06269工程应用英语
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大学各专业课程中英文对照大学各专业课程中英文对照A开头的课程ALGOL 语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言 C LanguageC++ 程序设计C++ Program DesigningCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCET-4 College English Test (Band 4)CET-6 College English Test (Band 6)COBOL 语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL 语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC 与UNIX 环境 C Language & Unix EnvironmentC 语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in CC Language & Biomedical Information ProcessingC 语言与生物医学信息处理dBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 LanguageFORTRAN 语言FORTRAN LanguageFoxBase 程序设计FoxBase ProgrammingHopf 代数Hopf AlgebraHopf 代数与代数群量子群Hopf Algebra , Algebraic Group and Qua ntum GroupIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC 微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCIBM 汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming Languages Internet 与Intranet 技术Internet and Intranet TechnologyLSI 设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningOS/2 操作系统OS/2 Operation SystemPASCAL 大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL 课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALPASCAL 语言PASCAL LanguagePC 机原理Principle of PCUnix 编程环境Unix Programming EnvironmentUnix 操作系统分析Analysis of Unix SystemVLSI 的EDA 技术EDA Techniques for VLSIVLSI 技术与检测方法VLSI Techniques & Its ExaminationVLSI 设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignWindows 系统Windows Operation SystemX 光分析X-ray AnalysisX 射线金属学X-Ray & MetallographyX 射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80 汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly LanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell板壳理论Plate Theory , Theory of Plate and Shell板壳力学Plate Mechanics办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization ThesisOffice Automatization Design办公自动化系统设计半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements 半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semi-conductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理半导体器件课程设计Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device Course Design of Semiconductor Devices半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semi-conduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor半群理论Semi-group Theory保健食品监督评价保险学Insurance保险学InsuranceEvaluation and Supervision on Health Food s报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业论文Graduation Thesis毕业设计Graduation Thesis毕业实习Graduation Practice编译方法Compilation Method编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler 编译原理课程设计变电站的微机检测Course Design of CompilingComputer Testing in Transformer Substation变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation 变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & NeoRo 表面活性剂化学及应用Chemistry and Application of Surfactant表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行处理Parallel Processing并行处理与并行程序设计Parallel Processing and Parallel Programming并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy, Wave Spectrum波谱学实验Spectroscopic Experiment薄膜光学Film Optics薄膜物理Thin Film Physics不育症的病因学Etiology of InfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料化学Material Chemistry材料力学Mechanics of Materials财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Finance andTaxes财务案例分析Case Analysis of Finance Management财务案例分析Case Analysis of Financial Management财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财务管理Financial Management, Financial Cost Management 财务管理与分析Financial Management and Analysis财务会计Financial Accountancy财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与税收Finance & Revenue财政与税收理论Theories on Public Finance and Tax Revenue 财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS)操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System测量技术基础Foundation of Measurement Technology测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement策略管理Strategic Management产品学Production产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织Industrial Organization产业组织学Industrial Organization Technology常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations场论Field Theory超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超高真空科学与技术Science and Technology of Ultrahigh Vacuum 60Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超精密加工和微细加工超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超声及应用Supersonics Application成本会计Cost Accounting成像原理与技术Principles & Technique of Imaging成组技术Grouping Technique城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology程控数字交换Program Controlling of Digital Exchange程序设计Program Designing程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language程序设计语言Programming Language齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra初等数学Primary Mathematics传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感技术Sensor Technique传感技术及应用Sensor Technique & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer船舶操纵Ship Controlling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计船舶电气传动自动化Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships 船舶机械拖动Ship Mechanic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构Ship Structure船舶结构力学Structural Mechanics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure 船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propelling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶摇摆与操纵Ship Swaying & Manipulating船舶振动Ship Vibration船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration船体制图Ship Graphing船用电器设备Marine Electrical Equipment创造心理学Creativity Psychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application催化原理Principles of CatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-V olume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator NetworksPrinciples of Large-Scale Data-Bas e and Advanced Development Technology 大型数据库原理与高级开发技术大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学生心理学Psychology Introduction大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数曲面Algebraic Surfaces代数图论Algebraic Graph Theory代数拓扑Algebraic Topology代数学Algebra代用燃料Substitute Fuel代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机与接口技术Mono-Chip Computers & Interface Technique单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics弹性波Elastic Waves弹性力学Elastic Mechanics, Theory of Elastic Mechanics弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element 蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure蛋白质生物化学技术Biochemical Technology of Protein当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics德育Moral Education等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温测试技术Cryo Testing Technique低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & EquipmentPriciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温技术中的微机原理低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology Principle & Application of Cryobiology低温生物学原理与应用低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation T echnology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温原理与设备Cryo Fundamentals & Equipment低温制冷机Cryo Refrigerator低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology 低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检低噪声与弱信号检测地基基础课程设计地理Geography第二次世界大战史Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals Course Design of Groundsill BasisHistory of World War II典型计算机分析Classical Computer Analysis 电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统电磁测量实验技术Computer Control System in Power Plants Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields 电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves 电磁场与微波技术电磁场中的数值方法电磁场中的数值计算Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry 电工材料Electrical Materials电工测量技术基础电工测试技术基础Measurement Technology of Electrical Engineering Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical T echnology & Electrical Engineering 电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering 电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering 电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验Experiment of Electrical Engineering电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering 电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding 电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机Motor电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算电机电磁场的数值计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields电机电磁场理论Theory of Electrical Moto & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机矩阵分析法Analysis of Electrical Motor Matrix电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding 电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机统一理论Theory of Electrical Motor Integration电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology 电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage 电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力企业管理Management of Electrical Enterprise电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动Electric Traction电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control SystemsElectrical Towage & Electrical Control电力拖动与电气控制电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-V o ltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理电力系统经济分析电力系统经济运行Power System Relay ProtectionEconomical Analysis of Power SystemsEconomical Operation of Power Systems 电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析电力系统课程设计Power System Reliability Analysis Course Design of Power Systems电力系统无功补偿及应用电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati电力系统远动技术 Operation Technique of Electric Systems 电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems 电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems 电力系统自动装置电力系统最优规划电力装置课程设计Power System Automation Equipment Optimal Planning in Power System Course Design of Power Equipment电力装置与系统Power Equipment & System 电路测量与实验Circuit Measurement & Experiment 电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments 电路测试技术及实验电路分析基础 Basis of Circuit Analysis 电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis 电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique 电路基本理论Basis Theory of Circuitry 电路及电子线路CAD Circuitry CAD 电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit 电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct 电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电气测量技术Electrical Measurement Technology 电气传动Electrified Transmission电气控制技术 Electrical Control Technology 电器设计 Electrical Appliances Designing 电器学 Electrical Appliances电器与控制 Electrical Appliances & Control电生理技术基础 Basics of Electricphysiological Technology 电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电视接收技术Television Reception Technology 电视节目Television Programs电视节目制作 Television Program Designing 电视新技术 New Television Technology 电视新闻Television News 电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化 Automation of Electric Network Management 电学实验 Electrical Experiment 电影艺术 Art of Film Making 电站微机检测控制电子材料与元件测试技术电子材料元件 Electronic Material andElement电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element MeasurementComputerized Measurement & Control of Power StatioMeasuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子测试实验Electronic Testing Experiment电子测试与实验技术Electronic Testing Technology & ExperimentTechnology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子机械运动控制技术电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验电子技术课程设计Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子技术综合性设计实验Experiment in Electronic Technology 电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子商务Electronic Commerce电子系统的ASIC 技术ASIC Design Technologies电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic CircuitCourse Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路课程设计电子线路设计与测试技术电子线路设计与测试实验Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Experiment电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计Course Design of Electronics电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节原理Principles of Regulation调节装置Regulation Equipment动力机械CAD Dynamical Machine CAD动力学Dynamics动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号Dynamic Signal动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus动物病害学基础Basis of Animal Disease动物免疫学Animal Immunology动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry 动物学Zoology动物遗传工程Animal Genetic Engineering毒理遗传学T oxicological Genetics断裂力学Fracture Mechanics断裂疲劳力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics锻压测试技术Forging Testing Technique锻压工艺Forging T echnology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery 锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging T echnology锻造加热设备Forging Heat Equipment对外贸易保险International Trade Insurance对外贸易地理International Marketing Geography对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多复变函数Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables 多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体技术Multimedia Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multivariable StatisticsF开头的课程发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与动力部分发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Dynamics of Power PlantsElectric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants发电厂计算机控制Computer Control in Power Plant发酵工程Zymolysis Engineering发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development 发展经济学Evolutive Economics 法理学Nomology法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasance Economic Law泛读Extensive Reading泛函分析Functional Analysis泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation & Computer Aided Design放射生物学Radiation Biology放射学Radiology非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性方程组的数值解法Numerical Methods for No-linear System s of Equations非线性光学Nonlinear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性控制理论Non-Linear Control Theory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性The Existence of Solutions for Non -linear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws 非线性物理导论Introduction to Nonlinear Physics非线性振荡Non-Linear Oscillation非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration废水处理工程Technology of Wastewater Treatment废水处理与回用Sewage Disposal and Re-use沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System分布式系统与分布式处理Distributed Systems and Distributed Processing分离科学Separation Science分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytic Mechanics分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分子病毒学Molecular Virology分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution分子生物学Molecular Biology分子生物学技术Protocols in Molecular Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation, Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variant Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment服务业营销Service Industry Marketing辅助机械Aided Machine腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换复合材料结构力学Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation Structural Mechanics of Composite Material复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics 傅里叶光学Fourier OpticsG开头的课程概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics Probability Theory & Stochastic Process 概率与统计Probability & Statistics 钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel 钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure 钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure钢砼结构与砌体结构Reinforces Structure and Monsary Structure钢砼课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design 钢砼设计Experiment of Reinforced Concrete Structure 高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation 高层建筑基础设计高层建筑结构设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics 高等代数Advanced Algebra高等发光分析 Advanced Luminescence Analysis 高等分析化学Advanced Analytical Chemistry 高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics 高等光学 Advanced Optics高等环境微生物 Advanced Environmental Microorganism 高等教育管理Higher Education Management 高等教育史History of Higher Education 高等教育学 Higher Education高等量子力学Advanced Quantum Mechanics 高等生物化学Advanced Biochemistry 高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method 高等数学 Advanced Mathematics 高等数值分析 Advanced Numeric Analysis 高等土力学 Advanced Soil Mechanics 高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 高等有机化学AdvancedOrganic Chemistry 高电压测试技术 High-Voltage Test Technology 高电压技术 High-Voltage Technology 高电压技术与设备High-V oltage Technology and Device高电压绝缘 High-Voltage Insulation 高电压实验 High-Voltage Experiment 高分子材料 High Polymer Material 高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学 High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验 High Polymer Chemistry Experiment 高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics高分子物理 High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验 High Polymer Physics Experiment 高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & ImplementationAdvanced Management Information Systems Advanced Computer Architecture高级管理信息系统高级计算机体系结构高级计算机网络 Advanced Computer Networks 高级计算机网络与集成技术Advanced Computer Networks and Integration Technology 高级经济计量Advanced Economic Metrology 高级软件工程Advanced Software Engineering高级生化技术Advanced Biochemical Technique高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级食品化学Advanced Food Chemistry高级视听Advanced Videos高级数据库Advanced Database高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic高级水生生物学Advanced Aquatic Biology高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frequency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高维代数簇Algebraic Varieties of Higher Dimension高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field 高压电工程High-Voltage Engineering 高压电技术High-Voltage Technology高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压实验设备测量High-V oltage Experimentation Equipment Measurement 高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工厂电气设备Electric Equipment of Plants工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment 工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测量实习Engineering Measuring Practice工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing工程地质Engineering Geology工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程数学Engineering Mathematics工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimization Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业产品学Industrial Products工业电子学Industry Electronics工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业技术经济Industrial Technology Economics工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design 工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业美术设计Art Designing in Industry工业企业财务管理工业企业财务会计Industrial Enterprise Financial Management Accounting in Industrial Enterprises 工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Administrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化T echnics Process Automation工艺设计Technics Design工艺实习Technics Practice工艺原理与研究方法Principles & Research of Technics公差Common Difference公差测试实验Common Difference Testing Experiment公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系Public Relationship公共关系学Public Relations公司法Corporation Law公司组织与管理Organization and Management公司组织与管理Organization and Management of Corporate 公文写作Document Writing功能材料原理与技术Principle and T echnology of Functional Materials 功能高分子Functional Polymer功能性食品Function Foods古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine固体磁性理论Theory of Magnetism in Solid固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体理论Solid State Theory固体物理Solid-State Physics故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology 关税Tariff管理概论Introduction to Management管理沟通Management Communication, Management Negotiation管理会计Managerial Accounting管理经济学Management Economics管理科学专题Management Science Special Subject管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统FOXBASE Management System of FOXBASE管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information System管理学Management Theory, Principles of Management管理学Principles of Management光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电检测与信号处理Optoelectronic Detection and Processing 光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电探测及信号处理光电系统课程设计Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing Photoelectric System Course Design光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析光电信息计算机处理Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information光电子技术Photoelectronic Technique光电子学与光电信息技术Optoelectronics and OptoelectronicInformation Technology 光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光接入网技术Technology of Light Access Network光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学Fiber Optics光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology光纤通信网络Networks of Fiber Communications光纤通信系统Fibre Optical Communication System, System of Fiber Communications光纤原理与技术Fibre Optical Operation & Technology光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学工艺实习Optical Technology Practice光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Information光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge。
2013年10月高等教育自学考试《工程应用英语》试题课程代码:06269一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)1. Selecting a mode to haul freight follows a similar (A )A. approachB. serviceC. advantageD. invention2. As these change time, the transportation system will also be changed. (B )A. duringB. overC. afterD. by3. Engineers often work as to architectural or construction firms. (C )A. workersB. managersC. consultantsD. carders4. the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. (A )A. ClearingB. CleaningC. ConstructingD. Cultivating5. The of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehiclesafety. (C )A. reviewB. regainC. redesignD. retain6. No attempt was made to control content or to secure compaction. (A )A. moistureB. netC. grossD. protein7. Today, scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations (D )A. inaccuratelyB. in no trendC. lateD. in advance8. The word 'contract' is derived from the Latin 'contractum', meaning together. (C )A. pullB. pushC. drawnD. press9. Relocation and reduction in height of the has meant that the driver's total reactiontime has been reduced. (B )A. door latchB. brake pedalC. steering wheelD. emergency lights10. is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel. (B )A. Air transportationB. Highway transportationC. Railway transportationD. Water transportation11. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the (A )A. diamondB. trumpetC. directD. cloverleaf12. In ground survey, a is only used for measuring the vertical heights of objects. (A )A. levelB. total stationC. transitD. tape13. If Party A commissions Party B to execute the construction work, then Party B is referredto as (B )A. the employerB. the contractorC. the tenderD. the carrier14. In different transportation modes, is not an advantage of highway transportation. (A )A. Fast speedB. FlexibilityC. Providing door-to-door serviceD. Carrying a variety of parcel sizes15. According to civil engineering contract terms, the force-account work should be checkedand approved daily by (D )A. the employerB. the contractorC. the carderD. both A and B16. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and techniques. ( C )A. electronicB. electricalC. soil stabilizationD. mechanical17. In civil engineering, construction is a process on almost all engineering projects. (B )A. easyB. complicatedC. simpleD. likely18. Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated (C )A. fillsB. waste depositsC. borrow areasD. sites19. As a structural material, concrete is very (D )A. definiteB. infiniteC. constantD. versatile20. Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus, the twosubstances each other. (C )A. counteractB. offsetC. complementD. nullify二、阅读理解题(本大题共20小题,每小题2分,共40分)Passage OneThe contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work is satisfactorily completed. That work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.21. The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of (B )A. the contractorB. the promoter or his representativeC. the auditorD. the workers22. It does not give the employer the right to demand (D )A. an usually high standard of quality throughout the worksB. an usually high requirements for the work to be doneC. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the worksD. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works23. In the absence of a prior express agreement, the employer might be able to hisliability to pay for the works. (C )A. terminate immediatelyB. postpone definitelyC. postpone indefinitelyD. postpone unjustly24. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work would be regarded asreasonable by (C )A. employersB. top personsC. competent personsD. all the participantsPassage TwoA civil engineer must understand different stresses the structure withstands when it is in use. Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical--those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.25. Horizontal forces (B )A. act up or downB. act sidewaysC. act upon it with rotating or turning motionD. in a round way26. Forces acting at an angle are combination of (A )A. horizontal and vertical forcesB. horizontal and rotating forcesC. turning and vertical forcesD. vertical and rotating forces27. The horizontal forces must equal each other so that (D )A. there is not too much thrust either up or downB. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turningC. it can work in a reasonable wayD. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left28. Which of the following is tree? (B )A. Three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balanceB. Three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balanceC. Three forces acting on a structure must be lessD. Three forces acting on a structure must be morePassage ThreeAs we all know, vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengersin case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.29. According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned? (C )A. safety beltsB. safer door latchesC. brake pedalD. stop lights30. According to the passage, which has become the standard equipment for vehicles? (D )A. energy absorbing steering columnsB. guard railC. ventilating systemD. four-way emergency flashers31. Which of the following is tree? (B )A. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the vehiclesB. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the personswho drives the vehiclesC. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the pedestriansD. Vehicular safety design usually centers on creating comfort of the passengers and thepedestrians32. According to the passage, which design is described? (A )A. vehicular safetyB. vehicular structureC. vehicular powerD. vehicular fashionPassage FourEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.33. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so (D )A. everyone is supposed to pass itB. it is nearly stressedC. it is not stressedD. it is greatly stressed34. In mathematics, statistics deals with (B )A. listening and speakingB. gathering, classifying and using pieces of informationC. reading and writingD. the study of mathematics35. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is (A )A. probabilityB. different factorsC. variablesD. numbers36. Which one of the following is the main meaning of the passage? (B )A. Physics is very important in all branches of engineeringB. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineeringC. Chemistry is very important in all branches of engineeringD. All subjects are important for university studentsPassage FiveIn road construction, clearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that grass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.37. According to the passage, which is the main topic? (B )A. ExcavationB. Site clearingC. EmbankmentD. Sweeping of the floor38. According to the passage, is NOT removed in rural areas. (C )A. shrubsB. cropsC. earthD. grass39. If all vegetable is allowed to remain, (D )A. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the marketB. it may grow fastC. it may grow again in the new seasonD. it may decay and leave voids40. Sometimes it is required selective clearing in (A )A. adjacent areasB. far areasC. rural areasD. mountain areas三、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)41. Computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.42. Ordinarily large projects employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systemsengineer43. Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span culverts44. Both steel and cement , the two most important construction materials of modem times,were introduced in the nineteenth century.45. The term embankment describes the fill added above the low points along the roadway toraise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure.46. People select air transportation to carry important goods when time is at a premium.47. In preliminary location survey, the benefit-cost ratio method is used for evaluating theeconomical and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.48. In reconnaissance survey, a unique bridge site or a mountain pass also may become aprimary control point49. In most cases, the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted.50. The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure willsupport when it is in use is live load 四、英译汉题(本大题共5小题,每小题3分,共15分)51. They also work for consulting firms that carry out the planning and engineering tasks forthese organizations.译:他们也为咨询公司工作,这些公司为一些单位进行规划和工程设计方面的事物。
湖南大学自考招生专业主要课程【工程造价管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲03709 马克思主义基本原理概论00015 英语(二)02197 概率论与数理统计(二)00420 物理(工)01852 施工组织与管理00122 房地产评估06289 工程招投标与合同管理01854 工程质量管理01564 工程建设监理概论01856 建设与房地产法规02194 工程经济07138 工程造价与管理06393 土木工程概论00421 物理(工)(实践)00123 房地产评估(实践)01857 工程实习(二)06999 毕业论文【工商企业管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概04183 概率论与数理统计(经管类)04184 线性代数(经管类)00015 英语(二)00051管理系统中计算机应用00054 管理学原理00067 财务管理学00149 国际贸易理论与实务00150 金融理论与实务00151 企业经营战略00152 组织行为学00153 质量管理(一)00154 企业管理咨询00052 管理系统中计算机应用(实践)【汉语言文学】主要课程:03708 中国近代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论00037 美学00537 中国现代文学史00538 中国古代文学史(一)00539 中国古代文学史(二)00540 外国文学史00541 语言学概论00818 文献学00015 英语(二)06160 中国古代小说研究10601 中国现代文学名家研究10401 中国古代文论研究00321 中国文化概论10396 比较文学研究10398 现在汉语语法修辞研究10399 中国当代文学10397论文写作研究01210 对外汉语教学01213 汉英语对比08778 外国文化概论【行政管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概00015英语(二) 00315 当代中国政治制度00316 西方政治制度00318 公共政策00320 领导科学01848 公务员制度00319 行政组织理论00923 行政法与行政诉讼法(一)00024 普通逻辑00034 社会学概论00321 中国文化概论00067 财务管理学任选三门00345 秘书学概论00322 中国行政史00144 企业管理概论10304 行政管理学毕业论文毕业论文学位考试【会计学】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论00801 会计学00150 金融理论与实务00158 资产评估00159 高级财务会计00160 审计学00161 财务报表分析(一)05175 税收筹划08129 企业会计准则与制度08125 财务软件应用与开发(实践)00015 英语(二)【交通土建】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论06268 工程数学06269 工程应用英语06167 工程机械06285 交通工程经济分析06286 桥涵水文06287 结构设计原理(二)06288 公路工程CAD06289 工程招投标与合同管理02409 桥梁工程06086 工程监理06087 工程项目管理02410 桥梁工程(实践)【教育管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论00015 英语(二)00445 中外教育管理史00449 教育管理原理00450 教育评估与督导00451 教育经济学00452 教育统计与测量00453 教育法学00454 教育预测与规划00455 教育管理心理学00456 教育科学研究方法(二)00458 中小学教育管理【金融】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论05156 经济学原理00054 管理学原理00067 财务管理学00079 保险学原理09092 投资银行07947金融法概论00077 金融市场学00015 英语(二)00051 管理系统中计算机应用00052 管理系统中计算机应用(实践)04183 概率论与数理统计(经管类)04184 线性代数(经管类)00058 市场营销学00074 中央银行概论00076 国际金融00078 银行会计学00086 风险管理00157 管理会计(一)00208 国际财务管理00896 电子商务概论【经济法】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理00015 英语(二)00167 劳动法00169 房地产法00261 行政法学06909 行政诉讼法07944 经济法学原理07945 企业与公司法学07946 税法原理07947 金融法概论07948 环境法学【企业财务管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论04183 概率论与数理统计(经管类)04184 线性代数(经管类)00015 英语(二)00051管理系统中计算机应用00058 市场营销学00077 金融市场学00146 中国税制00157 管理会计(一)00158 资产评估00160 审计学00207 高级财务管理00208 国际财务管理00052管理系统中计算机应用(实践)00076 国际金融00974 统计学原理01786 企业纳税会计【人力资源管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概论00015 英语(二)00051 管理系统中计算机应用00152 组织行为学00054 管理学原理00182 公共关系学01144 职业生涯发展与规划03325 劳动关系学05963 绩效管理06090人员素质测评理论与方法06091 薪酬管理06093 人力资源开发与管理00052 管理系统中计算机应用(实践)【小学教育】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概00015英语(二)00465 心理卫生与心理咨询00467 课程与教学论00466 发展与教育心理学00464 中外教育简史00458 中小学教育管理00472 比较教育06231 现代教育测量和评价学06230 小学艺术教育06180 学校管理心理学00431 教学设计00468 德育原理06159 教育社会学07051 学习心理学07340 教育哲学【学前教育】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理概09287NTET(中级)00398 学前教育原理00394 幼儿园课程00882 学前教育心理1235儿童发展理论03657 学前教育研究方法00385 学前卫生学12657 幼儿教师教研指导00015英语(二)12351 低幼儿童文学名著导读30007 学前儿童发展评估12353 学前儿童心理健康与辅导00401 学前比较教育30008 家长工作与家园沟通30009 幼儿园班级管理00387 幼儿园组织与管理00402 学前教育史【销售管理】主要课程:03708 中国近现代史纲要03709 马克思主义基本原理00043 经济法概论(财政类)00015 英语(二)00051 管理系统中计算机应用10500 市场调研与销售预测10501 销售渠道管理10516 销售客户管理10503 组织间销售10511 销售团队管理10505 销售风险管理10507 物流与供应链管理00149 国际贸易理论与实务。
考试科目代码及名称261二外日语262二外法语337工业设计工程355建筑学基础432统计学1. 调查的组织和实施。
2. 概率抽样与非概率抽样。
3. 数据的预处理。
4. 用图表展示定性数据。
5. 用图表展示定量数据。
6. 用统计量描述数据的水平:平均数、中位数、分位数和众数。
7. 用统计量描述数据的差异:极差、标准差、样本方差。
8. 参数估计的基本原理。
9. 一个总体和两个总体参数的区间估计。
10. 样本量的确定。
11. 假设检验的基本原理。
12. 一个总体和两个总体参数的检验。
13. 方差分析的基本原理。
14. 单因子和双因子方差分析的实现和结果解释。
15. 变量间的关系;相关关系和函数关系的差别。
16. 一元线性回归的估计和检验。
434国际商务专业基础501建筑设计502产品设计503城市规划与设计504建筑快速设计505专业设计基础506造型基础610基础英语619基础理论Ⅰ620科学技术史621细胞生物学622基础理论Ⅱ623基础理论Ⅲ631建筑历史633城市规划原理651马克思主义基本原理652社会学理论662普通物理I663数学分析683分析化学684物理化学I801管理学803电子技术I负反馈的类型和判断,不同类型对放大电路性能的影响。
负反馈放大电路的分析方法。
4、 差动放大电路和互补对称功率放大电路的组成和工作分析5、 集成运算放大电路组成、特点理想运放的分析方法。
基本运算线路分析:算术运算、微分、积分运算;电压比较器;矩形波6、 正弦波振荡电路:振荡条件、RC振荡电路分析、LC振荡电路原理7、 单相整流电路,电容滤波器的分析,LC滤波器组成、原理。
稳压管稳压电路,串联型稳压电路分析,集成稳压电路的应用方法。
数字电子技术部分:1、 晶体管的开关特性。
2、 基本门电路:与门、或门、非门、与非门、或非门、异或门、同分立元件与、或、非门分析。
TTL门和MOS门的特点。
3、 逻辑代数的基本定律。
cost control 成本控制 construction project manager planning horizon 规划周期 net benefit 净专英复习资料单词翻译the real estate developer 房地产开发商 project management 项 目管理 architect 建筑师 architector 设计师 contract price 合同价格shop drawings 施工图,安装图 bottom-up design 自下而上的设计 top-down design 自 上而下 的设计 construction operations 施工作业 bids and quotations 投标和报价 field management 现场管理 bill of quantities 工程量清单项目经理 Cost Indices 成本指数 net annual cash flow 年净现金流 Net Present Value 净现值 Net Future Value 净终值 Net Annual Value 净年值tax exempt 免税 project finance 项 目融资gross sale amount 毛销售额 overdraft 透支Lump Sum Contract 总价合同 Unit Price Contract 单价合同 construction planning 施工计戈U design drawing 设计图纸resource oriented 以资源为导向的 activity-on-branch network 双代号网络图 activity-on-node network 单代号网络图 earliest start times 最早开始时间 latest start times 最迟开始时间 network diagrams 网络计划图time horizon 时间基准 network model 网络模型Estimated total cost 预计总成本 Cost to Date 到期成本inspector 检查人员 total quality control 全面质量管理句子翻译1)With the exception of the speculative hosuing market , where the residential units may be sold as built by the real estate developer,most constructed facilities are custom made in consultation with the owners.除了投机性住宅市场,在那里住宅单位由负责建造的房地产开发商销售之外, 大多数的建筑设施都是在与业主协商一致的基础上定制的。
2018年4月高等教育自学考试《工程应用英语》试题课程代码:06269一、单项选择题1. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineeringA. classesB. curriculaC. lessonsD. areas2. The relationship between engineering and society is gettingA. higherB. fartherC. closerD. lower3. Types of contracts are virtually classified by their payment system: (1) price-based and (2)A. constructionB. designC. tenderD. cost-based4. Computers can't solve complicated problems unless they are givenA. a good air-conditionB. a young civil engineerC. a good computer engineerD. a good program5. In recent years, rippers have been used successfully to break up loose or fracturedA. steelB. plasticC. rockD. concrete6. Civil engineering projects are almost alwaysA. distinctiveB. the similarC. alikeD. the same7. Usually there are no easy answers on equipmentA. installB. fixC. selectionD. build8. Vertical force acts up andA. downB. horizontalC. rotating motionD. turning motion9. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density andA. gravityB. voidC. grainsD. moisture content10. The actual cost of any single highway traffic accident is extremely difficult toA. easyB. liableC. determineD. apt11. Basically, causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four majorA. classB. groupC. kindD. groups12. Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determineA. the directionB. the sizeC. the frequencyD. the width13. Two of the recent improvement in visibility are wrapped around windshields and narrowedroof supportA. pillarsB. groundC. wallD. beam14. There is a great deal that the actual highway designer can do to preventA. troublesB. eventsC. accidentsD. things15. To avoid the driving after drinking, one of the methods isA. law studyB. breath testC. take an examD. driving study16. It is suitable for remote sensing technique to be used for highway location inA. tropical rain forestB. areas between tall buildingsC. mountainous country without forestD. plains with uniform shade17. The information on the aerial photographs can be converted into maps with the help ofstereoscopes which is able to see objects inA. one dimensionB. two dimensionsC. three dimensionsD. all directions18. The normal steel does not exert any force of its own on the member, contrary to the actionof prestressingA. concreteB. steelC. plasticD. wood19. The extensive use of prestressed structures has been due in no small measures to theadvances in theA. technologyB. methodC. chineseD. calculate20. The employer selects the contractor for the project byA. tenderB. advertisementC. governmentD. bidding二、阅读理解题Passage OneAltogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical those that act up or down; horizontal--those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The Horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.21. Horizontal forcesA. act up or downB. act sidewaysC. act upon it with rotating or turning motionD. act front22. Forces acting at an angle are combination ofA. horizontal and turning forcesB. horizontal and rotating forcesC. turning and vertical forcesD. horizontal and vertical forces23. The horizontal forces must equal each other so thatA. there is not too much thrust either to up or to downB. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turningC. there is too much thrust either to up or to downD. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left24. Which of the following is true?A. Three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balance.B. Three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balance.C. Three forces acting on a structure must be less.D. Three forces acting on a structure must be more.Passage TwoWe all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply of goods, transportation and similar service, and in all these instances we are quite willing to pay for the services we received. Our needs in these cases are comparatively simple and we do not need to enter into lengthy or complicated negotiations and no written contract is normally executed. Nevertheless, each party to the contract has agrees to do something, and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.In general, English laws require no special formalities in making contracts but for various reasons, some contracts must be made in a particular form to be enforceable and, if they are not made in that special way, then they will be ineffective. Notable among these contracts are contracts for the sale and disposal of land, and 'land', for this purpose, includes anything built on the land, as, for example, roads, bridges and other structures.25 . Which of the following is true?A. We all enter into contracts almost everyday.B. We don't enter into any contract.C. Only teachers enter into contracts.D. Only doctor enter into contracts.26. Enter into contracts for the supply of goods and transportation, in this caseA. we need to enter into lengthy negotiationsB. we should prepare for long timeC. we don't need to enter into short negotiationsD. we don't need to enter into lengthy negotiations27. The contracts for the sale and disposal of landA. require no special formalitiesB. must be made in a particular formC. should be written in two texts of English and ChineseD. should not be made in a particular form28. Two parties of the contract have agreed to do something if one party fails to perform his1part of the agreement, thenA. it is nothing to do with himB. he can declare the contract invalid himselfC. he is liable for breach of contractD. he may not be liable for breach of contractPassage ThreeThat work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives,does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.29. The work must be completed to the satisfaction ofA. the contractorB. the promoter or his representativeC. the auditorD. complier30. It does not give the employer the right to demandA o an usually high standard of quality throughout the worksB. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the worksC. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the worksD. no standard of quality throughout the works31. The employer might be able to his liability to pay for the works.A. terminate immediatelyB. postpone definitelyC. postpone immediatelyD. postpone indefinitely32. A standard of work would be regarded as reasonable byA. employersB. top personsC. competent personsD. compliersPassage FourThe importance of safety in all modes of transportation, especially highway safety is well recognized. Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives, personal property, and cause untold grief and misery. In 1978, there were a total of 18,300,000 highway traffic accidents. These accidents resulted in 49,400 deaths, 1,400,000 personal injuries, property damage of $16,900,000, and total costs of $34.3 billion. Of the 154,100,000 registered vehicles and 142,200,000 licensed drivers in 1978, 31,500,000 were involved in accidents; the accidents occurred during 1,520 billion miles (2,446 billion km).33. According to the passage, the safety is well recognized, especiallyA. the highway safetyB. the channel safetyC. the subway safetyD. the air safety34. Which is the best topic according to the passage?A. Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives and personal property.B. The traffic accidents are very important thing we must consider.C. Statistical figures of accidents show.D. The traffic accidents are not important thing we must consider.35. According to this passage, how many licensed drivers are involved in accidents in 1978?A. 49.400B. 142,200,000C. 31,500,000D. 26,500,00036. According to this passage, how many persons were injured in 19787A. 18,300,000B. 49,400C. 1,400,000D. 24,300,000三、填空题37. As a structural material, the enormous advantage of steel is its strength.38 . An engineer engaged research will need to be able to write up his or her findings forscientific publications.39. This is known as the load, which is the weight of the structure itself.40. In the simplest of terms a can be defined as a legally binding agreementbetween parties.41. The principal modes of intercity freight transportation are highways, railroads,air and pipelines.四、英译汉42. These include the opposite forces of compression and tension.43. It is possible to reduce traffic congestion ifpeak period flows can be spread out over longer period of time.44. Such models are based on idealizations of the structural behavior of the material.五、汉译英45.对于轿车而言,一般认为理想的条件应包括3.7m宽的通道。
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Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 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Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance—历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics—粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System—大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany—动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等) The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学) Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学) Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学) Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学(含军事体育学) Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学) Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science。
工程应用英语课程一•单选题: materials of earlier times were language arts. wood and ( C. masonry brick ),stone.24. The law relating to contracts 1. Computers are (B. useless) unless or tile, and similar materials. imposeson each party to athey are given clear and accurate 13. Modern cement is amixturecontract (D. a legal obligation ) to 2. Active (B. Recruiting ) for 14. Concrete is very (D. Versatile ) 25. Indeed, the civil engineer 'sengineers often begins before the15. Steel has great tensile strengthchoice is( C. large )and varied.student ' s last year in the while concrete has great 26. Roadbeds ( B. underlie ) highway university.compressive strength, thus, the two pavement structures and the 3. For the student who is preparingsubstances ( C. Complement)each ballast and track on which trainsto become a (C. Civilengineer ),other.move.these specialized courses may deal 16. One system that helps (A. Cut) 27. Construction can be very (A. with such subjects as geodetic concrete weight to some extent dangerous ).surveying, soil mechanics. uses polymers.28. Where material is moved less 4. The civil engineer may work in 17. The retention money serves to than about 60m or steeply downhill, research, design, construction,( B. insure (D. the employer )against drifting with a track or wheel type Supervision ), maintenance, or even any defects that may arise in the bulldozer is ( A. cheapest )instructions and information. of( B. limestone and clay ).perform. in sales. work. 29. Thrust is the pressure exerted by different kinds of ( C. Structures ). be completed to the satisfaction ofother part )6. In designing buildings, civil the employer, or his30. The weight of all the people, engineers often work as (B. (D. Representative ) cars, furniture, and machines and Consultants ) to architectural or19. For moderate and longer hauls,so on that the structure will support construction firms.self-loading scrapers pulled by when it is in use is ( B. live load ) 7. Dams, bridges and other large rubber-tired hauling units and 31. In tension, the material is(Bprojects ordinarily employ several push-loaded by tractors offer( B. pulled apart )engineers whose work is Lower ) cost.32. In fills constructed by end coordinated by a (D. Systems ) 20. Highway maintenance dumping or by placing in thick engineer who is in charge of the activities can be grouped and layers, material, density, andentire project.classified according (D. to )the moisture content could (C. vary :8. Construction is a( B. Complicated )purpose of the treatment.greatly from one spot to another. 5. Civil engineers work onmustmanyprocess on almostall engineering 21. Engineering is profession, 33. Both ( A. steel and cement ),thea ) each part of a structure on (A. its 18. The civil engineering work projects.which meansthat an engineertwo most important construction 9. In compression, the material is ( C.must havematerials of moderntimes, were Pushed) together.specialized( university )educatiointroduced in thenineteenth10. When a saw cuts easily through n.century.a piece of wood, the wood is ( A. in 22. In mostcases, the tender may 34. The total station is used totension ). be( B . Withdrawn )at any time until it measureangles in bothvertical 11. We defined (D. Shear) as the has been accepted. and horizontal planes, and the tendency of a material to fracture 23. Current trend is to require level to measure (C. elevationalong the lines of stress.students to take courses in difference )12. The principal construction the( C.social) scienceand the35. The (B. defective )vehicle is acreator of accidents.36. Prestressed concrete is an (B. improved )form of reinforcement.37. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by( D. two or more parties )38. ( B. Volume ) change would resultin differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.39. There are two basic proceduresfor controlling the embankment density:‘ manner and method 'and ‘ (A. result )'.40. A main source of accidents, the problem of( C. drunken )driving is the most serious of all.41. Computer programming is now50. The actual cost of any singlehighway traffic accident isextremely( C. difficult )todetermine.51. Basically, causes of automobileaccidents can be categorized( D. into )fourmajor groups.52. Electronic distance measuring (EDM)not only can measure the distance betweenobjects but also determine( A. thedirection )53.( A. Two of )the recentimprovement in visibility arewraparound windshields andnarrowed roof support pillars.54. There is a great deal that the actualhighway designer can( C. and governmentagencies have competed for the services ofengineers in recent years.62. Civil engineers may prefer to workwith one of the government agenciesthat( B. deals )with water resources.63. It is normal practice for( B. a)engineerto specialize in just one kind.64. Construction involves the work andutilizing the equipment and the materials sothat costs are keptas( C. low )as possible.65. For example, (B. dams )are often builtin wild river valleys or gorges.included in almost all do to )prevent accident. 66. Electrical and mechanical engineering( B. curricula ). 55. To avoid the driving after engineers work on the( A. design )of 42. The relationship between drinking, one of the methods ;is( B. the powerhouse and itsengineering and society is breath test ). equipment.getting( C. Closer ) 56. It is suitable for remote sensing 67. In Rome, most of the people43. Types of contracts are virtually classified by their( D. payment )system: (1) price-based and (2) cost-based.44. Computers can ' t solve complicated problems unless they are given( D. a good program )45. In recent years, rippers have been used successfully to( C. break up )loose or fractured rock.46. Civil engineering projects are almost always ( A. distinctive )47. Usually there are (C. no )easy answers on equipment selection.48. (A. Vertical )force acts up and down.49. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material( D.itself )and in its density and moisture content.technique to be used for highway location in( C. mountainous countrywithout forest ).57. The information on the aerialphotographs can be convertedinto maps with the help ofstereoscopes which is able to seeobjects in( C. three dimensions )58. The normal steel does not exert anyforce of its own on the member,( B.contrary )to the action of prestressing steel.59. The extensive use of prestressedstructures has been due in ( A. no )smallmeasures to the advances in thetechnology.60. The employer selects thecontractor for the project by( D. Bidding ).61. Many different( A. corporations ) livedin( B. insulse ), great tenement blocks thatwere often ten stories high.68. The prospective civil engineer shouldbe aware of the physical( A.Conditions )that will be made on him or her.69. Much of the work of civil engineering iscarried on( C. outdoors )70. In addition, the building ofskyscrapers, bridges and tunnels must alsoprogress under all kinds of( C.weather )conditions.71. The Romans also used a naturalcement called pozzolana, made from (B.volcanic ash), that became as hard as stoneunder water.72. Different proportions of the74. The modern engineer must also understand the (C. different [stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject.75. Today, scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations( D. in advance )76. The force which the live load will be exerted on the structure is( C. Impact ) 77. When a saw begins to bind, the wood is( A. in compression because )the fibers in it are being pushed together.78. ( D. Steel )rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength.79. Many great buildings built in earlier ages are massive structures with( B. thick stone walls )80. We all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply f goods,( B transportation )etc.81. Some contracts must be madein a particular (D. form) to be enforceable.82. Once a person has signed a document he is assumed to have( B. approved )its contents.83. By setting down the terms of a contract in writing one secures avoiding ( A. disputes )84. In an entire contract, where( D. the employer) agrees to pay a certain sum in return for civil engineering work.. work is satisfactorily completed.87. A tender is normally required tobe a definite( C. offer)88. Generally, civil engineering contracts provide for the issue of ( B. interimcertificates )at variousstages of the works.89. It does not give the employerthe right to demand an( A.unusually )high standard of qualitythroughout the works.90. The employer does not usuallybind himself to accept the lowestor indeed any tender and this isoften stated in the( C.advertisement )91. A contract has been defined asan agreement which directly creates andcontemplates( C. an obligation)92. When we enter into contracts we arewilling to( C. pay )for the service we receive.93. If there is no written agreementand( C. a dispute )arises in respect of thecontract.94. The rubber-tired tractor unitshave difficulty in operating on( D.wet ), slippery roadbeds.95. There are( A. Many )variables inearthmoving.96. The term (D.Embankment )describes the filladded above the low points alongthe roadway to raise the level tothe bottom of the pavementmatter of conducting the specifiedprocedure.99. Modern practice requires thatembankment construction be( A.carefully )executed andcontrolled.100. Construction of pavementover high fills often was( Bdeferred )for a year or more after completionof the fill to allow the settlement to occur.101. Nearly ( B. all) vegetable matter shouldbe removed from theoriginal ground and fill material.102. A 1 track or wheel typebulldozer is( D not suitable) toearthmoving of considerably longhauls.103. Loose rock is handled by( A.tractor-scraper) units as is done with‘common 'excavation.104. The highway can require mental and ( A.physical ) response.105. The needs generated by thegreat increase ( D. in) vehiclenumbers and kilometers of roadhave given rise to major researchprograms in traffic planning.106. Terminology concerned ( Bwith) highway preservation variesconsiderably from country tocountry.107. Highway improvement is alsoa key factor ( B. in) preventing accidents.108. The actual degree of safety oneexperiences on a given highway isdetermined by decisions made on ( B.different) levels.109. Public agencies typically dictate themajor constraints within which these designdecisions are ( A. to be) made.110. Finally, individual motorists makedecisions regarding their own safety ( C. as)they select speed, route for their cars.111. Safe highways are ( C. expensive)ingredients produce concrete with( A. different [strength and weight.73. (A. Prestressed ) concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes. 85. (B. The contractor )is notentitled to any payment if heabandons the work prior tocompletion.86. The contractor is not entitled toreceive payment in ( A. full )until thestructure.97. Materialembankmentfrom roadwayborrow areas.for( B.[commonly comes cutsor designated98.( C. Field) control is largely aand it appears that the driving public does not want safe highways.112. People do not want to pay thecosts and suffer the restrictions necessary to produce ( A. safety ) in traffic.113. It is often ( A. impossible) to determine the true condition of a vehicle after a crash.114. No figures ( B. are) available to justify it.115. For the driver ' s vision, in the body of the automobile, both side and rear windows have been greatly ( D. enlarged) in area.116. Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of t he remote-controlled (B. outside) rearview mirror.117. The safe performance of t he brake system ( C. under) high temperatures has been ensured.118. Relocation and reduction in the height of the brake pedal has meant that the brake can be applied ( A. much) rapidly. 119. The use of uniform trafficcontrol devices will reduce driver reactiontime ( A. as well as) confusion. 120. Removal, relocation and redesign of fixed obstructions, can provide a clear ( C. recovery) area for vehicles out of control.121. Vehicular safety design usually centers ( B. upon) protecting the driver and his passengers.122. The highway construction mayalso cause ( D. adverse) impacts on the surroundings.123. The designed highway alignment must meet the technical ( B. standard) of the highway engineering.124. ( A. Hot rolled asphalt) is a gap graded material with less coarse aggregate. 125. In this case, layer thickness, moisturecontrol, and the number of passes by aroller of specified type and weight are ( A.predetermined) .126. ( B. Ground survey) is theconventional location technique forhighway.127. A ( B. total station) is only used formeasuring the vertical heights of objects.128. If Party A commissions Party B toexecute the construction work, then Party Bis referred to as ( B. the contractor) .129. The force-account work should bechecked and approveddaily by ( D. both A and B) .130.( A. Fast speed) is notadvantage of highwaytransportation.二•填空题:131. Engineers often workas( consultants) to architectural orconstruction firms.132. Young engineers may choose to gointo ( environmental) or sanitaryengineering.133. It is sufficient in order to createa legally ( binding) , if the parties expresstheir agreement and intention to enter intosuch a contract.134. One party to the contract is( liable) forbreach of contract if he fails to perform hispart of the agreement.135. ( Clearing) the site precedes allgrading and most other constructionoperations.136. Loose rock includes materials such as( rotten or weathered) rock, or earth mixedwith boulders.137. No attempt was made to control( moisture) content or to secure compaction.138. The( redesign) of windshield wipers,fresh air ventilating systems, had result ingreater vehicle safety.139. The safe performance of the brakesystem has been ensured bythe use of ( heavy-duty) brake fluid.140. Relocation and reduction in height ofthe brake ( pedal) has meant that the driver' s total reaction time has been reduced.141. Areas of research connectedwith civil engineering include soilmechanics and ( soil stabilization)techniques.142. Modern cement, called (Portlandcement) , was invented in 1824.143. Material for embankment commonlycomes from roadway cuts or designated( borrow areas) .144.Causes of automobile accidentscan be categorized intofour major groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver, the ( pedestrain)145. Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside(rearview) mirror.146. Rock nearly always must be drilledand blasted,thenloaded with a front-end loader or ( power shovel) into trucks or other hauling units. 147. The three forces that can act on a structure are ( vertical force) horizontal force, and those that actupon it with a rotating or turning motion. 148.Highway pavements are dividedinto two main categories: (rigid) and flexible.149. Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, ( intermediate) , andlowtype.150. The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and (maintain).151. The unit price contract is adapted to highway engineering, because usually it is not possible to determine exact quantities of some items of work ( before) construction is completed. derivedfrom‘ contractum ', (drawn) together. enormous advantage (tensile strength) . 154. ( Highway transportation) is the dominant transportation modein passenger travel.155. The Portland cement concrete commonlyused for rigidpavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, ( fine aggregate) , water. 156. Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concreteand( continuously reinforcedconcrete) pavements.157. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the ( diamond) .158. If distances are great and time is at a premium, ( air) transportation will be selected.159. Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the (geometry) design.160. Major drainage structures are usuallylarge bridges andmulti-span ( culverts). 161. The weightof the structureitself is known as ( dead load) . 162. ( Prestressed) concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. 163. A simple contract consists of an ( agreement) entered into by two or more parties. 164.This sum is known as‘ (retention) money ' and serves to insure the employer against any defects that may arise in the work.165. Thus, ( On-the-job ) training canbe acquired to translate theoryinto practice to the supervisors. 166.Large projectsordinarilyemploy several engineers whose work iscoordinated by a ( systems engineer). 167. Traffic loads are transferred by the wearing surface to the underlying supporting materials through the interlocking of aggregates,thefrictionaleffect of( granular materials), andcohesion of the fine materials.168. Excavation is the process of loosening and removing earth or rock and transporting it to a fill or to a( waste deposit) .169. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, ( live load), impact and safety factor. 170.The new design standards require( guard) rails and other structures to lessen a vehicle ' s impact. 171.People select ( airtransportation) to carry important goods when time is at a premium. 172. The benefit-cost ratio method is usedforevaluating the (economical) andenvironmental feasibility of thealternative routes.173. A unique bridge site or a mountain pass also mat become aprimary ( control point ) .174.The radius of a tangent is( infinite) ,and that of a curve is finite.175. Using collector-distributor roads canovercomeweavingmovement of the ( cloverleaf) interchange.三.阅读理解题: Passage One152. The word ‘ contract is153. As a structural material, the the Latinmeaningof steel is itsResearch is one of the most helps cut concrete weight to some 185. Reinforced concrete is( A.engineering practice. A researcherlong chainlike compounds used in concrete beams)usually works as a memberof a plastics, as part of the mixture. 186. Which of the following isteam with other scientists and 180. The current trend of structural true? (C. steeldoesnot rust inengineers. He or she isoftenmaterials is( B. to develop lighterconcrete)employed in alaboratory that ismaterials).187. Concretehas ( B.an alkalinefinanced by government or 181. Aluminum weighs ( A. muchchemical reaction, the opposite ofindustry.Areas of researchless than steel).acid).connected with civil engineering 182. Aluminum has (C. many of the Passage Fourinclude soil mechanics andsoilsame properties of steel) .The employer or promoter of civil stabilizationtechniques,and a lso 183. Which ofthe followingis engineeringworksnormallyimportant aspects of scientific and steel rods which embeddedinare extent uses polymers, which are the development and the testing true? (B. Aluminum beams can bedetermines the conditions of of new structural materials.usedfornotonlybridgecontract,whichdefinethe176. Research is one of ( B. the most construction but also theobligations and performances by important) aspects of scientific and framework of a few buildings)some form of competitive engineering practice.tendering and any contractor who177.A researcheris oftenPassage Threesubmits asuccessful tenderandemployed ( C. in a laboratory) . Steelandconcrete also subsequently enters into a contract 178. A researcher usually works as acomplementeachotherinis deemedin law tohaveanother way: they have almost the voluntarily acceptedthemember of a team with ( C. structural materials) concrete in concrete beams or the tender may be withdrawn atstructureswheretensionwill any time until it has beenPassage Twodevelop.Concrete and steel also accepted and may, even then, beThe current tendency is to developform sucha strongbonds —thewithdrawnif the acceptanceis lighter materials. Aluminum, forforce that unites them — thatthe stated by the promoter to be example, weighs much less than steelcannot slipwithinthe"subject to formal contract 'as issteel but has many of the same concrete. Still another advantage often the case.properties. Aluminum beams haveis that steel does not rust in188. The conditions of contract arealreadybeen used for bridgeconcrete. Acid corrodes steel,normally determined by ( C.thebut also thein concrete to makereinforced newconstruction and for the frameworkwhereaspromoter) invitation to tender. In most cases concrete has an alkalinedevelopment ofof a few buildings. chemical reaction, the opposite of 189. This conditions define the Attempts are also being made to acid.obligationsand performances to produce concrete with more 184. Steel and concrete have ( C. which (C. the contractor) willbestrength and durability,and with a almost the samerate ofsubject.lighter weight. One system that contraction and expansion) 190. The obligations that ( C. thescientists and engineers) same rate of contraction and conditions of contract adopted by 179. Which of the following is expansion. They therefore can the promoter.true? (A. Civil engineering research work together in situationswhereThe obligations that a contractor doesn ' t includeonly soilboth compression and tension areaccepts when he submits a tender mechanicsand soil stabilization, factors. Steelrods are embedded are determined by the form of theWORD格式整理版invitation to the tender.191. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ( B. it has been accepted) .Passage FiveMaterials are usually described as 'rock ', 'loose rock ' , or'common ',with 'common ' signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called‘ solid rock ' , nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.192. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified. ( B. common)193. Which of the following is NOT true? ( B. rock, is sometimes called'loose rock ')194. According to the passage, which of the following is true? ( B. loose rock is often dug without any previous blasting)195. Loose rock often is dug with ( B. loaders or shovels)previous blasting.without anyPassage SixIn the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very Today, mathematics includes courses instatistics, which dealswith gathering, classifying, and usingnumerical data, or pieces of information. Animportant aspect of statistical mathematicsis probability, which deals with what mayhappen when there are different factors, orvariables, that can change the results of aproblem. Before the construction of abridge is undertaken, forexample, a statistical study is made of theamount of traffic the bridge will be expectedto handle. In the design of the bridge,variables such as water pressure on thefoundations, impact, the effects of differentwind forces, and many other factors mustbe considered.196. Mathematics is very importantin all branches of engineering so ( A. it isgreatly stressed) .probability) .199. Which is the main meaning ofthe passage?( B. mathematics isvery important in all branches ofengineering)Passage Seven Civil engineering projectsare almost unique; that is, each has its ownproblems and design features.Therefore, careful study is given to eachproject even before design work begins.The study includes a survey both oftopography and subsoil features of theproposed site. It also includes aconsiderationof possible alternatives, such as aeconomic factors involved in eachof the possible alternatives mustalso be weighed Today, a studyusually includes a consideration ofthe environmental impact of theproject. Many engineers, usuallyworking as a team that includessurveyors, specialists in soilmechanics, and experts in designand construction, are involved in makingthese feasibility studies.200. Civil engineering projects are(A. almost always distinctive)201. Each project ( C. must be studiedcarefully) before design work begins202. The study, which must considernot only structural features but alsoeconomic factors and possible alternativesor other choices, is called ( B. feasibilitystudy) true? (A. today project needenvironmental project )Passage Eight Clearing the grading and197. Statistics deals with ( B.gathering, classifying and usingpieces of information) .198. An important aspect ofstatistical mathematics is(A.203. Which of the following iscivil engineeringconsider theimpact of thesite precedes allmost otherremain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required. 204. According to the passage, which is the main topic? ( B. site clearing) 205. According to the passage,( B.crops) is NOT be removed in rural areas. 206. If all vegetable remained, ( C. it may decay and leave voids).207. Sometimes it is required clearing ( A. adjacent areas) .brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front andreardirectional signalscontributes210. Which of the following is true? ( B. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the persons who drives the vehicles)211. According to the passage, whichdesign is described? ( A. vehicular safety)Passage Tenbeneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would berelatively uniform.212. In the 1930s ,engineers foundembankments couldbe constructedby ( B. compactingit at a moisturecontentand"optimum ' ?( B. best)Passage ElevenAltogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical — those that act up or down; horizontal — those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating orturningPassage Nine In the 1930s engineers found that motion. Forces that act at an angle centers on protecting the driverconstructedby spreadingthevertical forces.Since the structuresand his passengers in case an material in relatively thin layers and designed by civil engineersareaccident occurs due to some other compacting it at moisture content intended to be stationary or stable,failure in the highwaysystem.closetooptimum. The these forces must be keptin Examples of this type of design are improvement resulted largelybalance. The v ertical forces, forsafety belts and shoulder harnesses,because greaterdensitywasexample,mustbe equal to eachsafer door latches, non-shatteringobtained, which resulted in h igher other. If a beam supports a load steering columns.Improvementsdecreased settlement and rutting. sufficient strength to are made constantly in the parts of Layered construction also counterbalancethat weight.Thea vehicle which are obvious to the producedgreater uniformity inthehorizontal forces must also equal driver. Thesepartsincludematerial itself and in its density and each other so that there isnot toowindshieldwipers, headlamps, moisture content.Thiswasmuch thrust either to the right or toVehicularcouldbe are combination strength in the soil mass and in haveof horizontal and above, the beam itself must superior embankments windshields, and energy absorbing safety design usually。