the way a person perceives it?”His answer was both “Yes” and “No”.○4He advocated the equality of the sexes; the separation of powers within a government; and the natural rights of man.○5ideas come from the mind’s reflection on physical world9、David Hume:the most important Empiricist of his age.○1He was skeptical about all we claim to know.○2He argued that people have two types of perception: impressions and ideas. Based on sense experience, impressions are original and immediate.○3He opposed all ideas and appearances that could not be traced to sense perceptions, including religious knowledge.○4Hume’s philosophy broke the final link between medieval faith and contemporary knowledge.○5He agreed with Locke that a child has no preconceived opinions. Achild perceives the world as it is, based on his experiences.○6analysis of the law of causation(means that everything that happens has a cause).○7He argued that both thunder and lightening are the results of a third event, electric discharge. The laws of nature are what we expect, rather than what is reasonable.○8Hume did recognize the existence of unbreakable and eternal natural laws.○9ideas come from the mind’s reflection on the physical world10、George Berkeley: a religious leader○1knowledgeis based on experience, and material objects only exist in their physical forms.○2ideas come from the mind of a supernatural All-Perceive○3the foundation of all scientific knowledge is sense experience.○4reason is secondary to sense-experience.四、Modern Philosophy:Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, they wrote about Nature, Rationalism and human rights based on natural law.1、Immanuel Kant:○1He combined elements of both Rationalism and Empiricism into one new comprehensive system to explain how humans know the world.○2He agreed with the Empiricists that knowledge came from sensoryexperiences.○3He agreed with the Rationalists that the mind had a priori knowledge which influenced the interpretation of sensory experiences.○4both space and time are a priori categories imposed on sensory experience by the human mind○5sensory experiences can be true knowledge since the mind’s categories both shape and conform to these experiences.○6God , free choice ,and immortality probably exist, since they are all necessary for mortality to exist.○7believed that the law of causality was one of the a priori categories of the human mind.○8He claimed that humans could only achieve a disagree of probability in determining the cause of a given event.○9Kant believed that all change has cause and that the law of causality was eternal and absolute10humans have a dual nature○11He argued that people must assume the existence of God and○behave morally12“categorical imperative”○13He wrote some words on morality that were still resonate today.○2、Romanticism○1Universal Romanticism○2National Romanticism3、Georg Hegel：○1He did not think eternal truths existed.○2the dialectical process○3 a thought is usually based on previous thoughts○4dialectics五、Modern Philosophical Trends1、Charles Darwin:human beings were members of the animal kingdom2、Albert Einstein:portrayed a universe very differently from the mechanical universe described in Newton’s laws3、Existentialism1) Friedrich Nietzsche: moral action should come from a strong superhero2) Henri Bergson: Reason perceives the material world, but Intuition could perceive the life force which pervades the world.3) Jean-Paul Sartre: man is the only living creature that is conscious of its own existence. Existence takes precedence over all other experiences.4、Positivism1) Ernst Mach: phenomena are neutral, having neither physical nor mental status. He claimed that science should only describe phenomena that could be perceived through the senses.2) Bertrand Russell: He argued that concepts and arguments are constructed of “atomic”, or smallest propositions, that have their roots in the world of experience.3) Whitehead: argued that mathematics can be reducible to pure logic.4) Ludwig Wittgenstein: He developed a theory to explain how language, mind and reality are related. He did not reject the existence of metaphysical qualities. Like Kant, he argued that we cannot know some ideas by direct physical experience. However, unlike Kant, he argued that many problems in philosophy are not problems related to ideas or sensory experience, but to language.5) Noam Chomsky: He view language as an innate product of the mind.6) Jacques Derrida: He argued that language does not refer to the real world at all, but only to other language.5、Pragmatism in The United States1) Charles Peirce: He argued that ideas are clear only when we show which actions establish their meaning. Peirce developed four methods people use to hold onto their beliefs.。
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英美概况PART 1Unit 1 The United KingdomI Overview1 Full name of the country : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2 The British Isles(a geographical term)选择地图，写名称3 The4 countries/nations that made up the kingdoma. Englandb. Scotlandc. Walesd. Northern Ireland4 Capital-London5 The Union Flag/the Union Jack 国旗7 The UK’S influence in the worlda The British commonwealth英联邦(名词解释1):Also known as theCommonwealth of Nations,it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia , India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa.ⅡPosition and Borders2 Borders: English Channel 南⾯North Sea东⾯Ireland 西⾯Ⅲ Components:组成部分1 EnglandB capital-London ⾸都+⾸府2 Scotlanda 2nd,largest in area and populationb capital-Edinburgh ⾸府3 Walesb capital-Cardiff4 Northern IrelandC Capital-BelfastⅣtopography 三个部分对应1 The highland ZoneP:6 Scotland, Wales and parts of England 2 The lowland Zone P:7 most of EnglandThe South and east of Great Britain V Rivers, Lakes and Coastline 1 ThamesSecond largest bur most important river VI Climate1 maritime 海洋性2 temperate ⽓候温和的3 changeable weatherUnit 2 The peopleI Overview1 Ethnic composition:种族构成A The EnglishB The WelshC The ScottishD The Northern Irish2 LanguageEnglish+ other minor language3 “Britishness”I Ethnic Composition1 The historyA Celtic tribesB RomansC Angles, Saxons and JutesD ScandinaviansE French NormansF Waves of immigrants and refugees ever sinceⅢ Linguistic Composition1 EnglishA The official language of the U.K.B The evolution of EnglishGermanic+ Danish + French + other influencesC The Received PronunciationUnit 4 Governments and PoliticsⅠThe constitution and the Monarchy1 The ConstitutionA No written ConstitutionC characteristics1) Constitutional monarchy 君主⽴宪制VS absolute monarchy2) Parliamentary Sovereignty 议会权⼒⾄上3) Representative democracy 代表民主制4）The rule of law法制ⅡThe Monarchy1 Who is the present monarch? Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ问答题1 P:502 What is the Queen’s role as monarch? What does the phrase“ the monarch is supposed to reign but not rule” mean?1)Head of state 国家⾸领2）Head of the armed forces武装部队3）Head of the Church of England 英国圣公会4）Government duties5) Represents the nation6) Visits other countries*Where does Queen live?Buckingham PalaceIII Parliament-the legislature1 Structure of ParliamentA The crownB The House of Lords (non-elected)C The house of commons (the elected) Real power2 House of Commons-with real powerA 646 MPsB The Prime Minister-⾃动⽣成（The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister）C Cabinet内阁D Leader of the Opposition 反对党⾸领E Shadow Cabinet 影⼦内阁（由反对党构成）F Front benchers vs Backbenchers P:45Front benchers: Cabinet or shadow CabinetBackbenchers: All other MPSG The speaker 下议院议长：an MP of either party usually elected at the startof each parliament.3 House of LordB “hereditary peers”世袭贵族vs “life peers”终⾝贵族C Also the highest court-the judicialⅣGovernment1 Central government- the executive⾏政部门A the Prime Minister2) Responsibilities 办公场所：10 Downing Street1) Presiding over the Cabinet2) allocating function among minisers3) meeting with the QueenB The Cabinet2)The principle of collective responsibility集体责任制(名词解释2)：P：47The Cabinet acts unanimously under the principle of collective responsibility,which means that if an important decision is unacceptable to a particular Cabinet member, it is expected that he or she will resign to signify dissent.V Political Parties and Elections1 The political party systemB Two-party systemThe conservative Party VS the Labor PartyC The Contrasting beliefs P:491) The Labour Party believes in the supervision of industry by the government, even distribution of wealth, and equal opportunity for everyone.2) The Conservative Party traditionally supports private enterprise and minimal state regulation and accepts and mixed economy, which involves private ownership of businesses with some government control. Conservatives also tend to believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privileges.Unit9 EducationI Primary and secondary education1 State schools VS Independent schools2 The ”school boards”The governing body of schools3 School organizationA 3 terms1) Autumn2) Spring3) SummerB “class teacher” system⼩学one-teacher responsible all subjects4 School reformsGrammar school（名词解释3）—Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another European language. These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic curriculum and teach students to deal with abstract concepts.II Higher education1 Universities1) The ancient universities(12th and 13th Century)①Oxford②Cambridge3 The Open University< Grants degrees< Open to allPART 2 The United States of AmericaUnit 1 The countryⅠOverview1 Size: 4th largest country2 Borders:A Canada(北),Mexico(南)B the Atlantic(东),the Pacific(西)3 States48+2-Alaska, Hawaii 与本国不相邻Washington D.C(Distinct of Columbia) 4 Abundance of geography VS shortage of history 1)What are the original 13 colonies?1 New Hampshire2 Massa chusetts3 Rhode Island4 Connecticut5 New York6 New Jersey7 Pennsylvania8 Delaware10 Virginia11 North Carolina12 South Carolina13 Georgin2)History:around 250 years(1776 onward)ⅡPhysical Features4 topographic regions1) The Interier lowlandThe Mississippi River(p:115):The region is drained by the Mississippi River and its great tributaries, one of the largest navigable river systems in the world. The Mississippi is not merely a useful river;it also serves as a potent geographic symbol-the traditional dividing line in America between ”East” and “West”. 2) The Atlantic& Gulf Coastal Plain墨西哥海岸平原The region where the nation was born3) The Appalachians &their foothills⼭系Eroded&old4) The Cordillera⼭系，⼭脉Young and with varietyIV Cultural Geography1 The Northeast2）WASP valuesWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant新教教徒3）New Englandb Birthplace of the nation美国东北部2 The SouthA historyPlantation system and caste structure种植园系统3 The MidwestChicago4 The westb Las Vegas, Reno, Salt Lake Cityc San Francisco, Los AngelesUnit 3 The American IdentityI Overview1 Why is the U.S “ a nation of immigrants”?a settled, built and developed by immigrantsb still taking in immigrants1) Definition: Whites descended wholly or directly from or born in Europe2) Ancestries: a British(the largest group)The mainstream culture:WASPBlack/African Americans1862-1950sCivil Rights Movement民权运动（1950s-60s）Martin Luther King3 Latinos/Hispanics:2)The largest ethnic minority group4 Asian Americans1) The second largest racial minority3) The “model minority”:The lowest poverty rate and the highest educational attainment levels median household income and median personal icome.4)The” yellow peril” stereotype: Native Americans/American Indians①The first settlers of the continent问答题3：p:123What does the statement”America is a nation with an abundance of geography, but a shortage of history”mean?Unit4 Political InstitutionⅠThe U.S constitution2）In 1788,Philadelphia 宪法写成，费城ⅡGeneral Principles1 Federalism问答题4：p 164What does federalism mean in American politics?A Division of power between the federal government and the state governmentsB The two levels of governments share certain powersC They can cooperate4 Checks and balances制衡(separation of powers三权分⽴)：1)the Legislative 2)the executive 3)the judiciaryⅢThe American System of Government1)Congress-The LegislativeA Structure①The Senate参议院A:100 SenatorsB:Term:6 yearsC:1/3 elected every 2 years2)The President-the ExecutiveA:T erm:4 yearsB: Major roles:①head of the state②chief executive of the U.S③Chief legislator (veto)④commander-in-chief军事统帅D：Department of the government P:160Departments of State, Treasury, Defence, Judiciary, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health and Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, and Land Security. Each department is established by law, and as their names indicate, each is responsible for a specific area.The head of each department is appointed by the President.3)The Federal Judiciary司法The Supreme CourtA: 1 chief justice +8 associate justicesB: Nominated by the President with the approval of the SenateC: T erm: life term终⾝制D：Power of judicial review(p:161名词解释4)：The right to declare laws and actions of the federal state, and local governments unconstitutional.4)Political Parties and Political Elections1 Two-party system①The Democrats VS the Republicans②Difference between 2 parties2 ElectionsC：问答题4：Why the low turnout in general elections?1）One explanation for that is Americans who want to votemust register, that is ,put down their names in aregister before the actual elections take place.2）Another important factor is there are many moreelections in the U.S. at the state and local levels thanthere are in most countries.3）Many of the most important decisions, such as thoseconcerning education, housing and taxes, are madeclose to home, in the state or county.D：Presidential Election: 名词解释5 p:1631 A” electoral votes(power)：such a practice in American elections is called”winner-take all”2 “winner-take all”：These electoral votes are equal to the number of Senators and Representatives each state has in Congress.。
Chapter OneBritishSection one :the country and its people and position :name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.Population : 62.262millionThree political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):Wales :smallest partIreland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.2.Geographic Features:Northeast to the European Continent and east to the Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France. Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west.High Land zone：in north and westLow Land zone: in the south and east (including London).3.English TunnelFinished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.4. Climate and Weather :Climate : maritime climate .Main character : abundant and evenly distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiestseasonInfluential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.winter)Weather: changeable5.inland water :Longest river : Severn RiverMost important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District6.People and languages :Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-SaxonsLanguages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language7.Religion:The majority of the British people believe Christianity.Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.8.national flag :The Union Jack or Union FlagSection two : the British Government1.Political system：Constitutional MonarchyDefinition : it means the head ofstate is monarch withlimited powers.Themonarch reigns(统治), butdoes not rule（统制）ernment Component:Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and CabinetLocal governments3.Structure of the British government:The head ---- monarchLegislature institution : Parliament(consists House ofCommons and House of Lords)Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme court)subordinate to House Of Lord4.Definations:The general idea of government :Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：Reigns but does not rulepersonifies the country,the symbol of unityAppoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,the bills need her approval before going into effectThe parliament :Law making body ,need the approval of the monarchConsists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,It don’t have the executive power.The House Of Lord:The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.Debating place:the Palace of WestminsterBestowed with judicial power.The Lord Chancellor:the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs.head of the judiciary of England and Wales,serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.The house of common:The centre of the parliamentary powerMain function:to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions ofthe governmentto influence the future government policyDefinition :democratically elected bodythe source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speakerbills normally originate in the House of Commons. Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or SupplyThe cabinet :responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.Debate place :Downing street.No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family. Establishment time：1856supreme decision-making bodyThe Prime Minister :monarch's principal advisorappointed by monarchNo 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.Local government :The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.Section 3:British Laws and Politics Laws :judiciary &constitutionJudiciary :In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s’duties and obligations） criminal law(define and enforce obligations of a person)，It’s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)Definition :In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.12members,random selection,obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)Unanimous verdictConstitution :No written constitution in U.K, it’s function is embodied by several separate lawsFour elements of the British legal ：acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),convention(惯例、习惯法),EU legislation（欧盟法）Barrister -------inn court, bar examinationPolitics :Politic system :a two-party political system.▪political parties:▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative Partymajority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )Government policies are initiated by whipsThere is no need to apply for membership in a party.The conservative party ----right wing---oldMain support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :privatization of the state owned firmsfree enterpriseadvocate :pragmatismindividualism.Margaret ThatcherThe labor party------left wing/the leftCreated by trade unionMixture of the two partiesDoctrine of SocialismMain support :Working classAdvocation :Establish a welfare stateNationalized industryExercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industryLiberal Democratic-----minority partyadvocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)Election:Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)Period： 5 yearsGovernment :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.Section 4:national economy and major cities1. General Survey :first country to start industrial revolution;comprehensive industry systemmineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gaseconomy model :one of the most essential market economy in the world.Industry :⏹comprehensive industry system⏹one of the seven major industrialized countries ofthe Western Worldfinance :London is one of the financial centre of the world’s businesstrade:long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum tradeAs for Sino-British trade:China: raw materials, sideline productsBritain: technical equipmentBritain is China's 4th biggest European trade partnereconomic influence :one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summitFramework of economy :Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.GDP: The world’s sixth largest economyCurrency: sterlingMining :Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)Manufacturing Industry:Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturingindustry.A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin,Land Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.Agriculture :favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized ,Important department :Dairy farming and fishinganimal husbandryPoultry ['pəʊltrɪ]meatEnergy productionMajor Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum[pɪ'trəʊlɪəm](BP), British Gas (BG)TransportationWell-known merchant marineOne of the busiest railways in the worldDeveloped highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned) Communication (all state-owned)One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulanceLargest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)FinanceCentral bank of the UK：controls the currency and actsmaintain the integrity and value of the currencyEconomy structuresServices industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.major citiesLondon•南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮•杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）•伦敦塔•伦敦地牢•敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）•议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放•西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光•达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）•汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）•肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）BelfastManchesterCardiff EdinburgBirminghamChapter twoSection 5 :Origin of the English NationThe native Celt :Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh peopleOriginate from：Eastern and central EuropeRoman Conquest：Brought about Christianity.Occupied England until 410 A.DLater on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..Alfred the Great.First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England“The father of the British navy.”The battle of HastingsHarold GodwinsonBrave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the WitanWilliam the ConquerorEdward’s cousinSet out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.Influence :Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established. Build up the tower of LondonFeudal aristocracy was established.Open up a bi-lingual period in English historyLast invasion of England initiated by foreignersFeudalism system:Established by William the great.The throne provides the land and castlesThe monarch will need the support from the barons Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.Section 6: the decline of feudalism in EnglandHenry II and His Reform :William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king’s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch andhis baronsHenry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.Measures：force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England, demolish the illegal castles built by the barons, abolish the land tax based on hidecreate the circuit courts and the jury systemthe king’s court have the right to try the guilty clerkEffect:Strengthen the feudal orderBring a period of security and prosperityThe course of the form was interrupted and left unfinished.The Great CharterWhen the king John ruled the England, the baronsforce the king to sign and swear to observe the Great Charter.The Great Charter ,or the Magna Charter is very critical in English history and it’s called the corner stone of English history.The content :The king must observe the rights of his vessels.No tax should be imposed without the consent of the Great Council.No free man will be imprisoned or banished without being convicted by a juryThe merchants are allowed to move about freely.Birth of the Parliament:Simon de Montfort(西蒙德孟福尔)brings changes to the organization of the Great Council.2citizens from a flourishing town,2 knights from each county can join the Great Council.Changed the name into Parliament.In the early years, Parliament met only by the king’s invitation. It’s role was to offer someadvice.Significance :The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Bourgeoisie.The hundred year’s warReason:The conflict between these two countries over foreign markets and territory led to the Hundred Years' War.Definition :A series armed international conflicts over a116-year period between the England and France.Joan of arcThe effect:England lost its territory on the continent.The ruling Norman began to regard England as their homeEnglish replaced French and became the official language again.Gunpowder was used in the wars,Prepare the soil for the growth of the middle class Sped up the decline of the feudalism.Salutary to commercial development.The bourgeoisie became more powerfulThe PlagueEpidemic disease spread by rat fleasStart from Italy, then spread to France, German and England without warning and cure.Believed to be originated in Asia.Effect:Caused a large number of population lossBrought about economic disruption and bad influence on the development of the culture.(universities closed …)give occasion to the peasants uprising.The Peasants UprisingCauses:The natural disasters and social problemsDue to the lack of labor, the peasants are demanding better living condition and higher wagesThe first labor law, the Statute of Laborers, prohibited laborers from asking for more wages. Time and place:In Essex and Kent ,1381,and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack StrawThe king used a scam and suppressed the uprising, ultimately, the uprising was failedEffect :The poll tax was abolishedThe serf system was brought to an end in England afterwards.The Wars of the RosesDefinition :A series of civil wars fought between the house of Lancaster(red rose) and the house of York（white rose）.Major Causes:The dispute on the succession of the crownThe unpopular domination reign of Henry the 6th. Consequence :Both sides at war are the mounted knights and theirentouragesGive birth to the strong and centralized Tudor dynastyInfluence :Sped up the decline of the feudalism in England.Section 8:The English Civil War/RevolutionBriefing :A series of armed conflicts and political games between Parliamentarians and Royalist.Back Ground:The Wars of Roses weaken the feudal nobles,The peasants ,as a result of the peasant uprising and the Enclosure ,the free labors composed a new class------the proletariat (the peasants no longer have their lands)England further develop its foreign trade and expansion ,aiming to achieve its “primitive accumulation of capital”Meanwhile，the bourgeois ideology and morality is forming up.During the Elizabeth’s reign the relation between monarch and bourgeoisie was strained, the latter required the freedom of speechJames the first:Preach the Divine Right of KingsDied because of disease.Charles the first:The son of James the first.Advocate the Divine right of kings(君权神授) Provoked the conflicts between the Catholicism and Puritanism(The Bishops’ War---- enforce Anglican reforms onto Scottish church and was rejected,-----war ,long parliament which sowed the seeds for the civil war).Initiated the British Civil (rose his standard) War between Parliamentarian and Royalist.The First British War:Cause :The appearance of the Long Term Parliament.The tension between the king and Parliament Charles decided to arrest 5members of Parliament. Charles initiated the war by rising his standard in Nottingham .Result :Charles was failed and was capturedThe Second Civil War:Process:Although captured ,the king Charles the first ultimately escaped and negotiated new agreement withScots.The agreement led to the “second civil war”. but eventually, the Royalists were defeated by Parliamentarians.Other revolts were put down by Oliver Cromwell.The army marched on the parliament and conducted the “Pride’s Purge” Finally, the king was charged with high treason ,being “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy” and executed.The third Civil war:Rebellion:Ireland(treaty) and Scotland agreed to support Charles the second.Process:Cromwell was unable to stop Charles the second, hecrowned a new king. Afterwards, Charles the 2nd fled to France, ended up the war.Significance:Overthrew feudal system in England.Pave the way for the development of capitalist production.Regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.Oliver Cromwell:Established the commonwealth of EnglandDestroyed the feudal system.Became the Lord ProtectorThe restoration :AnarchyIncompetent leader RichardFactionsGeneral George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland.Charles the 2nd was crowned the king of England, which was known as English Restoration.After the restoration, the parliament factions become two parties(later becoming the Tory and Whig)The Glorious Revolution:James the 2nd intended to restore the Roman Catholicism in England and conduct religious persecutionsTories and some of the Whigs decide to replace James the 2nd with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange(奥兰治亲王威廉)---both were protestants Finally ,James the second abdicatedMary II and William III jointly succeeded to the throne of EnglandSignificance:Regarded as the real beginning of constitutional monarchy ,which means the parliament become thesource of supreme power instead of the king Parliament pass the “Act of Union”and the name of Great Britain was officially adopted and came into use.Section 9:The Industrial Revolution Definition : the invention and appliance of various machines and British urbanization.Condition :The accomplished “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion.The enclosure movement provide free labor.The church was deprived of their land and privilege The notorious triangular trade.Favorable geographical position for tradeHuge merchant marine.Pragmatism and mercantilismProtestant “work ethic” and laissez-faire(放任政策)People s’ adventure spiritProcess:The Industrial Revolution first started in textile industry.Iconic inventions:Flying shuttle,carding machine（梳棉机） ,spinning jenny,water framethe steam engine. Watt steam engine was first used to pump water from coal mine.First steam locomotive.(marked the new stage of Industrial Revolution).Achievements of IR:Thousands of miles of canalsA complete railway system.Steam boats and the largest commercial fleet made Great Britain a strong sea power.Social and Political effect:1.Britain became the “workshop of the world”.2.The Britain ‘s social structure was simplified: The middle class and proletariat emerged,The noble class could no longer compete with the middle class.The conflicts between proletariat and capitalism became the biggest social problem in Britain.The small farmers disappeared3.The centre of economy shifted to the central area and northern England.Big cities sprang up.Adam Smith：An evolutionary approach to guide the economy. Advocate the “invisible hand”and laissez-fair policy.The Chartist Movements:A radical campaign for parliament reform of the inequities.Effects :failed because of its weak and divided leadership, it did not have a political party to be a leader.started the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation.Queen Victoria（1819-1901） :Presiding the Industrial revolution and the expansion of the British Empire overseas.Value of the times: (emphasized) prudish gentility and repression.Section 10:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.（the empire on which the sun never sets）Briefing :During the long 18 century, British rose to a dominant position in the world and became the first country to start Industrial Revolution.The mighty middle class provided a strong platform for settlement and commerce.Growth of the overseas empire:Prerequisite :Pioneering marine policy of king Henry the 7th . Establishment of the modern merchant marine system. Mercantile institution(重商主义体系)Henry the 8th and the rise of the Royal Navy:King Henry the 8th founded the modern English navy.The Elizabeth eraSir Francis Drake(弗朗西斯-德雷克)Circumnavigated the Globe（环游地球，England grew the interest outside the Europe.Established First colony in NewfoundlandWas seen as the formation of the British Empire England extend its influence overseas and consolidate its political development at home.Expend the empire by wars and colonization:First overseas colony Newfoundland.Successively establish colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand.Free trade and“informal empire”The “salutary neglects”provoke the American Independence war. The period of first British Empire was over.British Empire in AsiaBritish East India company occupied nearly the whole of India.Later on Ceylon(锡兰，今斯里兰卡)and Burma (缅甸) was conquered .Initiated Opium war against China and prevailed .Break down of the Pax Britannica(英国强权下的盛世) The deterioration in the 19th century:Competition from other countries such as Germany and United States.The loss of the foreign market.Britain and the New Imperialism:New imperialism ：the European colonial expansion between 1870s and the outbreak of the first world war. Pursuit :“empire for empire’s sake” desire for territory(appearance of the racial superiority)Later on Britain conduct Home rule in its white settler coloniesThe impact of first world war:Millions of casualties and heavy economy strain (liquidated assets).(Allied power)The heavy cost of war destroy it’s capacity to maintain its vast empire.Its international standing was declining and replaced by the U.SDeclining foreign trade.Decolonization:Reasons:The rising anti-colonial nationalism movementschallenge the power of the empire.The end of the empire started with the outbreak of the World War Two and India independence movements(leader---mahatma Gandhi)The end of the British Empire:Reason: Due to the impact of the world war two and Economic crisis in1947,later on, Britain abjured its attempt to be a first-rank power.。
Part Two HistoryChapter 1 Colonization of North America1.Who were the natives of America? How did they arrive in American? Who werethe first discoverer and the first identifier of the New World? What was the significance of the discovery of the new world? Where and when was the first English colony founded? How was America colonized (explored) by European countries? Why did so many Europeans go to the new world? How many colonies did the English settlers found by 1773?Chapter 2 the American War of Independence1.What were the major events that led to the sharpening contradictions betweenBritain and the colonies? What were the results of the first continental congress?2.Which event marked the outbreak of the war of independence? What were themajor measures adopted at the second continental congress? Which battle marked the turning point of the war? What was the significance of the war?3.How did the constitutional convention stipulate the allocation of seats in thecongress? Who were the forerunners of the “anti-federalists”and “federalists”respectively?Chapter 3 The Growth of The Nation1.When was the first US administration founded? Who were the major figures inWashington’s administration?2.What were the contradictions between the federalists and the republicans? Whatwas the nature of these contradictions? What were the contributions made by Thomas Jefferson to American history? What was the sedition act?3.What was the importance of the War of 1812 to 1814? What role did AndrewJackson play in the development American history?Chapter 4 The American Civil War1.What was the situation before the civil war? And why was the war inevitable?2.What are the two measures that Lincoln took during the civil war and what wasthe significance of these measures? What was the significance of the civil war?Chapter 5 The US Imperialism and the First World War 1.What was the significance of the Reconstruction? What are the great changes fromthe year of the close of the civil war in 1865 to the end of the 19th century? Give facts to each of these changes.2.Give some examples to show the growth of US imperialism before the First WorldWar. What were the causes and the nature of World War I? Why did U.S. finally enter the war?Chapter 6 America Before and During the Second World War1.Why was the prosperity in 1920’s false? What was the economic situation duringthe great depression of 1929-1933？How did Franklin D. Roosevelt cope with this situation?2.What were the causes of the Second World War? And what was the nature of thewar? What were the two sides in the war? Why did U.S. enter the war? What were the consequences of the war?Chapter 7 America during the “Cold War”1.What is the “cold war” what are the major events that happened between Trumanand Carter? Why was there a short period of prosperity right after the Second World War? And why did it disappear so quickly?2.why did economic crises occur so frequently after the war? And why was itinevitable? What were the major features of the American foreign policies during the “cold war”?PART THREE CULTUREChapter 1 Education1.What are the ideals of American education?2.What is the structure of US formal education? What are the levels that UScompulsory education consists of? What are the major subjects that students in elementary schools and secondary schools study?3.How does a university choose its applicants? What are the four categories ofhigher institutions that US higher education consists of? How are most colleges and universities in America administrated? How are credits earned in US universities? What are the major famous universities in the USA and what similarities do they share?Chapter 2 The Media of U.S.A.1.Describe briefly the conditions of radios and televisions in the USA. What is anetwork? What are the major radio and TV networks in the USA? How do you know about VOA? What is the negative influence of the TV programs in the USA?2.What are the major features of newspapers and magazines in the USA? What arethe major news agencies (wire-services companies) in the USA? What are the most influential newspapers in the USA? What are the major news magazines in the USA？Can you say something about them?Chapter 3 Sports and Recreation1.What are the major types of sports in terms of the nature of the sport in the USA?And what are the major types of sports in terms of the number of participants in USA?2.What are the major sports in the USA? What sport is most popular in autumn inAmerica? Can wrestling, boxing and horseracing be called sports? What kind of sports are they? What do Americans usually do for recreations during their spare time? What people introduced bowling into the New York areas in the 17th century?And how is it acted nowadays? What are American’s popular leisure pursuits?Chapter 4 Science and Technology1.What are the three symbols of modern technology in which USA occupies theleading position? What are the four supporters of American science and technology? What is the role that US science and technology plays?2.What is the policy of science and technology development adopted by USA?What is NASA? What are the three space centers in the USA? What is Nobel Prize? Who are the major American Nobel Prize winners for sciences and economics in recent years? For what reason are they awarded the Nobel Prize?Chapter 5 Art and Music1.What are major forms of art in the 19th century? What is Hudson River school?What are the major schools of American art in the 20th century? And who were the major representatives of these schools? What is pop art?2.What are the major music training institutions in the USA? What are the majorforms of pop music in USA in the 20th century? Can you give some examples of singers of these forms?Chapter 6 American Film1.What are the major film-making companies in the USA? What’s the Chinese forthese companies? Who opened Hollywood’s first film studio in an old tavern on the corner of Sunset and Gower? When was the first academy awards held?2.What is Hollywood? What is the Hollywood Walk of Fame? Why “Beverly Hill”can be called “an extremely handsome extravagant neighborhood”? What is the “academy awards”? Why is “academy awards” also called Oscar award”?3.What is the “Golden Globe Awards”? what is the HFPA? Who holds the GoldenGlobe Awards ceremony?Chapter 7(略)Part Four Social LifeChapter 1 Family1.Why are US people diversified? What is the typical family pattern in USA? Whatis the American attitude towards marriage? How is dating conducted in the USA?2.Is divorce rate high in the USA? can you give an example to show this? What is“senior centers”? What is double dating? What is “baby-sitters”?Chapter 2 Food and Dining Customs1.What are the major foods consumed by Americans? What are the regionalspecialties in USA？What are the main courses for American meals? What are the most popular hot drinks in USA? How is coffee done in the USA? What is coffee break?2.What are the major eating places in the USA? What is the major food served infast food restaurants? What is the usual time for Americans to dine? What are the dining customs in the USA?3.Explain the following terms: drive-ins; a cafeteria; black coffee; BLT.Chapter 3 Traditional Holidays1.What are the major holidays in the USA? And when do they fall?2.How is New Year’s Day celebrated? What is Valentine’s Day? What are the majorcelebration activities on this day? What is the origin of Easter? How is Halloween celebrated? What is the origin of Thanksgiving Day?Chapter 4 Traditions and Customs1.What are the major conventions in dealing with American social relations?2.What is the origin of the American spirit of “do-it –yourself”? Can you give anexample? What is the popular American belief? Can you give an example?Chapter 5 Religion in the USA1.What is the makeup of religious groups in the USA? What are the major groups inProtestantism?2.What are the characteristics of the religious practice in USA? What are the majorproblems in American religion?Part Five Political SystemChapter 1 T he State System and the Constitution1.What is separation of powers? What is federal system? What is the basis on whichthe US political system based?2.How does US constitution outline the structure of the national government?Chapter 2 The Federal Government1.What is the “system of checks and balances”? What are the powers of the federalgovernment and of the individual states respectively? What are the three branches of the US federal government?2.What is the makeup of the executive branch? What are the functions of the USpresident? What is the basic requirement for becoming a US president?3.What does the US congress consist of? What is the number of members in thecongress? What are the functions of the US congress? What are the procedures of law-making in USA? How can a president be removed from office?4.What are the powers of the Supreme Court? How many justices are there in theSupreme Court? What are the obligations of the Supreme Court justices?5.What is the structure of state court system? And what is the structure of the federalcourt system? What is the jury?Chapter 3 Political Parties and Elections1.What is the two- party system? How was the two-party system formed in USA?2.What are the origins of the democrats and republicans? What are the politicalviews of the US two parties in respectively? And what are the national organizations of the two parties? What are the features of party membership in USA?3.How are candidates chosen in the USA? What are closed and open primaries？What are the two stages in the election of president?4.How many presidential electors are there in the whole country? What is“winner-take-all” principle?。
课程名称：英美概况课程编码：7126201课程学分：2课程学时：32适用专业：全校各专业《英美概况》(Survey of English-Speaking Countries)教学大纲1.课程性质与任务《英美概况》是适用于全校各专业学生的公共选修课，学习一学期。
英美概况课是高等教育的一个有机组成部分，学生通过本课程的学习培养学生讲英语的热情和兴趣，让学生熟悉英语国家的基本概况，加深对语言和文学的理解，从而使学生达到高等学校英语教学大纲所规定的英语概况要求。
教材为教师自选。
通过此课的学习，学生能在英语的听说方面和英美国家文化了解方面打下较为坚实的基础，为他们在今后的学习和工作中能遵循英美国家文化习俗，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要。
2．课程教学基本内容及要求本课程教学对象为在校本科生，是本科在校生的一门公共选修课。
本课程的目的是：（1）让学生熟悉主要英语国家的地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、教育等知识，丰富文化修养，加深对语言和文学的理解，提高分析和批判的能力。
（2）掌握主要英语国家的历史和现状的一些基本知识。
（3）提高对社会科学英美书籍的阅读能力。
（4）掌握主要英语国家的主要历史事件发生的时间、地点、原因、过程及意义。
（5）提高学生的英语语言水平。
教学基本内容:Unit One: Statistics on second language English speakers – What is Culture?Why do cultures differ? Basic Writing Tips for Success in theClassroomUnit Two: Developing Awareness of Individual Cultures - English-language newspaper with the highest daily circulationUnit Three: Figure for speakers of English as "main language", Cultivate Culture and demand-Understanding and ToleranceUnit Four: What was first spoken language in early medieval England - To what extent are some people in the culture considered better orsuperior?Unit Five: Types of cultural communicationUnit Six: Other class activities as determined by teacher: Teacher’s Topics (bring my own topics for class activities)Unit Seven: Components of Intercultural CommunicationUnit Eight: English Language Appropriateness and effectiveness and Culture KnowledgeUnit Nine: Other class activities as determined by teacher: Students’ Topics (let students bring their own topics for class activities)Unit Ten: Cultural Patterns Shared beliefs and valuesUnit Eleven: English Language Cultural Activity Orientation / SocialRelations Orientation / Self Orientation / World Orientation /Time OrientationUnit Twelve: Does the language require people to make social distinctions? Unit Thirteen: Cultural outward manifestations of beliefs and valuesUnit Fourteen: Intra-cultural Communication and InterculturalUnit Fifteen: General Review on Studied Activities3．本课程与其他相关课程的联系与分工本课程为大一到大四学生外语学习的辅助选修课程，其要求是从基础知识，全方面了解英美国家的文化概况，发展听说技能，提高初步运用英语进行交际的能力；增进英语国家文化的了解。
英美概况Unit 1 A brief introduction to the United Kingdom 1 Effects of UK’s imperial pastA member of the European UnionA multiracial societyRemarkable class, regional and economic differences The significant role of LondonCultural and economic dominance of England Invasion from the Roman EmpireSettlement of the Anglo-SaxonsKing ArthurVikings from ScandinaviaWilliam the ConquerorParliament’s dominance over the thronePhysical features of ScotlandCultural division between highland and lowlandThe Battle of BannockburnIndependence of Scotland for 300 yearsUnion with England in 1707Strong Scottish identityBrief introduction to WalesA history of invasionsWales’unification with the UKUnit2 A brief introduction to the United Kingdom 11 Population and physical features of Northern Ireland Economy of Northern IrelandThe Home Rule BillThe Easter Ring of 1916The Sinn Fein PartyReligious conflicts between the Irish and the British Partition of Ireland in 1921IRA’s violence in the 1970sBloody SundayThe collapse of the power-sharing mechanism Cooperation between the British and Irish governments The Good Friday AgreementUnit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom Divine right of kingsThe civil warMagna CartaThe Great CouncilThe Bill of Rights of 1689The CabinetThe Prime MinisterThe ConstitutionThe power and the functions of the ParliamentThe roles of the monarchThe House of LordsThe House of CommonsUnit 4 Politics, Class and RaceImportance of general electionFormation of the governmentVote of confidenceProcedure of general electionsThe Conservative PartyThe Labour PartyLiberal DemocratsMargaret ThatcherTony BlairRecent political trends in the UKUK policy on environmental protectionClass system in the British societyUpper middle-class and lower middle-classThe hereditary aristocracyOxbridgeEthnic relation in BritainUnit5 the UK EconomyAbsolute decline and relative decline of British economy The Privatisation in the 1980s The main sectors of the UK economyPrimary industriesSecondary industriesTertiary industries /service industriesAgricultureEnergy productionThe offshore oil industryThe manufacturing industryThe City of LondonThe aerospace industryUnit 6 British LiteratureBeowulfThe Canterbury TalesStories about King ArthurWilliam ShakespeareJohn MiltonRomantic poets of the 19th centuryThe Bronte sistersCharles DickensSir Walter ScottRobert Louis StevensonModernismPostmodernismJoseph ConradVirginia Woolf/doc/8060c4f689eb172ded63b77e.html wrenceE.M.ForsterUnit 7British Education SystemThe purpose of the British education systemThe relationship between education and social classThe influence of the Church on schoolingThe 1944 Education ActComprehensive schoolsGrammar schoolsThe National CurriculumPublic schoolsGCSEGCE-AGNVQsOld universitiesThe Open UniversityUnit 8 British Foreign RelationsActive in setting up the United NationsForeign policy influenced by its history and geopolitical traits Long-term physical separation from the European continent The involvement of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office TreasuryPermanent member of the UN Security CouncilMember of the EUMember of the CommonwealthSpecial relationship with the United StatesPresence of superpower bases in BritainIts participation in NATOUnit 9The British MediaPopularity and functions of the mediaThe quality pressThe ObserveThe TimesThe GuardianThe TelegraphThe Financial TimesTabloidsTelevision and radioThe British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC)The Independent Television CommissionUnit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain Sports: Football “F ootball hooligans’’FA Tennis Wimbledon Cricket Golf Horse racing The Grand NationalThe Royal Ascot HuntingHolidays and Festivals:ChristmasThree traditions of ChristmasBoxing DayEasterBonfire NightThe battle of the BoyneOrange MarchesSt Patrick’s DayHogmanayBurns NightHalloweenThe EisteddfodUnit 11 Land People and History (Ireland)The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland Unique geographic features of IrelandThe natural environmentTemperate climateThe expansion of tourist industryIntensive farmingEmigrationThe Great Famine of 1845—1848The Celtic TigerThe English Colonisation of IrelandA warrior culture and historyCampaigns for Home RuleIrish Independence in 1921Unit 12 Politics and EconomyRepresentative democracyThe structure of Irish governmentChecks and balancesCivil ServicesThe Irish legal systemSmall, open, trade-dependent economyEconomic transformationIreland’s accession to the EU as a watershedSocial changeMultinational cultureNew prosperityNew inequalitiesUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now Rapid social change Attitudes to the EnglishIrish identityRoman Catholic valuesThe conflict between Catholics and Protestants Catholic and Protestants Extended familyThe woman’s movementPub cultureFlexibility in work placesTrade unionFirst-level, second-level, and third-level educationThe investment in educationUnit14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts The Irish language and colonial policy Hiberno-EnglishThe Irish oral traditionFolk heritageRiverdanceIrish literatureNobel Prize winners for LiteratureJames JoyceIrish music and dancePopular sports in IrelandHurlingScience and technology in IrelandThe Irish identity in the worldUnit 15The Land and the Peoples of the Dreaming The natural environment of Australia Distinctive features of the landDistinctive animals of the landThe indigenous peoplesDreaming and DreamtimeThe concept of Terra NulliusImpact of colonization on the indigenous peoples Policies of segregation and assimilation Unit 16 Australian Cultural LifeProtestanismThe DreamingFundamentalismNon-Christian ReligionAustralian literaturePatrick WhiteEthnic writersAustralian filmsUnit17 Works and Family LifeBeginning of the penal colonyWomen in the penal colonyFamily life in the penal colonyConvict labourers and workersEmancipistsFrom convict transportation to free migrationThe basic problem of free migrationThe Wakefield SchemeUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society Difference as the central value of the Australian society The Washminster form of polityThree-tier system of governmentTwo houses of ParliamentThe Governor-GeneralPolitical partiesAdvantages of the pluralist form of government Australian government’s role in the national economy Interventionist governmentEconomic rationalismUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayThree stages in Australian foreign relations Economic relationsEducation in AustraliaTourism in AustraliaMedia in AustraliaEnvironmental risksImpact of Climate Change on AustraliaUnit20 from Racism to MulticulturalismEthnicity and immigrationWhite Australia PolicyMulticulturalismPauline Hanson and the One Nation PartyMigration to Australia todayFour stages of the settler-Aboriginal relationsThe struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people The Mabo decisionThe Wik decisionThe History Wars。
英美概况美国部分汇总整编AmericaThe Founding of Colonies殖民地的建⽴First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmerica—the New WorldEurope—the Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South CarolinaGeorgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建⽴原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact <五⽉花号公约>：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons:1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder Granted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港⼝，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民⽣活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate:1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳⼯）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波⼠顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other↓English colonies in America ←attack →Indians波⼠顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies.Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Continental Congresses 两次⼤陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 《权利和不满宣⾔》Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声——导⽕索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American CrisisDeclaration of Independence独⽴宣⾔During the 2nd Continental Congress——A committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776(Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history.It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government...”--- Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Lockeequality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实⼒对⽐England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy noneHigh morale-- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independencenew problems1) how to make use of the new territory--allow the founding of new states [equality and democracy]2) not very closely united--13 separate states rather than a united country3) economic difficulties-- trade problem with Britain--debts because of the Independance War-- increasing tax and Shays’Rebellion in MassachusettsThe need for a new Government was felt——May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution--completed on September 17, 1787--Constitutional Day of the USThe Father of the Constitution: James MadisonBill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion,freedom of speech and the press,the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms,the right against unreasonable searches and seizures,the right against self-incrimination（⾃证其罪）---the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.---a defense line against violations of human rights政治体制见另⼀张Territorial Expansion 领⼟扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union2) Economy witnessed development"the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领⼟扩张⽅式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间---third US President in 1801---emphasized development of agriculture and commerce---favored the westward expansionLouisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas CitiesThe Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程-- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana. -- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico-- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century)reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:--the war 1812 drove the native Indians--the Federal government built roads and canals-- The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.-- government policy: land for sale--the Homestead Act 宅地法（1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of IndiansThe beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴⾪制起源Reason: labor shortage in the coloniesTime: first in 1619 to plant tobaccoMethod: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change:-- declined after Independence War-- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern populationAmerican Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from SlaveryReasons：-- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law--Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states?--Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutalDevelopment of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery---secret organization to help slaves escape---mobilize public support2)the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war⼀个⼩妇⼈的⼀部⼩书引起了⼀场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincolna Republican; anti -slaveryOn March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincoln's goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North Southadvantages: advantages:---larger population ---strong military tradition---loyal Navy ---experienced military officers---factories for munition production ---high morale---enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:---poorly prepared ---smaller population---inexperienced soldiers ---not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone systemAmerica in and after WWI⼀战中和⼀战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it.In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers：Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加⼊Allied Entente）RussiaAmerica (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American shipsfear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals.Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s("the jazz age")特点：Peaceful and prosperous"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it."eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die"The Great Depression 经济⼤萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929[The bear market; “the black Thursday”]Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover.EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich familyEducation background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; can't walk normallyPresident Roosevelt's “New Deal”罗斯福新政---presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal”[新政]---1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act---to enlarge employment and increase consumption---public projects: infrastructure---to raise the price of farm productsetc.Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat" 炉边谈话first "chat" on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响---Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.---His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States.America in and after WWⅡ⼆战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitler’s fascist expansion. Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germany’s invasion of Poland各国不同⽴场：---Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939---England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy [by Munich Agreement], by selling other lands for peace [e.g. Sudetenland in Czech]; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：--- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts--- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry”basis.--- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the deteriorated situation: the Roman-Berlin Axis [fascist military bloc]---Contribution to the war from 1941: Lend-Lease Bill [clever invention of Roosevelt]: any qualified countries could borrow or rent American weapons ---America is“the great arsenal of democracy”--- Entry into the war on Dec. 8, 1941: Japan’s air raid on Pearl HarborAmerica in the War：War-time economyConcentrated on the battlefields in EuropeSeveral million American soldiers诺曼底登陆（D-Day)：June 6, 1944, known as D-day, the first contingents of American and British invasion army landed on the beaches of Normandy, opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.Surrender of Japan ⽇本投降On August 6 and 9, 1945, American aircraft dropped two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, killing nearly 200,000 people. On August 14, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the WWII ended.America after the War-- Became a creditor nation-- Unemployment disappeared-- Dominant industrial production in the world and robust GDP-- Export monopoly in the world market-- Personal wealth accumulation and growing domestic marketA rising superpower and world leaderCold War and America in the 21st CenturyCold War (1945-1989)Cold war: the international tension, conflicts and containment without bloody hot war between Soviet Union and the U.S. Duration: end of WWII to the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989Hot-spots热点地带：---Southern and Western Europe and Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan;---Berlin Wall---Korean War---Vietnam War---Cuban Missile CrisisThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划Stage 1：In Feb. 1947, Britain would end the economical support of Greece and Turkey, which would fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. America decided to help the two countries.Stage 2：The Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s speech to the Congress in Feb. 1949: the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Socialism.[real purpose]Stage 3：The worsening economic situation in Western Europe, coupled with a severe cold and snowstorm: might turn CommunistStage 4:The Marshall Plan (1947-1952): offer economic aid to Western economy; announced by Secretary of State (美国国务卿) George Marshall on June 5, 1947; $ 13 billionBerlin WallSoviet Union: block the West Berlin in June, 1948The U.S. : Airlift for food suppliesSoviet Union: Lifted the blockade in May, 1949.The foundation of NATO laterVietnam War (1955-1975)After 1970sIn 1980s, Reagan Revolution; Economic policy to counter against the inflation in 1970s:George Bush: Gulf War海湾战争Bill Clinton: Whitewater affair; Lewinsky ScandalAmerica in the 21st Century: terrorism and anti-terrorismGeorge W. Bush: Sept. 11th, Afghanistan War; Iraqi WarBarack Obama: new terrorismAmerican Political System美国政治体制：（Overview）The American Constitution---significancefounded federalism and introduced checks and balances（三权分⽴）into government for the first time in history—Based on division of power↓1.The First division of power-- federal governmentproblems of general concern e.g.to coin money, regulate commerce, raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, levy taxes (征税)-- state governmentAll the powers not listed in the Constitution to pass state laws2.The Second division of power: check and balance system---three separate yet interdependent branches:The Executive (administration): presidentThe Legislative : the CongressThe Judicial: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals and 91 district courts1)The Legislative : the Congress(535⼈)---the House of Representatives(435⼈,任期两年): in proportion to population---the Senate(100⼈,任期六年,三分之⼀的参议院席位每两年选举⼀次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任⼀届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举⼈团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举⼈票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选⼈。
英美概况Chapter1-2Part Two PeoplePopulation:In total 60,209,500 in the mid-2005.In July of 2009, 61,113,205.The 3rd largest population in Europe and the 23rd largest in the world.Britain’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about 90% living in urban areas, and 10% living in rural areas.The top five populous cities are London (7,556,000), Birmingham (1,018,000), Leeds (761,000), Glasgow (611,000), and Sheffield (530,300).Population DensityCompared with many other countries Britain is heavily populated.In 2008 the average number of people per square kilometre in Britain was 253, one of the highest in the world.England is the most densely populated part of the country, with a population density of 395 people per square kilometre, Wales (142), Northern Ireland (125) and Scotland (65).London has the highest population density with 4,700 people per square kilometre.Population Distribution:1) England: about 50 million (83.8%)(Greater London: 7 million, 11% of the country total)(other dense regions include Birmingham, Coventry and the old industrial centers)2) Wales: about 2.96 million (4.9%) (2/3 live in the industrial southern valleys)3) Scotland: about 5 million (8.5%)(3/4 live in the Central Lowlands, around Glasgow and Edinburgh)4) Northern Ireland: about 1.7 million (2.9%) (half live in Belfast and along the coast)The Origin of British People1. The English are Anglo-Saxon (tall, blond and blue-eyed)2. The Welsh, the Scots and the Irish are Celts(shorter, rounder head, most are darker hair, but many are red hair)3. Other European source:Considerable number of Italians, Greeks, Australians, and New Zealanders settled in Britain as permanent residents.4. Immigrants:Immigrants from Africa and Asia, mainly from the former colonies of the British EmpireBritain is one of the most culturally diverse countries in Europe.London is estimated that about 160 languages and dialects are spoken.Part III The English LanguageEnglish is the official language.English is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch.The development of English language is divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English1. Old English1) Old English: modern FrisianIn the 5th and 6th centuries, the Angles, Saxons and Jutescame to the British Isles, They gave the England its name, “Angel” land.Their language is similar to modern Frisian. (弗里西语)，now is called Old English.Frisian is the language of northeastern region of the Netherland.They drove the original Celtic-speaking people out of England into the Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.These Celtic language survive today in the Gaelic language of Scotland and Ireland, and Welsh in Wales.2) influenced by old Norse (挪威语)Old Norse is spoken by the Vikings.They invaded England in the 8th century, stamped their influence on the people andlanguage.3) adding the first wave of Latin and Greek words because of the introduction of Christianity.4) some Danish words also came into the English vocabularyThe Old English Period ended with the Norman Conquest.2. Middle English1) French replaced English1066, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, conquered England.French, spoken by the Normans, replaced English as the official languageEnglish was only used by the lower class.Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary.2) England nobles adopted English again1204, King John lost the province of Normandy.Norman nobles in England began to adopt modified Englishas their native tongue.3) English evolved into Middle EnglishAfter Black Death, the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance, and English also increased in importance.3. Modern EnglishFrom the 15th century, the English changed into Modern English.1)1476 the printing press was introduced to England by William Caxton, who broughtstandardization to English.The Dialect of London became the standard.Spelling and grammar became fixed.2)The first English dictionary was published in 1604.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary in 1755 was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling.3)English continued to assimilate foreign words, esp. from Latin and Greek, throughoutthe Renaissance.From the early 17th century, the written material is in Modern English.(works ofShakespeare, King James Bible)4)The Industrial Revolution and the rise of technology add new words in Modern English.5)The rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade led to the assimilation ofwords from many other languages.4. Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeast England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in theBritish media.It is also called Queen’s English or BBC English.It has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. Standard English also refers to the norm carried overseas for non-native speakers learning English.Today, Standard English is codified that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used.。
大学英美概况期末总结Abstract:This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of the higher education systems in the United States and the United Kingdom. By examining key aspects such as institutional structures, admission processes, curriculum designs, and graduate employment prospects, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the similarities and differences between the two systems. This study aims to provide valuable insights for students and policymakers considering pursuing higher education in either country.Introduction:The United States and the United Kingdom are widely regarded as global leaders in higher education, attracting a significant number of international students each year. However, despite sharing this reputation, the countries have distinct higher education systems. This paper will compare and contrast the higher education systems in terms of institutional structures, admission processes, curriculum designs, and graduate employment opportunities. Ultimately, this study aims to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the two systems.1. Institutional Structures:1.1 United States:The higher education system in the United States comprises a diverse range of institutions, including colleges, universities, and community colleges. The majority of institutions are privately funded, leading to a high degree of autonomy and competition among universities.1.2 United Kingdom:In contrast to the United States, the higher education system in the United Kingdom is more centralized. The majority of institutions are public universities, governed by the national government. However, the United Kingdom also has renowned private institutions such as the University of Buckingham and the University of Law.2. Admission Process:2.1 United States:The admission process in the United States is highly competitive and relies heavily on standardized tests such as the SAT or ACT. Additionally, applicants submit personal essays, recommendation letters, and extracurricular activities profiles.2.2 United Kingdom:The United Kingdom follows a more holistic approach to admission, with a focus on academic achievements. Applicants are typically required to submit their curriculum vitae (CV) and personal statements along with standardized test scores.3. Curriculum Design:3.1 United States:The United States follows a more flexible curriculum design, allowing students to choose from a wide array of subjects. This liberal arts approach promotes intellectual exploration and encourages interdisciplinary studies.3.2 United Kingdom:In contrast, the United Kingdom has a more specialized curriculum design. Students typically choose a concentrated subject area, known as a major, from the beginning of their undergraduate studies. This approach offers a deeper understanding of the chosen field but limits the opportunity for interdisciplinary studies.4. Graduate Employment Opportunities:4.1 United States:The United States has a highly dynamic labor market and offers numerous employment opportunities for graduates. However, international students face challenges in obtaining work authorization, making it crucial to plan for their post-graduation prospects.4.2 United Kingdom:The United Kingdom has a strong global reputation for higher education, highlighting the employability of its graduates. The country offers various post-study work visa options, making it easier for international students to seek employment after graduation.Conclusion:In conclusion, the higher education systems of the United States and the United Kingdom exhibit several similarities and differences. While the United States provides a more diverse range of institutions and a flexible curriculum, the United Kingdom offers a targeted approach and more favorable post-graduation employment prospects. Ultimately, the choice between the two systems depends on individual preferences, career goals, and financial considerations. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the systems to assist students and policymakers in making informed decisions about pursuing higher education in either country.。
英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrantsmon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th century →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t conquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufactureEconomy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
