宏观经济学-货币政策 (英文)
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经济学专业术语(中英文对照)目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。
宏观经济学英文名词宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)是经济学的一个分支,研究整个经济系统的总体行为和发展趋势。
它关注的是国家和地区整体经济,而不是个体经济主体的行为。
下面是一些与宏观经济学相关的英文名词和参考内容:1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period of time. It is widely used as a measure of economic growth and is a key indicator of a country's overall economic performance.2. Inflation: Inflation refers to the increase in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. It is usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI). High inflation can erode purchasing power and lead to economic instability.3. Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. It is an important indicator of the health of an economy and can have significant social and political implications.4. Fiscal policy: Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the overall economy. It can be expansionary (increasing government spending or reducing taxes) or contractionary (reducing government spending or increasing taxes) depending on the state of the economy.5. Monetary policy: Monetary policy involves the control and regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States. It is used to stabilize the economy, control inflation, and promote economic growth.6. Exchange rate: The exchange rate is the value of one currency in terms of another currency. Changes in exchange rates can have a significant impact on international trade, investment, and economic competitiveness.7. Balance of trade: The balance of trade is the difference betweena country's exports and imports of goods and services. A positive balance of trade (exporting more than importing) is known as a trade surplus, while a negative balance of trade is known as a trade deficit. This indicator is important for measuring a country's international trade competitiveness.8. Economic growth: Economic growth refers to an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services in an economy over time. It is usually measured by the annual percentage change in real GDP. Sustainable economic growth is a key goal for most countries.9. Aggregate demand: Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given price level and period of time. It is affected by factors such as consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports.10. Business cycle: The business cycle refers to the fluctuations ineconomic activity over time. It consists of four phases: expansion (growth), peak (highest point), contraction (slowdown), and trough (lowest point). Understanding the business cycle is important for predicting and managing economic fluctuations.These are just a few examples of the many concepts and terms used in the field of macroeconomics. They provide insights into the overall performance, trends, and policies that shape an economy.。
名词解释英语macroeconomic policy -回复“Macroconomic policy”(宏观经济政策)是指一国政府或经济体为了实现经济稳定增长、充分就业、物价稳定和国际收支平衡等宏观经济目标而采取的一系列总体性、综合性的经济政策。
这类政策主要包括财政政策(Fiscal Policy)、货币政策(Monetary Policy)以及其他相关产业政策、收入分配政策等。
1. 财政政策:主要通过政府调整税收、公共支出以及国债发行等方式,影响总需求水平,从而达到调控经济的目的。
2. 货币政策:主要由中央银行执行,通过调整货币供应量、利率水平等手段,影响市场上的资金供求关系,进而对投资、消费和整体经济活动产生影响。
3. 其他政策:包括汇率政策、贸易政策、产业政策等,这些政策也会从不同角度和层面对宏观经济运行进行调节。
宏观经济学政策的制定与执行,旨在优化资源配置,促进经济健康发展,提高民众生活水平和社会福利。
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学(microeconomics),研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
宏观经济学(macroeconomics),研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
国内生产总值GDP(gross domestic product),在某一既定时期,一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。
消费(consumption),家庭除购买新住房之外,用于物品与服务的支出。
投资(investment),用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
政府购买(government purchase),地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口(net export),外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口),减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口)。
名义GDP(nominal GDP),按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
真实GDP(real GDP),按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
(总之,名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值,真实GDP是用不变的GDP平减指数(GDP, deflator),用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。
消费物价指数CPI(consumer price index),普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率(inflation rate),从前一个时期以来,物价指数变动的百分比。
生产物价指数(producer price index),企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。
指数化(indexation),根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响,对货币数量的自动调整。
名义利率(nominal interest rate),通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响,校正的利率。
真实利率(real interest rate),根据通货膨胀的影响校正过的利率。
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会,商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议,策划案计划书,学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
宏观经济学名词解释复习资料宏观经济学名词解释复习资料宏观经济学(英文名称:Macroeconomics)是使用国民收入、经济整体的投资和消费等总体性的统计概念来分析经济运行规律的一个经济学领域。
宏观经济学是相对于微观经济学而言的。
宏观经济学本质上是修正主义性质的,集合了保守哲学观念和激进政策设计。
以下是店铺精心整理的宏观经济学名词解释复习资料,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
宏观经济学名词解释复习资料1.GDP即国内生产总值:指经济社会(即一国或一地区)在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。
2. 均衡产出:和总需求相等的产出称为均衡产出或收入。
均衡产出是和总需求相一致的产出,也就是经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出。
3.IS曲线:一条反映利率和收入间相互关系的曲线。
这条曲线上仸何一点都代表一定的利率和收入的组合,在这样组合下,投资和储蓄都是相等的,即i=s,从而产品市场是均衡的,因此这条曲线成为IS 曲线。
4. LM曲线:表示在货币市场中,货币供给等于货币需求时收入与利率的各种组合的点的轨迹。
5. 经济增长:是指一国生产的商品和劳务总量的增加,即国民生产总值(gnp)的增加或人均国民生产总值的增加。
(或者:通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上,一个国家人均产出(或人均收入)水平的持续增加。
)6.经济周期:又称商业周期或商业循环,是指经济运行中周期性出现的经济扩张与经济紧缩交替更迭、循环往复的一种现象。
是国民总产出、总收入和总就业的波动,是国民收入或总体经济活动扩张与紧缩的交替或周期性波动变化。
7.奥肯定律:失业率每高于自然失业率1个百分点,实际GDP 将低于潜在GDP2个百分点。
8.自然失业率为经济社会在正常情况下的失业率,它是劳动市场处于供求稳定状态时的失业率,这里的稳定状态被认为是:既不会造成通货膨胀也不会导致通货紧缩的状态。
9.国际收支:是指一国在一定时期内从国外收进的全部货币资金和向国外支付的全部货币资金的对比关系。
萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)第10章货币政策与经济课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
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一、概念题1.银行准备金(bank reserves)答:银行准备金是指为安全起见,银行需要提留一定比例的存款以保证储户提款,其余的存款才能用于放贷或投资,这部分提留的存款称之为银行准备金。
2.联邦基金利率(federal funds rate)答:联邦基金利率是银行之间相互借贷,交易在联储准备金账户余缺资金时所支付的利率。
它是一种以美元计价的短期(隔夜)无风险利率。
3.联储储备资产负债表(Federal Reserve balance sheet)答:联邦储备资产负债表是指美联储在特定时间内编制的非金融资产和金融资产的存量价值表。
该表左方记录美联储的资产,右方记录美联储的负债和净值。
资产负债表是按照复式记账原则记录的。
4.公开市场业务:买和卖(open-market:purchases and sales)答:公开市场业务指中央银行在金融市场上出售或购入财政部和政府机构的证券,特别是短期国库券以影响基础货币的活动。
公开市场业务作为最主要的货币政策工具,具有以下几个明显的优越性:(1)中央银行能够运用公开市场业务影响银行准备金,从而直接影响货币供应量。
(2)公开市场业务使中央银行能够随时根据金融市场的变化,进行经常性、连续性的操作。
(3)通过公开市场业务,中央银行可以主动出击,不像贴现政策那样处于被动地位。
(4)由于公开市场业务的规模和方向可以灵活安排,中央银行可以运用它对货币供应量进行微调,而不会像存款准备金的变动那样产生震动性影响。