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06269-工程应用英语（已做）工程应用英语课程自学辅导材料●配套教材：《专业英语》●主编：李嘉●出版社：人民交通●版次：2012年版●适应层次：本科内部教学使用目录第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识 (1)第2章：公路与交通工程 (2)第二部分复习思考题一．单选题 (3)二．填空题 (15)三．阅读理解题 (17)四．英译汉题 (32)五．汉译英题 (38)第三部分参考答案一．单选题 (41)二．填空题 (41)三．阅读理解题 (41)四．英译汉题 (42)五．汉译英题 (46)第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识一．主要内容1．土木工程中的职业2．现代建筑和结构材料3．公路测量4．预应力混凝土5. 结构设计原理6. 土木工程合同二．重点1．土木工程中的职业（Careers in Civil Engineering）2．现代建筑和结构材料(Modern Buildings and Structural Materials)3．公路测量 (Highway Survey)4．预应力混凝土 (Prestressed Concrete)5. 结构设计原理（Philosophy of Structural Design）6. 土木工程合同 (Civil Engineering Contracts)三．难点1．课文翻译。
2．单词记忆。
第2章：公路与交通工程一．主要内容1．交通运输系统2．公路定线3．线形设计4．立交与互通式立交5. 路面6. 沥青面层7. 公路排水8. 高速公路9. 公路施工二．重点1．交通运输系统 (Transportation System)2．公路定线 (Highway Location)3．线形设计 (Design of the Alignment)4．立交与互通式立交 (Grade separations and Interchanges)5. 路面 (Pavement)6. 沥青面层 (Bituminous Surface Courses)7. 公路排水 (Highway Drainage)8. 高速公路（Freeways）9. 公路施工 (Highway Construction)三．难点1．课文翻译。
Unit 1 Civil EngineeringSectionI Talking Face to Face1. IntroductionCivil Engineering might be generalized as being the basis of all engineering .It involves the design, construction and management of the “built environment.”2.Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:Dialogue onecivil engineering 土木工程Construction Engineering 建筑工程Feasibility 可行性Excuse me, are you … from …？Excuse me, are you Mr.John Smith from NewYork？Yes.I’m John Smith from Shanghai Petrochemical Plant.I’ m … from Shanghai No.3 Construction Engineering/ railwayengineering/ hydraulic engineering Company.Glad/ Nice to meet you,Mr/ MS/Miss/Mrs… Thank you for coing tomeet me.Today we shall /we’d like to/want to discuss the project.Would you like to tell/Do you want to me your view on theproject, Mr Lin ?What’s your sug gestion/ opinion/point of view/ ideas about this?We would like to hear your opinions.Please give us your opinion.(point of view, ideas)We must know your opinion.We are willing to accept your suggestion.(plan)Your suggestion suits us. We agree.Please forgive me. We have different (opposite) views on this. Ouropinion is …I am very sorry, but I disagree with you.Do you agree with me?I agree.I disagree.I agree with you ,but with some reservations.I think so.I do not think so.We should /must take this work plan into consideration.We should be able to settle this question.Dialogue twoWhat is your speciality?My technical specialty is civilengineering.(chemical engineering, process, mechanicalequipment ,electrical, instrumentation, piping, welding, furnacebuilding, corrosion prevention, thermal-insulation,heating-ventilation, quality control).我的技术专业是土建工程。
2013年10月高等教育自学考试《工程应用英语》试题课程代码：06269一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1. Selecting a mode to haul freight follows a similar （A ）A. approachB. serviceC. advantageD. invention2. As these change time, the transportation system will also be changed. （B ）A. duringB. overC. afterD. by3. Engineers often work as to architectural or construction firms. （C ）A. workersB. managersC. consultantsD. carders4. the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. （A ）A. ClearingB. CleaningC. ConstructingD. Cultivating5. The of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehiclesafety. （C ）A. reviewB. regainC. redesignD. retain6. No attempt was made to control content or to secure compaction. （A ）A. moistureB. netC. grossD. protein7. Today, scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations （D ）A. inaccuratelyB. in no trendC. lateD. in advance8. The word 'contract' is derived from the Latin 'contractum', meaning together. （C ）A. pullB. pushC. drawnD. press9. Relocation and reduction in height of the has meant that the driver's total reactiontime has been reduced. （B ）A. door latchB. brake pedalC. steering wheelD. emergency lights10. is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel. （B ）A. Air transportationB. Highway transportationC. Railway transportationD. Water transportation11. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the （A ）A. diamondB. trumpetC. directD. cloverleaf12. In ground survey, a is only used for measuring the vertical heights of objects. （A ）A. levelB. total stationC. transitD. tape13. If Party A commissions Party B to execute the construction work, then Party B is referredto as （B ）A. the employerB. the contractorC. the tenderD. the carrier14. In different transportation modes, is not an advantage of highway transportation. （A ）A. Fast speedB. FlexibilityC. Providing door-to-door serviceD. Carrying a variety of parcel sizes15. According to civil engineering contract terms, the force-account work should be checkedand approved daily by （D ）A. the employerB. the contractorC. the carderD. both A and B16. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and techniques. （ C ）A. electronicB. electricalC. soil stabilizationD. mechanical17. In civil engineering, construction is a process on almost all engineering projects. （B ）A. easyB. complicatedC. simpleD. likely18. Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated （C ）A. fillsB. waste depositsC. borrow areasD. sites19. As a structural material, concrete is very （D ）A. definiteB. infiniteC. constantD. versatile20. Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus, the twosubstances each other. （C ）A. counteractB. offsetC. complementD. nullify二、阅读理解题（本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）Passage OneThe contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work is satisfactorily completed. That work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.21. The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of （B ）A. the contractorB. the promoter or his representativeC. the auditorD. the workers22. It does not give the employer the right to demand （D ）A. an usually high standard of quality throughout the worksB. an usually high requirements for the work to be doneC. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the worksD. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works23. In the absence of a prior express agreement, the employer might be able to hisliability to pay for the works. （C ）A. terminate immediatelyB. postpone definitelyC. postpone indefinitelyD. postpone unjustly24. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work would be regarded asreasonable by （C ）A. employersB. top personsC. competent personsD. all the participantsPassage TwoA civil engineer must understand different stresses the structure withstands when it is in use. Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical--those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.25. Horizontal forces （B ）A. act up or downB. act sidewaysC. act upon it with rotating or turning motionD. in a round way26. Forces acting at an angle are combination of （A ）A. horizontal and vertical forcesB. horizontal and rotating forcesC. turning and vertical forcesD. vertical and rotating forces27. The horizontal forces must equal each other so that （D ）A. there is not too much thrust either up or downB. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turningC. it can work in a reasonable wayD. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left28. Which of the following is tree? （B ）A. Three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balanceB. Three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balanceC. Three forces acting on a structure must be lessD. Three forces acting on a structure must be morePassage ThreeAs we all know, vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengersin case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.29. According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned? （C ）A. safety beltsB. safer door latchesC. brake pedalD. stop lights30. According to the passage, which has become the standard equipment for vehicles? （D ）A. energy absorbing steering columnsB. guard railC. ventilating systemD. four-way emergency flashers31. Which of the following is tree? （B ）A. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the vehiclesB. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the personswho drives the vehiclesC. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the pedestriansD. Vehicular safety design usually centers on creating comfort of the passengers and thepedestrians32. According to the passage, which design is described? （A ）A. vehicular safetyB. vehicular structureC. vehicular powerD. vehicular fashionPassage FourEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.33. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so （D ）A. everyone is supposed to pass itB. it is nearly stressedC. it is not stressedD. it is greatly stressed34. In mathematics, statistics deals with （B ）A. listening and speakingB. gathering, classifying and using pieces of informationC. reading and writingD. the study of mathematics35. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is （A ）A. probabilityB. different factorsC. variablesD. numbers36. Which one of the following is the main meaning of the passage? （B ）A. Physics is very important in all branches of engineeringB. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineeringC. Chemistry is very important in all branches of engineeringD. All subjects are important for university studentsPassage FiveIn road construction, clearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that grass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.37. According to the passage, which is the main topic? （B ）A. ExcavationB. Site clearingC. EmbankmentD. Sweeping of the floor38. According to the passage, is NOT removed in rural areas. （C ）A. shrubsB. cropsC. earthD. grass39. If all vegetable is allowed to remain, （D ）A. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the marketB. it may grow fastC. it may grow again in the new seasonD. it may decay and leave voids40. Sometimes it is required selective clearing in （A ）A. adjacent areasB. far areasC. rural areasD. mountain areas三、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）41. Computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.42. Ordinarily large projects employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systemsengineer43. Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span culverts44. Both steel and cement , the two most important construction materials of modem times,were introduced in the nineteenth century.45. The term embankment describes the fill added above the low points along the roadway toraise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure.46. People select air transportation to carry important goods when time is at a premium.47. In preliminary location survey, the benefit-cost ratio method is used for evaluating theeconomical and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.48. In reconnaissance survey, a unique bridge site or a mountain pass also may become aprimary control point49. In most cases, the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted.50. The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure willsupport when it is in use is live load 四、英译汉题（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）51. They also work for consulting firms that carry out the planning and engineering tasks forthese organizations.译：他们也为咨询公司工作，这些公司为一些单位进行规划和工程设计方面的事物。
52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available to highway engineers until developments inelectronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape.最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。
这些重要的设备是经纬仪、水准仪、和卷尺。
53.An urban transportation system is a basic component of an urban area‟s social, economic, and physical structure.城市的交通系统是城市的社会、经济和物质结构的基本组成成分。
24.Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver, the _pedestrian_.28.Highway pavement are divided into two main categories: __rigid__ and flexible.29.Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, _intermediate type_, and low type.30.The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and _maintain_.51.The structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the load and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design.任何结构的设计首先应包含确定荷载和其他设计因素，这些因素由结构来抵抗，因此在设计中必需考虑。
考试科目代码及名称261二外日语262二外法语337工业设计工程355建筑学基础432统计学1. 调查的组织和实施。
2. 概率抽样与非概率抽样。
3. 数据的预处理。
4. 用图表展示定性数据。
5. 用图表展示定量数据。
6. 用统计量描述数据的水平：平均数、中位数、分位数和众数。
7. 用统计量描述数据的差异：极差、标准差、样本方差。
8. 参数估计的基本原理。
9. 一个总体和两个总体参数的区间估计。
10. 样本量的确定。
11. 假设检验的基本原理。
12. 一个总体和两个总体参数的检验。
13. 方差分析的基本原理。
14. 单因子和双因子方差分析的实现和结果解释。
15. 变量间的关系；相关关系和函数关系的差别。
16. 一元线性回归的估计和检验。
434国际商务专业基础501建筑设计502产品设计503城市规划与设计504建筑快速设计505专业设计基础506造型基础610基础英语619基础理论Ⅰ620科学技术史621细胞生物学622基础理论Ⅱ623基础理论Ⅲ631建筑历史633城市规划原理651马克思主义基本原理652社会学理论662普通物理I663数学分析683分析化学684物理化学I801管理学803电子技术I负反馈的类型和判断，不同类型对放大电路性能的影响。
负反馈放大电路的分析方法。
4、 差动放大电路和互补对称功率放大电路的组成和工作分析5、 集成运算放大电路组成、特点理想运放的分析方法。
基本运算线路分析：算术运算、微分、积分运算；电压比较器；矩形波6、 正弦波振荡电路：振荡条件、RC振荡电路分析、LC振荡电路原理7、 单相整流电路，电容滤波器的分析，LC滤波器组成、原理。
稳压管稳压电路，串联型稳压电路分析，集成稳压电路的应用方法。
数字电子技术部分：1、 晶体管的开关特性。
2、 基本门电路：与门、或门、非门、与非门、或非门、异或门、同分立元件与、或、非门分析。
TTL门和MOS门的特点。
3、 逻辑代数的基本定律。
中英文学科、专业名称对照表机电一体化的英文翻译:integration of mechanics and electrics integration of Mechanical and Electrical Industry机电工业一体化integration of mechanics and electrics机电一体化integration of Mechanical and Electrical Industry机电工业一体化integration of mechanics and electrics机电一体化The machine electricity integral whole turns回答者：chenchenyinyin - 魔法师五级4-26 14:14 integration of Mechanical and Electrical Industry回答者：阿朗的阿公- 助理二级4-26 14:16 incorporation of electro-engineering.integration of electro-engineering.回答者：phyrster - 秀才二级4-26 14:45 这个是学科名称,标准翻译应该是:mechatronics参考资料如下:/doc/da24bcd5360cba1aa811da53.ht ml /Periodicals/Periodical.aspx?code=jdyth回答者：summersnow1982 - 副总裁十级4-26 15:00 Mechatronics我就学这个的，呵呵回答者：jue984 - 试用期一级4-26 15:17 我们老师翻译的我们就这专业:)mechanical electical integration我的专业是机电一体化用英文怎么说悬赏分：0 - 解决时间：2008-6-19 16:16人工翻译谢谢！！急急！提问者：shenchangxuxu - 试用期一级最佳答案My major is integrated machinery and electronics另外：【中文名称】机电一体化【英文名称】Mechatronics跪求下列课程的英文名称（自动化方向）悬赏分：20 - 解决时间：2007-5-13 20:43请帮我把冒号前边的也翻了吧比如“数学基础课程:” 因为我想要一个较为正式的说法，谢谢！~ 积分奖励我还会追加的~~ :) -数学基础课程：概率论与数理统计复变函数线性代数-专业基础课程:电路数字电子技术模拟电子技术数字信号处理微机原理及接口技术单片机原理及应用-计算机相关课程：计算机应用基础计算机程序设计语言(C++)C语言程序设计计算机网络与通信-专业课课程：自动控制原理现代控制理论计算机控制技术自动控制系统电机与拖动基础变流技术检测与仪表系统辨识基础智能控制过程控制基础电气与PLC技术提问者：spyguy - 试用期一级最佳答案Math courses :Probability theory and mathematical statistics Complex variablelinear algebraBasic courses :CircuitDigital Electronic TechnologySimulation of Electronic TechnologyDigital Signal ProcessingTheory and computer interface technology SCM Theory and ApplicationComputer-related courses : Fundamentals of Computer Application Computer programming language (C + +)C Programming LanguageComputer Network and Communication Professional courses :Automatic Control TheoryModern control theoryComputer Control TechnologyAutomatic Control SystemMotor and DragConverter TechnologyTest and InstrumentationSystem Identification basisIntelligent ControlProcess control infrastructureElectrical and PLC跪求下列课程的英文名称（电气工程及其自动化方向）悬赏分：20 - 解决时间：2008-8-9 23:11问题补充：电力电子技术、电力系统分析、电力工程基础、电力系统继电保护、计算机控制系统、AutoCAD制图、VB程序设计、电子技术基础、PLC编程及应用提问者：ge_tang - 试用期一级最佳答案电力电子技术：Electric power electronic technology电力系统分析：Electrical power system analysis电力工程基础：Electric power project foundation电力系统继电保护：Electrical power system relay protection 计算机控制系统：Computer control systemAutoCAD制图：AutoCAD chartingVB程序设计：VB programming电子技术基础：Electronic technology foundationPLC编程及应用：PLC programming and application电气工程及其自动化方向：Electrical engineering and automated direction中英文学科、专业名称对照表代码中文名称英文名称01 哲学Philosophy02 经济学Economics03 法学Law0301 法学030105 民商法学（含劳动法学、Civil Law and Commercial Law(including社会保障法学）Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law)030108 环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and NaturalResources Protection Law030109 国际法学（含国际公法学、International Law(including International国际私法学Public Law, International Private Law and国际经济法学）International Economic Law)0302 政治学Political Science030205 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education inIdeology and Politics05 文学Literature0502 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and literatures050211 外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages07 理学Natural Science0701 数学Mathematics070104 应用数学Applied Mathematics08 工学Engineering0805 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering080503 材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering0808 电气工程Electrical Engineering080804 电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and PowerDrives0809 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology080902 电路与系统Circuits and Systems0810 信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering 081001 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems 081002 信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing0811 控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering081101 控制理论与控制工程Control Technology and Control Engineering 0812 计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology081201 计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory081203 计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology0823 交通运输工程Communications and Transportation Engineering 082301 道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering082302 交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control082303 交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management082304 载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering082402 轮机工程Marine Engineering0830 环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engneering 083001 环境科学Environmental Science083002 环境工程Environmental Engneering0812 管理学Management Science081201 管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering081202 工商管理学Science of Business Administration081202 企业管理学（含财务管理学、CorporateManagement(including Financial 市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Management, Marketing, and HumanResources Management)工程硕士领域名称中英文对照代码中文名称英文名称430109 电子与通信工程Electron and Communication Engineering 430124 船舶与海洋工程Shipbuilding and Oceanography Engineering 430123 交通运输工程Communications and Transportation Engineering 430130 环境工程Environment Engineering430111 控制工程Control Engineering430108 电气工程Electrical Engineering430112 计算机技术Computer Technique430141 物流工程Logistics Engineering430140 项目管理Project Management学院与专业名称中英文对照一览表作者：来源：教务处发布日期：2007-11-21 15:18:00 点击：7701(资料来源:国务院学位委员会办公室、教育部研究生工作办公室编.授予博士硕士学位和培养研究生的学科专业简介.北京:高等教育出版社，1999年.)中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称01 哲学 Philosophy0101 哲学 Philosophy010101 马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism010102 中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy010103 外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies010104 逻辑学 Logic010105 伦理学 Ethics010106 美学 Aesthetics010107 宗教学 Science of Religion010108 科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology02 经济学 Economics0201 理论经济学 Theoretical Economics020101 政治经济学 Political Economy020102 经济思想史 History of Economic Thought020103 经济史 History of Economic020104 西方经济学 Western Economics020105 世界经济 World Economics020106 人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics0202 应用经济学 Applied Economics020201 国民经济学 National Economics020202 区域经济学 Regional Economics020203 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)020204 金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)020205 产业经济学 Industrial Economics020206 国际贸易学 International Trade020207 劳动经济学 Labor Economics020208 统计学 Statistics020209 数量经济学 Quantitative Economics020210 国防经济学 National Defense Economics03 法学 Law0301 法学 Science of Law030101 法学理论 Jurisprudence030102 法律史 Legal History030103 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law030104 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence030105 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Sci ence of Social Security Law )030106 诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws030107 经济法学 Science of Economic Law030108 环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law030109 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学)International law (including International Public law, Internatio nal Private Law and International Economic Law) 030110 军事法学 Science of Military Law0302 政治学 Political Science030201 政治学理论 Political Theory030202 中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution 030203 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement 030204 中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of the Party and Party Building)030205 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politic s030206 国际政治学 International Politics030207 国际关系学 International Relations030208 外交学 Diplomacy0303 社会学 Sociology030301 社会学 Sociology030302 人口学 Demography030303 人类学 Anthropology030304 民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)0304 民族学 Ethnology030401 民族学 Ethnology030402 马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy030403 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics030404 中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History030405 中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art04 教育学 Education0401 教育学 Education Science040101 教育学原理 Educational Principle040102 课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology 040103 教育史 History of Education040104 比较教育学 Comparative Education040105学前教育学 Pre-school Education040106 高等教育学 Higher Education040107 成人教育学 Adult Education040108 职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education 040109 特殊教育学 Special Education040110 教育技术学 Education Technology0402 心理学 Psychology040201 基础心理学 Basic Psychology040202 发展与教育心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology 040203 应用心理学 Applied Psychology0403 体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports040301 体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science ofSports 040302 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science 040303 体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 040304 民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports05 文学 Literature0501 中国语言文学 Chinese Literature050101 文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art050102 语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics050103 汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology050104 中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text050105 中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature050106 中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 050107 中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature 050108 比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature 0502 外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures050201 英语语言文学 English Language and Literature050202 俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature050203 法语语言文学 French Language and Literature050204 德语语言文学 German Language and Literature050205 日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature050206 印度语言文学 Indian Languages and Literature050207 西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature 050208 阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature050209 欧洲语言文学 European Languages and Literatures050210 亚非语言文学Asian-African Languages and Literatures050211 外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages0503 新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication050301 新闻学 Journalism050302 传播学 Communication0504 艺术学 Art050401 艺术学 Art Theory050402 音乐学 Music050403 美术学 Fine Arts050404 设计艺术学 Artistic Design050405 戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera050406 电影学 Film050407 广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art050408 舞蹈学 Dance06 历史学 History0601 历史学 History060101 史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science060102 考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology060103 历史地理学 Historical Geography060104 历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学)Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Du nhuang)060105 专门史 History of Particular Subjects060106 中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History060107 中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History060108 世界史 World History07 理学 Natural Science0701 数学 Mathematics070101 基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics070102 计算数学 Computational Mathematics070103 概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics 070104 应用数学 Applied mathematics070105 运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics0702 物理学 Physics070201 理论物理 Theoretical Physics070202 粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics 070203 原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics 070204 等离子体物理 Plasma Physics070205 凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics070206 声学 Acoustics070207 光学 Optics070208 无线电物理 Radio Physics0703 化学 Chemistry070301 无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry070302 分析化学 Analytical Chemistry070303 有机化学 Organic Chemistry070304 物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)070305 高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers 0704 天文学 Astronomy070401 天体物理 Astrophysics070402 天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics0705 地理学 Geography070501 自然地理学 Physical Geography070502 人文地理学 Human Geography070503 地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System 0706 大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences 070601 气象学 Meteorology070602 大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment0707 海洋科学 Marine Sciences070701 物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography070702 海洋化学 Marine Chemistry070703 海洋生理学 Marine Biology070704 海洋地质学 Marine Geology0708 地球物理学 Geophysics070801 固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics070802 空间物理学 Space Physics0709 地质学 Geology070901 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology070902地球化学 Geochemistry070903 古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology) 070604 构造地质学 Structural Geology070905 第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology0710 生物学 Biology071001 植物学 Botany071002 动物学 Zoology071003 生理学 Physiology071004 水生生物学 Hydrobiology071005 微生物学 Microbiology071006 神经生物学 Neurobiology071007 遗传学 Genetics071008 发育生物学 Developmental Biology071009 细胞生物学 Cell Biology071010 生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 071011 生物物理学 Biophysics071012 生态学 Ecology0711 系统科学 Systems Science071101 系统理论 Systems Theory071102 系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration0712 科学技术史 History of Science and Technology08 工学 Engineering0801 力学 Mechanics080101 一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics 080102 固体力学 Solid Mechanics080103 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics080104 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics0802 机械工程 Mechanical Engineering080201 机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation080202 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering080203 机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory080204 车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering0803 光学工程 Optical Engineering0804 仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology080401 精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery 080402 测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments0805 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering080501 材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry080502 材料学 Materialogy080503 材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering0806 冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering080601 冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy080602 钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy080603 有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy0807 动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 080701 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics080702 热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering080703 动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering080704 流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering080705 制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering080706 化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment0808 电气工程 Electrical Engineering080801 电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 080802 电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation080803 高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology080804 电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives080805 电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering0809 电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology080901 物理电子学 Physical Electronics080902 电路与系统 Circuits and Systems080903 微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 080904 电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 0810 信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering081001 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems081002 信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing0811 控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering081101 控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering081102 检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 081103 系统工程 Systems Engineering 081104 模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 081105 导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control0812 计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology081201 计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory。
Unit 2 Construction MaterialsSectionI Talking Face to Face1. IntroductionIn this unit, we are going to learn two important construction materials---steel and cement, as well as their distinctive identities. Further more, how the two basic materials complement each other to make structural construction material---concrete. The many professional phrases and expressions of construction materials are the learning points in this unit.Ask students to read dialogue and then make dialogues according to the task.2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:Dialogue one:the strength of the concrete：混凝土的强度compressive strength：抗压强度kg/cm2 ：kilogram n.公斤；centimeter n.厘米；square centimeter平方厘米look forward to + n./doing…期待着…Dialogue two:on our own：独立地，凭我们自己conform with：和……相符合，相一致China National Building Code：中国建筑法规plot plan：平面布置图vertical layout：竖向定位图structure plan：结构平面图floor plan：楼面平面图general plan：总图the job site：施工现场SectionII Maintaining a sharp eyePassage1 Construction Materials---steel and cement Important words1.acid n. [化] 酸(U,C)Some acids burn holes in wood. 有些酸能把木头烧成洞。
中国大学专业中英文对照哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (includingInternational Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学V ocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military 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Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science工程硕士Engineering Master领域名称Domain Title ……………………………………………………………………………………………工程硕士领域工程硕士领域英文名称机械工程Mechanical Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器仪表工程Instrument and Meter Engineering材料工程Material Engineering冶金工程Metallurgy Engineering动力工程Power Engineering电气工程Electrical Engineering电子与通信工程Electrical and Communication Engineering控制工程Control Engineering计算机技术Computer Technology软件工程Software Engineering建筑与土木工程Architectural and Civil Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering测绘工程Surveying and Mapping Engineering化学工程Chemical Engineering地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mining Engineering石油与天然气工程Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering轻工技术与工程Light Industry Technology and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Shipbuilding and Oceanography Engineering兵器工程Arms Engineering核能与核技术工程Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Technology农业工程Agricultural Engineering林业工程Forestry Engineering环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品工程Foodstuff Engineering航空工程Aeronautical Engineering航天工程Aerospace Engineering车辆工程Vehicle Engineering制药工程Pharmaceutical Engineering工业工程Industrial Engineering工业设计工程Industrial Design Engineering生物工程Biotechnology Engineering项目管理Project Management物流工程Logistics Engineering工商管理硕士Master of Business Administration-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
Professional English TestPart I Vocabulary and Structure1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ______ education.a. elementary schoolb. high schoolc. middle schoold. university2. In most cases, the tender may be ______ at any time until it has been accepted.a. confirmedb. withdrawnc. admittedd. continued3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ______ science and the language arts.a. computerb. chemicalc. sociald. biology4. The law relating to contracts imposes on each party to a contract ______ to perform.a. an irksome taskb. an easy experimentc. a good pland. a legal obligation5. Indeed, the civil engineer‟s choice is ______ and varied.a. smallb. finec. larged. tiny6. Roadbeds ______ highway pavement structures and the ballast and track on which trains move.a. lie aboveb. underliec. lie leftd. lie right7. Construction can be very _____.a. dangerousb. safec. easyd. secure8. Where material is moved less than about 60m or steeply downhill, drifting with a track or wheel type bulldozer is ______.a. cheapestb. expensivec. unknownd. the same9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ______.a. its other partb. itselfc. the walld. the ground10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ______.a. dead loadb. live loadc. impactd. safety factor11.In tension, the material is ______.a. pressedb. pulled apartc. pushedd. compressed12. In fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density, and moisture content could ______ greatly from one spot to another.a. be the sameb. be alikec. varyd. be equal13.Both ______, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.a. steel and cementb. wood and brickc. stone and tiled. ash and plastic14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ______.a. distancesb. central anglesc. elevation differenced. length15. The ______ vehicle is a creator of accidents.a. advantageb. defectivec. meritd. failure16.Prestressed concrete is an ______ form of reinforcement.a. originalb. improvedc. samed. low17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by _______.a. engineersb. one partyc. companyd. two or more parties18.______ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.a. weightb. volumec. aread. no19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method‟ and …______‟.a. resultb. combinationc. layer thicknessd. moisture control20.A main source of accidents, the problem of ______ driving is the most serious of all.a. drinkb. drinkingc. drunkend. drankputers are ________ unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.a. usedb. uselessc. usefuld. uselessly22.Active ______ for engineers often begins before the student‟s last year in the university.a. employb. recruitingc. hired. firing23. For the student who is preparing to become a ________ engineer, thesespecialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics.a. computerb. socialc. civild. chemical24. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, ________,maintenance, or even in sales.a. analysisb. supervisionc. pland. fee25. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of ________.a. buildingsb. projectsc. structuresd. roads26. In designing buildings, civil engineers often work as ________ to architectural orconstruction firms.a. workersb. consultantsc. employeesd. students27. Dams, bridges and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whosework is coordinated by a ________ engineer who is in charge of the entire project.a. mainb. chiefc. masterd. systems28. Construction is a ________ process on almost all engineering projects.a. simpleb. complicatedc. easyd. likely29. In compression, the material is ________ together.a. stretchedb. apartc. pushedd. tense30.When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is ________.a. in tensionb. in compressionc. in pressd. in push31.We defined ________ as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines ofstress.a. tensionb. compressionc. pushd. shear32.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and ________, stone, or tile, and similar materials.a. steelb. aluminumc. masonry brickd. plastic33.Modern cement is a mixture of ________.a. bricksb. limestone and clayc. wood and ashd. plastic34.Concrete is very ________.a. constantb. the samec. definited. versatile35.Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus,the two substances ________ each other.a. counteractb. offsetc. complementd. nullify36.One system that helps ________ concrete weight to some extent uses polymers.a. cutb. acceleratec. addd. keep37. The retention money serves to insure ________ against any defects that may arisein the work.a. the managerb. the contractorc. the carrierd. the employer38.The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer,or his ________.a. wifeb. friendc. lawyerd. representative39.For moderate and longer hauls, self-loading scrapers pulled by rubber-tired haulingunits and push-loaded by tractors offer ________ cost.a. higherb. lowerc. the samed. different40.Highway maintenance activities can be grouped and classified according ________ the purpose of the treatment.a. withb. forc. forwardd. toputer programming is now included in almost all engineering ______.a. coursesb. curriculac. lessonsd. areas42. The relationship between engineering and society is getting ________.a. higherb. fartherc. closerd. lower43. Types of contracts are virtually classified by their ______ system: (1) price-based and (2) cost-based.a. constructionb. designc. tenderd. payment44. Computers can‟t solve complicated problems unless they are given ______.a. a good air-conditionb. a young civil engineerc. a good computer engineerd. a good program45. In recent years, rippers have been used successfully to ______ loose or fractured rock.a. break downb. break evenc. break upd. break away46. Civil engineering projects are almost always ______.a. distinctiveb. the similarc. aliked. the same47. Usually there are ______ easy answers on equipment selection.a. someb. manyc. nod. much48. ______ force acts up and down.a. verticalb. horizontalc. rotating motiond. turning motion49. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material ______ and in its density and moisture content.a. himselfb. myselfc. themselvesd. itself50.The actual cost of any single highway traffic accident is extremely ______ to determine.a. easyb. liablec. difficultd. apt51.Basically, causes of automobile accidents can be categorized ______ four major groups.a. inb. toc. ond. into52. Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ______.a. the directionb. the sizec. the frequencyd. the width53.______ the recent improvement in visibility are wraparound windshields and narrowed roof support pillars.a. Two ofb. Of twoc. Twod. Two, of54.There is a great deal that the actual highway designer can ______ prevent accident.a. dob. to doc. do tod. to55.To avoid the driving after drinking, one of the methods is ______.a. law studyb. breath testc. take an examd. driving study56.It is suitable for remote sensing technique to be used for highway location in _______.a. tropical rain forestb. areas between tall buildingsc. mountainous country without forestd. plains with uniform shade57.The information on the aerial photographs can be converted into maps with the help of stereoscopes which is able to see objects in _______.a. one dimensionb. two dimensionsc. three dimensionsd. all directions58.The normal steel does not exert any force of its own on the member, ______ to the action of prestressing steel.a. similarb. contraryc. comparabled. likely59.The extensive use of prestressed structures has been due in ______ small measures to the advances in the technology.a. nob. soc. suchd. some60.The employer selects the contractor for the project by ______.a. tenderb. advertisementc. governmentd. bidding61.Many different _ and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years.A. corporationsB. institutesC. unitsD. offices62. It is normal practice for _ engineer to specialize in just one kind.A. oneB. aC. anD. the63. Electrical and mechanical engineers work on the _ of the powerhouse and its equipment.A. designB. buildingC. structureD. power64. Much of the work of civil engineering is carried on _.A. indoorsB. in the skyC. outdoorsD. underground65. In addition, the building of skyscrapers, bridges and tunnels must also progress under all kinds of _ conditions.A. designB. economicC. weatherD. water66. Today, scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations _.A. inaccuratelyB. in no trendC. lateD. in advance67. The force which the live load will be exerted on the structure is _.A. dead loadB. live loadC. impactD. safety factor68. The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and _, stone, or tile, and similar materials.A. steelB. aluminumC. masonry brickD. plastic69. Modern cement is a mixture of _.A. bricksB. limestone and clayC. wood and ashD. plastics70. _ rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength.A. ConcreteB. BrickC. PlasticD. Steel71. Many great buildings built in earlier ages are massive structures with _.A. aluminum wallsB. thick stone wallsC. steel wallsD. plastic walls72. _ is not entitled to any payment if he abandons the work prior to completion.A. The managerB. The contractorC. The carrierD. The employer73. A tender is normally required to be a definite _.A. orderB. billC. offerD. license74. The rubber-tired tractor units have difficulty in operating on _, slippery roadbeds.A. looseB. dryC. driedD. wet75. The term _ describes the fill added above the low points along the roadway toraise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure.A. site clearingB. excavationC. earthmovingD. embankment76. _ control is largely a matter of conducting the specified procedure.A. TechniquesB. DevicesC. FieldD. Moisture77. Nearly _ vegetable matter should be removed from the original ground and fillmaterial.A. noB. allC. not allD. some78. A track or wheel type bulldozer is _ to earthmoving of considerably long hauls.A. usedB. suitableC. adaptedD. not suitable79. The highway can require mental and _ response.A. physicalB. chemicalC. socialD. phonological80. Highway improvement is also a key factor _ preventing accidents.A. offB. inC. onD. atPart II Filling Blanks81. Engineers often work as ________________ to architectural or construction firms.82. Young engineers may choose to go into _______________ or sanitary engineering.83. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: deadload, _____________, impact and safety factor.84. One party to the contract is __________ for breach of contract if he fails toperform his part of the agreement.85. ___________ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.86. Loose rock includes materials such as _______________________ rock, or earthmixed with boulders.87. No attempt was made to control ___________ content or to secure compaction.88. The ____________ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had resultin greater vehicle safety.89. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of_____________ brake fluid.90. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake ___________ has meant that thedriver‟s total reaction time has been reduced.91.Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and_____________________________________ techniques.92.Modern cement, called _____________________________, was invented in 1824.93.Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated_____________________________________.94.Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: thevehicles, the road, the driver, the _________________.95.Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside ________________ mirror.96.Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-endloader or ________________________ into trucks or other hauling units.97.The three forces that can act on a structure are ________________________,horizontal force, and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion.98.Highway pavement are divided into two main categories: ________________ andflexible.99.Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, ________,and low type.100.The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and _____________.Part III Reading ComprehensionPassage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.101. Research is one of ______ aspects of scientific and engineering practice.a. the most uselessb. the most importantc. the most unnecessary102. A researcher is often employed ______.a. on a farmb. in a libraryc. in a laboratory103. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with ______.a. farmers and scientistsb. engineers and farmersc. scientists and engineers104. Which of the following is true?a. Civil engineering research doesn‟t include only soil mechanics and soilstabilization, but also the development of new structural materialsb. Civil engineering research doesn‟t include soil mechanics and soil stabilizationc. Civil engineering research doesn‟t include the development of new structuralmaterialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.105. The current trend of structural materials is _______.a. to develop heavier materialsb. to develop lighter materialsc. to develop less materials106. Aluminum weighs _______.a. much less than steelb. the same as steelc. much heavier than steel107. Aluminum has _______.a. no properties of steelb. few properties of steelc. many of the same properties of steel108. Which of the following is true?a. Aluminum beams can‟t be used for bridge constructionb. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also theframework of a few buildingsc. Aluminum beams can‟t be used for the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.109. Steel and concrete have ______.a. different rate of contractionb. different rate of expansionc. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion110. Reinforced concrete is ______.a. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beamsb. concrete which is embedded in steel rodsc. steel rods which react with concrete111. Which of the following is true?a. steel can rust in concreteb. concrete can corrode steelc. steel does not rust in concrete112. Concrete has ______.a. some kind of chemical that corrodes steelb. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidc. some kind of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender andsubsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be …subject to formal contract‟ as is often the case.113. The conditions of contract are normally determined by ______.a. the government officialb. the contractorc. the promoter114. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which ______ will be subject.a. the employerb. the officialc. the contractor115. The obligations that ______ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to the tender.a. the employerb. the auditorc. the contractor116. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ______.a. the promoter has enough moneyb. it has been acceptedc. the tender approved by the governmentPassage FiveMaterials are usually described as …rock‟, …loose rock‟, or …common‟, with …common‟signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called …solid rock‟, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.117. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.a. loose rockb. commonc. rock118. Which of the following is NOT true?a. rock, is sometimes called …solid rock‟b. rock, is sometimes called …loose rock‟c. rock, is usually called …hard rock119. According to the passage, which of the following is true?a. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blastedb. loose rock is often dug without any previous blastingc. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes120. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.a. track or ripperb. loaders or shovelsc. roller or bulldozerPassage SixIn the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.121.Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so ____________.a. it is greatly stressedb. it is nearly stressedc. it is not stressed122.Statistics deals with ____________.a. listening and speakingb. gathering, classifying and using pieces of informationc. reading and writing123.An important aspect of statistical mathematics is _________________.a. probabilityb. different factorsc. variables124.Which is the main meaning of the passage?a. physics is very important in all branches of engineeringb. mathematics is very important in all branches of engineeringc. chemistry is very important in all branches of engineeringPassage SevenCivil engineering projects are almost unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.125.Civil engineering projects are ______________.a. almost always distinctiveb. the similarc. alike126.Each project ____________ before design work beginsa. may not be consideredb. can‟t be studiedc. must be studied carefully127.The study, which must consider not only structural features but also economic factors and possible alternatives or other choices, is called _____________.a. system engineeringb. feasibility studyc. structural design128.Which of the following is true?a. today civil engineering project need consider the environmental impact of theprojectb. today the study about civil engineering project needn‟t consider theenvironmental impact of the projectc. today the study about civil engineering project needn‟t consider the resourceimpact of the projectPassage EightClearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that glass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.129.According to the passage, which is the main topic?a. excavationb. site clearingc. embankment130.According to the passage, ___________ is NOT be removed in rural areas.a. shrubsb. cropsc. earth131.If all vegetable remained, ____________.a. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the marketb. the vegetable grow fastc. it may decay and leave voids132.Sometimes it is required clearing____________.a. adjacent areasb. far areasc. rural areasPassage NineVehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengers in case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.133.According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned?a. safety beltsb. safer door latchesc. brake pedal134.According to the passage, which become standard equipment for vehicles?a. four-way emergency flashersb. guard railc. ventilating system135.Which of the following is true?a. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and thevehiclesb. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and thepersons who drives the vehiclesc. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and thepedestrians136.According to the passage, which design is described?a. vehicular safetyb. vehicular structurec. vehicular powerPassage TenIn the 1930s engineers found that superior embankments could be constructed by spreading the material in relatively thin layers and compacting it at moisture content close to optimum. The improvement resulted largely because greater density was obtained, which resulted in higher “strength”in the soil mass and in decreased settlement and rutting. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. This was beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform.137.In the 1930s engineers found embankments could be constructed by___________.a. compacting it at density and spreading the material in relatively thick layersb. compacting it at a moisture content and spreading the material in relatively thinlayersc. compacting it at borrow area138.According to the passage, which cause higher “strength”?a. greater density was obtainedb. moisture content close to minimumc. more material was used139.Which of the following is true?a. layered construction produced greater difference in the material and etc.b. layered construction produced greater disagreement in its densityc. layered construction produced greater unanimity in its density and moisturecontent140.Which of the following words is the closest meaning of …optimum‟?a. worstb. bestc. differentPassage ElevenAltogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical—those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left.。
