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(dissolution) vessel 溶出杯(FTIR) 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪13C-NMR spectrum,13MR 碳-13核磁共振谱1ength basis 长度基准1H-NMR 氢谱2D-NMR 二维核磁共振谱：2D-NMR3D-spectrochromatogram 三维光谱－波谱图Aa stream of nitrogen 氮气流a wide temperature range 宽的温度围absolute detector response 检测器绝对响应(值)absolute entropy 绝对熵absolute error 绝对误差absolute reaction rate theory 绝对反应速率理论absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absorbance 吸光度，而不是吸收率（absorptance）。
当我们忽略反射光强时，透射率（T）与吸光度（A）满足如下关系式：A=lg(1/T)。
absorbance noise, absorbing noise 吸光度噪音。
也称光谱的稳定性，是指在确定的波长围对样品进行多次扫描，得到光谱的均方差。
吸光度噪音是体现仪器稳定性的重要指标。
将样品信号强度与吸光度噪音相比可计算出信噪比。
absorbed water 吸附水absorptance 吸收率absorptant 吸收剂absorption band 吸收带absorption cell 吸收池absorption curve 吸收光谱曲线/光吸收曲线absorption tube 吸收管abundance 丰度。
即具有某质荷比离子的数量accelerated solvent extraction(ASE) 加速溶剂萃取accelerated testing 加速试验accelerating deposition 加速破坏acceptance limit，acceptance criterion 验收限度，合格标准accidental error 随机误差accuracy 准确度。
2 ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１－５２５６．２０２３．０１．０２８细胞器之间相互作用在非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生发展中的作用刘天会首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝病中心，北京１０００５０通信作者：刘天会，ｌｉｕ＿ｔｉａｎｈｕｉ＠１６３．ｃｏｍ（ＯＲＣＩＤ：００００－０００１－６７８９－３０１６）摘要：细胞器除了具有各自特定的功能外，还可与其他细胞器相互作用完成重要的生理功能。
细胞器之间相互作用的异常与疾病的发生发展密切相关。
近年来，细胞器之间相互作用在非酒精性脂肪性肝病（ＮＡＦＬＤ）发生发展中的作用受到关注，特别是线粒体、脂滴与其他细胞器之间的相互作用。
关键词：非酒精性脂肪性肝病；细胞器；线粒体；脂肪滴基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（８２０７０６１８）ＲｏｌｅｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｎｏｎａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｆａｔｔｙｌｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅＬＩＵＴｉａｎｈｕｉ．（ＬｉｖｅｒＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｒｉｅｎｄｓｈｉｐＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，ＣａｐｉｔａｌＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００５０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒ：ＬＩＵＴｉａｎｈｕｉ，ｌｉｕ＿ｔｉａｎｈｕｉ＠１６３．ｃｏｍ（ＯＲＣＩＤ：００００－０００１－６７８９－３０１６）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｉｔｓｏｗｎｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｎｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｃａｎａｌｓｏｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｓｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｃｌｏｓｅｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｖａｒｉｏｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ．Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ，ｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｈａｓａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｎｏｎａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｆａｔｔｙｌｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａ，ｌｉｐｉｄｄｒｏｐｌｅｔｓ，ａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｎｏｎ－ａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃＦａｔｔｙＬｉｖｅｒＤｉｓｅａｓｅ；Ｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓ；Ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａ；ＬｉｐｉｄＤｒｏｐｌｅｔｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ：ＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ（８２０７０６１８） 细胞器可以通过膜接触位点与其他细胞器相互作用，完成物质与信息的交换，形成互作网络［１］。
absorbance吸光度acetonitrile 乙腈affinity chromatography亲和色谱法aliquot 等份（试液）aluminum foil 铝箔analytical chemistry 分析化学American Chemical Society (缩写ACS) 美国化学会beaker 烧杯bibliography 参考书目blender 混合器,搅拌机buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管centrifugation 离心Chemical Abstracts (缩写CA) 化学文摘chemical analysis 化学分析chromatograph 色谱仪chromatogram色谱图cloud point extraction（缩写CPE）浊点萃取confidence level 置信水平conical flask 锥形瓶daughter ion 子离子Diode array detector （缩写DAD）二极管阵列检测器disperser solvent 分散剂dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction 分散液液微萃取distilled water 蒸馏水dropping pipet 滴管electrochemical analysis电化学分析electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electrospray ionization (缩写ESI ) 电喷雾离子化Eluate 洗出液Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry 分析化学百科全书The Engineering Index （缩写EI ）工程索引enrichment factor 富集因子Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (缩写ELSD) 蒸发光散射检测器extraction efficiency 萃取效率fluorescence荧光fluorometry荧光分析法funnel 漏斗gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (缩写GC–MS) 气相色谱-质谱gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry （缩写GC–MS/MS）气相色谱-串联质谱gel filtration chromatography凝胶过滤色谱法gel permeation chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法graduated cylinder 量筒high performance liquid chromatography (缩写HPLC) 高效液相色谱homogenize 使均质，将……打成匀浆hydrophobic 疏水的identification 鉴定Impact Factor影响因子incubation time 温育时间Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings （缩写ISTP）科技会议录索引indicator 指示剂instrumental analysis 仪器分析interference 干扰ion exchange chromatography离子交换色谱法ion source 离子源limit of detection （缩写LOD）检出限limit of quantitation (缩写LOQ)定量限linear regression equation 线性回归方程liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （缩写LC-MS/MS）液相色谱串联质谱liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry （缩写LC-ESI-MS/MS）液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱liquid-liquid partition chromatography 液液分配色谱法liquid-solid adsorption chromatography 液固吸附色谱法mass analyzer 质量分析器Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪mass spectrum 质谱图mass-to-charge ratio 质荷比matrix effect 基质效应maximum absorption 最大吸收maximum value 最大值measuring pipet 吸量管micelle 胶束minimum value 最小值mobile phase 流动相molarity 摩尔浓度monograph专著normal phase liquid chromatography正相液相色谱法nominal concentration 标示浓度offprint抽印本optimization 优化outlier 离群值parent ion 母离子pipette 移液管potentiometry电位法preconcentration 预浓缩primary literature一次文献qualitative Analysis 定性分析Quality assurance and quality control （缩写QA/QC）质量保证和质量控制quantitative analysis 定量分析recovery 回收率refractive index detector 折光指数检测器，示差折光检测器relative abundance 相对丰度relative standard deviation （缩写RSD）相对标准偏差reproducibility 重现性reversed phase liquid chromatography（缩写RPLC）反相液相色谱法Royal Society of Chemistry（缩写RSC）英国皇家化学会Science Citation Index （缩写SCI ）科学引文索引Science Citation Index Expanded (缩写SCIE) 科学引文索引扩展版Scientific notation 科学计数法signal to noise ratio （缩写S/N）信噪比size exclusion chromatography尺寸排除色谱法secondary literature二次文献solid-phase extraction （缩写SPE）固相萃取solid-phase microextraction （缩写SPME）固相微萃取spike 添加（v.）standard solution标准溶液stationary phase 固定相stoichiometric point化学计量点surfactant 表面活性剂supernatant 上清液syringe 注射器tap water 自来水titrant 滴定剂titration滴定Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry 紫外/可见分光光度法volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetric analysis容量分析法voltammetry 伏安法Accuracy 准确度 A measure of the agreement betweenan experimental result and its expected value. Analysis 分析A process that provides chemical or physicalinformation about the constituents in the sampleor the sample itselfAnalyte 被测物，被分析物The constituent of interest in asampleCalibration curve 校准曲线The result of a standardizationshowing graphically how a method’s signalchanges with respect to the amount of analyte. Calibration method 校准方法The basis of quantitative analysis:magnitude of measured property is proportional toconcentration of analyteChromophore 生色团 A functional group which absorbs acharacteristic ultraviolet or visible wavelength Gradient elution 梯度洗脱The process of changing the mobilephase’s solvent strength to enhance the separationof both early and late eluting solutes. Gravimetric analysis重量分析 A type of quantitative analysis in whichthe amount of a species in a material is determinedby converting the species into a product that can beisolated and weighed.Isocratic elution 等度洗脱the use of a mobile phase whosecomposition remains constant throughout theseparation.Matrix 基质All other constituents in a sample except forthe analytesMethod blank 方法空白A sample that contains all componentsof the matrix except the analyte.Outlier 离群值Data point whose value is much larger orsmaller than the remaining data.Precision 精密度An indication of the reproducibility of ameasurement or resultQuantitative analysis 定量分析The determination of the amount of asubstance or species present in a material. Quantitative transfer 定量转移The process of moving a sample fromone container to another in a manner that ensures allmaterial is transferred.Selectivity 选择性 A measure of a method’s freedom frominterferences as defined by the method’s selectivitycoefficient.Significant figures 有效数字The digits in a measured quantity,including all digits known exactly and one digit (thelast) whose quantity is uncertain. Spectrophotometry 分光光度法. An analytical method that involveshow light interacts with a substanceStock solution 储备液 A solution of known concentrationfrom which other solutions are prepared. Titration curve 滴定曲线 A graph showing the progress of atitration as a function of the volume of titrant added. V alidation （方法）确证，验证The process of verifying thata procedure yields acceptable results.titration error 滴定误差The determinate error in a titration due tothe difference between the end point and theequivalence point.1.Some key journals in Analytical Chemistry:Analytical ChemistryTrends in Analytical ChemistryJournal of Chromatography AJournal of Chromatography BAnalystAnalytica Chimica ActaTALANTACritical Reviews in Analytical ChemistryAnalytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryELECTROPHORESIS2. Types of articles published in scientific journals:Full Length Research PapersRapid CommunicationsReviewsShort CommunicationsDiscussions or Letters to the Editor(Some journals publish all types of articles, while others are devoted to only a single type.)3. The structure of a scientific paper:•Title•Authors (with affiliations and addresses)• Abstract (summary)• Key words•Introduction•Experimental•Results and discussion•Conclusion•Acknowledgement•References4. How to Read a Scientific Paper:Five Helpful Questions•1) WHY did they do this set of experiments?•2) HOW were the experiments actually done?•3) WHA T are the results?•4) WHA T can be concluded from the results?•5) Did they do everything correctly?5. Five-step analyzing process1) Identify and define the problem.2) Design the experimental procedure.3) Conduct an experiment and gather data.4) Analyze the experimental data.5) Report and suggestion.。
StochasticResona...Eur.Phys.J.B69,1–3(2009) DOI:10.1140/epjb/e2009-00163-x Editorial T HE E UROPEANP HYSICAL J OURNAL BStochastic Resonance:A remarkable idea that changed our perception of noiseL.Gammaitoni1,P.H¨a nggi2,P.Jung3,and F.Marchesoni41Department of Physics,University of Perugia,06123Perugia,Italy2Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Augsburg,Universit¨a tsstr.1,86135Augsburg,Germany3Department of Physics and Astronomy,Ohio University,Athens,OH45701,USA4Dipartimento di Fisica,Universit`a di Camerino,62032Camerino,Italyc EDP Sciences,Societ`a Italiana di Fisica,Springer-Verlag2009Abstract.Despite a slow start after being introduced in the1980’s,the idea of Stochas tic Resonancespurred since remarkable cross disciplinary interest in natural and social sciences.Ten years after ourcomprehensivereview[Rev.Mod.Phys.70,223(1998)]Stochastic Resonance has become a researcheld on its own.The present Topical Issue presents the most recent applications and extensions of thissurprisingly simple and still powerful idea.PACS.02.50.Ey Stochastic processes–05.40.-a Brownian motion–05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methodsGood scienti?c ideas are rare,and when someone has one itsometimes takes a decade or more until the world rec-ognizes it.The story of Stochastic Resonance[1]is a story of that type.About30years ago two groups in Rome[2] and Brussels[3]came up with a new idea to explain the al-most periodic occurrence of the ice ages,or how a minute change in the Earth orbit around the Sun can cause a shift of the climate as dramatic as the ice ages.Their basic idea went as follows:If climate supports two stable states,one at a lower temperature(ice age)and one at a larger tem-perature,then?uctuations due to geodynamical events can cause random transitions between those two states. An additional,small,periodic(non random)modulation of the Earth orbit will bias the random transitions towards times where the respective transitions are most likely.If the?uctuations are too small,the transitions occur too infrequently and cannot be entrained by the modulation of the Earth orbit.If the?uctuations are too large,the random transitions would be too frequent and couldn’t be entrained,either.Et voila,there is a Stochastic Resonance at an optimal level of the?uctuations!Although it was brilliant,subsequent data did not sup-port this idea as an explanation for the ice ages.But this was not the end of Stochastic Resonance.Quite to the contrary,the concept of Stochastic Resonance followed a dynamics of its own.It took two experimental demonstra-tions,respectively,on a bistable electronic circuit[4]and on a bidirectional ring laser[5],and the introduction of user friendly quanti?ers[6–8]to set the new?eld Stochas-tic Resonance o?to a good start.An important turning point in this young?eld oc-curred when the resemblance of escape-time distributions in a weakly rocked bistable system[9]with interspike in-terval distributions of actionpotentials of neurons was discovered[10].What was most striking at the time and what triggered researchers’curiosity the most was the sug-gestion that noise,often considered a nuisance of small in?uence,can become instead a very signi?cant compo-nent of the apparatus which generates action potentials. This,combined with the notion of Stochastic Resonance, i.e.the existence of an optimal dose for the level of the ?uctuations,led to a new paradigm that systems may have evolved to perform best under ambient noise lev-els.The?eld experienced a rush into exploring the role of Stochastic Resonance in noisy biological systems[11]. Hallmark research in that direction has been performed by Frank Moss and his collaborators.They have demon-strated Stochastic Resonance for the?rst time in a liv-ing organism.They showed that,indeed,externally added noise enhances the detection of small vibrations by the cray?sh mechanoreceptor[12].In a similar line of research Levine and Miller[13]demonstrated the bene?t of noise for the cricket cercal sensory system.Remarkably,research on the bene?cial role of noise for various aspects of the nervous systems,ranging from synapses[14]to cortex[15], ghost Stochastic Resonances in ensembles of neurons[16] and higher level brain function[17]and even neurorehabil-itation[18]is still very active and the numbers of papers published still increasing.Typically,the biological signals that become ampli?ed via Stochastic Resonance by am-bient jittering perturbations are non-stationary in nature.2The European Physical Journal BThis calls for new Stochastic Resonance quanti?ers[19] with potential rami?cations in information theory[20].Representative for the role of noise and Stochastic Res-onance in biologic systems are select papers of this TopicalIssue[21–25].The quest for the smoking gun proving that evolution itself has been directed by unavoidable ambient ?uctuations is still being pursued,see e.g.[26].Many of the applications of Stochastic Resonance,in particular to neuroscience,are concerned with large en-sembles of coupled constituent systems.Neurons are cou-pled chemically through synapses,and electrically through gap junctions and form large networks.Such a network can exhibit behaviors which are drastically di?erent from those of its constituents,depending on coupling and cou-pling topology.Early studies have recognized the impor-tance of network response versus response of its parts to a weak external signal in the presence of noise[27–29],while the e?ects of network topology on Stochastic Resonance are the subject of ongoing research,as discussed by several contributions published in this Topical Issue[21,30–34] From early on,the role of intrinsic noise,i.e.noise that persists because the system is subject to thermal ?uctuations or,because it is small and made of few con-stituents,in Stochastic Resonance has been subject of investigation.After all,if nature had evolved to a state which operates optimally under ambient noise levels,the underlying sources should be intrinsic.An early pioneer-ing study on Stochastic Resonance in periodically gated ion channels[35],the elementary building blocks of the action potential generating machinery in neurons,demon-strated Stochastic Resonance but at a noise level incon-sistent with ambient levels.Bezrukov and Vodyanoy[36] reported the observation of Stochastic Resonance in a sys-tem of voltage-dependent ion channels formed by the pep-tide alamethicin,i.e in an synthetic ion channel.However, if contrary to what is usually expected,the thermal acti-vation of channel proteins did notobey an Arrhenius law kinetics(as experiments indicate[37]),Stochastic Reso-nance would indeed occur at ambient temperatures[23].A di?erent line of research on the role of intrinsic noise is based on the relation between system size and noise.The smaller the number of constituent parts of a system,the larger will be the?uctuations.Hence,noise levels can be tuned to system size leading to the concept of system-size Stochastic Resonance[38–40].Undoubtedly,the paradigm of Stochastic Resonance, originally developed to explain the ice ages has spread well beyond physics and left its?ngerprints in many other scienti?c disciplines.The present preface is not meant as comprehensive.Indeed it is utterly incomplete as it ig-nores important generalizations of Stochastic Resonance to account for,among others,entropic mechanisms[41]; energetic and control questions[42–44];quantum e?ects [45],even in quantum computing[46];device development [47–49];pattern formation[27,28],and much more.We end this preface by closing full-circle,coming back to climate dynamics.While the big ice-ages are thought to occur every100,000years,it was found that during the glacial times,sudden warmer periods occur more or less periodically at a rate of about1500years(the Dansgaard-Oeschger events).The analysis of Greenland ice-core data [50]revealed a distribution of switching times between cold and warm periods,consistent with those one would expect to see if indeed the North-Atlantic climate would mimic an excitable system being driven by a weak peri-odic force(that likely is of solar origin),thus biasing the climate periodically to the one or other state[51,52].Furthermore,the observed transitions are extremely rapid(less than5years)and have refueled the discussion whether rapid climatic changes are a hallmark of human impact.Subsequently more elaborate geophysical models have been put forward to elucidate the nature of the forc-ing and to further substantiate the role of Stochastic Res-onance[53].References1.L.Gammaitoni,P.H¨a n ggi,P.Jung,F.Marchesoni,Rev.Mod.Phys.70,223(1998)2.R.Benzi,S,Sutera,A.Vulpiani,J.Phys.A14,L453(1981);R.Benzi,G.Parisi,A.Sutera,A.Vulpiani,Tellus 34,10(1982)3. 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凝聚态物理专业导师简介（以姓氏拼音为序）艾保全，男，副教授，硕士生导师。
主研方向是分子马达运动机制、低维材料（纳米）的能量和热的传输、生物非线性噪声效应。
2004年毕业于中山大学，获博士学位。
随后在香港大学及香港浸会大学从事博士后研究工作，2005年9月起华南师范大学教师。
主要从事理论生物物理的研究，包括生物非线性系统中的噪声效应，肌肉运动微观机制，分子马达的运动机制（线性和旋转马达）以及低维材料的热传导等领域的研究。
他以第一作者在Journal of physical chemistry B, Journal of Chemical physics, Physical Review E等 SCI收录国际重要期刊上发表论文32篇。
论文被引用200多次，其中关于肿瘤生长过程中噪声控制的论文被它引50次,关于微管中粒子定向输运的论文被著名综述期刊Reviews Modern of physics引用并介绍我们的相关工作。
主持国家自然科学基金和广东省自然科学基金各一项，并和澳门科技大学，日本产业科技大学以及香港浸会大学等研究组从事合作研究。
主要荣誉：2006年华南师范大学科研优秀工作者.2006年入选广东省“千百十”人才工程培养对象.2005年获得广东省优秀博士学位论文称号.研究兴趣：1.分子马达的研究: 研究分子马达的运动机制，线性分子马达，旋转分子马达，以及分子马达运动方向的控制，效率及其最大值研究，考虑量子效应的分子马达的运动。
2.低维材料（纳米）的能量和热的传输:一维纳米系统中热传导性质的研究及其应用的研究;热二极管,三级管及热(声子)操纵和控制的研究.3.生物非线性系统中的噪声效应: 基因选择过程中的噪声效应; 噪声对肿瘤生长的影响; 细菌生长过程中的噪声效应。
主持科研项目：1.国家自然科学基金2007.1-2009.12,分子马达运动机制的理论研究（旋转）.2.广东省自然科学基金2007.1-2008.12，线性分子马达运动机制的基础研究.发表代表性论文(if>2.0)1.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Brownian pump in nonlinear diffusive media,The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112(2008)95402.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Phase shift induces currents in a periodictube, Journal of Chemical Physics 126(2007) 2047063.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, A channel Brownian pump powered by anunbiased external force, Journal of Chemical Physics , 128 (2008)0247064.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, The tube wall fluctuation can induce a netcurrent in a periodic tube, Chemical Physics, 344 (2008)185-188.5.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Thermal noise can facilitate energytransformation in the presence of entropic barriers, Phys. Rev.E 75(2007)061126.6.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Reply to comment on correlated noise in alogistic growth model, Phys. Rev. E 77(2008)013902.7.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Facilitated movement of inertial Brownianmotors driven by a load under an asymmetric potential, Phys. Rev.E 76(2007)042103.8.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Current in a three-dimensional periodictube with unbiased forces, Phys. Rev. E 74(2006) 051114.9.Bao-quan Ai, Liqiu Wang and Liang-Gang Liu, Transport reversal in a thermalratchet, Phys. Rev. E 72, (2005) 031101.10.Bao-quan Ai, Xian-ju Wang, Guo-tao Liu and Liang-Gang Liu, Correlatednoise in a logistic growth model, Phys. Rev. E 67 (2003)022903.11.Bao-quan Ai, Xian-Ju Wang, Guo-Tao Liu, and Liang-Gang Liu, Efficiencyoptimization in a correlation ratchet with asymmetric unbiased fluctuations, Phys.Rev. E 68 (2003)061105.12.Xian-Ju Wang, Bao-quan Ai, Liang-Gang Liu, Modeling translocation ofparticles on one-dimensional polymer lattices，Phys. Rev. E 64, (2001)906-910.13.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-Gang Liu, Stochastic resonance in a stochastic bistablesystem,Journal of Statistical Mechanics: theory and experiment (2007)P02019.14.Bao-quan Ai and Liang-gang Liu,Efficiency in a temporally asymmetricBrownian motor with stochastic potentials, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment (2006)P09016.15.Bao-quan Ai, Guo-Tao Liu, Hui-zhang Xie and Liang-Gang Liu, Efficiency andCurrent in a correlated ratchet, Chaos 14(4)(2004)95716.Bao-quan Ai, Liqiu Wang and Liang-Gang Liu, Flashing motor at hightransition rate, Chaos, solitons & fractals 34( 2007 ) 1265-1271.17.Bao-quan Ai, and Liang-gang Liu, Transport driven by a spatially modulatednoise in a periodic tube, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19(2007) 266215.Email：aibq@陈浩，男，教授，硕士生导师。
Physica A345(2005)404–410/locate/physaBonaÿde stochastic resonance:a view pointfrom stochastic energeticsDebasis Dan∗,A.M.JayannavarInstitute of Physics,Sachivalaya Marg,Bhubaneswar751005,IndiaReceived28March2003Available online15June2004AbstractWe investigate the resonance type behaviour of an overdamped Brownian particle in a bistable potential driven by external periodic signal.It has been shown previously that the input energy pumpedinto the system by the external d rive shows resonance type behaviour as a function of noise strength.We further extend this idea to study the behaviour as a function of frequency of the external driving force and show the occurrence of similar nonmonotonic behaviour,which can be ascribedas a signature of bonaÿd e stochastic resonance.Both weak andstrong d riving limits have been exploredind icating the occurrence of marginal supra-thresholdstochastic resonance in a bistable potential system.c 2004Publishedby Elsevier B.V.PACS:05.40.−a;02.50.EyKeywords:Stochastic resonance;Bonaÿde resonance;Stochastic energetics1.IntroductionStochastic resonance(SR)is a nonlinear phenomena where the combinede ects of noise andnonlinearity(bistable systems or thresholdsystems)lead s to an enhanced response of a weak periodic signal with an addition of noise of optimal intensity.This counter intuitive phenomenon has been observedexperimentally andin numerical and analog simulations[1].However,there have been a lot of discussions in the recent years regarding the validity of SR as bonaÿde stochastic resonance[2].The archetype∗Corresponding author.Tel.:91-674-581-825;fax:91-674-581-142.E-mail address:dan@iopb.res.in(D.Dan).0378-4371/$-see front matter c 2004Publishedby Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/j.physa.2004.05.069D.Dan,A.M.Jayannavar/Physica A345(2005)404–410405 of SR models is represented by a simple symmetric bistable potential driven by a zero mean Gaussian white noise andan external sinusoid al bias.The response of such a system has been mainly characterizedby the response amplitud e(RA)of the periodic component of the process x(t) or the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).Both these response functions show typical resonance type features with increasing noise amplitude D[1].This resonance has been attributedto the matching of the escape rate across the barrier and the frequency of the external periodic drive.An obvious conclusion is the occurrence of a similar peak with increasing frequency of the bias.But such nonmonotonic behaviour has not been observedin spite of exhaustive numerical and analytical studies on SNR and RA.However,Ref.[3]shows the existence of peak in SNR with increasing frequency for a system with rectangular potential barrier andfor a special type of driving.Other criteria have been proposedto stud y the resonance behaviour as a function of frequency,thus characterizing SR as a bonaÿde resonance.Gammaitoni et al.have shown that residence time distribution N(T)has a resonant behaviour as function of forcing frequency.Marchesoni et al.recently showednumerically that in a Schmitt trigger,N(T)shows a peak with frequency for both weakly andstrongly d riven system. The relationship between SR andsynchronization of passages from one well to another can also be characterizedby a hysteresis loop area[4,5].This loss can be taken as a measure of SR andSR is shown as a bonaÿd e resonance.Recently it is arguedthat input energy is also a goodmeasure of SR[7].This energy is equivalent to the work done by the external agent which drives the potential periodically.The input energy not only shows peaking behaviour with temperature(noise strength)but also takes into account only the interwell behaviour.In the conventional SNR,both intrawell as well as interwell motion is taken into account andhence for small d riving frequency and noise strength,the motion is predominated by the intrawell oscillations[7].Hence the peak in the input energy is a better indicator of the matching of escape rate and the external driving frequency.This assertion has been made by taking into account the detailed comparison between various measures of SR.In this work,we show that input energy not only correctly shows the matching condition for noise-induced escape rate and the external periodic drive,but resonance type behaviour is also obtainedas function of!(frequency of external drive),a signature of bonaÿde SR.Bonaÿde SR is a relatively new term in stochastic dynamics, by which one means the actual matching of the time scales T es(barrier escape time) and T!(periodof external d rive,2 =!).This is manifestedas a peak in the plot of input energy with T!and D.The existence of SR in supra-thresholdregime has also been demonstrated.We make an exhaustive study throughout the parameter regime of our problem andshow the d etailedbehaviour of SR peak as function of D;!and A in our model.2.ModelWe consider an overdamped Brownian particle moving in a bistable potential V(x;t)=−x2=2+x4=4−Ax sin(!t)under the in uence of a zero-mean white Gaussian noise (t)406 D.Dan,A.M.Jayannavar /Physica A 345(2005)404–410with correlations (t ) (t ) =2D (t −t ).The Langevin equation for such a system is˙x (t )=−V (x;t )+ (t )(1)andthe correspond ing Fokker Planck equation (FPE)is 9P (x;t )9t =−99x V (x;t )−D 99x P (x;t );(2)where P (x;t )is the probability density of the particle at position x at time t .The barrier height V =0:25.We consider both weak forcing Ax m ¡ V as well as strong forcing Ax m ¿ V limit.Depending on the parameter regime,the Brownian particle is either dominated by intrawell or interwell oscillations.For small driving force the mo-tion is mostly dominated by intrawell oscillations.At a certain optimal noise strength the interwell motion is enhancedd ue to the combinede ect of noise andweak peri-odic modulation.Such resonant enhancement of interwell motion is termed as SR.In this particular case,the oscillatory driving force keeps the system away from equilib-rium.The energy requiredto d rive the system (E in )can be calculatedfrom Sekimoto’s stochastic energetics formalism [6]andit has been shown that E in depends nonmono-tonically on the noise strength D .Since the mean current in the system is zero,hence no work is done by the system and all the input energy is dissipated into the bath.This suggests that input energy is relatedto d issipative loss or hysteresis loss in the system [4,5].Our e ort is to ÿndthe signatures of SR in the input energy of the system as a function of system parameters !and D .The input energy per period(T !)is deÿned as [6,7]E in = t 0+T !t 0 9V (x;t )9t d t =−A! t 0+T !t 0x (t )cos (!t )d t :(3)The average ··· is done over an ensemble of particles.The asymptotic probability distribution P (x;t )is calculatedby solving the FPE (2).The input energy E in can be rewritten in terms of asymptotic distribution as E in = ∞−∞d x t 0+T !t 0d t x (t )cos(!t )P asy (x;t ):(4)where P asy (x;t )=P asy (x;t +T !).This distribution is obtained after the initial transients have died down and asymptotic probability density assumes a unique limiting periodic distribution in time.The maxima of E in as function of D is taken as a signature of SR.We numerically solve Eq.(2)by the methodof ÿnite d i erence to obtain the asymptotic distribution P asy (x;t ):E in is obtainedby numerically integrating Eq.(4).Throughout this work all the physical quantities are in dimensionless units [1].3.Results and discussionsThe input energy shows a rich structure as a function of A;!and D .We mainly concentrate on the low-amplitude drive,Ax m = ¡1.In this regime,input energy shows a sharp maxima both as function of D and !.In Fig.1we plot E in as a function of D for A =0:1andd i erent values of !.The peak in the input energy can be attributedtoD.Dan,A.M.Jayannavar /Physica A 345(2005)404–410407Fig.1.E in vs.D for A =0:1.The inset shows the plot of E in vs.D for !=0:1;0:2;0:3from top to bottom at A =0:2.the synchronization of escape from the potential well and the external periodic drive as has been extensively discussed in previous literatures [7].With increasing !the temperature at which E in peaks increases are shown in Fig.1.The most favourable condition for hopping to an other potential well is when the barrier height is minimum.When !is increased,the Brownian particle spends less time in the most favourable condition and hence stronger uctuations are needed to cross the barrier.Barrier height also decreases with increase in amplitude of external drive.Hence for reasons similar to the above,the resonance peak shifts towards lower temperature as shown in the inset,where we have plotted E in vs.D for various values of A as mentionedin the caption.However,our main motive is to check whether these resonance features are also observed when the frequency of the external drive is varied.In Fig.2we plot E in as function of !for A =0:1andd i erent values of temperature.Unlike other response function like SNR,RA which characterize SR and has monotonic dependence on !,input energy shows a nonmonotonic anda peaking behaviour with !.For a small amplitude drive and at low temperature the resonant frequency is very close to half the Kramer’s rate for the unperturbedsystem (the resonance cond ition being 1=r k =T !=2→!= =r k ).For D =0:2,the Kramer’s rate (r k =(1=√2 )exp(−0:25=D ))is 0.0645,which is very close to != =0:14= =0:0446.With higher amplitude the resonance peak shifts to higher frequency for a given temperature as shown in the inset.Thus SR as a bona ÿde resonance is established.It is known that for A A max ,where A max is the dynamical threshold above which deterministic switch events take place driven by the periodic signal alone (absence of noise),SR is not observed.The dynamical threshold depends on both the modulation408 D.Dan,A.M.Jayannavar /Physica A 345(2005)404–410Fig.2.E in vs.!for A =0:1.Inset is the plot of E in vs.!at A =0:2for D =0:15,0.2,0.25from top to bottom curve,respectively.Fig.3.E in vs.D at !=1:0for large amplitude A =0:85,0.87,0.90and0.92,respectively.frequency andthe wave form A (t ).For the form given in Eq.(1)A max =A th =1+ÿ( =a ),where ÿ=(2√3= )g 1and g 1is the smallest zero of the Airy function Ai (−x ),is order of unity [8].We investigate the marginal supra-thresholdregime (A ¿A max )andshow that SR is observedwith increasing temperature provid ed A is not very large compared to A max .The occurrence of SR in this regime is relatedto noise-ind ucedstability [5,8].In Fig.3we plot the input energy for four di erent values of A at !=1:0.Fig.4D.Dan,A.M.Jayannavar/Physica A345(2005)404–410409Fig.4.The deterministic trajectories(D=0)for amplitudes A=0:85,0.90and0.92.All these trajectories cross the barrier at x=0.shows the corresponding deterministic trajectories.As shown in Fig.4,A=0:85is the threshold,i.e.,the particle is just able to cross the barrier at x=0.Hence higher values of A is above dynamic threshold.For A¿0:85the input energy shows a resonance peak with increasing temperature.This peak in E in,in supra-thresholdregime is shown for a very small window of A.For the speciÿc parameter values as above,the peak vanishes for A¿0:91.This peak can be ascribedto resonant trapping as d iscussedin the previous literature[5,8].However,in supra-thresholdregime,E in clearly exhibits peaking behaviour as a function of![9]for all values of A.This is more akin to conventional resonance(absence of barrier).In conclusion,we have calculatedthat the input energy pumpedinto the system by an external drive using the method of stochastic energetics.This input energy is shown to be a goodquantitative measure of SR.Moreover SR is shown to be a bonaÿd e 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药物分析英文词汇adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附affinity chromatography 亲和色谱法aliquot (一)份alkalinity 碱度alumina 氧化铝ambient temperature 室温ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵药物分析英语词汇analytical quality control(AQC)分析质量控制Abbe refractometer 阿贝折射仪anhydrous substance 干燥品 absorbance 吸收度anionic surfactant titration 阴离子表面活性剂滴定法absorbance ratio 吸收度比值absorption 吸收antibiotics-microbial test 抗生素微生物检定法absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱 antioxidant 抗氧剂 absorptivity 吸收系数 appendix 附录 accuracy 准确度 application of sample 点样 acid-dye colorimetry 酸性染料比色法area normalization method 面积归一化法acidimetry 酸量法 argentimetry 银量法 acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分 arsenic 砷 acidity 酸度 arsenic stain 砷斑 activity 活度 ascending development 上行展开additive 添加剂ash-free filter paper 无灰滤纸(定量滤纸)additivity 加和性adjusted retention time 调整保留时间assay 含量测定assay tolerance 含量限度 bromate titration 溴酸盐滴定法atmospheric pressure ionization(API) 大气压离子化bromimetry 溴量法bromocresol green 溴甲酚绿 attenuation 衰减bromocresol purple 溴甲酚紫 back extraction 反萃取bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝 back titration 回滴法bromothymol blue 溴麝香草酚蓝 bacterial endotoxins test 细菌内毒素检查法bulk drug, pharmaceutical product 原料药band absorption 谱带吸收buret 滴定管 baseline correction 基线校正by-product 副产物 baseline drift 基线漂移calibration curve 校正曲线 batch, lot 批calomel electrode 甘汞电极 batch(lot) number 批号calorimetry 量热分析 Benttendorff method 白田道夫(检砷)法capacity factor 容量因子capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) 毛细管区带电泳between day (day to day, inter-day) precision 日间精密度capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱法between run (inter-run) precision 批间精密度carrier gas 载气 biotransformation 生物转化cation-exchange resin 阳离子交换树脂bioavailability test 生物利用度试验ceri(o)metry 铈量法 bioequivalence test 生物等效试验characteristics, description 性状 biopharmaceutical analysis 体内药物分析，生物药物分析check valve 单向阀chemical shift 化学位移 blank test 空白试验chelate compound 鳌合物 boiling range 沸程chemically bonded phase 化学键合相British Pharmacopeia (BP) 英国药典chemical equivalent 化学当量 coefficient of distribution 分配系数Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP) 中国药典coefficient of variation 变异系数color change interval (指示剂)变色范围Chinese material medicine 中成药Chinese materia medica 中药学 color reaction 显色反应 Chinese materia medica preparation 中药制剂colorimetric analysis 比色分析colorimetry 比色法 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association (CPA) 中国药学会column capacity 柱容量column dead volume 柱死体积 chiral 手性的column efficiency 柱效 chiral stationary phase (CSP) 手性固定相column interstitial volume 柱隙体积chiral separation 手性分离column outlet pressure 柱出口压 chirality 手性column temperature 柱温 chiral carbon atom 手性碳原子column pressure 柱压 chromatogram 色谱图column volume 柱体积 chromatography 色谱法column overload 柱超载 chromatographic column 色谱柱column switching 柱切换 chromatographic condition 色谱条件committee of drug evaluation 药品审评委员会chromatographic data processor 色谱数据处理机comparative test 比较试验 chromatographic work station 色谱工作站completeness of solution 溶液的澄清度clarity 澄清度compound medicines 复方药 clathrate, inclusion compound 包合物computer-aided pharmaceutical analysis 计算机辅助药物分析 clearance 清除率concentration-time curve 浓度,时间曲线clinical pharmacy 临床药学confidence interval 置信区间 deflection point 拐点confidence level 置信水平 degassing 脱气 confidence limit 置信限deionized water 去离子水 congealing point 凝点 deliquescence 潮解 congo red 刚果红(指示剂) depressor substances test 降压物质检查法content uniformity 装量差异derivative spectrophotometry 导数分光光度法controlled trial 对照试验correlation coefficient 相关系数 derivatization 衍生化 contrast test 对照试验 descending development 下行展开counter ion 反离子(平衡离子)desiccant 干燥剂 cresol red 甲酚红(指示剂)detection 检查 crucible 坩埚detector 检测器crude drug 生药developer, developing reagent 展开剂crystal violet 结晶紫(指示剂) cuvette, cell 比色池 developing chamber 展开室 cyanide 氰化物deviation 偏差 cyclodextrin 环糊精 dextrose 右旋糖，葡萄糖 cylinder, graduate cylinder, measuring cylinder 量筒diastereoisomer 非对映异构体diazotization 重氮化 cylinder-plate assay 管碟测定法2,6-dichlorindophenol titration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法daughter ion (质谱)子离子dead space 死体积 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 差示扫描热量法dead-stop titration 永停滴定法differential spectrophotometry 差示分光光度法dead time 死时间decolorization 脱色 differential thermal analysis (DTA) 差示热分析decomposition point 分解点differentiating solvent 区分性溶剂 deflection 偏差diffusion 扩散 electrophoresis 电泳digestion 消化 electrospray interface 电喷雾接口diphastic titration 双相滴定electromigration injection 电迁移进样disintegration test 崩解试验dispersion 分散度 elimination 消除 dissolubility 溶解度 eluate 洗脱液 dissolution test 溶出度检查 elution 洗脱 distilling range 馏程emission spectrochemical analysis 发射光谱分析distribution chromatography 分配色谱enantiomer 对映体 distribution coefficient 分配系数 end absorption 末端吸收 dose 剂量 end point correction 终点校正 drug control institutions 药检机构 endogenous substances 内源性物质drug quality control 药品质量控制enzyme immunoassay(EIA) 酶免疫分析drug release 药物释放度drug standard 药品标准 enzyme drug 酶类药物 drying to constant weight 干燥至恒重enzyme induction 酶诱导enzyme inhibition 酶抑制 dual wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法eosin sodium 曙红钠(指示剂) duplicate test 重复试验 epimer 差向异构体 effective constituent 有效成分 equilibrium constant 平衡常数effective plate number 有效板数 equivalence point 等当点 efficiency of column 柱效 error in volumetric analysis 容量分析误差electron capture detector 电子捕获检测器excitation spectrum 激发光谱 electron impact ionization 电子轰击离子化exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法expiration date 失效期 fluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA) external standard method 外标法荧光偏振免疫分析 extract 提取物fluorescent agent 荧光剂 extraction gravimetry 提取重量法fluorescence spectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法extraction titration 提取容量法extrapolated method 外插法，外推法fluorescence detection 荧光检测器factor 系数，因数，因子 fluorimetyr 荧光分析法 feature 特征 foreign odor 异臭Fehling’s reaction 费林反应 foreign pigment 有色杂质 field disorption ionization 场解吸离子化formulary 处方集fraction 馏分 field ionization 场致离子化freezing test 结冻试验filter 过滤，滤光片funnel 漏斗 filtration 过滤fused peaks, overlapped peaks 重叠峰fineness of the particles 颗粒细度fused silica 熔融石英 flame ionization detector(FID) 火焰离子化检测器gas chromatography(GC) 气相色谱法flame emission spectrum 火焰发射光谱gas-liquid chromatography(GLC) 气液色谱法flask 烧瓶gas purifier 气体净化器 flow cell 流通池gel filtration chromatography 凝胶过滤色谱法flow injection analysis 流动注射分析gel permeation chromatography 凝胶渗透色谱法flow rate 流速fluorescamine 荧胺 general identification test 一般鉴别试验fluorescence immunoassay(FIA) 荧光免疫分析general notices (药典)凡例general requirements (药典)通则 hydrophilicity 亲水性hydrophobicity 疏水性 good clinical practices(GCP) 药品临床管理规范hydroscopic 吸湿的hydroxyl value 羟值 good laboratory practices(GLP) 药品实验室管理规范hyperchromic effect 浓色效应 good manufacturing practices(GMP) 药品生产质量管理hypochromic effect 淡色效应规范identification 鉴别 good supply practices(GSP) 药品供应管理规范ignition to constant weight 灼烧至恒重gradient elution 梯度洗脱immobile phase 固定相 grating 光栅immunoassay 免疫测定 gravimetric method 重量法impurity 杂质 Gutzeit test 古蔡(检砷)法inactivation 失活 half peak width 半峰宽index 索引 [halide] disk method, wafer method, pellet method 压片法indicator 指示剂 head-space concentrating injector 顶空浓缩进样器indicator electrode 指示电极inhibitor 抑制剂 heavy metal 重金属injecting septum 进样隔膜胶垫 heat conductivity 热导率injection valve 进样阀 height equivalent to a theoretical plate 理论塔板高度instrumental analysis 仪器分析 height of an effective plate 有效塔板高度insulin assay 胰岛素生物检定法integrator 积分仪 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱法 intercept 截距 high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) interface 接口高效薄层色谱法interference filter 干涉滤光片 hydrate 水合物intermediate 中间体 hydrolysis 水解internal standard substance 内标物质Kjeldahl method for nitrogen 凯氏定氮法international unit(IU) 国际单位 Kober reagent 科伯试剂 in vitro 体外Kovats retention index 科瓦茨保留指数in vivo 体内labelled amount 标示量 iodide 碘化物leading peak 前延峰 iodoform reaction 碘仿反应least square method 最小二乘法 iodometry 碘量法leveling effect 均化效应 ion-exchange cellulose 离子交换纤维素licensed pharmacist 执业药师 ion pair chromatography 离子对色谱limit control 限量控制limit of detection(LOD) 检测限 ion suppression 离子抑制limit of quantitation(LOQ) 定量限ionic strength 离子强度limit test (杂质)限度(或限量)试验ion-pairing agent 离子对试剂ionization 电离，离子化 limutus amebocyte lysate(LAL) 鲎试验ionization region 离子化区linearity and range 线性及范围 irreversible indicator 不可逆指示剂linearity scanning 线性扫描 irreversible potential 不可逆电位liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) 液质联用仪isoabsorptive point 等吸收点litmus paper 石蕊试纸 isocratic elution 等溶剂组成洗脱loss on drying 干燥失重 isoelectric point 等电点low pressure gradient pump 低压梯度泵isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液isotherm 等温线 luminescence 发光 Karl Fischer titration 卡尔?费歇尔滴定lyophilization 冷冻干燥main constituent 主成分 kinematic viscosity 运动黏度make-up gas 尾吹气maltol reaction 麦牙酚试验 microsyringe 微量注射器Marquis test 马奎斯试验 migration time 迁移时间 mass analyzer detector 质量分析检测器millipore filtration 微孔过滤minimum fill 最低装量 mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析mobile phase 流动相modifier 改性剂，调节剂 mass spectrum 质谱图molecular formula 分子式 mean deviation 平均偏差monitor 检测，监测 measuring flask, volumetric flask 量瓶monochromator 单色器 measuring pipet(te) 刻度吸量管monographs 正文 medicinal herb 草药mortar 研钵 melting point 熔点moving belt interface 传送带接口melting range 熔距multidimensional detection 多维检测metabolite 代谢物multiple linear regression 多元线性回归metastable ion 亚稳离子methyl orange 甲基橙multivariate calibration 多元校正 methyl red 甲基红natural product 天然产物 micellar chromatography 胶束色谱法Nessler glasses(tube) 奈斯勒比色管micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography(MECC, Nessler’s reagent 碱性碘化汞钾试液MEKC) 胶束电动毛细管色谱法micelle 胶束neutralization 中和 microanalysis 微量分析nitrogen content 总氮量 microcrystal 微晶nonaqueous acid-base titration 非水酸碱滴定microdialysis 微透析micropacked column 微型填充柱 nonprescription drug, over the counter drugs (OTC drugs)非处方药 microsome 微粒体nonproprietary name, generic name 非专有名nonspecific impurity 一般杂质 orthogonal test 正交试验non-volatile matter 不挥发物 orthophenanthroline 邻二氮菲 normal phase 正相 outlier 可疑数据，逸出值 normalization 归一化法 overtones 倍频峰，泛频峰 notice 凡例 oxidation-reduction titration 氧化还原滴定nujol mull method 石蜡糊法oxygen flask combustion 氧瓶燃烧octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶packed column 填充柱 octylsilane 辛(烷)基硅烷packing material 色谱柱填料 odorless 无臭palladium ion colorimetry 钯离子比色法official name 法定名official specifications 法定标准 parallel analysis 平行分析 official test 法定试验 parent ion 母离子on-column detector 柱上检测器 particulate matter 不溶性微粒 on-column injection 柱头进样 partition coefficient 分配系数 on-line degasser 在线脱气设备 parts per million (ppm) 百万分之几on the dried basis 按干燥品计pattern recognition 模式识别 opalescence 乳浊peak symmetry 峰不对称性 open tubular column 开管色谱柱peak valley 峰谷 optical activity 光学活性peak width at half height 半峰宽 optical isomerism 旋光异构percent transmittance 透光百分率optical purity 光学纯度optimization function 优化函数 pH indicator absorbance ratio method pH指示剂吸光度比值法organic volatile impurities 有机挥发性杂质pharmaceutical analysis 药物分析orthogonal function spectrophotometry 正交函数分光光度法 pharmacopeia 药典pharmacy 药学 prescription drug 处方药phenolphthalein 酚酞 pretreatment 预处理 photodiode arraydetector(DAD) 光电二极管阵列检测器primary standard 基准物质principal component analysis 主成分分析photometer 光度计pipeclay triangle 泥三角programmed temperature gas chromatography 程序升温气相色谱法 pipet(te) 吸移管，精密量取prototype drug 原型药物 planar chromatography 平板色谱法provisions for new drug approval 新药审批办法plate storage rack 薄层板贮箱purification 纯化 polarimeter 旋光计purity 纯度 polarimetry 旋光测定法pyrogen 热原 polarity 极性pycnometric method 比重瓶法polyacrylamide gel 聚丙酰胺凝胶quality control(QC) 质量控制 polydextran gel 葡聚糖凝胶quality evaluation 质量评价 polystyrene gel 聚苯乙烯凝胶quality standard 质量标准 polystyrene film 聚苯乙烯薄膜quantitative determination 定量测定porous polymer beads 高分子多孔小球quantitative analysis 定量分析 post-column derivatization 柱后衍生化quasi-molecular ion 准分子离子 potentiometer 电位计 racemization 消旋化 potentiometric titration 电位滴定法radioimmunoassay 放射免疫分析法precipitation form 沉淀形式 random sampling 随机抽样 precision 精密度rational use of drug 合理用药 pre-column derivatization 柱前衍生化readily carbonizable substance 易炭化物preparation 制剂 reagent sprayer 试剂喷雾器recovery 回收率 safety 安全性reference electrode 参比电极 Sakaguchi test 坂口试验 refractive index 折光指数 salt bridge 盐桥 related substance 有关物质 salting out 盐析 relative density 相对密度 sample applicator 点样器 relative intensity 相对强度 sample application 点样 repeatability 重复性 sample on-line pretreatment 试样在线预处理replicate determination 平行测定sampling 取样 reproducibility 重现性saponification value 皂化值 residual basic hydrolysis method 剩余碱水解法saturated calomel electrode(SCE) 饱和甘汞电极residual liquid junction potential 残余液接电位selectivity 选择性 residual titration 剩余滴定 separatory funnel 分液漏斗 residue on ignition 炽灼残渣 shoulder peak 肩峰 resolution 分辨率，分离度signal to noise ratio 信噪比 response time 响应时间significant difference 显著性差异 retention 保留 significant figure 有效数字 reversed phase chromatography 反相色谱法significant level 显著性水平significant testing 显著性检验 reverse osmosis 反渗透silanophilic interaction 亲硅羟基作用rider peak 驼峰rinse 清洗，淋洗 silica gel 硅胶 robustness 可靠性，稳定性 silver chloride electrode 氯化银电极routine analysis 常规分析similarity 相似性 round 修约(数字)simultaneous equations method 解线性方程组法ruggedness 耐用性size exclusion chromatography(SEC) 空间排阻色谱法 standard deviation 标准差standardization 标定 sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS 十二烷基硫酸钠standard operating procedure(SOP) 标准操作规程sodium hexanesulfonate 己烷磺酸钠standard substance 标准品stationary phase coating 固定相涂布sodium taurocholate 牛璜胆酸钠sodium tetraphenylborate 四苯硼钠starch indicator 淀粉指示剂statistical error 统计误差 sodium thiosulphate 硫代硫酸钠sterility test 无菌试验 solid-phase extraction 固相萃取stirring bar 搅拌棒 solubility 溶解度stock solution 储备液 solvent front 溶剂前沿stoichiometric point 化学计量点 solvophobic interaction 疏溶剂作用storage 贮藏 specific absorbance 吸收系数stray light 杂散光 specification 规格substituent 取代基 specificity 专属性substrate 底物 specific rotation 比旋度sulfate 硫酸盐 specific weight 比重sulphated ash 硫酸盐灰分 spiked 加入标准的supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC) 超临界流体色谱法 split injection 分流进样support 载体(担体) splitless injection 无分流进样suspension 悬浊液 spray reagent (平板色谱中的)显色剂swelling degree 膨胀度 spreader 铺板机symmetry factor 对称因子 stability 稳定性syringe pump 注射泵 standard color solution 标准比色液systematic error 系统误差system model 系统模型 thymol 百里酚(麝香草酚)(指示剂)system suitability 系统适用性thymolphthalein 百里酚酞(麝香草酚酞)(指示剂)tablet 片剂tailing factor 拖尾因子 thymolsulfonphthalein ( thymol blue) 百里酚蓝(麝香草酚蓝)(指示剂) tailing peak 拖尾峰titer, titre 滴定度 tailing-suppressing reagent 扫尾剂time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay 时间分辨荧光免疫法test of hypothesis 假设检验titrant 滴定剂 test solution(TS) 试液titration error 滴定误差 tetrazolium colorimetry 四氮唑比色法titrimetric analysis 滴定分析法 therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) 治疗药物监测tolerance 容许限toluene distillation method 甲苯蒸馏法thermal analysis 热分析法thermal conductivity detector 热导检测器toluidine blue 甲苯胺蓝(指示剂)thermocouple detector 热电偶检测器total ash 总灰分total quality control(TQC) 全面质量控制thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) 热重分析法traditional drugs 传统药 thermospray interface 热喷雾接口traditional Chinese medicine 中药The United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) 美国药典transfer pipet 移液管 The Pharmacopoeia of Japan(JP) 日本药局方turbidance 混浊turbidimetric assay 浊度测定法 thin layer chromatography(TLC) 薄层色谱法turbidimetry 比浊法turbidity 浊度 thiochrome reaction 硫色素反应ultracentrifugation 超速离心 three-dimensional chromatogram 三维色谱图ultrasonic mixer 超生混合器ultraviolet irradiation 紫外线照射 xylenol orange 二甲酚橙(指示剂) undue toxicity 异常毒性zigzag scanning 锯齿扫描 uniform design 均匀设计zone electrophoresis 区带电泳 uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度zwitterions 两性离子 uniformity of volume 装量均匀性(装量差异)zymolysis 酶解作用uniformity of weight 重量均匀性(片重差异)validity 可靠性variance 方差versus …对…，…与…的关系曲线viscosity 粘度volatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器volatilization 挥发法volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric solution(VS) 滴定液vortex mixer 涡旋混合器watch glass 表面皿wave length 波长wave number 波数weighing bottle 称量瓶weighing form 称量形式weights 砝码well-closed container 密闭容器xylene cyanol blue FF 二甲苯蓝FF(指示剂)。
常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度absorbent 吸附剂absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度acid-base titration 酸碱滴定acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂affinity 亲和力aging 陈化amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂amphoteric substance 两性物质amplification reaction 放大反应analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical concentration 分析浓度analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂apparent formation constant 表观形成常数aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法ashing 灰化atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取band spectrum 带状光谱bandwidth 带宽bathochromic shift 红移blank 空白blocking of indicator 指示剂的封闭bromometry 溴量法buffer capacity 缓冲容量buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂calibrated curve 校准曲线calibration 校准catalyzed reaction 催化反应cerimetry 铈量法charge balance 电荷平衡chelate 螯合物chelate extraction 螯合物萃取chemical analysis 化学分析chemical factor 化学因素chemically pure 化学纯chromatography 色谱法chromophoric group 发色团coefficient of variation 变异系数color reagent 显色剂color transition point 颜色转变点colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 比色法column chromatography 柱色谱complementary color 互补色complex 络合物complexation 络合反应complexometry complexometric titration 络合滴定法complexone 氨羧络合剂concentration constant 浓度常数conditional extraction constant 条件萃取常数conditional formation coefficient 条件形成常数conditional potential 条件电位conditional solubility product 条件溶度积confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对constant weight 恒量contamination 沾污continuous extraction 连续萃取continuous spectrum 连续光谱coprecipitation 共沉淀correction 校正correlation coefficient 相关系数crucible 坩埚crystalline precipitate 晶形沉淀cumulative constant 累积常数curdy precipitate 凝乳状沉淀degree of freedom 自由度demasking 解蔽derivative spectrum 导数光谱desiccant; drying agent 干燥剂desiccator 保干器determinate error 可测误差deuterium lamp 氘灯deviation 偏差deviation average 平均偏差dibasic acid 二元酸dichloro fluorescein 二氯荧光黄dichromate titration 重铬酸钾法dielectric constant 介电常数differential spectrophotometry 示差光度法differentiating effect 区分效应dispersion 色散dissociation constant 离解常数distillation 蒸馏distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution diagram 分布图distribution ratio 分配比double beam spectrophotometer 双光束分光光度计dual-pan balance 双盘天平dual-wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法electronic balance 电子天平electrophoresis 电泳eluent 淋洗剂end point 终点end point error 终点误差enrichment 富集eosin 曙红equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equimolar series method 等摩尔系列法Erelenmeyer flask 锥形瓶eriochrome black T (EBT) 铬黑T error 误差ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 乙二胺四乙酸evaporation dish 蒸发皿exchange capacity 交换容量extent of crosslinking 交联度extraction constant 萃取常数extraction rate 萃取率extraction spectrphotometric method 萃取光度法Fajans method 法杨斯法ferroin 邻二氮菲亚铁离子filter 漏斗filter 滤光片filter paper 滤纸filtration 过滤fluex 溶剂fluorescein 荧光黄flusion 熔融formation constant 形成常数frequency 频率frequency density 频率密度frequency distribution 频率分布gas chromatography (GC) 气相色谱grating 光栅gravimetric factor 重量因素gravimetry 重量分析guarantee reagent (GR) 保证试剂high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱histogram 直方图homogeneous precipitation 均相沉淀hydrogen lamp 氢灯hypochromic shift 紫移ignition 灼烧indicator 指示剂induced reaction 诱导反应inert solvent 惰性溶剂instability constant 不稳定常数instrumental analysis 仪器分析intrinsic acidity 固有酸度intrinsic basicity 固有碱度intrinsic solubility 固有溶解度iodimetry 碘滴定法iodine-tungsten lamp 碘钨灯iodometry 滴定碘法ion association extraction 离子缔合物萃取ion chromatography (IC) 离子色谱ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic strength 离子强度isoabsorptive point 等吸收点Karl Fisher titration 卡尔•费歇尔法Kjeldahl determination 凯氏定氮法Lambert-Beer law 朗泊-比尔定律leveling effect 拉平效应ligand 配位体light source 光源line spectrum 线状光谱linear regression 线性回归liquid chromatography (LC) 液相色谱macro analysis 常量分析masking 掩蔽masking index 掩蔽指数mass balance 物料平衡matallochromic indicator 金属指示剂maximum absorption 最大吸收mean, average 平均值measured value 测量值measuring cylinder 量筒measuring pipette 吸量管median 中位数mercurimetry 汞量法mercury lamp 汞灯mesh [筛]目methyl orange (MO) 甲基橙methyl red (MR) 甲基红micro analysis 微量分析mixed constant 混合常数mixed crystal 混晶mixed indicator 混合指示剂mobile phase 流动相Mohr method 莫尔法molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数mole ratio method 摩尔比法molecular spectrum 分子光谱monoacid 一元酸monochromatic color 单色光monochromator 单色器neutral solvent 中性溶剂neutralization 中和non-aqueous titration 非水滴定normal distribution 正态分布occlusion 包藏organic phase 有机相ossification of indicator 指示剂的僵化outlier 离群值oven 烘箱paper chromatography(PC) 纸色谱parallel determination 平行测定path lenth 光程permanganate titration 高锰酸钾法phase ratio 相比phenolphthalein (PP) 酚酞photocell 光电池photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photometric titration 光度滴定法photomultiplier 光电倍增管phototube 光电管pipette 移液管polar solvent 极性溶剂polyprotic acid 多元酸population 总体postprecipitation 后沉淀precipitant 沉淀剂precipitation form 沉淀形precipitation titration 沉淀滴定法precision 精密度preconcentration 预富集predominance-area diagram 优势区域图primary standard 基准物质prism 棱镜probability 概率proton 质子proton condition 质子条件protonation 质子化protonation constant 质子化常数purity 纯度qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析quartering 四分法random error 随机误差range 全距(极差)reagent blank 试剂空白Reagent bottle 试剂瓶recording spectrophotometer 自动记录式分光光度计recovery 回收率redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂redox titration 氧化还原滴定referee analysis 仲裁分析reference level 参考水平reference material (RM) 标准物质reference solution 参比溶液relative error 相对误差resolution 分辨力rider 游码routine analysis 常规分析sample 样本,样品sampling 取样self indicator 自身指示剂semimicro analysis 半微量分析separation 分离separation factor 分离因数side reaction coefficient 副反应系数significance test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字simultaneous determination of multiponents 多组分同时测定single beam spectrophotometer 单光束分光光度计single-pan balance 单盘天平slit 狭缝sodium diphenylamine sulfonate 二苯胺磺酸钠solubility product 溶度积solvent extraction 溶剂萃取species 型体(物种)specific extinction coefficient 比消光系数spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 分光光度法stability constant 稳定常数standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard potential 标准电位standard series method 标准系列法standard solution 标准溶液standardization 标定starch 淀粉stationary phase 固定相steam bath 蒸气浴stepwise stability constant 逐级稳定常数stoichiometric point 化学计量点structure analysis 结构分析supersaturation 过饱和systematic error 系统误差test solution 试液thermodynamic constant 热力学常数thin layer chromatography (TLC) 薄层色谱titrand 被滴物titrant 滴定剂titration 滴定titration constant 滴定常数titration curve 滴定曲线titration error 滴定误差titration index 滴定指数titration jump 滴定突跃titrimetry 滴定分析trace analysis 痕量分析transition interval 变色间隔transmittance 透射比tri acid 三元酸true value 真值tungsten lamp 钨灯ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析UV-VIS spectrophotometry 紫外-可见分光光度法volatilization 挥发Volhard method 福尔哈德法volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetry 容量分析Wash bottle 洗瓶washings 洗液water bath 水浴weighing bottle 称量瓶weighting form 称量形weights 砝码working curve 工作曲线xylenol orange (XO) 二甲酚橙zero level 零水平异步处理dispatch_async(dispatch_get_glo bal_queue(0, 0), ^{// 处理耗时操作的代码块... [self test1];//通知主线程刷新dispatch_async(dispatch_get_mai n_queue(), ^{//或者说是通知主线程刷新，NSLog(............);});。
色噪声与乘性信号驱动下昆虫爆发系统的稳定性和随机共振方次军;刘先斌【摘要】研究的是一类受色噪声和乘性周期信号驱动的昆虫爆发系统的稳定性和随机共振现象.首先对于一类由色交叉关联噪声驱动的昆虫爆发种群系统,通过应用FPK方程,获取了系统的稳态概率分布函数的近似表达式,重点讨论了噪声强度及自相关时间对此类昆虫爆发系统稳定性的影响;然后通过加入弱乘性周期信号,根据快速下降法和两态理论给出了信噪比公式,研究了噪声及其关联时间对于昆虫系统信噪比的影响.进而分析它们对系统种群数的稳定性和延续存活时间的一些实际作用.%The steady state behavior and the stochastic resonance of an insect outbreak model induced by colored noises and a multiplicative periodic signal are studied.Firstly,for an insect outbreak model driven by colored corre-lation of noises.The steady state probability distribution function of the system is obtained by applying the Fokker-Planck equation.The influence of noises intensity and correlation time on the stability of the system are discussed. Then by adding the weak multiplicative periodic signal, the signal noise ratio formula is given by the fast descent method and the two-state theory.The influence of noises intensity and correlation time on the SNR of the insect sys-tem are studied.Consequently, the stability of the system population and the actual survival time are analyzed.【期刊名称】《江西师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2017(041)006【总页数】6页(P623-628)【关键词】昆虫爆发模型;色噪声;FPK方程;稳态概率分布函数;随机共振【作者】方次军;刘先斌【作者单位】南京航空航天大学机械结构力学及控制国家重点实验室,江苏南京210016;湖北工业大学理学院,湖北武汉 430068;南京航空航天大学机械结构力学及控制国家重点实验室,江苏南京 210016【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O324高斯白噪声由于不存在记忆性，且功率为无穷大，仅是一种理想化的噪声.真实的噪声不仅噪声本身存在关联时间，而且噪声相互之间也存在关联时间.近年来，各种噪声激励下的非线性随机系统已经引起了广泛关注.特别地，对受噪声驱动的非线性生物系统进行了理论研究，大量的研究和实验都表明噪声对非线性生物系统可产生重大影响.如C.S.Holling[1]研究了噪声在生态动力学中的影响，N.M.Shnerbal等[2]发现临界噪声过程有助于干旱地域植被的空间组织，V.Guttal 等[3]研究了噪声对湖泊富营养化的影响，Zeng Chunhua等[4]研究发现噪声会增加放牧生态植被系统模型的稳定性等.最近，生态学家越来越多的关注到了噪声在非线性系统中的奇异性[5-6].实际上，噪声诱导系统的改变在许多非线性生物系统中得到了广泛的研究，如磁性生物系统[7]、FHN生物神经系统[8]、非对称双稳系统[9]等.文献[10]详细地研究了外部随机扰动和内部波动对昆虫生态系统的影响.本文主要讨论噪声项和自相关时间对昆虫爆发系统的稳定性以及随机共振现象的影响.考虑一个由J.D.Murray[11]和D.Ludwing等[12]提出的云杉蚜虫非线性种群系统，该蚜虫动力系统的确定性方程如下：dx/dt=rx-rx2/q-βx2/(1+x2),其中x代表昆虫种群的密度，r表示昆虫的出生率，q表示环境的容纳承载能力，β代表天敌鸟类的捕食率.特别地，r/q被称为昆虫种群在当地区域的拥挤效应系数.方程(1)的势函数为U(x)=-rx2+βx-βarctan x,其中x>0.方程(2) 有2个稳态解xs1≈0.728 3,xs2≈7.293 9和1个不稳态解xu≈2.093 7 ，如图1所示.由于方程(1)没有考虑内在和外部环境波动影响，它仅仅是一个理想化模型.在实际问题中，昆虫数量的拥挤效应系数r/q一直被乘性噪声ξ(t)(如温度、气候和自然天敌等因素)所影响，从而方程的r/q可写成r/q+ξ(t) .同时，昆虫种群内部为食物而产生竞争与合作，这样可能会产生加性噪声η(t)，从而改变昆虫种群的大小.当上述因素被考虑时，方程(1)变成了一个随机微分方程dx(t)/dt=rx(t)-(r/q+ξ(t))x(t)2-βx(t)2/[1+x(t)2]+η(t),这里ξ(t)和η(t)代表色高斯色噪声，具有如下统计性质其中Q和M分别表示乘性和加性噪声强度，τ1和τ2分别表示乘性和加性噪声的自相关时间.基于Novikov定理[13]和Fox方法[14]，由方程(3)可得到一个由色噪声驱动昆虫爆发种群系统的近似Fokker-Planck方程=-μ(x)P(x,t)+σ2(x)P(x,t),这里漂移系数u(x)和扩散系数σ2(x)分别为μ(x)=f(x)+,σ2(x)=+,其中f(x)=rx(1-x/q)-βx2/(1+x2),g(x)=-x2,1-τif ′(xs2)=1-τi[r(1-xs2)/q)-rxs2/q+2βxs2(/(1+)-1)/(1+)],i=1,2，方程(4)的稳态概率分布函数为Pst(x)=exp=exp[(x)],N是归一化常数，系统的修正势函数可写为(x)=d2βd1arctan x/(Md1+Qd2)+A1ln(Qx4d2+Md1)/(Md1+Qd2)+A2arctan (x2)/[(Md1+Qd2)]+/[(Md1+Qd2)·/[(Md1+Qd2)·],其中A1=(Md1+Qd2)/2,A2=(d2rMM+d1rQ)/2,A4=-d2βd1-rM-d2rd1-d2βd1,di=1-τif ′(xs2),i=1,2.根据方程(5)中的稳态概率分布函数Pst(x)，下面通过数值计算结果给出噪声项和关联时间项对昆虫稳定性的影响规律.图2表示作为昆虫密度x的函数Pst(x)随不同加性噪声强度M的变化图形.图2中稳态概率分布函数Pst(x)出现了2个峰值，随着加性噪声强度M的增加，峰值高度出现改变，且其高度在较小稳态值xs1处改变较小，而在较大稳态值xs2处变化显著.故加性噪声强度M的增加，可以减少昆虫种群系统繁殖的可能性，但这并不会导致昆虫种群的灭绝.图3表示概率分布函数Pst作为昆虫密度x的函数随不同乘性噪声强度Q的变化图形.在图3中稳态概率分布函数Pst也出现了2个峰值，可以发现：随着乘性噪声强度Q的增加，稳态概率分布函数的峰值在较小稳定点xs1处增加到某个值，而在较大稳定点xs2处快速减少.这表明噪声强度Q能影响生物系统的稳定性，从而加快昆虫种群的灭绝.图4表示概率分布函数Pst(x)作为昆虫密度x的函数随不同乘性噪声的自相关时间τ1的变化图形.虽然稳态概率分布函数Pst(x)呈现出2个峰值，但这里不同于图2和图3，随着自相关时间τ1的增加，稳态概率分布函数的峰值分别在较小稳定点xs1处快速减少，而在较大稳定点xs2处显著增加.这意味着乘性噪声的关联时间τ1对提高系统的稳定性和延长种群生存时间起着积极作用.对蚜虫动力系统的随机微分方程dx(t)/dt=rx(t)-(r/q+ξ(t))x(t)2-βx(t)2/[1+x(t)2]+η(t).考虑昆虫拥挤效应系数r/q除了被乘性噪声ξ(t)所影响之外，若引入一个外界周期力的作用，则r/q可写成r/q+ξ(t)+Acos(ωt)，则 (7)式可改写为dx(t)/dt=rx(t)-(r/q+ξ(t)+Acos(ωt))x(t)2-βx(t)2/[1+x(t)2]+η(t),其对应的近似Fokker-Planck方程可改写为=-μ0(x)P(x,t)+σ2(x)P(x,t),这里漂移系数μ0(x)和扩散系数σ2(x)分别为μ0(x)=f(x)+-x2Acos(ωt),σ2(x)=+,其中f(x),g(x)如前定义. 方程(8)的稳态概率分布函数为其中(x)=B1arctan(x2)/[(Md1+Qd2)]+d2βd1arctan x/(Md1+Qd2)+B2ln(Qx4d2+Md1)/(Md1+Qd2)+B3ln([x2+x(Md1/(Qd2))1/4+(Md1/(Qd2))1/2]/[x2-x(Md1/(Qd2))1/4+(Md1/(Qd2))1/2)]/[(Md1+Qd2)]+B4arctan(x/(Md1/(Qd2))1/4+1)+arctan(x/(Md1/(Qd2))1/4-1)/[(Md1+Qd2)],/2,B2=(Md1+Qd2)/-,B4=--d2βd1--,di=1-τif ′(xs2),i=1,2.考虑系统从小稳态xs1到大稳态xs2的平均首通时间T(xs1→xs2)以及从大稳态xs2回到小稳态xs1的平均首通时间T(xs2→xs1) ，当Q，M相对于势垒高度足够小时，即Q,M≪U(xu)-U(xsi)(i=1,2)，根据最速下降法[15]，得到近似的平均首通时间表达式T(xs1→xs2) =2π/·/Q],T(xs2→xs1) =2π/·/Q],则xs1和xs2之间的转移速率W1,2表示为W1=(/2π)exp[((xs1)-(xu))/Q],W2=(/2π)exp[((xs2)-(xu))/Q],其中U(x)和如(2)式和(9)式定义. W1表示生物系统从衰竭态到繁荣态的平均发展速率，而W2表示生物系统从繁荣态到衰竭态的平均灭绝速率.根据随机共振的两态理论, 系统输出信号的功率谱密度的信噪比SNR公式[16]为SNR=，其中μ1=W1Acos(ωt)=0,μ2=W2Acos(ωt)=0,根据(10) 式, 噪声及其关联时间对于信噪比SNR 的影响可以通过如下的数值计算加以讨论，为了便于观察，在图5～图6中同时给出了信噪比的2维和3维图像. 图5 给出了信噪比SNR作为Q和M的函数随不同的噪声关联时间τ1变化的情况.在图5(a)中，τ1能够引发一个显著的共振峰，但是不能改变峰的高度，只能将共振峰向右方平移.而在图5(b)中，τ1不但能诱发共振现象，而且能显著提高共振效果.总而言之，乘性噪声关联时间τ1对于信噪比的共振现象有较好的诱导作用. 图6(a)显示噪声关联时间τ2能够诱发共振现象，但是随着τ2的进一步增大，共振现象将被逐步削弱.而在图6(b)中，发现了类似于图5(a)的物理现象，即噪声关联时间τ2不能改变共振峰的高度，但是可以改变共振峰的位置.也即τ2可以诱使共振峰向较大的加性噪声强度M的方向平移.综合而言，加性噪声关联时间τ2对于信噪比体现出一定的抑制作用.本文研究了一类受色噪声与乘性信号驱动下的昆虫爆发系统的稳定性和随机共振现象.首先基于Novikov定理和Fox方法，得到了一个由色交叉关联噪声驱动的昆虫爆发种群系统的近似Fokker-Planck方程，数值结果分析表明：乘性和加性噪声的强度可以减少生物系统的稳定性，而2个噪声的自相关时间能够增强昆虫的稳定系统；另一方面，通过引入一个外界周期力作用,应用最快下降法和随机共振的两态理论，得到了系统输出信号功率谱密度的信噪比(SNR)公式.在此基础上研究了噪声及其关联时间对于昆虫系统信噪比的影响.研究发现:乘性噪声关联时间τ1能够提高信噪比和共振效果，而加性噪声关联时间τ2则会在一定程度上对信噪比起到抑制作用.【相关文献】[1] Holling C S.Resillience and stability of ecological systems [J].Annu Rev EcolSyst,1973,4(1):1-23.[2] Shnerb N M,Sarah P,Lavee H,et al.Reactive glass,and vegetation patterns [J].Phys Rev Lett,2003,90(3):038101.[3] Guttal V,Jayaprakash C.Impact of noise on bistable ecological systems [J].Ecol Model,2007,201(420):420-428.[4] Zeng Chunhua,Wang Hua.Noise and large time delay:Accelerated catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems [J].Ecol Model,2012,233(1):52-58.[5] Jia Zhenglin,Mei Dongcheng.Noise-induced phenomena in the dynamics of groundwater-dependent plant ecosystems with time delay [J].Stat Mech,2015(5):P05034.[6] Han Qinglin,Yang Tao,Zeng Chunhua,et al.Impact of time delays on stochastic resonance in an ecological system describing vegetation [J].Physica A,2014,408(408):96-105.[7] Trapanese M.Noise enhanced stability in magnetic systems [J].J ApplPhys,2009,105(7):519-525.[8] Hu Dongliang,Yang Jianhua,Liu Xianbin.Delay-induced vibrational resonance in FitzHugh-Nagumo system [J].Communications in nonlinear science and numerical simulation,2012,17 (2):1031-1035.[9] Zhou Bingchang,Lin Dandan.Stochastic resonance in an asymmetric bistable system driven by multiplicative and additive trichotomous noises [J].Chinese Journal of Physics,2017,55(3):1078-1084.[10] Rajesh S,O′Carroll DC,Abbott D.Effect of spatial sampling on pattern noise in insect-based motion detection [M].Sydney:Published in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,2005.[11] Murray J D.Mathematical biology [M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1991:4-8.[12] Ludwing D.Wörterbücher als spiegel gesellschafttlicher veränderungen[J].Germanistische Linguistik,2008,192(94):535-554.[13] Novikov E A.Functional and random-force method in turbulence theory [J].Sov Phys JEPT,1965,20(5):1290-1294.[14] Fox R F.Functional-calculus approach to stochastic differential equations [J].Phys Rev A,1986,33(1):467-476.[15] McNamara B,Wiesenfeld K.Theory of stochastic resonance [J].Physics reviewA,1989,39(9):4854-4869.[16] Wang Kangkang,Liu Xianbin.Mean reproduction time and mean depression time for an insect outbreak model driven by correlated multiplicative and additive noises [J].Chinese Journal of Physics,2014,52(4):1340-1354.。
药物分析专业英语词汇表Aabsorbance吸收度absorbanceratio吸收度比值absorption吸收absorptioncurve吸收曲线absorptioncoefficient吸收系数accuratevalue准确值Acid—dyecolormcty酸性染料比色法acidimcty酸量法acidity酸度activity活度adjustedretentiontime调整保留时间absorbent吸收剂absorption吸附alkalinity碱度alumina氧化铝，矾土ambienttemperature室温ammoniumthiocyanate硫氰酸铵analyticalqualitycontrol分析质量控制anhydroussubstance 干燥品antioxidant抗氧剂applicationofsample点样areanormalizationmethod面积归一法arsenic砷arsenicsport砷斑assay含量测定assaytolerance含量限度attenuation衰减acidburette酸式滴定管alkaliburette碱式滴定管amortar研钵Bbackextraction反萃取bandabsorption谱带吸收batch批batchnumber批号Benttendorlfmethod白田道夫法betweendayprecision日间密度精biotransformation生物转化blanktest空白试验boilingrange沸程BritishPharmacopeia英国药典bromatetitration溴酸盐滴定法brominemethod溴量法bromothymolblue溴麝香酚蓝bulkdrug原料药by—product副产物breaker烧杯buretteglassbeadnozzle滴定管brownacidburette棕色酸式滴定管Ccalibrationcurve校正曲线calomelelectrode甘汞电极calorimetry量热分析capacityfactor容量因子capillarygaschromatography毛细管气相色谱法carriergas载气characteristicsdescription性状chelatecompound螯合物chemicalequivalent化学当量Chinesepharmacopeia中国药典Chinesematerialmedicine中成药Chinesematerialmidicalpreparation中药制剂chiral手性的chiralcarbonatom手性碳原子chromatogram色谱图chromatography色谱法chromatographiccolumn色谱柱chromatographiccondition色谱条件clarity澄清度coefficientofdistribution分配系数coefficientofvariation变异系数colorchangeinterval变色范围colorreaction显色反应colormetry比色法columnefficiency柱效columntemperature柱温comparativetest比较试验completenessofsolution溶液的澄清度conjugate缀合物concentration—timecurve浓度时间曲线confidenceinterval置信区间confidencelevel置信水平controlledtrial对照试验correlationcoefficient相关系数contrasttest对照试验congealingpoint凝点contentunifarmity装量差异controlledtrial对照试验correlationcoefficient相关系数contrasttest对照试验counterion反离子cresalred甲酚红cuvettecell比色池cyanide氰化物casserolesmall勺皿Ddead—stoptitration永定滴定法deadtime死时间deflection偏差deflectionpoint拐点degassing脱气deionizedwater去离子水deliquescence潮解depressorsubstancestest降压物质检查法desiccant干燥剂detection检查developingreagent展开剂developingchamber展开室deviation偏差dextrose右旋糖diastereoisomer非对映异构体diazotization重氮化differentialthermalanalysis差示热分析法differentialscanningcalorimetry差示扫描热法Gutzeit古蔡daytodayprecision日间精密度dissolution溶出度directinjection直接进样2,6-dichlorindophenoltitration2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法digestion消化diphastictitration双向滴定disintegrationtest崩解试验dispersion分散度dissolubility溶解度dissolutiontest溶解度检查distillingrange滴程distributionchromatography分配色谱dose剂量drugqualitycontrol药品质量控制dryingtoconstantweight干燥至恒重duplicatetest重复试验diskmethodwatermethod压片法Eeffectiveconstituent有效成分effectiveplatenumber有效板数effectiveofcolumn柱效electrophoresis电泳elimination消除eluate洗脱液elution洗脱enamtiomer对映体endabsorption末端吸收endogenoussubstances内源性物质enzymedrug酶类药物enzymeinduction酶诱导enzymeinhibition酶抑制epimer差向异构体equilibriumconstant平衡常数errorinvolumetricanalysis容量分析误差exclusionchromatography排阻色谱法expirationdate失效期externalstandardmethod外标法extract提取物extrationgravimetry提取重量法extractiontitration提取容量法extrapolatedmethod外插法Erlenmeyerflask锥形瓶evaporatingdishsmall蒸发皿elongatedbulb胖肚electronicbalanceMettlerAL204MettlerAL204电子天平Ffactor系数fehling’sreaction斐林实验filter过滤finenessoftheparticles颗粒细度flowrate流速fluorescentagent荧光剂fluorescencespectrophotometry荧光分光光度法fluorescencedetection荧光检测器fluorescenceanalysis荧光分析法foreignpigment有色杂质formulary处方集free游离freezingtest冻结试验fusedsilica熔融石英filterpaper滤纸Ggaschromatography气相色谱法gas-liquidchromatography气液色谱法gaspurifier气体净化器Generalidentificationtest一般鉴别试验generalnotices凡例Generalrequirements(药典)通则goodclinicalpractices药品临床管理规范goodlaboratorypractices药品实验室管理规范goodmanufacturingpractices(GMP)药品生产质量管理规范goodsupplypractices(GSP)药品供应管理规范gradientelution梯度洗脱grating光栅gravimetricmethod重量法Gutzeittest古蔡(检砷)法glassfunnellongstem玻璃漏斗gradcylinder量筒glassrod玻棒graduatedpipettes刻度吸管GC气相色谱Hheavymetal重金属halfpeakwidth平峰宽heatconductivity热导率heightequivalenttoatheoreticalplate理论塔板高度heightofaneffectiveplate有效塔板高度high-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)高效液相色谱法high-performancethin-layerchromatography(HPTLC)高效薄层色谱法hydrate水合物hydrolysis水解hydrophilicity亲水性hydrophobicity疏水性hydroxylvalue羟值hyperchromiceffect浓色效应hypochromiceffect淡色效应HHS-typeconstanttemperaturewaterbathHHS型恒温水锅HPLC高效液相色谱法Iidentification鉴别ignitiontoconstantweight灼烧至恒重immobilephase固定相immunoassay免疫测定impurity杂质inactivation失活index索引indicatorelectrode指示电极indicator指示剂inhibitor抑制剂injectingseptum进样隔膜胶垫instrumentalanalysis仪器分析injectionvalue进样阀insulinassay胰岛素生物检测法integrator积分仪intercept截距interface接口internalstandardsubstance内标物质Internationalunit国际单位invitro体外invivo体内iodide碘化物iodoformreation碘仿反应iodometry碘量法ionpairchromatography离子对色谱ionsuppression离子抑制ionsuppression离子抑制ionicstrength离子强度ion-pairingagent离子对试剂ionization电离isoabsorptivepoint等吸收点isocraticelution等溶剂组成洗脱isoelectricpoint等电点isoosmoticsolution等渗溶液irreversibleindicator不可逆指示剂irreversiblepotential不可逆电位KKarlFischertitration卡尔-费舍尔滴定Kjeldahlmethodfornitrogen凯氏定氮法Koberreagent 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