过去分词作定语和状语解析

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过去分词(短语)作状语和定语

栏目导引
(2010·四川卷)A great number of students________said they
were forced to practise the piano.
A．to question
B．to be questioned
C．questioned
D．questioning
解析：句意为：许多被调查的学生说，他们是被迫练习
答案： B
工具
Unit 3 Life in the future
栏目导引
5．________more attention，the trees could have grown
better.
A．Given
B．To give
C．Giving
D．Having given
解析：考查过去分词短语作条件状语。句子主语the trees 与give之间是被动关系，故答案选A。过去分词短语Given more attention放于句首，作条件状语。
students.) 老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。
工具
Unit 3 Life in the future
栏目导引
名师指津： 1．过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表被动；现在分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表主动。 Asked why he was late，he cried. 被问到他为什么迟到时，他哭了。 Looking out of the window，I saw some students playing there. 我朝窗外望去，看见几个学生在那边玩耍。
分类
用法
举例
时间状语
相当于时间状语从句；可在过去分词前加上连词 “when， while，until” 等，使其时间意义更明确

过去分词小结

He was interested in collecting stamps．
他对收集邮票感兴趣。
(三)作宾语补足语
过去分词可以在see，hear，notice，watch，have，feel等动词后作宾语补足语，强调分词与宾语之间为被动关系。例如：
I often hear the song sung in English．
(二)作表语
1．过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态。
例如：
The door remained locked．门仍然锁着。
2．过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，interested，satisfied等。例如：
There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago．
自从我两年前离开这个镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。
(2)有时为了强调还可将单一的分词放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
They decided to change the material used．他们决定改变所用的材料。
＝Once it is published，the dictionary will be very popular．
一旦出版，这本词典将大受欢迎。
拓展
有时为了强调时间概念，过去分词之前可用表示时间的连词，如when，while等。例如：
When completed，this railway will link many industrial cities to a seaport．
我常听人用英语唱这首歌。

过去分词做状语和定语时的区别

过去分词做状语和定语时的区别一、过去分词(短语)做状语1、与句子主语的关系当过去分词(短语)做状语时，要与句子的主语有关系，而且一般是被动关系。

在读下面所有的例句时，请注意过去分词短语与句子主语的关系。

先分析例句：Frightened by Santa Claus …words，Scrooge woke up.句子的主语是Scrooge，状语部分为Frightened by Santa Claus‟words，可以看出Scrooge是“被”Santa Claus的话“惊吓”(Frightened)。

2、在句子中的位置过去分词做状语，修饰的是句子中的位于，多放在句首，也可以放在后面，后者插在句子的中间。

Seen from the hill，the city looks magnificent.从山上看这座城市非常壮观。

They came in，followed by their wives.他们进来了，妻子们跟随在后。

Tom，horrified at what he had done，could at first say nothing.Tom对他做的事感到恐惧，一时说不出话来。

3、所表示的状语种类过去分词做状语可以表示伴随情况(即主句的谓语动作与状语同时发生)、表示原因、表示条件、也可以表示时间。

He entered，accompanied by his secretary.(伴随情况)他由秘书陪着走了进来。

Moved by his speech，many people volunteered to help in the work.(原因)由于受他讲话的感动，许多人自愿参加这项活动。

Taken in time，the medicine will be quite effective.(条件)如果及时服用，这种药是相当有效的。

Heated，water changes into steam.(时间)当被加热的时候，水可以变成蒸汽。

过去分词做定语和状语

2 做状语
过去分词作状语，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。 1. United, we stand; divided, we fall. 如果团结起来，我们就能成功，如果分裂，我们就会失败。 → 相当于If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.
这本书的销售量仍很好。
→ 相当于Although the book has been
published…
过去分词作状语，一是表被动的动作，二是表动作已经完成。通常作如下几种状语：
1. 时间状语,
可在过去分词前加上连词 when, while, until等.
1. When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
Seen from the hill
2. Don’t speak until you are spoken to.
until spoken to
2.原因状语 1. Because the boy was greatly touched by his teacher’s words, he did a lot of things to help his classmates.
2. Moved by the story, he decided to study harder. 由于被这个故事感动，他决定更加努力学习。 → 相当于Because he was moved…
3. Having been shown around the library, we came to the classroom building. 我们参观了图书馆后，我们来到了教学楼前。

过去分词作状语

一、过去分词
过去分词有两大特点：一是表被动的概念；二是表动作已完成。

过去分词在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语等成分。

二、过去分词作状语的用法
1.过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成“被动关系”。

过去分词短语作条件、原因、以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随、结果状语时通常放在句末。

作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时放在句首。

作让步状语通常放在句首，有时放在句末。

2. 过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，或表示一种状态。

与谓语动作同时发生或存在。

过去分词或过去分词短语常用于以下几种状语：
1
2。

现在分词作状语,过去分词作状语,表语,宾补,定语

V-ing （现在分词）作状语v-ed/done(过去分词)作状语，表语，定语，宾补一．现在分词的形式形式主动形式被动形式否定形式一般式doing beingdone not doing/beingdone完成式havingdone having been done not having(been)done二．现在分词作状语辨析：动词的-ing 形式和动词不定式作结果状语的区别。

辨析：（1）动词的-ing 形式作结果状语通常表示自然而然的结果。

（2）动词不定式作结果状语通常表示意想不到的结果，常与only 连用，构成“only to do sth.”三．连词+动词的-ing 形式作状语，省略状语从句的主语和系动词be ，表示主动或者正在句子功能例句1.作时间状语，相当于when,while,as,after 等引导的时间状语从句Crossing the road,the old man was knocked over by a car.=When he was crossing the road,the old man was knocked over by a car.2.作原因状语，相当于as,because,since 等引导的原因状语从句Having eaten too much ,he couldn 't go to sleep.=Because he had eaten too much,he couldn't go to sleep.3.作条件状语，相当于if,once,unless 等引导的条件状语从句Using your head,you 'll find a good way.=If you use your head,you'll find a good way.4.作方式或伴随状语，相当于and 连接的并列谓语动词。

Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.=Four people entered the room and looked around in a curious way.5.作结果状语，可扩展为有并列谓语的句子。

过去分词作状语例析

过去分词做状语例析过去分词作状语应注意以下几点。

一、过去分词与句子主语之间的关系(1) 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成的动作。

过去分词与句子主语之间通常存在逻辑上的动宾关系。

如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。

【高考链接1】not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. (2009福建卷)A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remindD. Having reminded【B】【答题指导】分词在句子中作状语，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。

使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语之间的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

比较：Seen from the sky, our city is very beautiful. (our city与see之间是被动关系)Seeing from the sky, we find our city is very beautiful. ( we与see之间是主谓关系)(2) 有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主语的状态。

这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(迷路)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；lost in(沉迷于……)；dressed in(穿着)。

由某些动词后面加-ed转化来的形容词也具有此用法，如frightened, satisfied, tired, disappointed等。

如：Surprised a t what had happened, Tom didn’t know what to do.汤姆对发生的一切非常惊讶，以至于不知如何是好。

【高考链接2】and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. (2009浙江卷)A. To be triedB. TiredC. TiringD. Being tired 【B】二、过去分词作状语所表示的意义过去分词作状语时表示时间、条件、原因、让步时可转换为相应的状语从句；表示方式、结果和伴随时可转化为并列分句。

过去分词作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语精讲

用心爱心专心1 过去分词作定语、表语和宾语补足语作用与用法过去分词：表示完成和被动的动作，具有形容词.副词的作用主要形式：done,have done, had done可作成分：定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语1.定语:表示分词的动作与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,或指一个动作的完成。

1）单一过去分词做定语——被修饰的名词之前（除了不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody ，those...）E.g. It was the lost cat. =It was the cat which had lost. Nothing reported ( in the newspaper) interested him. 2）过去分词短语作定语——被修饰的名词之后单个过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以转换为一个定语从句E.g. E.g. People People People addicted addicted addicted to to to drugs drugs drugs are are are dangerous.=People dangerous.=People dangerous.=People who who who are are are addicted addicted addicted to to drugs are dangerous. This is a novel written by Luxun.=This is a novel which is written by Luxun. 【点拨】过去分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种"动宾关系"，即"被动态"。

过去分词作定语，主要说明"业已完成的动作"或是"一个在以前某个未知时间发生的动作" 。

过去分词作定语和状语的用法总结

过去分词作定语和状语的用法总结过去分词作定语和状语是英语语法中的两种常用语法形式，用于描述动作和状态。

在过去分词作定语或状语的语法结构中，动词通常使用了-ed或-en的形式，并位于名词或动词后面，用于表示一个已完成的动作或状态。

本文将从以下三个方面对过去分词作定语和状语进行讲解：一、过去分词作定语的用法；二、过去分词作状语的用法；三、过去分词作定语和状语的区别及例句。

一、过去分词作定语的用法过去分词作定语一般位于被修饰的名词之后，用于修饰名词，描述名词所表示的事物的状态或性质，通常用于以下情况：1. 表示被动意义的动作完成态例如：The broken pen cannot be used.（损坏的笔无法使用）The stolen bike has been found.（偷走的自行车已经找到了）2. 表示主动意义的动作完成态例如：The written book was published by a famous publisher.（写作完成的书是由著名出版商出版的）3. 表示状态的形容词例如：The annoyed boss left for a meeting.（心烦意乱的老板去开会了）二、过去分词作状语的用法过去分词作状语一般位于句子中，用于修饰谓语动词，描述动作发生时的情况，通常用于以下情况：1. 表示时间状况例如：He finished his homework, exhausted.（他写完作业后筋疲力尽）She stood there, frozen with fear.（她站在那里，惊恐万分）2. 表示原因或结果例如：Having saved enough money, he bought a new car.（存够了钱，他买了一辆新车）Being late for the meeting, they missed their chance.（因为迟到，他们错过了机会。

）3. 表示条件状况例如：Having finished the task, he went home.（完成任务后，他回家了）三、过去分词作定语和状语的区别及例句过去分词作定语和状语的最大区别在于它们所修饰的词不同。

过去分词用法总结

过去分词用法总结过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。

一、过去分词作定语1. 一般情况下，单个分词作前置定语，过去分词短语作后置定语。

如：a used car旧车，a playground built last year去年修建的一个操场。

2. 及物动词的过去分词表示“被动”和完成”。

Many people questioned refused to answer. 被问的许多人都拒绝回答。

Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title given to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. 五人获得了“中国绿色人物奖”，这是一个颁给对环保有贡献的普通人物的奖项。

3. 不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语，只表示“完成”，不表示被动。

如：the risen sun已升起的太阳，fallen leaves落叶。

4. astonish, disappoint, encourage, excite, frighten, interest, move, please, puzzle, satisfy, surprise, tire等表示心理状态的动词的过去分词作定语，表示被修饰的词所具有的特征，意为“感到……的”。

（其现在分词表示所修饰的词本身所处的状态，意为“令人……的”）。

Mr. Smith, tired of the tiring speech, started to read a novel. 史米斯先生厌倦了乏味的演讲,开始读小说。

This is a boring lecture. 这是一个令人厌烦的报告。

The excited children couldn't go to sleep all night long.这些兴奋的孩子整个晚上无法入睡。

过去分词作定语和状语

过去分词作定语和状语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，没有时态和语态的变化，它只是一种形式，从意义上讲，它具有完成和被动两大特点。

一. 过去分词作定语1. 过去分词作定语时，单个的过去分词或只带副词的单个过去分词作前置定语时，具有形容词的特性，一般放在被修饰词的前面。

a broken window, an honored guest, a retired teacher, the fallen leaves2. 过去分词修饰some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those等时，或过去分词短语作定语时，要置于被修饰的名词之后。

They reduced the number of animals used in experiments.There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.3. 过去分词作定语时与定语从句的关系：（1）及物动词的过去分词可改为动词被动形式的定语从句。

lost time= time which is lost;a beaten team= a team which is beaten;a well-known writer= a writer who is well-known.（2）部分不及物动词的过去分词作定语时可改为动词完成式或表示状态的定语从句。

retired workers = workers who have retired;a sunken ship = a ship which has sunk二. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。

一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。

Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛着了，几乎不能呼吸了。

过去分词作状语解析

The professor sat there, surrounded by a lot of students. =The professor sat there, and he was surrounded by a lot of students.
(7)当过去分词(短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语。但如逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，须加上逻辑主语方能作状语，否则，句子意思将不完整或不符合逻辑关系。我们把加有自己逻辑主语的过去分词（短语）称为独立主格结构。 Time permitting, you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou. The work finished, we went home.
(8) 以下几个词应注意： speaking,judging作悬垂状语时，不需和句子主语保持一致。 Generally speaking, women live longer than men. Judging by her look, she was disappointed.
Considering(prep)考虑到 Considering the distance, he arrived early. Given(prep)考虑到；如果有 Given the chance, I would come to see you in America. Given their experience, they have done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，他们已经干的很好了。
Function----practice (3m)
•
put 1. The programs ____ (put) on yesterday evening

初中英语过去分词作定语和宾语补足语精讲

注意：有时为了表示强调，也可放在被修饰词之后。
tired visitors
a well-organised trip
beautifully dressed stars
The disease was caused by polluted water.
We finished the run in less than half the time allowed.
The river polluted by daily waste is now dirty and smelly.
He is one of those invited.
2.过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后。
visitors tired of the long wait
a trip organised well by my workplace
stars dressed beautifully at the event
初中英语过去分词作定语和宾语补足语精讲
过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成；不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。过去分词一般在句子中可以用作定语、宾语补足、表语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。
一．过去分词作定语的用法
1.一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。

现在分词、过去分词作定语、状语、宾补的区别

现在分词、过去分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时的区别（一）现在分词\过去分词作定语的区别.The mobile phone lying on the desk belongs to me.=The mobile phone which is lying on the desk belongs to me.（the mobile phone 和lie为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）The injured suffering from the shock in the traffic accident were lying in the hospital.=The injured who suffered from the shock in the traffic accident were lying the hospital。

（the injured 和suffer 为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）The house built 50 years ago will be pulled soon.=The house which was built 50 years ago will be pulled soon.（the house 和build为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）The mobile phone laid on the desk belongs to me.=The mobile phone which is laid on the desk belongs to me.（the mobile phone 和lay 为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）小试牛刀:1.The student ________________( speak) to the teacher now is our moniter.2.The problem _______________( discuss) yesterday is of great importance.3.The machine ________________( repair ) yesterday is broken again.4..The guests ________________(invite) to the meeting were all specialists.5.China is a country _______________(belong )to the 3rd world.6 .He lives in the house _______________( face ) the north.7.The temple ________________( stand ) on the top of the hill was built 500 years ago.8.The students ________________( want ) to join the club will gather at the gate.9.The car ____________________(make ) in Japan is of high quality.10.A checking delegation ( 代表团)______________( consist ) of 5 people are visiting our school.A checking delegation ( 代表团)_____________( make) up of 5 people are visiting our school.11. The student________________( focus )on his lesson is best in our class.The student _______________ ( lose )in his lesson is best in our class.12.Can you see the boy _________________ ( dress )in a red shirt?Can you see the boy __________________( wear ) a red shirt?13.The students ____________________( sit ) in Row I see the blackboard clearlyThe students __________________( seat ) in Row I see the blackboard clearly.14. The country _____________ ( lie ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.The country _____________(locate ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.( 辅助信息:Our school is located in the centre of the town)（二）现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别find ，make，feel，keep，leave，have ，see，observe，notice，watch，hear 。

高中英语过去分词用法详解

→When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.
3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
→Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures., 且与主语之间存在着被动关系。过去分词作状语可表时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。
观察下列的句子:
Once published, his works (=Once his works was published, ) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.
3) If _tr_a_p_p_e_d_ in a burning building, you should send for help. 4) Although _s_h_o_t in the leg, he continued firing at the police.
二、过去分词作定语过去分词作定语与其所修饰的词之间
B. Seen
4. 从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。
__A__ from the space, the astronaut
can not discover the Great Wall.
A. Seeing
B. Seen
Difference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle _U_s_e_d_for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧. _U_s_i_n_g_ the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用. _L_o_o_k_i_n_g_ at her, he jumped with joy. _L_o_o_k_e_d_at by her, he jumped with joy.

语法-过去分词作状语和定语介绍

Grammar The Past Participle
It was snowing and very cold outside. A little girl was walking in the street, selling matches. She didn’t wear any shoes because she had her shoeห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ lost. She looked very worried because there were lots of matches left. She wished all her matches sold but nobody bought a single one. She was so cold that she sat in a corner with her legs huddled（蜷缩）up.
Our future schoolbag
2. Because She is surprised at the schoolbag, she turns her head back to find out what happens.
Surprised at the schoolbag ,she turns her head back to find out what happens.
1. 时间状语（time）可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等来强调时间概念。 When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. Seen from the hill，the park… Don’t speak until you are spoken to. Don’t speak until spoken to.

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8. ______ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding （福建2009） B. Reminded
C. To remind
deliver our letters unless we chained
our dog. A. Being bitten C. Having bitten （北京2009） B. Bitten D. To be bitten
4. Michael’s new house is like a huge
1. ______ from the top of the tower, the
south foot of the mountain is a sea of
trees. A. Seen C. Having seen （陕西2010） B. Seeing D. To see
2. The experiment shows that proper
A 2）Mr．Smith，____ of the ____ speech，
started to read a novel．（北京春'03） A．tired；boring B．tiring；bored C．tired；bored D． tiring；boring 点拨：be tired of的意思是“厌倦……”，过去分词短语在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语Mr．Smith；现在分词boring的意思是“令人厌烦的”，修饰speech。
palace, ______ with his old one.
（重庆2009）
A. comparing
C. to compare
B. compares
D. com advances in technology,
many farmers have set up wind farms
词之前，分词短语必须放在名词之后，这种情况与现在分词作定语时相同。 Her job was to take care of the (wounded) soldier . We are doing our (written) exercises . The machine (run by the old worker) is made in Shanghai .
6. The teacher walked to lab, ________. A. followed by his students B. his students followed C. and followed by his students D. both A and B
7. When ________ into the warm room, ice soon changes into water. A. heating and taking B. heated, and taking
Grammar
过去分词作定语和状语
过去分词有两个显著的特点，即：从时间上讲，表示动作已经完成；从语态上讲，表示被动的概念，但是如果是不及物动词用作过去分词形式，则只表示时间上的过去，而没有被动意义。过去分词在句中通常可以作表语、补足语、定语或状语.
1.过去分词作定语时，单个分词一般放在名
2．表示情感的动词的过去分词一般由表示情感或心理状态的动词转化而来的过去分词作定语时，通常不可以修饰无生命物，有些此类过去分词已经完全形容词化，常见的这类过去分词有： disappointed（失望的），moved（感动的）， interested（感兴趣的），touched（被感动的）， surprised（感到惊讶的），shocked（震惊的、震撼的），puzzled（迷惑不解的），frightened（受惊吓的）等等。如： a frightened driver a disappointed girl

All of us were _____ by the _______ question ___ by a little girl. A. puzzled, puzzling, rose B. puzzling, puzzled, raised C. puzzled, puzzling, raised D. Puzzled, puzzled, lifted

3．（上海春2002）When ____ A ，the museum will be open to the public next year． A．completed B．completing C．being completed D．to be completed 4．（上海'98）If ____ C the same treatment again， he is sure to get well． A．giving B．give C．given D．being given C in 1636，Harvard is one of 5．（上海2000）____ the most famous universities in the United States． A．Being founded B．It was founded C．Founded D．Founding
amounts of exercise, if ______ regularly,
can improve our health.
A. being carried out
（浙江2010）
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
3. ______ twice, the postman refused to
2．对逻辑主语一致不作要求的过去分词有些过去分词在使用过程中已经转换成介词或连词，此时作状语已无法从逻辑主语一致来理解，此类过去分词要引起注意。如： ____ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．（京皖春2000）
5.
高考链接
A to the 1．（MET'90）Most of the artists ____ party were from South Africa． A．invited B．to invited C．being invited D．has been invited A to speak， you 2．（上海春2003）Unless ____ should remain silent at the conference． A．invited B．inviting C．being invited D．having invited
4. _____ black and blue, the lady couldn’t move. A. Beaten C. To be beaten B. Beating D. To beat
5. ________ everywhere, the wolves had no where ________ themselves. A. Hunting, hiding C. Hunted, hiding B. To hunt, to hide D. Hunted, to hide
The little girl was very ________ frightened(frighten) at a frightening voice. 6. They found the house broken ______ (break) into and rang up the police at once. built(build) twenty 7. The bridge that was ____ years ago needs repairing. given (give) more time, we could do it 8. If _____ better.
过去分词作状语
1．基本特点和形式过去分词作状语要特别注意其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语保持一致。通常过去分词在句中可以作时间状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语和让步状语等，而且可以与对应的状语从句进行句型转换。
1）____
D time，he'll make a first-class
tennis player．（北京'03） A．Having given B．To give C．Giving D．Given 点拨：作条件状语，相当于If he is given time，．．．
A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given 点拨：此处的given是介词，意思是“鉴于、考虑到”。
Function----practice (3m)
put 1. The programs ____ (put) on yesterday evening
were really wonderful. 2. Sent ____ (send) to the hospital immediately, the wounded soldier was saved. 3. You'd better not get the plastic bags and boxes ____ (burn), for it will give off some harmful gas burnt and pollutants into the air. 4. The firefighters are trying their best to rescue all the people trapped ______ (trap) in the fire.