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集成电路封装知识Stingjames @ 2004-10-29 13:15电子封装是一个富于挑战、引人入胜的领域。
它是集成电路芯片生产完成后不可缺少的一道工序，是器件到系统的桥梁。
封装这一生产环节对微电子产品的质量和竞争力都有极大的影响。
按目前国际上流行的看法认为，在微电子器件的总体成本中，设计占了三分之一，芯片生产占了三分之一，而封装和测试也占了三分之一，真可谓三分天下有其一。
封装研究在全球范围的发展是如此迅猛，而它所面临的挑战和机遇也是自电子产品问世以来所从未遇到过的；封装所涉及的问题之多之广，也是其它许多领域中少见的，它需要从材料到工艺、从无机到聚合物、从大型生产设备到计算力学等等许许多多似乎毫不关连的专家的协同努力，是一门综合性非常强的新型高科技学科。
什么是电子封装 (electronic packaging)? 封装最初的定义是：保护电路芯片免受周围环境的影响（包括物理、化学的影响）。
所以，在最初的微电子封装中，是用金属罐 (metal can) 作为外壳，用与外界完全隔离的、气密的方法，来保护脆弱的电子元件。
但是，随着集成电路技术的发展，尤其是芯片钝化层技术的不断改进，封装的功能也在慢慢异化。
通常认为，封装主要有四大功能，即功率分配、信号分配、散热及包装保护，它的作用是从集成电路器件到系统之间的连接，包括电学连接和物理连接。
目前，集成电路芯片的I/O线越来越多，它们的电源供应和信号传送都是要通过封装来实现与系统的连接；芯片的速度越来越快，功率也越来越大，使得芯片的散热问题日趋严重；由于芯片钝化层质量的提高，封装用以保护电路功能的作用其重要性正在下降。
电子封装的类型也很复杂。
从使用的包装材料来分，我们可以将封装划分为金属封装、陶瓷封装和塑料封装；从成型工艺来分，我们又可以将封装划分为预成型封装(pre-mold)和后成型封装（post-mold）；至于从封装外型来讲，则有SIP(single in-line package)、DIP(dual in-line package)、PLCC(plastic-leaded chip carrier)、PQFP(plastic quad flat pack)、SOP(small-outline package)、TSOP(thin small-outlinepackage)、PPGA(plastic pin grid array)、PBGA(plastic ball grid array)、CSP (chip scale package)等等；若按第一级连接到第二级连接的方式来分，则可以划分为PTH(pin-through-hole)和SMT（surface-mount-technology）二大类，即通常所称的插孔式（或通孔式）和表面贴装式。
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Microelectronics packaging technology(R eview contents)Chapter 1：Introduction1.The development characteristics and trends of microelectronics packaging.2.The functions of microelectronics packaging.3.The levels of microelectronics packaging technology.4.The methods for chip bonding.Chapter 2：Chip interconnection technologyIt is one of the key chapters1.The Three kinds of chip interconnection, and their characteristics and applications.2.The types of wire bonding (WB) technology, their characteristics and working principles.3.The working principle and main process of the wire ball bonding.4.The major materials for wire bonding.5.Tape automated bonding (TAB) technology:1）The characteristic and application of TAB technology.2）The key materials and technologies of TAB technology.3）The internal lead and outer lead welding technology of TAB technology.6. Flip Chip Bonding (FCB) Technology1）The characteristic and application of flip chip bonding technology2）UBM and multilayer metallization under chip bump；UBM’s structure and material, and the roles ofeach layer.3）The main fabrication method of chip bumps.4）FCB technology and its reliability.5）C4 soldering technology and its advantages.6）The role of underfill in FCB.7）The interconnection principles for Isotropic and anisotropic conductive adhesive respectively. Chapter 3: Packaging technology of Through-Hole components1.The classification of Through-Hole components.2.Focused on：DIP packaging technology, including its process flow.3.The characteristics of PGA.Chapter 4：Packaging technology of surface mounted device (SMD)1.The advantages and disadvantages of SMD.2.The types of SMD.3.The main SMD packaging technologies, focused on：SOP、PLCC、LCCC、QFP.4.The packaging process flow of QFP.5.The risk of moisture absorption in plastic packages, the mechanism of the cracking caused by moistureabsorption, and solutions to prevent for such failure.Chapter 5：Packaging technology of BGA and CSP1.The characteristics of BGA and CSP.2.The packaging technology for PBGA，and its process flow.3.The characteristics of packaging technology for CSP.4.The reliability problems of BGA and CSP.Chapter 6：Multi-Chip Module（MCM）1.The classification and characteristics of MCM2. The assembly technology of MCM.Chapter 7：Electronic packaging materials and substrate technology1. The classification of the materials for electronic packaging, the main requirements for packagingmaterials.2. The types of metals in electronic packaging, and their main applications.3. The main requirements for polymer materials in electronic packaging.4.Classification of main substrate materials, and the major requirements for substrate materials.Chapter 8：Microelectronics packaging reliability1.The basic concepts of electronic packaging reliability.2.The basic concepts for failure mode and failure mechanism in electronic packaging.3.Main failure (defect) modes (types) of electronic packaging.4.The purpose and procedure of failure analysis (FA) ；Common FA techniques (such as cross section, dyeand pry, SEM, CSAM ...).5 The purpose and key factors (such as stress level, stress type …) to design accelerated reliability test. Chapter 9：Advanced packaging technologies1.The concept of wafer level packaging (WLP) technology.2.The key processes of WL-CSP.3.The concept and types of the 3D packaging technologies.Specified Subject 1：LED packaging technology1. Describe briefly the four ways to achieve LED white light, and how they are packaged？2. Describe briefly the difference and similar aspects (similarity) between LED packaging andmicroelectronics packaging.3. And also describe briefly the development trend for LED package technology and the whole LED industryrespectively.Specified Subject 2：MEMS packaging technology1.The differences between micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) packaging technology and theconventional microelectronics packaging technologies.2.The function requirements of MEMS packaging.Extra requirement:The common used terms (Abbreviation) for electronic packaging.。
