英汉句子比较与翻译73页
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第五章英汉句子对比与翻译第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系,恰当地连为一体的语篇特征,但在重意合的汉语中,这种特征往往隐含在上下文中,呈“隐性”状态,但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解,因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足,而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征,既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式,既词法和句法结构来体现的,因此,在翻译过程中,译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
翻译练习:1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to myluggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-goingfreight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern partof Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构,将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。
一.中西文化、语言比较:语言是思维的载体,首先来比较中西思维方式的区别1.中国人在哲学上注重心理时空,在思维上尤其突出悟性,主张天人合一、物我交融、和谐、了然;文化求全、求圆满,对称平衡。
不注重形式论证、强调整体性的、和谐的辩证法;中国人过着一种心灵的生活(拥有悠久的历史,既有成年人的智慧,又能过着孩子般的生活,所谓赤子之心)2.而西方人:思维以逻辑、分析、线性linear为特点,是直线形的,片面掘进break-through,single-minded, 崇尚个体思维、重形式论证、注重分析。
人为万物之尺度;(对比:音乐、文学、书法、绘画、医学、哲学、直觉)中国人的心态是一种恬静如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性;语言也是心灵的语言;心灵是纤细而敏感的,就像毛笔,难于掌握,但一旦掌握,能够得心应手,创造促美妙优雅的书画。
二.语言区别:汉语:意合(Parataxis),靠句子内部逻辑关系联系结构:无主语及主语省略很多,主动语态多、连词少,不怕重复;汉语重质、质实结劲、词语内涵丰富,文句结构流洒自如,在词语和句法组织上重意合而非形合;英语: 形合(hypotaxis), 主要靠语言本身语法手段。
多用连词、介词构建句子,非人称主语多用,被动句,主语不省略;主干结构突出,主谓机制突出,名词(尤其是抽象名词)、介词突出。
所以中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言;因此:英语好比一棵大树;汉语好比一节节竹子;红楼梦:和尚;He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天来了,春天还会远吗?前途是光明的,道路是曲折的;While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns;has zigzags; tortous这是一项宏伟的工程,所有类似的工程与之相比都黯然失色;It is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly;典型的例子就是连词:so…. that 和when….1.What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It wasso interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是个什么地方?它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次;When 也不是总译成当…..时候..甚至大部分时间不译成“当……时候”有时甚至出现:“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着亨利.史密斯的名字的旧鱼竿的时候….”这样的怪句子;2.汉语:远看山有色,近听水无声,春去花还在,人来鸟不惊;英语:When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉语是婴儿语言;(1)隐含条件从句的意合早知今日,何必当初;If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.(2)隐含结果从句的意合;He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快,我们不能理解他的意思;It was so cold that the river froze.天气寒冷,河水都结冰了;It couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back;我只见到他的背影,认不清是谁;(3)隐含转折的意合:江山易改,本性难移;It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.三.英汉两种语言句型具体区别及翻译中的应用:核心区别:汉语:并列型coordination, 表面上是没有主次之分的;英语:从属型subordination,一定是有主次之分的;Eg.7 将国有企业提供社会保障待遇与雇佣关系脱钩,这将有助于使国企经理在作出商业决策时不用考虑政府对社会问题的顾虑,同时还可使员工在调动工作不用担心失去社会福利待遇,这就能够提高劳动力的流动性。