译文 SQAS Core 2011 guidelines

学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。

理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。

当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。

你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。

2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。

在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。

当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。

经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。

请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。

理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。

3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。

假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。

在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。

有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。

事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。

想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。

航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。

如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。

乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。

只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。

4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。

这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。

原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。

你有没有停下来想知道为什么你选择你购买的产品呢？是什么让你选择了康师傅而不是统一方便面？由于这么多的产品是相似的，企业必须找到方法来区分自己的品牌从竞争对手的为了在市场里生存.有创意的广告是常用的伎俩，使一个产品比其他的产品显得更有趣.所以结果，公司花巨资在复杂的广告设计上，旨在吸引世界的想象。

以耐克为例.直到想出了使用迈克尔·乔丹的想法赞同其产品，那只是另一个重复相关联的超级巨星，其品牌的的体育用品公司.但是，耐克公司公开承认他的才华，名气和资本化.洞察世界各地的人们“像迈克儿的梦想”，直接导致耐克公司在市场的统治。

明星代言工作，以增加产品的销售做出了积极的人之间的公众信任和钦佩，并鼓励消费者为品牌买单.公司一次采取这种协会加强进一步的产品搭配in.领带插件是一种创造性的方式把一个富有魅力的产品与一个不太吸引人的产品，希望一些兴奋，周围的人会蔓延到其他。

电影大片是一种常见的网站的产品搭售，一切从饮料到视频游戏成为流行的电影的标志，更可取的，当出现在他们的packages.公司尝试获得了更多的关注，在意想不到的地方放置搭售。

全家便利店（Family Mart），例如，受益于热播的电影“英雄”的包装照片的电影的明星.惊喜的看到壮观的中国史诗与常见的饭盒便当与许多消费者期待的两倍。

和购买产品。

宜家送货及组装服务门门交付如果你的车是不是足够大，我们还提供送货上门的服务，在一个合理的额外收费.Talk，我们的的合作wolker在交付计数器签出进一步的细节。

在上海的服务区和收费Z1（外环线内或闵行区）购买价值低于5000元，人民币5000-9900之间人民币9900-19999之间送货费购买价值提供集团采购对于购买金额超过2000元，送货费将计算出的实际运输成本负责讨价还价的角落和组装项目：Z1送货费的150％为正常的艺术Z1送货费的150％为正常的艺术送货安排我们能够提供同一天交付，如果你在交付柜台注册，注册的4 pm.All交付后，下午4点前将交付的次日。

第九单元医学Text A谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进费格斯•沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。

——安德烈•纪德通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。

但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。

尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。

因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。

美国的新闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。

报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。

因此，人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。

对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。

但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。

十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。

这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。

而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。

而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。

随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享受挑战。

2011年text1 外部董事的职责，P1.西蒙斯于2000年一月加入Goldman公司董事会，成为一名外部董事，一年后他成为布朗大学的校长。

此后几十年的时间里，她很明显扮演着两个角色，但并未引起多少责难。

但是在2009年底，西蒙斯女士却由于担任Goldman薪酬委员会委员受到抨击；他怎可能让角奖金得以发放又引起人们的注意呢？到第二年二月，西蒙斯便离开Goldman公司董事会，她说该职位占用了她太多的时间。

P2. 外部董事在企业董事会中扮演有益而又相对公正的顾问角色，由于他们在别处已经创造了自己的财富和声誉，所以他们很可能有足够的独立性否定总裁的建议。

如果公司经营状况不佳，股价下跌外部董事应该根据自己以往应对危机的经验提出建议。

俄亥俄大学的研究者们建立了一个数据库，该数据库囊括了1989年至200年间的一万多家公司和64000多位不同的董事。

后来他们又专门审核了哪些外部董事连任了两届，离开董事会最可能的原因是年龄，所以研究者们关注的焦点是那些不到70岁却很离奇消失的外部董事们。

他们发现在外部董事意外离开后，公司不得不重申盈利的可能性上升了20%。

在联邦法院所受理的集体起诉案件中被涉及的可能性也会增加，并且公司在股市的表现也会更糟。

大公司受到的影响往往会更大。

尽管外部董事的离职与随后企业业绩下滑之间的相互关系让人难免揣测，但这并不意味着外部董事们总是在公司为难之时弃之不顾。

他们往往喜欢“做大生意”，离开风险更高的小公司转而投身规模更大更为稳定的大企业。

但是研究人员相信，如果外部董事在坏消息传出前就离开公司，他们会更轻易避免声誉受损，虽然历史记录显示，在公司出现问题时，外部董事仍在董事会，那些想在艰难时期挽留住外部董事的公司一定要采取激励措施，否则外部董事们就会步西蒙斯女士的后尘，再一次在校园里受到欢迎。

2011年Text2美国报业的重生，针对报业的衰亡究竟发生了些什么？一年前报业衰亡似乎就在眼前。

（下）I 我工作的公司* I , .我工作的公司里，每个人都至少害怕一个人。

* , . 职位越低，所惧怕的人越多。

* .所有的人都害怕那十二位顶层上司，他们帮助创建了这个公司，而且现在仍然大权在握。

* 歲月滄桑. 所有这十二位都已经上了年纪，而且岁月的沧桑和对成功的执著追求使他们心力交瘁。

* , I (有禮貌的) 沉默不語的）. 他们中很多人在这儿干了一辈子。

当我在大厅里遇见他们时，他们看上去非常友善、沉稳而心满意足，而且他们与别人一起乘坐公共电梯时又总是彬彬有礼、沉默不语* ( ) , . 没有人知道谁真正经营这家公司（甚至连人们认为现在经营着这家公司的那些人都不知道），然而公司的确在运转。

* 他有时会向我表示他希望我的部门的每一项工作在其他部门知道前要先让他知道。

* I . 我会将大部分工作绕过格林并直接交给需要它们的人，而不愿意占他的时间。

* , , (鎖事). 毕竟我们部门绝大部分工作只是微不足道的。

* (惱羞成怒) . 如果他从未看见或听到过的话，就更是恼羞成怒。

* . . ,, . 公司里非常惧怕大多数人的人是销售人员，他们都生活和工作在极大压力之下，当情况不好时，对销售人员来说就会更糟。

而当情况较好时，他们也不会好到哪儿去。

* , , , ; 工作努力, ; . , , a a . 不论是从整体上还是个人，他们总是在接受检查，总是处于不合格的边缘。

他们工作非常努力（就连他们中那些很有保障的和充满自信的人都是这样）以使在书面评语上看上去好一些，况且要让他们看上去好的表格多得很。

比如每星期为各部门准备的每个销售办事处及销售部所作的前一星期的销售业绩总记录加以保存并且与前一年同期的销售业绩相比较。

* . 这些数字被复印后发到公司的每位员工和与销售有关的部门。

*公開審查. 这样做的结果是公司几乎一直在对每一个分公司的销售办事处中的销售人员在某一既定时间内的工作业绩进行公开审查和评论。

* , , . , . a a , , a a . 当销售人员业绩好时，他们因为要开始使工作做得更好，以免不如以前，从而感到压力重重。

NumberAASHTO LRFD SEIS section 1 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 2 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 3 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 4 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 5 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 6 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 7 AASHTO LRFD SEIS section 8 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 1 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 2 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 3 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 4 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 5 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 6 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 7 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 8 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 9 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 10 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 11 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 12 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 13 AASHTO LRFD DUS section 14 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 1 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 2 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 3 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 4 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 5 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 6 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 7 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 8 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 9 AASHTO GDHS-5 Chapter 10 AASHTO GDPS-4 Part 1 AASHTO GDPS-4 Part 2 AASHTO GDPS-4 Part 3 AASHTO GDPS-4 Part 4 AASHTO HDG CHAPTER 14:2007AASHTO M 152M/M 152:2011AASHTO M 170M:2014AASHTO M 199M/M 199:2014AASHTO M 242M/M 242:2014AASHTO M 273M:2011AASHTO M 315M:2009AASHTO PP63:2009(R2014)AASHTO T 24M/T 24:2007(2010)AASHTO M 6:2008AASHTO M 29:2012AASHTO M 31M/M 31:2010AASHTO M 32M/M 32:2009AASHTO M 43:2005AASHTO M 45:2006AASHTO M 57:1980AASHTO M 80:2008AASHTO M 86M/M 86:2009AASHTO M 114:2010AASHTO M 145:1991 AASHTO M 146:1991 AASHTO M 147:1965 AASHTO M 169:2009 AASHTO M 179:1984 AASHTO M 183M-183M:1998 AASHTO M 194:2012 AASHTO M 205:2011 AASHTO DDPG 1:2003 AASHTO EMS 1:2004 AASHTO EMS 2:2004 AASHTO ESC:2004AASHTO GSBR:1989AASHTO GSDPB:2009 AASHTO GSW 4:2004 AASHTO GTN:1993AASHTO HDG CHAPTER 11:2007 AASHTO HWPD:1990AASHTO M 249:2012 AASHTO M 268:2013 AASHTO PG 02:2006 AASHTO PG 06:2007 AASHTO PG 13:2009 AASHTO R 20:1999AASHTO RSDG 4:2011-11-12 AASHTO WL:2009MDT chapter 08AASHTO M 208:2001 AASHTO M 225M/M 225:2009 AASHTO M 247:2011 AASHTO R 5:2008AASHTO R 18:2010AASHTO R 39:2007AASHTO R 50:2009AASHTO T 2:1991AASHTO T 21:2005AASHTO T 22:2010AASHTO T 23:2008AASHTO T 26:1979AASHTO T 27:2011AASHTO T 32:2010AASHTO T 40:2002AASHTO T 44:2003AASHTO T 48:2006AASHTO T 49:2007AASHTO T 51:2009AASHTO T 53:2011AASHTO T 59:2012AASHTO T 74—1986 AASHTO T 85:2010AASHTO T 88:2010AASHTO T 89:2010AASHTO T 90:2000AASHTO T 96:2002AASHTO T 99:2010AASHTO T 106M/T 106:2012 AASHTO T 112:2000AASHTO T 113-2006•AASHTO T 119M/T 119:2011 AASHTO T 126:2001AASHTO T 127:2011AASHTO T 129:2012AASHTO T 131:2010AASHTO T 141:2011AASHTO T 166:2012AASHTO T 167:2010AASHTO T 176:2008AASHTO T 180:2010AASHTO T 191:2002AASHTO T 193:2010AASHTO T 197M/T 197:2011 AASHTO T 198:2009AASHTO T 199:2000AASHTO T 201:2010AASHTO T 204:1990AASHTO T 224:2010AASHTO T 231:2005AASHTO T 256:2001AASHTO T 280:2006AASHTO HB-17:2002AASHTO S1AASHTO LRFDCONS-3-I2 AASHTO COMMENTARIES-2002 AASHTO M 203M/M 203-12 AASHTO M 204M/M 204-06(2010) AASHTO M 275M/M 275-08 AASHTO T 19M/T 19-09 AASHTO T 84-13AASHTO T 97-10AASHTO T 121M/T 121-12 AASHTO T 132-87 (2009) AASHTO T 134-05 (2009) AASHTO T 135-13AASHTO T 164-11AASHTO T 182-84（2002）AASHTO T 209-12AASHTO T 228-09AASHTO T 230-68 (2000) AASHTO T 269-11Title美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第一部分：引言 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第二部分：定义和符号 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第三部分：一般要求 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第四部分: 分析与设计要求 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第五部分: 分析模型与方法 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第六部分: 基础和支承设计 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第七部分: 钢结构构件 美国国家公路与运输协会载荷系数法抗震公路桥梁设计规范 第八部分: 钢筋混凝土构件 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第一章：概述 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第二章：总体设计和桥位特征 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第三章：荷载及荷载系数 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第四章：结构分析及评价 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第五章：混凝土结构 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第六章：钢结构 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第七章：铝结构 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第八章：木结构 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第九章：桥面与桥面系 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第十章：基础 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第十一章：桥台、桥墩和挡土墙 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第十二章：埋置式结构和隧道衬砌 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第十三章：栏杆 美国国家公路与运输协会荷载系数法公路桥梁设计规范 第十四章：接缝和支座 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第1部分：公路功能 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第2部分：设计控制和标准 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第3部分：设计的组成 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第4部分：横断面元件 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第5部分：地方道路和街道 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第6部分：汇集道路和街道 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第7部分：农村和城市干线 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第8部分：高速公路 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第9部分：交叉 美国国家公路与运输协会公路与城市道路的路线设计第10部分：分离式立交和互通式立交 美国国家公路与运输协会路面结构设计指南第1部分：路面设计与管理原则 美国国家公路与运输协会路面结构设计指南第2部分：新建路面或重建路面的设计步骤 美国国家公路与运输协会路面结构设计指南第3部分：现有路面修复的路面设计步骤 美国国家公路与运输协会路面结构设计指南第4部分：机械实证设计方案 涵洞检查、材料选择和修复指南在水凝水泥试验中使用流动试验台的标准规范钢筋混凝土涵洞、雨水排水管和污水管标准规范（米制）预制钢筋混凝土人孔部段标准规范D-荷载等级钢筋混凝土涵洞、雨水排水管和污水管标准规范承受公路载荷的盖板小于0.6 m的涵洞、雨水排水管和污水管用预制钢筋混凝土箱型截面的标准规范（米制）使用橡胶垫圈的圆形混凝土污水管和涵洞管接头的标准规范[米制]公路涵洞和雨水排水管管道接口选择的标准规程混凝土钻芯和锯梁的获取和试验的标准试验方法水硬水泥混凝土用细集料的标准规程用于沥青铺设混合料的细集料标准规程混凝土配筋用变形钢筋和光面碳素钢筋标准规程混凝土配筋用光面钢丝标准规程路桥施工用集料尺寸的标准规程圬工砂浆用集料的标准规程路堤和路基用材料的标准规程水硬性水泥混凝土用粗集料的标准规程无钢筋混凝土污水管、雨水管和涵管的标准规程建筑用砖（黏土或页岩制作实心砌块）的标准规程乳化沥青的标准规程用于公路施工的土及土集料混合物分类的标准规程与路基、土—集料和填料相关的术语标准规程集料和土—集料底基层、基层和面层用材料的标准规程冷加工碳素钢和合金钢的标准规程黏土排水瓦管的标准规程结构钢的标准规程混凝土用化学添加剂的标准规程垂直形成混凝土试验管柱用模具的标准规程设计图纸介绍指引制定环境管理系统的案例EMS，一座组织协调和交流的桥梁环境管理竞赛最佳实践桥梁栏杆规范指南人行天桥设计的LRFD指导性规范车辆重量与尺寸指南；第四次修订本交通噪音评估与消除指南，第三次修订本公路沿海岸带和lakeshores -第4版 第11章 沿海和沿湖地区的高速公路项目开发的有害废物指南白、黄热塑反射塑胶条标准规范交通控制用逆向反光板标准规范从业者手册 02 对环境影响报告意见的回复从业者手册 06 根据《国家历史保护法》第106 节规定进行协商从业者手册 13 交通部开发和实施雨水管理项目高速公路噪音测试程序标准规程第11章 在街道和公路上安装信箱 第12章 低车流量公路街道的路侧安全道路作业设备警示灯的选择与应用指南MDT 岩土工程手册 第8章 地下勘探/现场试验阳离子乳化沥青的标准规程砼配筋中使用的变形钢丝的标准规程路面标记用玻璃珠的标准规程乳化沥青选择与使用的标准规程设立与实施建筑材料试验室质量管理体系的推荐实施标准试验室制作和养护混凝土试件试验的标准方法柔性路面结构集料基层的土工合成材料加筋的实施标准集料取样的试验标准方法混凝土用细集料中有机杂质的标准试验方法圆柱形混凝土试件的抗压强度的试验方法现场混凝土试样的制作与养护标准试验法混凝土用水质量的标准试验方法粗细集料筛分分析试验的标准方法砖块取样和试验的标准方法沥青材料抽样试验的标准方法测定沥青材料溶解度的标准试验方法利用克利夫兰敞杯法测定闪点和着火点的标准试验方法测定沥青材料贯入度的标准试验方法沥青材料延展性的标准试验方法沥青软化点的标准试验方法（环和球装置）乳化沥青试验的标准方法测定碳酸分量及其残渣的比重的标准试验方法粗集料的比重与吸水性标准试验法土的粒径分析标准试验方法测定土液限的标准方法测定土的塑限和塑性指数的标准试验方法利用洛杉矶磨耗试验机磨耗及冲击小尺寸粗集料以测定其抗剪切性的标准实验法使用2.5-kg (5.5-lb) 的锤以及进行305-mm (12-in.)的下落来得出土的水分密度关系的标准方法利用硫酸钠或硫酸镁完善集料试验的标准方法液压水泥砂浆的压缩性强度试验的标准方法（使用50-mm 或 2-in 的立方体试样）集料中土块和易脆颗粒的标准试验方法集料中轻质片块试验的标准方法水硬性水泥混凝土坍落度的标准试验方法实验室混凝土试验样品制造和固化的标准试验方法水凝水泥的取样和试验用量的标准试验方法水硬水泥浆的标准稠度所需水含量试验的标准方法通过维卡针测定水硬水泥的凝结时间的试验方法新制混凝土取样的标准试验方法用饱和的表面干燥的试样做压实热拌沥青混合料（HMA）的毛体积比重（Gmb）试验的标准方法热拌天然沥青抗压强度试验的标准方法级配集料和土中的塑性细颗粒的试验标准方法（使用砂当量试验）用4.54 kg（10-lb）击实锤以457mm（18-in.）落高测定土水分-密度关系的标准试验方法用“砂锥法”测定原土密度的标准试验方法加州承载比的标准试验方法通过耐渗透性测定混凝土混合物固结时间的试验方法圆柱形混凝土试样劈裂拉伸强度的标准试验方法利用追踪指示器测定新制混凝土空气含量的标准试验方法测定天然沥青（人工沥青）动力粘度的标准试验方法利用传动缸法现场测定土密度的标准试验方法土压实试验中粗颗粒修正试验的标准方法压顶圆柱形混凝土试样的实施标准路面弯沉测量试验的标准方法混凝土管道、人孔部分或瓦管的标准试验方法公路桥梁标准规范美国公路桥梁设计规范 荷载与抗力系数设计法桥梁施工规范 第3版公路桥标准规范解读1996混凝土钢筋用无镀层的七根钢丝捻制的钢绞线标准规范预应力混凝土用无涂层除应力钢筋标准规范预应力混凝土用无涂层高强度钢筋标准规范集料的体积密度（单位重量）及孔隙度的标准试验方法细集料比重和吸收性的标准试验方法混凝土弯曲强度(用三点加载的简支梁)的标准试验方法混凝土密度（单位重量），产量和空气含量（重量计算）的标准试验方法水凝水泥砂浆的拉伸强度的标准试验方法土壤-水泥混合物湿度-密度关系的标准试验方法压实水泥和土壤混合物的干湿试验的标准试验方法从热拌沥青混凝土（HMA）中定量萃取沥青结合料的标准方法涂覆和剥离沥青混合物的标准试验方法测量热拌沥青（HMA）的理论最大比重（Gmm）和密度的标准试验方法半固体沥青材料比重的标准试验方法（比重瓶法）测量沥青集料混合物路面压实度的标准试验方法压实致密和松疏的沥青混合物中空隙百分比的标准试验方法。

SOX 词汇中英文对照表简称英文中文10-K 年报10-Q 季报8-K 重大事项公告accelerated filers 加速申报人AMEX American Stock Exchange 全美证券交易所/美国证券交易所anti-fraud 反舞弊audit trail 审计轨迹Auditing Committee 审计委员会AS2 Auditing Standard No.2 审计准则第2 号AS5 Auditing Standard No.5 审计准则第5 号automatic controls 系统控制business unit 业务单元change control （针对系统变更的）控制checklist 检查事项清单Code of Conduct 员工行为准则Compensation Committee 薪酬委员会C,A,V,R Completeness, Accuracy, Validity, Accessrestriction完整，准确，有效，访问限制C,EO,RO,VA,PD Completeness, Existence or Occurrence,Rights and Obligations, Valuation orAllocation, Presentation and Disclosure完整性，存在或发生，权利与义务，估价或分摊，表达与披露compliance 合规Compliance test 符合性测试Compliance year 合规年度Control Activities 控制活动Control Environment 控制环境Control frequency 控制频率Control Objectives 控制目标Cobit Control Objectives for Information and RelatedTechnologies信息及相关技术控制目标COSO Internal Control Framework COSO 内部控制框架deficiency 一般控制缺陷design deficiency 控制的设计缺陷Disclosure Committee 披露委员会ERP Enterprise Resource Plan 企业资源规划ERM Enterprise Risk Management 企业风险管理Entity Level 公司层面FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board 美国财务会计准则委员会financial report 财务报告financial statement 财务报表flow chart 流程图gap summary 缺陷汇总表gaps identified 缺陷识别Independence Letter 独立性声明Independent directors 独立董事Information & Communication 信息与沟通input control （关于数据的）输入控制inquiry 询问inspection 检查Internal Audit Committee 内部审计委员会internal control 内部控制ICFR internal control over financial reporting 与财务报告相关的内部控制IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards 国际财务报告准则ITGC IT general control IT 一般控制key control 关键控制点KPI Key Performance Indicator 绩效考核management assertions 管理层（关于财务报表）的认定Management Self-Assessment 管理层自我评估manual controls 手工控制material weakness 重大控制缺陷Monitoring 监控narrative 流程描述NASDAQ National Association of Securities DealersAutomated Quotations全美证券商协会自动报价系统，简称“纳斯达克”NYSE New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所Nominating and Governance Committee 提名及公司管治委员会non-accelerated filers 非加速申报人observation 观察OA Office Automation 办公自动化系统operation deficiency 控制的执行缺陷Operation Process level 业务流程层面outstanding list 未决事项清单OTCBB Over the Counter Bulletin Board 场外柜台交易系统Public Company 公众公司PCAOB Public Company Accounting Oversight Board （美国）公众公司会计监察委员会remediation action 整改方案re-performance 重新执行Reverse Merger 反向收购Risk Assessment 风险评估Risk Control Matrix 风险控制矩阵sample size 样本量scoping 工作范围segregation of duties 不相容职责的分离significant deficiency 重要控制缺陷spread sheet 电子表单stock option 股票期权sub-process 子流程supporting documents 支撑文件test plan 测试计划test summary 测试结果汇总test template 测试控制的模板testing period 测试期间testing strategies 测试方法The Board of Directors 董事会COSO The Committee of Sponsoring Organizationsof The Tread way Commission全美反虚假财务报告委员会的发起组织委员会US GAAP the Generally Accepted Accounting Principlesof the United States美国一般公认会计原则SOX The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 《2002 年萨班斯•奥克斯利法案》Securities Act The Securities Act of 1933 1933 年证券法The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 1934 年证券交易法SEC the United States Securities and ExchangeCommission美国证券交易委员会version control 版本控制walk-through test 穿行测试whistle blower system 举报系统。

Guidelines for ReviewersAmerican Society for MicrobiologyThe unpublished manuscript is a privileged document. Please protect it from any form of exploitation. Reviewers are expected not to cite a manuscript or refer to the work it describes before it has been published and to refrain from using the information it contains for the advancement of their own research.As a reviewer, adopt a positive, impartial attitude toward the manuscript under review. Your position should be that of the author's ally, with the aim of promoting effective and accurate scientific communication.If you believe that you cannot judge a given article impartially, please return the manuscript immediately to the editor, with your explanation. Reviews should be completed within 2 weeks. If you know that you cannot finish the review within that time, send the manuscript to the editor by return mail with a note of explanation.A reviewer must not discuss a paper with its author. Although it may seem natural and reasonable to discuss points of difficulty or disagreement directly with the author, especially if the reviewer is generally in favor of publication and does not mind revealing his identity, this practice is prohibited because the other reviewer and the editor may have different opinions, and the author may be led into undue optimism by having cleared things up" with the reviewer who made contact with him directly.In your comments intended for transmission to the author, do not make any specific statement about the acceptability of a paper, but advise the editor of your recommendation by checking the review form at the appropriate place. The responsibility for acceptance or rejection lies with the editor, who will base the decision not only on advice from reviewers but also on considerations outside the reviewers' purview. Statements concerning acceptability in a reviewer's comments may, therefore, run counter to the editor's decision and may have to be deleted.In your review, consider the following aspects of the manuscript as far as they are applicable:Importance of research question or subject studiedOriginality of the workAppropriateness of approach or experimental designAdequacy of experimental techniquesSoundness of conclusions and interpretationRelevance of discussionSoundness of organization of the paper (and of the Abstract)Adherence to ASM style as set forth in Instructions to AuthorsCareful attention to the titleAppropriateness for the relevant journalIn comments intended for the author's eyes, present criticism dispassionately and avoid offensive remarks.Suggested revisions should be stated as such and not expressed as conditions of acceptance. In a separate letter to the editor, you might want to distinguish between revisions considered essential and those judged merely desirable. Although the reviewer may advise the editor that he considers some revisions essential for acceptability, he should not so state to the author because (a) the editor may not agree, and (b) the author may mistakenly conclude that adoption of the revisions named will guarantee acceptance of the revised manuscript. If the list of suggested revisions is long, both editor and author will be grateful for a distinction between important, less important, and minor ones.Your criticisms, arguments, and suggestions concerning the paper will be most useful to the editor and to the author if they are carefully documented. Reviewers sometimes make dogmatic, dismissive statements, particularly about the novelty of work presented in a manuscript under review, which under strict examination prove to be unjustified. It is only fair to the author, therefore, to ask reviewers to substantiate their statements.Y o u a r e n o t r e q u e s t e d t o c o r r e c t d e f i c i e n c i e s o f s t y l e o r m i s t a k e s i n g r a m m a r,b u t a n y h e l p y o u c a n g i v e i n c l a r i f y i n g m e a n i n g w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d.I f y o u w i s h t o m a r k t h e t e x t o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t,u s e a p e n c i l o r m a k e a p h o t o c o p y,m a r k i t,a n d r e t u r n i t t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l.I f t h e e d i t o r d e c i d e s t o r e j e c t t h e p a p e r,h e w i l l u s u a l l y n o t w a n t t o r e t u r n t o t h e a u t h o r a m a n u s c r i p t t h a t h a s b e e nh e a v i l y m a r k e d.E a c h a c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t w i l l b e c o p y-e d i t e d b y t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f e m p l o y e di n t h e A S M P u b l i c a t i o n s O f f i c e.I t i s t h e i r f u n c t i o n t o p o l i s h a n d c o r r e c t t h e g r a m m a r,s y n t a x,a n d s p e l l i n g a n d t o e n f o r c e t h e e d i t o r i a l s t y l e o f t h e j o u r n a l.F o r e x a m p l e,a r e v i e w e r m a y k n o w t h a tA S M s t y l e d o e s n o t a l l o w t h e u s e o f a n g s t r o m s a s a u n i t o f m e a s u r e m e n t,y e t h e s h o u l d n o t m a k e t h e c o n v e r s i o n t o a c c e p t a b l e u n i t s.T h i s i s t h e k i n d o f t h i n g t h a t i s b e s t l e f t t o t h e c o p y e d i t o r s.H o w e v e r,r e v i e w e r s s h o u l d b e o n t h e l o o k o u t f o r e r r o r s w h i c h t h e c o p y e d i t o r s(w h o a r e n o tm i c r o b i o l o g i s t s)m i g h t m i s s.E x a m p l e s w o u l d b e m i s s p e l l i n g s o f c h e m i c a l n a m e s,u s e o f o u t-m o d e d m e d i c a l t e r m i n o l o g y,m i s s p e l l e d o r m i s i d e n t i f i e d s c i e n t i f i c n a m e s o f o r g a n i s m s,i n a p p r o p r i a t e s c i e n t i f i c j a r g o n,a n d g e n e t i c s y m b o l s.R e v i e w e r s c a n b e p a r t i c u l a r l y h e l p f u l i n p o i n t i n g o u t d u p l i c a t i o n o f d a t a t h a t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n b o t h t a b u l a r(o r g r a p h i c)f o r m a n d i n d e t a i l i n t h e t e x t.S u c h r e d u n d a n c i e s a r e a w a s t e o f s p a c e a n d t h e r e a d e r's t i m e,a n d t h e s e u s u a l l y c a n n o t b e d e a l t w i t h b y t h e P u b l i c a t i o n s O f f i c e s t a f f.Reviewers' recommendations are gratefully received by the editor; however, since editorial decisions are usually based on evaluations derived from several sources, reviewers should not expect the editor to honor every recommendation.Categories of recommendations: Accept, modify, reject. Very few papers qualify for "accept" upon original submission. To be acceptable, a paper should be ready for publication except for minor style changes and perhaps corrections of grammar, spelling, etc., that can be taken care of by the Publications Office staff.Therefore, problems of decision are between "modify" and "reject." A paper that requires more than a trivial amount of experimental material (e.g., a simple enzyme assay or growth rate determination) to complete the argument should be checke d "reject.“When data and experiments appear sound and complete but there are deficiencies in organization and presentation, the choice of modify or "reject" depends on the extent of the problem. If the reviewer can follow the argument and feels that the author should be able, with reviewers' suggestions, to turn out a coherent revision within a month, the choice should be "modify." If the treatment is so muddled that the meaning of the data comes into question, or the material is incomprehensible to anyone but a specialist, the choice should be "reject."A s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f a u t h o r s h a v e n o t l e a r n e d h o w t o o r g a n i z e d a t a a n d w i l l b e n e f i t f r o mg u i d a n c e i n t h i s a r e a.E d i t o r s o f t e n r e j e c t s u c h m a n u s c r i p t s b u t e n c o u r a g e t h e a u t h o r t o r e w r i t e t h e p a p e r,t o a s k c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e f i e l d f o r c r i t i c i s m,a n d a f t e r a p p r o p r i a t e r e v i s i o n t o r e s u b m i t i t.S u c h s i m p l e,b a s i c a d v i c e c a n b e v e r y v a l u a b l e t o i n e x p e r i e n c e d a u t h o r s.P a p e r s a r e o f t e n s e n t b a c k t o t h e r e v i e w e r s t o m a k e c e r t a i n t h a t t h e r e q u e s t e d c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n m a d e a n d t h a t t h e d e f i c i e n c i e s h a v e b e e n c o r r e c t e d.I f a r e v i e w e r w i s h e s t o s e e a p a p e r a g a i n a f t e r m o d i f i c a t i o n,h e s h o u l d s o i n d i c a t e t o t h e e d i t o r.。

2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类运动的年轻人智商更高理A瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进入大学学习的可能性也更高。

研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。

这项研究的取样样本是1950-1976年入伍的120万新兵。

这些新兵报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。

研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的只能测试结果之间的联系很明显。

最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。

但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。

“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充分的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师Michael Nilsson如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。

我们还发现生长因子也很重要。

”通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因，身体健康，智商越高。

“我们还发现，在15-18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师Maria Aberg说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的。

”研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。

那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更高，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。

吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。

然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。

“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。

离开学术界实用指南英语原版Leaving the academic world can be a daunting prospect for many scholars and researchers who have dedicated years of their lives to the pursuit of knowledge and the advancement of their respective fields. However, the reality is that not everyone is destined to remain in the ivory tower, and there are numerous opportunities and pathways available for those who choose to venture out into the broader job market. In this guide, we will explore the practical steps and considerations that can help make the transition from academia to the "real world" a smooth and successful one.One of the first and most crucial steps in leaving academia is to carefully assess your skills, experiences, and interests. As an academic, you have likely developed a highly specialized set of abilities, from critical thinking and research to writing and presentation skills. The key is to recognize how these skills can be translated and applied to a wide range of non-academic roles and industries. Take the time to reflect on your strengths, identify your transferable skills, and consider how they might be valuable in a professional setting outside of academia.It is also important to have a clear understanding of your career goals and aspirations. Do you want to pursue a career in a related field, such as consulting, policy, or research-based organizations? Or are you interested in exploring completely new avenues, such as entrepreneurship, technology, or the non-profit sector? Defining your career objectives will help you focus your job search and tailor your application materials accordingly.Another critical aspect of the transition process is networking and building connections. As an academic, you have likely developed a vast network of colleagues, mentors, and industry contacts. Leverage these relationships to gain insights, seek advice, and explore potential job opportunities. Attend industry events, conferences, and networking gatherings to expand your professional network and make new connections that could lead to future job prospects.When it comes to the job search process, it is essential to approach it with the same rigor and attention to detail that you would apply to your academic work. Craft a compelling resume that highlights your transferable skills and relevant experiences, and be prepared to articulate your value proposition to potential employers. Additionally, be open to exploring a range of job search strategies, from traditional job boards to targeted outreach to companies and organizations that align with your career goals.One of the biggest challenges that many academics face when leaving the university setting is the adjustment to a more structured, fast-paced, and results-oriented work environment. It is important to be prepared for this transition and to be willing to adapt your communication style, time management strategies, and overall approach to work. Be open to learning new skills, embracing new technologies, and developing a more entrepreneurial mindset.Furthermore, it is crucial to address any potential gaps in your professional development, such as a lack of practical experience or industry-specific knowledge. Consider seeking out additional training, certifications, or even short-term internships to bolster your credentials and demonstrate your commitment to a particular fieldor industry.Another key consideration for those leaving academia is the financial aspect of the transition. Academic salaries, while often competitive within the university setting, may not always align with the compensation levels in the private or non-profit sectors. Be prepared to negotiate your salary and benefits package, and research the typical compensation ranges for the roles and industries you are targeting.It is also important to be mindful of the emotional and psychologicalimpact of leaving academia. The academic environment can be a tight-knit and supportive community, and the prospect of stepping away from that can be daunting. Seek out support from mentors, colleagues, and professional networks, and be prepared to navigate the emotional challenges that may arise during the transition process.Finally, it is essential to maintain a positive and proactive mindset throughout the transition process. Leaving academia can be a significant life change, but it can also present exciting new opportunities for growth, learning, and professional fulfillment. Embrace the challenges, be open to new experiences, and trust that your academic training and skills will serve you well in your next chapter.In conclusion, leaving the academic world can be a complex and multifaceted process, but with the right approach, it can also be a highly rewarding and fulfilling one. By assessing your skills, defining your career goals, leveraging your network, and adapting to the demands of the non-academic job market, you can successfully navigate the transition and embark on a new and exciting professional journey. Remember, the skills and experiences you have gained in academia are highly valuable and transferable, and there are countless opportunities waiting for you outside the ivory tower.。

UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。

它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。

尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。

此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。

Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。

Unit 7 Text A艰难抉择还是由医生来做吧！在接受完外科手术培训不久，我便和一位年轻的医生一起工作。

他是那种有感染力的人，不仅是因为他的临床经验，更是因为他对病人的专注。

他身躯健硕有力，但他似乎从来不给病人居高临下的感觉，每当和病人说话时，他会出人意料地缩身下蹲，与病人平视。

他会认真地倾听病人叙述病痛的每一个细节，每次问诊结束之前，总会询问病人是否还有他没解释到的问题。

有一天下午，看到他在一个护士站，用健硕的胳膊比划着向一名护士抱怨一位病人的家属，我很惊奇。

这是位临终的病人，这位年轻的医生安排了和病人家属的病情通报会，商谈撤掉生命支持系统和药物治疗并着手开始临终关怀。

在整个过程中家属一直喋喋不休地问问题，但最终拒绝做任何决定，也不撤除任何治疗手段。

“我一直在和他们说，我们要么继续给他们的亲人造成痛苦，要么可以让他走的舒服一些，”他说的同时手仍然在比划。

“我告诉他们要么受罪，要么舒服，都要由他们做决定。

但最终他们没有做决定就径直出了房间。

”医生和病人做医疗决定的方式在过去的 50 年里发生了巨大的变化。

多少代人以来，这些决定都是医生的专属范围；病人即便参与，在做最终选择时往往也没有什么话语权。

但是这种家长式的决策模式在上世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代开始发生改变。

要求给病人授权的呼声在增长；医学伦理学家也开始清楚地阐述有关病人伦理关怀的原则。

临床医生们尤为拥护的一条宗旨是对患者个体的尊重。

这一伦理原则已被应用于病房、诊所和手术室的工作中，也导致了一种新的临床理念的出现,即以病人为中心的医护。

但是，第二条伦理原则,即尊重每个人的自主权,与第一条密切关联，在医患关系上也起到越来越重要的作用。

随着时间的推移，自主权将意味着让病人自己做决定。

而且，这一诠释也渐渐进入医学院校的课程，也被写入联邦法律中，因为法律规定在治疗方式的选择上医生必须与病人进行讨论。

在接下来的 40 年里，要培养年轻的医生(我也包括在内)，除非是急诊或者一些无足轻重的决定之外，我们要约束自己，不要越俎代庖，代替病人做任何决定。

学术研讨《芝加哥格式手册》（第17版）对我国参考文献著录标准制定与优化的启示■ 俞月圆1，2*（1.中国科学院自然科学史研究所；2.中国科学院大学）摘 要：以《芝加哥格式手册》（下称《手册》）为范本的“芝加哥格式”是国际知名的优秀文献著录规则，适用于包括历史学在内的多种人文社会科学学科。

本文根据笔者依照《手册》编辑英文稿件的实践经验，将其优势总结为具有明确性、包容性、准确性和可读性四点，认为我国2015年发布的国家标准文件《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》（GB/T 7714-2015）在这四方面均有欠缺，并基于《手册》的长处，为我国参考文献著录标准的进一步完善提出了建议。

关键词：《芝加哥格式手册》，著录规则，国标，GB/T 7714—2015DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2024.06.002Implications of The Chicago Manual of Style for the Development and Optimization of China’s National Standards for Bibliographic ReferencesYU Yue-yuan1,2*（1. Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences）Abstract:The Chicago format, modeled on The Chicago Manual of Style (hereafter referred to as The Manual), is an internationally renowned documentation style applicable to a wide range of disciplines in humanities and social sciences including history. Based on the author’s practical experience in editing English manuscripts, this paper summarizes the advantages of The Manual as clarity, inclusiveness, accuracy, and readability. China’s national standard document GB/T 7714-2015, Information and documentation—Rules for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, which was released in 2015, has defi ciencies in these four aspects. Based on the strengths of The Manual, this paper puts forward suggestions for further improving China’s national standards for bibliographic references.Keywords: The Chicago Manual of Style, citation style, national standard, GB/T 7714-20150 引 言参考文献著录标准规定了学术著作、学术论文引用其他已有学术成果时应遵守的规范和应采取的基本形式。

12 沙漠之舟艾尔•戈尔 我头顶烈日站在一艘渔船的滚烫的钢甲板上。

这艘渔船在丰收季节一天所处理加工的鱼可达15吨。

但现在可不是丰收季节。

这艘渔船此时此刻停泊的地方虽说曾是整个中亚地区最大的渔业基地，但当我站在船头向远处眺望时，却看出渔业丰收的希望非常渺茫。

极目四顾，原先那种湛蓝色海涛轻拍船舷的景象已不复存在，取而代之的是茫茫的一片干燥灼热的沙漠。

渔船队的其他渔船也都搁浅在沙漠上，散见于陂陀起伏、绵延至天边的沙丘间。

十年前，咸海还是世界上第四大内陆湖泊，可与北美大湖区五大湖中的最大湖泊相媲美。

而今，由于兴建了一项考虑欠周的水利工程，原来注入此湖的水被引入沙漠灌溉棉田，咸海这座大湖的水面已渐渐变小，新形成的湖岸距离这些渔船永远停泊的位置差不多有40公里远。

与此同时，这儿附近的莫里那克镇上人们仍在生产鱼罐头，但所用的鱼已不是咸海所产，而是从一千多英里以外的太平洋渔业基地穿越西伯利亚运到这儿来的。

我因要对造成环境危机的原因进行调查而得以周游世界，考察和研究许多类似这样破坏生态环境的事例。

一九八八年深秋时节，我来到地球的最南端。

高耸的南极山脉中太阳在午夜穿过天空中的一个孔洞照射着地面，我站在令人难以置信的寒冷中，与一位科学家进行着一场谈话，内容是他正在挖掘的时间隧道。

这位科学家一撩开他的派克皮大衣，我便注意到他脸上因烈日的曝晒而皮肤皲裂，干裂的皮屑正一层层地剥落。

他一边讲话一边指给我看。

从我们脚下的冰川中挖出的一块岩心标本上的年层。

他将手指．到二十年前的冰层上，告诉我说，“这儿就是美国国会审议通过化空气法案的地方。

”这里虽处地球之顶端，距美国首都华盛顿两大洲之遥，但世界上任何一个国家只要将废气排放量减少一席在空气污染程度上引起的相应变化便能在南极这个地球上最偏而人迹难至的地方反映出来。

迄今为止，地球大气层最重要的变化始于上世纪初的工业命，变化速度自那以后逐渐加快。

工业意味着先是煤、后是石油消耗。

我们燃烧了大量的煤和石油——导致大气层二氧化碳含的增加，这就使更多的热量得以留存在大气层中，从而使地球的候逐渐变暖。

《圣经理解指南》的英文Alright, here's a draft of a guide to understanding the Bible in an informal and conversational English style:When it comes to the Bible, there's a lot to unpack. Don't be overwhelmed! Start small, with a story or passage that speaks to you. Read it slowly, let the words sink in.Remember, the Bible isn't just a history book or a rulebook. It's a collection of stories, poems, prophecies, and wisdom. It's meant to inspire, teach, and comfort.Don't be afraid to ask questions. The Bible is deep and complex, so there's always more to learn. Talk to a pastor, join a Bible study group, or search online for insights.And don't forget, the Bible is a living document. It's not just about the past; it speaks to us today. Look for ways the ancient stories and teachings can apply to your life.Try reading different translations. Some translations are more literal, while others are more interpretive. See which one resonates with you the most.Don't get too hung up on trying to understand every detail. The Bible is full of symbols, allusions, and mysteries. Focus on the bigger picture and the overarching message.Remember, the Bible is a journey, not a destination.It's okay to take your time, to read a little each day, or to skip around. Find your own way and enjoy the ride!。

Chapter 1 Why China Works中国是今年唯一呈现出重大发展的主要经济体（economy），由于它通常是唯一敢于打破经济教科书中每一条例的经济体。

事实上，中国不像其他五大经济体那样发展缓慢的主要原因是，它宏观调控的能力（its capacity for macro-economic control）。

为什么中国市场经济体系奏效？（market economic system）目前，欧美等国正通过银行及汽车业国有化及金融业实施新的有力规定（regulations），走向宏观调控。

但问题更加紧迫（the question has a new urgency）。

中国看上去最能驾驭（navigate）七十年内最糟的经济滑坡（downturn）。

在危机中，中国官员既能吸取像西方同行（counterparts）的传统市场工具，也能吸取中国市场经济体系的积累经验（arsenal）。

去年早期，由于房地产市场（housing market）过热，中国官员仅命令银行削减房贷（cut back on housing loans），然后随着房屋销售量下降（fall），他们提供类似更低的房屋购置税（lower taxes on home purchases）。

最近几周，他们展开类似西方的经济救援行动（launch economic rescue efforts），其中包括价值6000亿的大计划以增加政府开支和大幅利率削减（ramp up government spending）（big interests cuts）。

但同时，他们也发布在西方国家眼里是不合理的干涉的命令，例如，上周中国官员召集包括钢铁建筑等行业的国有行业并购（buy up）国内外新资产（at home and abroad）以积极（actively）发挥在经济中的作用。

曾把中国宏观调控视为不成熟经济的弊病（immature economy），现在是稳定的保障（bulwark of stability）。

出版术语中英文对照1. 书名（Title）2. 作者（Author）3. 出版社（Publisher）4. 版次（Edition）5. ISBN（International Standard Book Number）6. 目录（Table of Contents）7. 章节（Chapter Title）8. 摘要（Abstract）9. 引言（Introduction）10. （Main Body）11. 结论（Conclusion）13. 附录（Appendix）14. 索引（Index）15. 封面（Cover）16. 扉页（Title Page）17. 版心（Trim Size）18. 页码（Page Number）20. 排版（Typesetting）21. 校对（Proofreading）22. 印刷（Printing）23. 装订（Binding）24. 发行（Distribution）25. 库存（Inventory）26. 营销（Marketing）27. 促销（Promotion）28. 签名售书（Book Signing）29. 退货（Returns）30. 版税（Royalties）出版术语中英文对照（续）31. 版权（Copyright）32. 专有出版权（Exclusive Publication Rights）33. 连载权（Serial Rights）34. 电子书版权（Ebook Rights）35. 翻译权（Translation Rights）36. 影视改编权（Film and Television Adaptation Rights）37. 预付金（Advance）38. 代理（Agent）39. 编辑（Editor）40. 审稿（Manuscript Review）41. 设计（Design）42. 封面设计（Cover Design）43. 插图（Illustration）44. 图表（Chart）45. 审美设计（Aesthetic Design）46. 印刷纸张（Print Paper）47. 装帧材料（Binding Material）48. 印刷工艺（Printing Technique）49. 胶版印刷（Offset Printing）50. 数字印刷（Digital Printing）51. 精装（Hardcover）52. 平装（Paperback）53. 护封（Dust Jacket）54. 腰封（Belt Band）55. 书脊（Spine）56. 书角（Corner）57. 书槽（Groove）58. 书口（Fore Edge）59. 书脊文字（Spine Title）60. 书评（Book Review）61. 读书会（Reading Club）62. 书展（Book Fair）63. 图书馆推广（Library Promotion）64. 在线销售（Online Sales）65. 网络书店（Online Bookstore）66. 实体书店（Physical Bookstore）67. 书籍分类（Book Classification）68. 书籍排行榜（Bestseller List）69. 读者群体（Target Audience）70. 市场调研（Market Research）出版术语中英文对照（续二）71. 出版计划（Publishing Schedule）72. 书目（Catalogue）73. 提交稿（Manuscript Submission）74. 接受稿（Manuscript Acceptance）75. 退稿（Manuscript Rejection）76. 样书（Galley Proof）77. 校样（Proof Copy）78. 最终校对（Final Proofreading）79. 印前检查（PrePress Check）80. 印刷批量（Print Run）81. 重印（Reprint）82. 补充印刷（Reissue）83. 库存管理（Inventory Management）84. 供应链（Supply Chain）85. 物流（Logistics）. 书评家（Book Critic）87. 书评摘要（Book Blurb）88. 书讯（Book News）89. 书评奖项（Book Award）90. 国际版权交易（International Rights Trade）91. 版权输出（Rights Export）92. 版权引进（Rights Import）93. 合作出版（CoPublishing）94. 文化交流（Cultural Exchange）95. 自费出版（SelfPublishing）96. 按需印刷（Print on Demand）97. 开本（Format）98. 装帧风格（Binding Style）99. 书籍保护（Book Conservation）100. 电子书格式（Ebook Format）。

Author Guidelines for the Preparation of Contributionsto Springer Computer Science ProceedingsAlfred Hofmann 1,*{alfred.hofmann,ralf.gerstner,anna.kramer , Ralf Gerstner 1, Anna Kramer 1, and Frank Holzwarth 21Springer-Verlag, Computer Science Editorial, Heidelberg, Germany}@2 Springer-Verlag, Technical Support, Heidelberg, Germanyfrank.holzwarth@ Abstract. The abstract is a mandatory element that should summarize the con-tents of the paper and should contain at least 70 and at most 150 words. Ab-stract and keywords are freely available in SpringerLink.Keywords: We would like to encourage you to list your keywords here. 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References1.Smith, T.F., Waterman, M.S.: Identification of Common Molecular Subsequences. J. Mol.Biol. 147, 195–197 (1981)2.May, P., Ehrlich, H.C., Steinke, T.: ZIB Structure Prediction Pipeline: Composing a Com-plex Biological Workflow through Web Services. In: Nagel, W.E., Walter, W.V., Lehner, W. (eds.) Euro-Par 2006. LNCS, vol. 4128, pp. 1148–1158. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) 3.Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure. Mor-gan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)4.Czajkowski, K., Fitzgerald, S., Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: Grid Information Services forDistributed Resource Sharing. In: 10th IEEE International Symposium on High Perfor-mance Distributed Computing, pp. 181–184. IEEE Press, New York (2001)9 5.Foster, I., Kesselman, C., Nick, J., Tuecke, S.: The Physiology of the Grid: an Open GridServices Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration. 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