曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth
Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment
Some Important Identities • Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade: Y=C+I+G
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Some Important Identities • Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the equation: Y – C – G =I • The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Financial Intermediaries • Banks
• Banks help create a medium of exchange by allowing people to write checks against their deposits.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Financial Intermediaries • Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件 25
It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap幻灯片课件
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可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
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The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
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可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
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曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
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22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版——29monetarysystem
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars
$5,455
$1,179 0
M1
• Demand deposits • Traveler’s checks • Other checkable deposits
($599 billion) • Currency
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
29
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Kinds of Money
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars
$5,455
$1,179 0
M1
• Demand deposits • Traveler’s checks • Other checkable deposits
($599 billion) • Currency
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
29
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Kinds of Money
曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件
通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
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The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版
第16页/共264页
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
第18页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第19页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
第18页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第19页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——27basic_tools
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
FYI: Rule of 70
• According to the rule of 70, if some variable 70 grows at a rate of x percent per year, then that variable doubles in approximately 70/x years. years
The Markets for Insurance • One way to deal with risk is to buy insurance insurance. • The general feature of insurance contracts is that a person facing a risk pays a fee to an insurance company, which in return agrees to accept all or part of the risk.
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PRESENT VALUE: MEASURING THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY
• Future Value
• The amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates, is called the future value.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ASSET VALUATION
• People can employ fundamental analysis to try to determine if a stock is undervalued, overvalued, or fairly valued. • The goal is to buy undervalued stock.
最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap8讲学课件
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How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？
The BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old.
劳工统计局把16岁或16岁以上的人看为 成年人。
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new job. 如果一个人暂时被解雇，正在寻找工 作或等待新工作开始的日子，这个人
就是失业者。
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How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？
The natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率 The cyclical rate of unemployment 周期性失业率
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曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语课件Chap
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
实际汇率——使外汇市场供需平衡的价格 。
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The demand curve for foreign currency is downward sloping because a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive. The supply curve is vertical because the quantity of dollars supplied for net capital outflow is unrelated to the real exchange rate.
2. At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.
曼昆经济学原理英文版
曼昆经济学原理英文版As one of the most widely used textbooks in introductory economics courses, "Principles of Economics" by N. Gregory Mankiw has been praised for its clear and engaging writing style, as well as its ability to make complex economic concepts accessible to students. The English version of this book, titled "Principles of Economics" is a valuable resource for students and educators alike.The book is divided into ten principles, each of which provides a framework for understanding key economic concepts. These principles include topics such as how people make decisions, how markets work, and how the economy as a whole operates. By breaking down these concepts into manageable and relatable ideas, Mankiw's book helps students build a solid foundation in economics.One of the key strengths of "Principles of Economics" is its real-world applications. Mankiw uses current events and case studies to illustrate economic principles in action, making the material more engaging and relevant to students. By connecting economic theory to everyday life, the book helps students see the practical implications of the concepts they are learning.In addition to its clear writing and real-world examples, "Principles of Economics" also offers a balanced approach to economic theory. Mankiw presents different perspectives and schools of thought within economics, allowing students to develop a well-rounded understanding of the discipline. This approach encourages critical thinking and helps students see the complexity of economic issues.Furthermore, the English version of "Principles of Economics" is well-organized and easy to navigate. The book's layout and structure make it simple for students to find and review key concepts, which is essential for mastering the material. Additionally, the book includes helpful study aids such as review questions, problem sets, and online resources, which support student learning and comprehension.Overall, "Principles of Economics" by N. Gregory Mankiw is a valuable resource for anyone studying or teaching economics. Its clear writing, real-world applications, balanced approach, and user-friendly design make it an essential tool for building a strong foundation in economic principles. Whether used in a classroom setting or for self-study, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the field of economics.。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——28unemployment
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Is Unemployment Measured?
• A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
Labor force participation rate Labor force 100 Adult population
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 1 The Labor-Market Experiences of Various Demographic Groups
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 The Breakdown of the Population in 2001
Employed (135.1 million)
Labor Force (141.8 million)
Adult Population (211.9 million) Unemployed (6.7 million)
Not in labor force (70.1 million)
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
How Is Unemployment Measured?
• The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
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Spending
Goods and services bought
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
• “. . . Final . . .”
final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
• “. . . Goods and Services . . .”
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
▪ Why is average income high in some countries and low in others?
• “GDP is the Market Value . . .”
– Output is valued at market prices.
• “. . . Of All. . .”
– Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets
– It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).
• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR
Labor, land, and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
of income for some seller.
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Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods and services sold
MARKETS FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
▪ Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?
▪ Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT