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Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern science伽利略·加利雷和现代科学起源Contents内容Chapter 1 Galileo Galilei第一章伽利略·加利雷Chapter 2 The Early Years第二章早年Chapter 3 A Different Way of Thinking 第三章不同的思维方式Chapter 4 Physics第四章物理Chapter 5 Astronomy 第五章天文Chapter 6 The Ideas of Copernicus第六章哥白尼的思想Chapter 7 Galileo and the Catholic Church第七章伽利略和天主教会Chapter 8 The Last Days第八章最后的日子Chapter 1 Galileo Galilei第一章伽利略·加利雷Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and physicist who lived in Italy in the 16th century. He was the first person to use a telescope powerful enough to see many of the planets and stars, and he discovered many important facts about astronomy!伽利略·加利雷是16世纪意大利的天文学家和物理学家。
他是第一个使用足够强大的望远镜看到许多行星和恒星的人，他发现了许多关于天文学的重要事实!He also discovered the “law of the pendulum” and the “law of falling bodies” in physics, which led to many later scientific breakthroughs.他还发现了物理学中的“钟摆定律”和“落体定律”，带来了许多后来的科学突破。
新概念英语第四册：Galileo reborn伽利略的复生First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo inrecent times？In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy； but the scientific dust has long since settled，and today we can see even his famous clash with theInquisition in something like its proper perspective. But，in contrast， it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.He was， above all， a man who experimented： who despisedthe prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians， whoput his questions to nature instead of to the ancients， and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky， and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He wasthe man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top， who rolled balls down inclined planes， and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.But a closer study of the evidence， supported by adeeper sense of the period， and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution， has profoundly modified this view ofGalileo. Today， although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings， among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown somewhat. His telescopic observations are justly immortal； they aroused great interest at the time， they had important theoretical consequences， and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw， if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument？ Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder？ We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day， as for centuries before， curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion， untruth； and if a single curved glass would distort nature， how much more would a pair of them？MICHAEL HOSKIN Galileo Reborn from The ListenerNew words and expressions 生词和短语controversy n. 争议，争论dust n. 纠纷，骚动clash n. 冲突Inquisition n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭perspective n. 观点，看法despise v. 蔑视generalize v. 归纳undercurrent n. 潜流theoretical adj. 理论上的potentiality n. 潜能intimate adj. 详尽的familiarity n. 熟悉的culpable adj. 应受遣责的Aristotelian n. 亚里士多德学派的人Aristotle n. 亚里士多德（公元前384-322，古希腊哲学家）Ptolemy n. 托勒密（公元90-168，古希腊天文学家）Leaning Tower of Pisa比萨斜塔spiral adj. 螺旋状的nebula n. 星云scratch n. 擦痕contrivance n. 器械distort v. 歪曲参考译文伽利略在世时是激烈论战的中心。
物理名词中英文对照必修1力学mechanics质点mass point参考系reference frame坐标系coordinate system路径path位移displacement矢量vector标量scalar速度velocity平均速度average velocity瞬时速度instantaneous velocity速率speedv~t图像v~t graph加速度acceleration匀变速直线运动uniform variable rectilinear motion初速度initial velocity自由落体运动free fall motion自由落体加速度free fall acceleration 重力加速度gravitational acceleration 力force重力gravity重心center of gravity万有引力gravitation电磁相互作用electromagnetic interaction强相互作用strong interaction弱相互作用weak interaction形变deformation弹性形变elastic deformation弹性限度elastic limit弹力elastic force劲度系数coefficient of stiffness胡克定律Hooke law摩擦力frictional force静摩擦力static frictional force滑动摩擦力sliding frictional force动摩擦因数dynamic friction factor合理resultant force分力components of force力的合成composition of forces平行四边形定则parallelogram rule共点力concurrent force力的分解resolution of force三角形定则triangular rule运动学kinematics动力学dynamic牛顿第一定律Newton first law惯性定律law of inertia牛顿第二定律Newton second law 单位制system of units作用力action反作用力reaction牛顿第三定律Newton third law超重overweight失重weightlessness必修2曲线运动curvilinear motion切线tangent抛体运动projectile motion抛物线parabola线速度linear velocity匀速圆周运动uniform circular motion 角速度angular velocity弧度radian向心加速度centripetal acceleration向心力centripetal force引力常量gravitational constant万有引力定律law of universal gravitation宇宙第一速度first cosmic velocity能energy势能potential energy动能kinetic energy功work功率power重力势能gravitational potential energy 弹性势能elastic potential energy动能定理theorem of kinetic energy机械能mechanical energy机械能守恒定律law of conservation of mechanical energy能量守恒定律law of energy conservation高考相关的物理学史内容（1）落体理论：亚里士多德：物体下落的快慢是由它们的重量决定，越重的物体下落的越快；伽利略：物体做自由落体运动时与物体本身的重量无关（2）胡克定律：弹力与弹簧形变量成正比（3）亚里士多德认为必须有力作用在物体上，物体才能运动；没有力的作用，物体就要静止在一个地方。
伽利略英语作文素材Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. He has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science".Galileo's advancements in telescopic observational astronomy led to one of the most significant scientific revolutions in history. His improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations resulted in his discovery of Jupiter's four largest moons in 1610. This was a significant event in the development of science, since a set of celestial bodies was discovered that did not appear to revolve around the Earth. The discovery of these moons is regarded by some as the first observation of a celestial motion uncentered on the Earth.Galileo is also credited with the formulation of inertia, the law of falling bodies, and parabolic trajectories. Moreover, he was the first to understand that the Moon did not shine with its own light but reflected the light of the Sun.In addition to his scientific discoveries, Galileo also made important contributions to the field of engineering. He improved the design of the compass and the balance, and developed a thermometer that used the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in a long thin tube.In conclusion, Galileo Galilei was an indomitable scientific figure who fearlessly pursued knowledge at a time when it was dangerous to do so. His discoveries and innovations in astronomy, physics, and engineering have had a lasting impact on the development of modern science andcontinue to inspire and influence scientists and researchers to this day.。
物理名词中英文对照必修1力学mechanics质点mass point参考系reference frame坐标系coordinate system路径path位移displacement矢量vector标量scalar速度velocity平均速度average velocity瞬时速度instantaneous velocity速率speedv~t图像v~t graph加速度acceleration匀变速直线运动uniform variable rectilinear motion初速度initial velocity自由落体运动free fall motion自由落体加速度free fall acceleration重力加速度gravitational acceleration 力force重力gravity重心center of gravity万有引力gravitation电磁相互作用electromagnetic interaction 强相互作用strong interaction弱相互作用weak interaction形变deformation弹性形变elastic deformation弹性限度elastic limit弹力elastic force劲度系数coefficient of stiffness胡克定律Hooke law摩擦力frictional force静摩擦力static frictional force滑动摩擦力sliding frictional force动摩擦因数dynamic friction factor合理resultant force分力components of force力的合成composition of forces平行四边形定则parallelogram rule共点力concurrent force力的分解resolution of force三角形定则triangular rule运动学kinematics动力学dynamic牛顿第一定律Newton first law惯性定律law of inertia牛顿第二定律Newton second law 单位制system of units作用力action反作用力reaction牛顿第三定律Newton third law 超重overweight失重weightlessness必修2曲线运动curvilinear motion切线tangent抛体运动projectile motion抛物线parabola线速度linear velocity 匀速圆周运动uniform circular motion角速度angular velocity弧度radian向心加速度centripetal acceleration向心力centripetal force引力常量gravitational constant万有引力定律law of universal gravitation 宇宙第一速度first cosmic velocity能energy势能potential energy动能kinetic energy功work功率power重力势能gravitational potential energy弹性势能elastic potential energy动能定理theorem of kinetic energy机械能mechanical energy机械能守恒定律law of conservation of mechanical energy能量守恒定律law of energy conservation高考相关的物理学史内容（1）落体理论：亚里士多德：物体下落的快慢是由它们的重量决定，越重的物体下落的越快；伽利略：物体做自由落体运动时与物体本身的重量无关（2）胡克定律：弹力与弹簧形变量成正比（3）亚里士多德认为必须有力作用在物体上，物体才能运动；没有力的作用，物体就要静止在一个地方。
常用物理英语单词absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute motion 绝对运动absolute velocity 绝对速度accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accelerometer 加速度计acting force 作用力active force 主动力angle of friction 摩擦角angle of nutation 章动角angle of precession 进动角angle of rotation 自转角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular motion 角[向]运动angular velocity vector 角速度矢[量]angular velocity 角速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”arm of couple 力偶臂attraction force 吸引力Atwood machine 阿特伍德机average velocity，mean velocity 平均速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度axial vector 轴矢[量]ballistic curve 弹道ballistic pendulum 弹道摆ballistics 弹道学base point 基点bearing 轴承binormal acceleration 副法向加速度bounce 反弹center of force 力心center of gravity 重心center of mass 质心center of moment 矩心center of parallel force system 平行力系中心center of percussion 撞击中心center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”。
伽利略（Galileo Galilei，1564～1642）是伟大的意大利物理学家和天文学家，科学革命的先驱。
历史上他首先在科学实验的基础上融会贯通了数学、物理学和天文学三门知识，扩大、加深并改变了人类对物质运动和宇宙的认识。
为了证实和传播哥白尼的日心说，伽利略献出了毕生精力。
由此，他晚年受到教会迫害，并為终身监禁。
他以系统的实验和观察推翻了以亚里士多德为代表的、纯属思辨的传统的自然观，开创了以实验事实为根据并具有严密逻辑体系的近代科学。
因此，他被称为“近代科学之父”。
他的工作为牛顿的理论体系的建立奠定了基础。
伽利略1564年2月15日生于比萨，自幼受父亲的影响，对音乐、诗歌、绘画以及机械兴趣极浓，也像他父亲一样，不迷信权威。
17岁时遵从父命进比萨大学学医，可是对医学他感到枯燥无味，而在课外听世交、著名学者O·里奇讲欧几里得几何学和阿基米德静力学，感到浓厚兴趣。
1587年他带着关于固体重心计算法的论文到罗马大学求见著名数学家和历法家C·克拉维乌斯教授，大受称赞和鼓励。
克拉维乌斯回赠他罗马大学教授P·瓦拉的逻辑学讲义与自然哲学讲义，这对于他以后的工作大有帮助。
1588年他在佛罗伦萨研究院做了关于A·但丁《神曲》中炼狱图形构想的学术演讲，其文学与数学才华大受人们赞扬。
次年发表了关于几种固体重心计算法的论文，其中包括若干静力学新定理。
由于有这些成就，当年比萨大学便聘请他任教，讲授几何学与天文学。
第二年他发现了摆线。
1592年伽利略转到帕多瓦大学任教，他经常参加校内外各种学术文化活动，与具有各种思想观点的同事论辩。
此时他一面吸取前辈如N·F·塔尔塔利亚、G·B·贝内代蒂、F·科门迪诺等人的数学与力学研究成果，一面经常考察工厂、作坊、矿井和各项军用民用工程，广泛结交各行各业的技术员工，帮他们解决技术难题，从中吸取生产技术知识和各种新经验，并得到启发。
最伟大的物理学家Top101. 艾萨克·牛顿 (Isaac Newton)牛顿是经典力学的奠基人，他提出的三大运动定律和万有引力定律，构成了现代物理学的基础。
他的著作《自然哲学的数学原理》是科学史上最重要的著作之一，对后世产生了深远的影响。
2. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 (Albert Einstein)爱因斯坦是现代物理学的奠基人之一，他提出了狭义相对论和广义相对论，彻底改变了人类对时间、空间和引力的认识。
他的E=mc²公式揭示了质量和能量之间的关系，为核能的开发和应用奠定了理论基础。
3. 尼尔斯·玻尔 (Niels Bohr)玻尔是量子力学的奠基人之一，他提出了玻尔模型，解释了原子的结构和光谱。
他还提出了互补原理，认为微观粒子的性质取决于观察者的测量方式，这一观点对量子力学的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 理查德·费曼 (Richard Feynman)费曼是量子电动力学的奠基人之一，他提出了费曼图和路径积分方法，简化了粒子间相互作用的计算。
他的教学风格和科普作品也深受读者喜爱，被誉为“物理学的诗人”。
5. 詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 (James Clerk Maxwell)麦克斯韦是电磁学的奠基人之一，他提出了麦克斯韦方程组，统一了电学和磁学，并预言了电磁波的存在。
他的工作为无线电、电视、雷达等技术的发展奠定了基础。
6. 欧内斯特·卢瑟福 (Ernest Rutherford)卢瑟福是原子核物理学的奠基人之一，他提出了原子核模型，解释了原子内部的结构。
他还发现了质子，并首次实现了人工核转变，为核能的开发和应用开辟了道路。
7. 保罗·狄拉克 (Paul Dirac)狄拉克是量子力学的奠基人之一，他提出了狄拉克方程，解释了电子的自旋和反粒子。
他的工作为量子场论的发展奠定了基础。
8. 沃尔夫冈·泡利 (Wolfgang Pauli)泡利是量子力学的奠基人之一，他提出了泡利不相容原理，解释了原子中电子的排列方式。
