英美概况讲义2-1

Lecture 2：History of Britain2.1T h e O r i g i n s o f a N a t i o nThe Origins of a Nation(5000B C-1066)•I. Early Settlers•II. Roman Britain•III. The Anglo-Saxons•IV. The Viking and Danish Invasions•V. The Norman ConquestI. Early Settlers•1. The Iberians•2.The Beaker Folk•3. The CeltsI. Early Settlers (5000BC-55BC)Stonehenge •Stonehenge is surely Britain's greatest national icon, symbolizing mystery, power and endurance. Its original purpose is unclear to us, but some have speculated that it was a temple made for the worship of ancient earth deities. It has been called an astronomical observatory for marking significant events on the prehistoric calendar. Others claim that it was a sacred site for the burial of high-ranking citizens from the societies of long ago.•While we can't say with any degree of certainty what it was for, we can say that it wasn't constructed for any casual purpose. Only something very important to the ancients would have been worth the effort and investment that it took to construct Stonehenge.Stonehenge•The stones are greatAnd magic power they haveMen that are sickFare to that stoneAnd they wash that stoneAnd with that water bathe away their sicknessI. Early Settlers (5000BC-55BC)–(3) How about their civilization? (What did they bring with them?)•a)The art of pottery making•b)The ability to fashion (ornament with patterns) bronzetools•c)The custom of individual burial•d) The hill forts (堡垒) and small fortified towns (筑堡城镇).•The Maiden Castle is one of the finest examples.–(4) What was their religion?•Druidism（德鲁伊德教），the Druids—the wise men,astrologers, soothsayersII. Roman Britain(55BC—410AD)•1. Roman invasion of Britain•2. The Hadrian’s Wall•3. The Roman contribution•4. Limited Roman influenceII. Roman Britain (55BC—410AD)•the invasion was unsuccessful because of resistance, thesuccessful invasion did not take place until nearly a century–(3)In AD 43, Emperor Claudius invaded successfully–(4)For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation.•First, as a result of resistance;•Secondly, Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britainto fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.–(2) The Romans realized that they could not conquer them. So they withdrew from the north, and built two great walls, theHadrian‘s Wall and the Antonine Wall, to resist the attacks. Hadrian‗s Wall 哈德良城墙–(3)The Romans made good use of Britain‘s natural resources.They built baths, temples, amphitheatres and beautiful villas.–(4) The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.H a d r i a n‘s W a l lR o m a n A m p h i t h e a t r eR o m a n A q u e d u c tR o m a n R o a dRoman BathsThe Roman Baths complex is a site ofhistorical interest in the English city ofBath. The complex is a very well-preserved Roman site of public bathing.Roman BathsR o m a n I n f l u e n c e●Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills●Architecture●Roman social system●The Latin Language●System of writing and numbering●Introduced a system of organized government in towns ●Brought the new religion Christianity to BritainR o m a n C i v i l i z a t i o n●Roman towns: London, York, Bath--baths, temples, amphitheatres, aqueducts●Roman roads:--more than 5000 roads, a network of roads to connect large towns→"All roads lead to Rome."III. The Anglo-Saxons(446-871)•1. The Anglo-Saxons•2. The Heptarchy•3. Offa’s Dyke•4. Anglo-Saxons conversion to Christianity•5. Anglo-Saxons contributions•6. The Witan•7. The Privy CouncilIII. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格鲁-萨克逊人Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain• 3. Offa’s Dyke欧发大堤–The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.–(1) A long ancient earthwork–(2) Built in the 8th century by Offa, the King of Mercia, along hiswestern borders to keep out the Welsh–(3) As a boundary between England (to the east) and Wales (to thewest)The Heptarchy•Hep- meaning seven.•The heptarchy was the seven English kingdoms that existed between the sixth and ninth centuries consisting of Kent, Northumbria, Wessex, Mercia, Sussex, Essex and EastAnglia.Offa‘s Dyke--picturesOffa‘s Dyke--picturesKing Arthur•He united the British•His famous ―round table‖ knights– a more democratic system•He drove the Saxons back with his magical sword• A hero of the British•Against forefather of the English–(3) Augustine was remarkably successful in converting theking and the nobility, and he became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury.–(4) But the conversion of the common people was largelydue to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Monasteries sprang up throughout the country and becameplaces of learning.•Pope Gregory I•Saint Augustine of Canterbury–(3) they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system(三田耕种制度), which continued until the agricultural revolution in the 18th century.–(4) they also established the manorial(庄园的) system(采邑制度), wherebythe lord of the manor collected taxes, and organized the local army.–(5) They created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen, 议会、贤人会议) to advise the king.•7. the Privy Council– (1) An advisory body to the Crown: a body that advises theCrown on matters of government.– (2) the predecessor of the Cabinet. It was the most important part of the government until the development of the Cabinet after1688.– (3) Its duties are now formal: it is the body through which theQueen makes certain orders, putting into effect decisions made by ministers.– (4) number of members: it has about 400 members, including allCabinet ministers, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior Britishand Commonwealth statesmen.IV. The Viking and Danish Invasions•1. the Vikings•2. “Alfred the Great”Viking Invasions 787-1066•Danish seamen, painted mid-twelfth century.•A reconstructed Viking Age long house•Miniatures of two different types of long ships, on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde, Denmark.• a Viking battle• A giant Viking welcomes visitors to the town of Dannevirke in New Zealand, founded by 19th Century Scandinavian settlers.Viking InvasionIV. The Viking and Danish Invasions北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵•2. King Alfred–(1) Alfred was the king of Wessex.–(2) He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached andagreement with them.–(3) The Danes gained control of the north and east of England, while Alfred ruled the rest.–(4) He also converted some leading Danes into baptized Christians.–The reign of Alfred was known for more than military success. He wasa codifier of law, a promoter of education and a supporter of the arts.After his death, he was buried in his capital city of Winchester, and is the only English monarch in history to carry the title, "the Great."–All this makes him worthy of his title ―Alfred the Great‖.Alfred the Great•871 A.D. takes throne and resists further encroachment •Truce of 886- divides England-Danes—East and NorthSaxons- SouthContributions of Alfred the Great •Preserved old British traditions•Encouraged learning and education•Translated Bede’s History from Latin to Anglo-Saxon –vernacular•Kept records of English HistoryAnglo-Saxon ChroniclesV. The Norman Conquest (1066)•1. King Edward, “the Confessor”•2. William the Conqueror•3. Consequences of the Norman Conquest•4. a mixture of nationalities of different originsV. The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服•Edward is received in England, and is crowned.Westminster AbbeyPlace of worship & House of Kings•An architectural masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries, WestminsterAbbey also presents a unique pageant（历史演变）of British history – the shrine of St Edward the Confessor, the tombs of kings and queens, and countless memorials to the famous and the great.•It has been the setting for every Coronation since 1066 and for numerous other royal occasions.•Today it is still a church dedicated to regular worship and to the celebration of great events in the life of the nation. Neither a cathedral nor a parish church, Westminster Abbey is a ―Royal Peculiar‖ under the jurisdiction of a Dean and Chapter, subject only to the Sovereign.West Front of Westminster AbbeyV. The Norman Conquest (1066)–(3) The Battle of Hastings哈斯廷斯战役• A. In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan choseHarold as king.• B. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England.• C. On October 14, the two armies met near Hastings. After aday‘s battle, Haroldwas killed and his army completely defeated.• D. William entered London shortly before Christmas, and onChristmas Day hewas crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.• E. This battle was very important on the way of the RomanConquest.N o r m a n C o n q u e s t–(3) The feudal system was completely established inEngland.–(4) Relations with the Continent were opened, andcivilization and commerce were extended.–(5) Norman-French culture, language, manners, andarchitecture were introduced.–(6) The Church was brought into closer connection with Roman, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts（世俗法庭）.–(4) After that was the invasion of the Vikings and Danes.–(5) Finally, in 1066, William of Normandy invadedEngland and began the age of the Norman Conquest that resulted in great French influence.–Therefore, many different peoples of different origins are living in Britain. That‘s the reason why we say English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins.A Brief review●Early Settlers (the Iberians-the Beaker Folk-the Celts)●Roman invasion (brought the new religion—Christianity)●The Anglo-Saxons (Jutes, Saxons, Angles)●the real beginning of English nationality●The Viking and Danish invasion (King Alfred the Great)●The Norman Conquest (1066)●(feudal system completely established in England)Research Questions•Why to say ―British history has been a history of invasion‖? Illustrate this point with examples. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?。