2 Measuring Gross Domestic Product

2018年下半年CATTI英语二级笔译实务真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、英译汉(总题数：2，分数：50.00)1.Passage 1New drone footage gives a glimpse of the damage that parts of Hawaii's Big Island sustained in the wake of volcanic explosions in recent days.Smoke can be seen billowing off the lava as it creeps down roads and through wooded areas toward homes.Fires are visible with terrifying streams of brightness breaking through the surrounding areas of black.After a day of relative calm, Kilauea roared back in full force on Sunday, spewing lava 3,00 feet in the air, encroaching on a half mile of new ground and bringing the total number of destroyed structures to 35.There have been 1,800 residents evacuated from their homes in the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens neighborhoods where cracks have been opening and spilling lava.In evacuated areas with relatively low sulfur dioxide levels, residents were allowed to return home for a few hours to collect belongings on Sunday and Monday. Officials said those residents -- a little more than half of the evacuees -- were allowed to return briefly, and Magno said they would continue to allow residents in if it could be done safely."Things got pretty active," an official said at a Saturday press conference." The eight volcanoes were pretty active, to the point where lava was spewing and the flow started spreading so we got additional damage out there. I'm not sure what the count is, but we thought it was just continue to go. Fortunately, seismicity has laid down and the vents have gone quiet now." But officials had cautioned that while the lava flow was quiet, it wouldn't be for long." More volcanoes could open up, the existing ones could get active again. There's a lot of lava or magma under the ground so eventually it's going to come up."The island was also rocked by a 6.9-magnitude earthquake on Friday, which caused landslides near the coast, but minimal structural damage. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) said Sunday the island had experienced more than 500 earthquakes -- 13 with a magnitude greater than 4.0 -- in the 24 hours following the 6.9-magnitude quake.The concern for residents continues to be the lava and gas emitted from vents, though. "This is lava, that is definitely destroying people's homes -- we don't have an exact count -- but it is a devastating situation and it's going to be everyday that it goes on," Hawaii County Managing Director Wil Okabe said Saturday. "Mother nature, there's no way we could've predicted this."（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(近日，无人机新拍摄到的画面展现了夏威夷大岛（Hawaii's Big Island）在火山喷发后的破坏景象：岩浆顺着道路缓慢流淌，穿过树林，朝着村舍进发，产生的烟雾翻滚升腾。

英语作文-可持续发展指标体系建设In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has become increasingly vital in shaping global policies and practices. At its core, sustainable development seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A critical component of this endeavor lies in establishing robust indicators to measure progress towards sustainability across various sectors.The construction of a comprehensive sustainable development indicator framework is paramount in guiding decision-making, policy formulation, and resource allocation. Such a framework serves as a compass, providing stakeholders with clear insights into the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability.### Environmental Indicators。

Environmental indicators gauge the health of natural ecosystems and the impact of human activities on the environment. Key metrics include:1. Carbon Footprint: Measures greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, helping to track progress in reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change.2. Biodiversity Index: Assesses the diversity and health of species and ecosystems, reflecting efforts to preserve biodiversity and protect natural habitats.3. Water Quality Index: Monitors the quality of freshwater sources, indicating trends in pollution levels and the effectiveness of water management strategies.### Social Indicators。

国家开放大学2023年春《人文英语3》机考网考期末复习资料参考答案交际用语（单选题）1、-Did you enjoy your college life?-________________________.正确选项1.Yes,it was rich and colorful(V)2、-The red dress fits me very much,doesn’t it?-_______________________.正确选项1.Yes,it does(V)3、-Where is John?I couldn’t find him.-_____________________.正确选项1.I suppose he could have gone to the meeting room(V)4、-Would you like to come to our party this weekend?-_______________________.正确选项1.I’m sorry that I won’t be able to attend the party(V) 5、-Brand was Jane's brother!-_______________,he reminded me so much of Jane!正确选项1.No wonder(V)6、-Cherry,what do you think of today's English homework?-_____________________.正确选项1.That's a little difficult for me(V)7、-Could I make an appointment with Dr.Zhang to check my teeth tomorrow morning?-_______________________.正确选项1.Certainly(V)8、-Could you please help me choose an Mp4player online?-___________________.My computer doesn't work.正确选项1.I'm afraid I can't(V)9、-David,are you OK?You look so nervous.-________________.正确选项1.Do I?I'm going to deliver my speech tomorrow(V)10、-Do you mind if I record your lecture?-________________________.正确选项1.No,not at all(V)11、-How do you feel about your family life?-____________________________.正确选项1.Not bad.I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother(V) 12、-How long have you been graduated from your college?-_________________________.正确选项1.I've been graduated for five years(V)13、-I am taking care of my grandmother this year.-________________________正确选项1.It is not an easy job,isn't it?(V)14、-I can't find my mobile phone.I'm sure it's in this room.-_____________.I'll call you with my phone.When it rings,you can follow the sound.正确选项1.Don't worry(V)15、-I feel so nervous about the National English Speech Competition tomorrow.-______________________.正确选项1.Take it easy(V)16、-I have been having a headache this whole morning.-_______________________正确选项1.You'd better go to see a doctor.(V)17、-I have worries that my audience may find my speech boring and fall asleep.-________________The point is….正确选项1.Yes,it's understandable.(V)18、-I still prefer traditional formal education if possible.-_________________________正确选项1.Yeah,there are many advantages in formal education.(V) 19、-I'm so sorry for breaking your cup.-Oh,____________________,I've got a lot of cups.正确选项1.forget it(V)20、-Is your grandmother getting well now?-___________________________.正确选项1.Yes,she is much better now.Thank you(V)21、-It's raining so heavily outside.I'm terribly anxious about my son's safety.-_____________________________.正确选项1.Don't worry about him.He will come back safe and sound(V) 22、-Linda,what's wrong with your grandmother?-______________________________.正确选项1.She hurt her leg(V)23、-Our son has picked up some bad habits recently,and I am really worried about it.-________________________.正确选项1.Don't worry,Honey(V)24、-Someone knocked on the door.Without thinking,I opened it.-_____________________________.正确选项1.That was not a very wise decision,Miss(V)25、-Thank you for your MP4player.I'll ask Mary to take it to you soon.-_______________.I've bought a new one.正确选项1.No hurry(V)26、-Try motivating Tony to cooperate by rewarding his good behavior.-_______________________________.正确选项1.It's easier said than done,but I will try(V)27、-What are your great strengths?-_____________________.正确选项1.I am very active in discussion(V)28、-Why do you think there is so much crime?-_________________________.正确选项1.In my opinion,our efforts in crime prevention are not good enough(V)词汇与结构（单选题）1、This is the first time that she has been to China,_____?正确选项1.isn't it(V)2、_____you know the person,______the quality of care you can provide.正确选项1.The better...the higher(V)3、______a good listener is very important when you are looking after them.正确选项1.Being(V)4、_______yelling,you'd better whisper.正确选项1.Instead of(V)5、______language,there would be no way to communicate and express ourselves.正确选项1.Without(V)6、_____mode,there are impromptu speeches,extemporaneous speeches, speeches from reciting,speeches from manuscript,etc.正确选项1.In terms of(V)7、Anti-spyware helps_____spyware_____being used.正确选项1.prevent...from(V)8、At that time my wife took care of our children alone,and I seldomstayed at home_____being very busy with work.正确选项1.due to(V)9、Besides,modern technology also encourages______and creativity in the business world.正确选项1.innovation(V)10、Burglars increase the risk of being noticed while sticking arounda well-lit house or trying to_______.正确选项1.break in(V)11、By making learning_______anytime and anywhere,distance education is a powerful tool for supporting lifelong learning.正确选项1.possible(V)12、Children are exposed to too much on the Internet without appropriate _______.正确选项1.supervision(V)13、Criminals may lure them into inappropriate chat rooms or ask them to go out,______may do them great harm.正确选项1.which(V)14、Demand for______care services in China will continue to rise due to the increased aging population.正确选项1.elderly(V)15、Do you mind me______how old you are?正确选项1.asking(V)16、Drug offenses and addiction can have serious_____for your children.正确选项1.consequences(V)17、Encourage them to talk to other residents or_______in games, discussions or day trips.正确选项1.participate(V)18、English_____words____many languages,doesn't it?正确选项1.borrows...from(V)19、English borrows words from many languages,______?正确选项1.doesn't it(V)20、English has an official or a special status in75countries with a _____population of over2billion.正确选项1.total(V)21、For instance,they are often polite_____tone,formal in style.正确选项1.in(V)22、For the last hundred years,the U.S.A.has played______in most parts of the world.正确选项1.a leading role(V)23、Formal education tends to be not______as open and distance education.正确选项1.as flexible(V)24、Going jogging after work has also become popular,_____it is a convenient way to exercise.正确选项1.as(V)25、Gradually you will remember the words you are not_______.正确选项1.familiar with(V)26、He asked his neighbor to________his house.正确选项1.keep an eye on(V)27、He asked John______he could swim.正确选项1.if(V)28、Help your children choose the websites they______.正确选项1.go to(V)29、Hi,Zhang Hua,your phone looks_______!Can I have a look?正确选项1.so different(V)30、I have worries that my audience may find my speech boring and _____asleep.正确选项1.fall(V)31、I have_______some courses and software to my smartphone.正确选项1.downloaded(V)32、I hope you are making______for continuing education in your life.正确选项1.room(V)33、I know feng shui is also used in English,______many people in the West believe.正确选项1.in which(V)34、I often feel_____when I engage myself in my online learning.正确选项1.lonely(V)35、I prefer______who know my daily habits and my likes and dislikes.正确选项1.those(V)36、I_____in this room watching television when someone_____on the door.正确选项1.was sitting…knocked(V)37、If you really can't help_____the subtitles,pay attention to the new words and phrases.正确选项1.reading(V)38、If you want to make your presentation______,you may use some visual aids.正确选项1.vivid(V)39、In the past,it used to be very difficult to start a business,_______ the lack of capital and business information.正确选项1.because of(V)40、In the past,it used to be very difficult to start a business,because of the____of capital and business information.正确选项ck(V)41、Instead of boring old textbooks which are quickly_____you can have an interactive learning experience through MOOCs.正确选项1.out of date(V)42、Interestingly,I notice that there are some Chinese words in English _____!正确选项1.as well(V)43、It____some time before my wife returned and released me.正确选项1.was(V)44、It is believed lifelong learning is a crucial response______thechallenge of the global knowledge economy.正确选项1.to(V)45、It says that China's cases of juvenile crimes are_______.正确选项1.going up(V)46、It sounds like______for pupils and students.正确选项1.a piece of good news(V)47、It would be easier to find different places,ask for directions,and even______food.正确选项1.order(V)48、It's a little inconvenient because my mind didn't_____80but my body did,and I find that sometimes my mind follows my body too.正确选项1.turn(V)49、Join a local support group if you are having trouble understanding how to_____discipline.正确选项1.exercise(V)50、Language is how we_____our thoughts with the world.正确选项1.share(V)51、More than20people______at the Martin Luther King Center in east Wichita Falls to be part of the presentation.正确选项1.showed up(V)52、Most universities have added new programs for adults who seek to ____employment with part-time study.正确选项bine(V)53、My men began searching the area_______we received your call.正确选项1.as soon as(V)54、My mind didn't turn80but my body______,and my mind follows my body too!正确选项1.did(V)55、Never leave valuables or cash in visible places.Hide them_____ because they may attract burglars.正确选项1.out of sight(V)56、One big______of formal education is the high cost.正确选项1.disadvantage(V)57、One of them threatened me with a knife_____the other bound and gagged me.正确选项1.while(V)58、One of your biggest struggles is to______yourself of appropriate expectations.正确选项1.remind(V)59、One way to prevent crime is to use CPTED,also_______Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.正确选项1.known as(V)60、Parents are working hard______for arranging money to pay the fees for their kids'university life.正确选项1.day and night(V)61、Public speeches are speeches______in public for a special purposesuch as open class lectures or seminars in a university,etc.正确选项1.delivered(V)62、Schools______to be only interested in all the different exams.正确选项1.seem(V)63、She______herself when cleaning the windows last week.正确选项1.hurt(V)64、Some people will be facing a big______if they do not have enough money when they get older.正确选项1.challenge(V)65、Soon your children will be old enough to______kindergarten and you can find a job.正确选项1.attend(V)66、That's part of the reason_______I chose to study in the Open University.正确选项1.why(V)67、The______of all,kids are exposed to too much violence on TV.正确选项1.worst(V)68、The____between face-to-face teaching and distance education are increasingly blurred.正确选项1.boundaries(V)69、The advancement of technology requires us to learn___________every day just to stay current in the workplace.正确选项1.something new(V)70、The biggest site that we are_______now is .正确选项1.dealing with(V)71、The development of modern educational technology has had a great ______on our teaching and learning.正确选项1.effect(V)72、The exhibition is worth_____.正确选项1.visiting(V)73、The film industry also attracted many young people______fame and fortune.正确选项1.in quest of(V)74、The impact of technology on modern life is immeasurable,_____?正确选项1.isn't it(V)75、The Internet really makes our life convenient and we can learn __________.正确选项1.anytime and anywhere(V)76、The robbers were both wearing stockings_____their faces.正确选项1.over(V)77、The United Nations defines an aging society______one that has10 percent of its population at or above the age of60.正确选项1.as(V)78、There is only one thing that people can't_____________you,and that is your wisdom.正确选项1.take away from(V)79、They_____to search when the dogs next door______to bark.正确选项1.had just started…began(V)80、They can repeatedly watch the videos and take the quizzes______they want.正确选项1.whenever(V)81、They don't seem to have done much______to the flat.正确选项1.damage(V)82、This comprises20%of the_______population compared to only10% around fifty years ago.正确选项1.children's(V)83、This plant can't be exposed__________strong sunshine.正确选项1.to(V)84、This will not only make them feel good,but may also gain you their respect_____.正确选项1.in return(V)85、To tell you the truth,sometimes I regret_____a baby so early.正确选项1.having(V)86、Tom won the first prize of oral English contest,which is beyond his ______.正确选项1.expectation(V)87、Tony is a young child.But do not______his ability to learn and reason.正确选项1.underestimate(V)88、Unfortunately,there's_____protection for kids on the Internet.正确选项1.little(V)89、We all tend to think that we are safe in our homes,but_____,many homes are not as safe as they are supposed to be.正确选项1.unfortunately(V)90、We can certainly deliver high-quality education to many students ata much_____cost.正确选项1.lower(V)91、We went to Portobello Road,and someone______my handbag.正确选项1.stole(V)92、When we work in a foreign country,it will_____us immensely if we can speak its language.正确选项1.benefit(V)93、When you are suspicious of the website,check it out____you pay any money.正确选项1.before(V)94、You can apply the tips to make life_______for both you and the person in your care.正确选项1.easier and happier(V)95、You can contact your local police office to report Internet crimes and they will send a special agent to______the matter.正确选项1.look into(V)96、You can't expect that your youngest acts__________your oldest.正确选项1.as responsibly as(V)97、You may try some games to play with your audience,but remember the games shouldn't be too_____.正确选项plicated(V)98、You must______it to the police,and give a detailed description of your bag.正确选项1.report(V)99、You need to show_______in your children's social life and peer groups.正确选项1.an interest(V)100、You should_____your tone.Make sure that you are talking,not just reciting your draft.正确选项1.mind(V)101、Young people with positive outlets for their energy are_____to do well in school.正确选项1.likely(V)102、Your ability to expand your mind and______continuing education is critical to your success.正确选项1.strive for(V)103、Your ability to expand your mind is the key_____breaking any success barriers that may be in front of you.正确选项1.to(V)阅读理解（单选题）Among the more colorful characters of Leadville's golden age were H.A.W. Tabor and his second wife,Elizabeth McCourt,better known as“Baby Doe”. Their history is fast becoming one of the legends of省略...1、If this passage is the first part of an article,who might be introduced in the following part?正确选项1.Tabor's second wife,Elizabeth McCourt.(V)2、Leadville got its name for the following reasons EXCEPT______.正确选项1.that it could bring good fortune to Tabor(V)3、Tabor made his first fortune_____.正确选项1.by supplying two prospective miners and getting in return a one-third interest in the findings(V)4、Tabor's life career is_____.正确选项1.based on the analysis of miner's being very poor and their possibility of discovering profitable mining site(V)5、The word“grubstake”in paragraph2means“______.”正确选项1.to supply miners with food and supplies and in return get a share in the mine,if one was discovered(V)Every year in different countries around the world,a small number of people win huge prize in lotteries.People are always dreaming of winning billions of dollars overnight in a lottery.省略...1、According to the passage,people are all dreaming of winning a lotof money in_______.正确选项1.lottery(V)2、The best title of this passage is______.正确选项1.What to Do after Winning the Lottery(V)3、The first man said he was greedy because_______.正确选项1.he is dreaming of another five billion(V)4、What is not mentioned in the passage?正确选项1.One of the men would spend all the money on charity.(V) 5、Which is not mentioned in the passage?正确选项.(V)For anyone who hates doing yard work,your new best friend may have arrived.A robot can autonomously shovel snow,collect leaves and cut grass.“We're trying to help people not spend t省略...1、According to Steven Waelbers,the robot is designed to_________.正确选项1.make people enjoy family time(V)2、The robot would stop in front of pets and people thanks to_________.正确选项1.the ultrasound sensor(V)3、This article mainly talks about_________.正确选项1.a newly-designed robot(V)4、Which of the following about Waelbers is TRUE？正确选项1.He is starting to sell this snow-shoveling robot in early 2017.(V)5、Which of the following steps should be done in the first place?正确选项1.The owner must wheel the robot around the yard by himself.(V)It was anniversary and Ria was waiting for her husband to show up.After some years of marriage things changed between them.Once cute couple who couldn't live without each other now had turned bit bi省略...1、Ria and Manoj are_____.正确选项1.a couple(V)2、Ria thought______after the policeman called her.正确选项1.Manoj's soul came back for her(V)3、The last paragraph aims to______.正确选项1.cast light on what this story means(V)4、The police told Ria to______.正确选项1.find out if the dead was her husband(V)5、What happened to Manoj that morning?正确选项1.Manoj's handbag was stolen that morning.(V)There are three kinds of goals:short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.Short-term goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.省略...1、New short-term goals are built upon_____.正确选项1.the goals that have been completed(V)2、Our long-term goals mean a lot_____.正确选项1.if we complete the short-term goals(V)3、What is the main idea of this passage?正确选项1.Different kinds of goals in life.(V)4、When we complete each step of our goals,_____.正确选项1.we will build up our confidence to achieve success(V)5、Which of the following statements is wrong according to the passage?正确选项1.Life is a static thing,thus never allowing a long-term goal to limit us.(V)The number of elderly people aged above60increased.Demand for elderly care services in China will continue to rise due to the increasing aging population.The number of elderly people aged above60省略...1、The passage implies that_______.正确选项1.The Chinese social care network is expected to be completed in the near future(V)2、What does GDP stand for?正确选项1.Gross domestic product.(V)3、What does the word“decreasing”in Paragraph2mean?正确选项1.It means“falling”.(V)4、What was China’s GDP per capita in2012?正确选项1.It was6,000U.S.dollars.(V)5、Why is China’s economic foundation for an elderly society fragile？正确选项1.Because of its increasing aging population and its low GDPper capita.(V)阅读理解（判断题）Caring for the elderly is not an easy task,and there are no hard and fast rules on how it should be done.Here are some tips you can apply to make life easier and happier for both yourself and the el省略...1、Discussion can't make the elderly people feel needed.正确选项1.F(V)2、It is necessary for the elderly people to make friends.正确选项1.T(V)3、The elderly people will always obey the routine structure.正确选项1.F(V)4、We need to know the elderly people more to provide them with better care.正确选项1.T(V)5、We needn't respect the elderly people when caring them.正确选项1.F(V)English is spoken as a native language by around377million people,and as a second language by around375million speakers in the world.Speakers of English as a second language will soon outnumber省略...1、English is spoken as a second language by around377million people in the world.正确选项1.×(V)2、It is definitely predicted(预见)that English will still act as a global language in the future.正确选项1.×(V)3、It is not surprising that70%of all information stored in the internet is in English.正确选项1.×(V)4、Speakers of English as a second language are more than those who speak it as a first language.正确选项1.×(V)5、The spread of English throughout the world resulted from British colonialism in the19th century and American capitalism and technological progress in the20th century.正确选项1.√(V)In today's society,working people can seldom find time to relax themselves in their busy schedules.They often work overtime because of too much work waiting in queue,which ends up causing a lot of省略...1、Exercising can only help relax your body.正确选项1.F(V)2、In the past few people might afford travelling.正确选项1.T(V)3、In today's society,working people can often find time to relaxthemselves in their busy schedules.正确选项1.F(V)4、People should take a balance between work and relaxation.正确选项1.T(V)5、The demand for recreation and leisure service has made the economy develop.正确选项1.T(V)Lily is70years old and she takes care of her91-year-old mother.She told us about caring for her mother.I wake up early every day,it's usually about6：30am,and wait until I hear省略...1、Joan sometimes spends the day with Lily's mother.正确选项1.√(V)2、Lilly goes to see her hairdresser every month.正确选项1.√(V)3、Lily and her mother play cards more than they watch TV.正确选项1.×(V)4、Lily wakes before her mother.正确选项1.√(V)5、Lily's brother comes to visit every three weeks.正确选项1.×(V)Parenting is hard.If you're a parent,I'm sure that I don't need to tellyou that our job is a tough one.When you're managing children,it can be difficult to remember that they are still learning.省略...1、As a parent,you may know that parenting is an easy job.正确选项1.F(V)2、Both yelling and whispering can help make things quieter.正确选项1.F(V)3、Listening to each other is a good way to stop argument between parents and their kids.正确选项1.T(V)4、Parents should lower their expectations for their kids.正确选项1.T(V)5、Usually younger kids behave less responsibly than elder children.正确选项1.T(V)The law defines youthful offenders(age18or under)as“delinquent”if they commit offenses.As for the same offenses,the court would consider an adult as a“criminal”.“Status offenders”are juveni 省略...1、Children always involving in positive activities are more likely to do well in school and avoid the problems of delinquency.正确选项1.√(V)2、If you cannot control your children,ask for help from the local service agencies.正确选项1.√(V)3、Inform your children that you will not tolerate drug use.正确选项1.√(V)4、The court would consider youthful offenders as“criminals”if they commit offenses.正确选项1.×(V)5、You must meet with school officials to prevent your children from delinquency.正确选项1.×(V)The police in England are not normally armed,and if they think or know that someone has a firearm and may be going to commit an offence,then they have a team of specially trained officers,who carry省略...1、The dogs are kept in the garden because they are aggressive.正确选项1.F(V)2、The police in England are not armed.正确选项1.F(V)3、The police officers have to pay for the dogs.正确选项1.F(V)4、The writer's dog barks when it sees a criminal is coming.正确选项1.F(V)5、The writer's dog becomes excited when it's time to go to work.正确选项1.T(V)The Wichita Falls Police Department is trying to help curb crime in neighboring communities throughout the city.On Saturday Wichita Falls Police gave a free two-hour presentation to help locals keep省略...1、According to Hughes,one of the biggest ways of crime prevention is through environmental design.正确选项1.T(V)2、If you use the site,you have to pay for it.正确选项1.F(V)3、The biggest site that police are approving fully is .正确选项1.T(V)4、The purpose of is to help locals set up a real community.正确选项1.F(V)5、The Wichita Falls Police Department is planning sterner measures to combat crime.正确选项1.F(V)写作（自行准备）1、Jason has been studying in The Open University of China(OUC)for two years.He's been doing well in most of the course work.Suppose you areJason and write a passage with the title“My learning expe省略...2、Write a passage about an incident you've witnessed.You may follow the instruction given below.1.Describe what happened exactly.2.Pay attention to who,what,when,where,etc.the in省略...3、Write a passage about the advantages and disadvantages of online learning.You may think about the following aspects.1.The advantages of online learning2.The disadvantages of online省略...4、Write a passage about your dreams or goals in life.You may follow the instruction given below.1.Think of an important aspect in your life, such as your family,career,health,financial secu省略...。

常用经济指标含义及缩写------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxx常用经济指标含义及缩写国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product,简称GDP)国内生产总值是指在一定时期内(一个季度或一年)，一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。

它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，更可以反映一国的国力与财富。

一般来说，国内生产总值共有四个不同的组成部分，其中包括消费、私人投资、政府支出和净出口额。

用公式表示为：GDP = CA + I + CB + X 式中：CA为消费、I为私人投资、 CB为政府支出、X为净出口额。

GDP：（gross domestic product），是指国内生产总值。

是一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产活动的最终成果。

它有三种不同的表现形态：产品形态、价值形态和收入形态。

人均GDP就是GDP除以人口基数。

绿色GDP，即现行GDP总量扣除环境资源成本和对环境资源的保护服务费用所剩下的部分，即：GDP总量-（环境资源成本+环境资源保护服务费用）=绿色GDP消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index)，英文缩写为CPI，是反映与居民生活有关的商品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。

一般说来当CPI>3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation，就是通货膨胀；而当CPI>5%的增幅时，我们把它称为Serious Inflation，就是严重的通货膨胀。

另有，CPI清廉指数（corruption perceptions index）、电脑中的CPI（Characters Per Inch）、衡量计算机性能的CPI（cycles perinstruction）、管理学中的CPI(Common Performance Indicator) 等。

宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森002Chapter 2MeasurementTeaching GoalsStudents must understand the importance of measuring aggregate economic activity. Macroeconomics hopes to produce theories that provide useful insights and policy conclusions. To be credible, such theories must produce hypotheses that evidence could possibly refute. Macroeconomic measurement provides such evidence. Without macroeconomic measurements, macroeconomics could not be a social science, and would rather consist of philosophizing and pontificating. Market transactions provide the most simple and direct measurements. Macroeconomists’ most basic measurement is Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the value of final, domestically market output produced during a given period of time.In the United States, the Commerce Department’s National Income and Product Accounts provide official estimates of GDP. These accounts employ their own set of accounting rules to ensure internal consistency and to provide several separate estimates of GDP. These separate estimates are provided by the product accounts, the expenditure accounts, and the income accounts. The various accounting conventions may, at first glance, be rather dry and complicated. However, students can only easily digest the material in later chapters if they have a good grounding in the fundamentals.GDP changes through time because different amounts of goods and services are produced, and such goods and services are sold at different prices. Standards of living are determined by the amounts of goods and services produced, not by the prices they command in the market. While GDP is relatively easy to measure, the decomposition of changes in real GDP into quantity and price components is much more difficult. This kind of problem is less pressing for microeconomists. It is easy to separately measure the number of apples sold and the price of each apple. Because macroeconomics deals with aggregate output, the differentiation of price and quantity is much less easily apparent. It is important to emphasize that while there may be more or less reasonable approaches to this problem, there is no unambiguous best approach. Since many important policy discussions involve debates about output and price measurements, it is very important to understand exactly how such measurements are produced.Classroom Discussion TopicsAs the author demonstrates in presenting this chapter’s material, much of this material is best learned by example. Rather than simply working through the examples from the text or making up your own, the material may resonate better if the students come up with their own examples. They can start by picking a single good, and by the choice of their numbers they provide their own implied decomposition of output into wage and profit income. Later on, encourage them to suggest intermediate input production, inventory adjustments, international transactions, a government sector, and so on. Such an exercise may help assure them that the identities presented in the text are more than simply abstract constructions.If many of your students are familiar with accounting principles, it may also be useful to present the National Income and Product Account with the “T” accounts. Highlighting how every income is an expense elsewhere. Make one account for each of the firms, one for the household and one for the government. Add another account for the rest of the world when discussing the example with international trade. This procedure can highlight how some entities can be inferred from others because accounting10 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Editionidentities must hold. It makes it also easier to determine consumption for some student Social Security benefits are indexed to the Consumer Price Index. Explain with an example exactly how these adjustments are made. Ask the students if they think that this procedure is “fair.” Another topic for concern is the stagnation in the growth of measured real wages. Real wages are measured by dividing (for example) average hourly wages paid in manufacturing by the consumer price index. Ask students if measured changes in real wages confirm or conflict with their general beliefs about whether the typical worker is better or worse off than 10 or 20 years ago. How does possible mis-measurement of prices reconcile any apparent differences between casual impressions and statistical evidence?The text discusses why unemployment may or may not be a good measure of labor market tightness. Another interpretation of the unemployment rate is as a(n inverse) measure of economic welfare. Ask the students if they agree with this interpretation. Does the unemployment rate help factor in considerations like equal distribution of income? How can the unemployment rate factor in considerations like higher income per employed worker? Discuss possible pros and cons of using unemployment rather than per capita real GDP as a measure of well-being. Can unemployment be too low? Why or why not?OutlineI. Measuring GDP: The National Income and Product AccountsA. What Is GDP and How Do We Measure It?1. GDP: Value of Domestically Produced Output2. Commerce Department’s National Income and Product Accounts3. Business, Consumer, and Government AccountingB. The Product Approach1. Value Added2. Intermediate Good InputsC. The Expenditure Approach1. Consumption2. Investment3. Government Spending4. Net ExportsD. The Income Approach1. Wage Income2. After-Tax Profits3. Interest Income4. Taxes5. The Income-Expenditure IdentityE. Gross National Product (GNP)1. Treatment of Foreign Income2. GNP = GDP + Net Foreign IncomeF. What Does GDP Leave Out?1. GDP and Welfarea. Income Distributionb. Non-Market Production2. Measuring Market Productiona. The Underground Economyb. Valuing Government ProductionChapter 2 Measurement 11G. Expenditure Components1. Consumptiona. Durable Goodsb. Non-Durable Goodsc. Services2. Investmenta. Fixed Investment: Nonresidential and Residentialb. Inventory Investment3. Net Exportsa. Exportsb. Imports4. Government Expendituresa. Federal Defenseb. Federal Non-Defensec. State and Locald. Treatment of Transfer PaymentsII. Nominal and Real GDP and Price IndicesA. Real GDP1. Output Valued at Base Year Prices2 Chain Weighted Real GDPB. Measures of the Price Level1. Implicit GDP Price Deflator2. Consumer Price Index (CPI)C. Problems Measuring Real GDP and Prices1. Substitution Biases2. Accounting for Quality Changes3. Treatment of Newly Introduced GoodsIII. Savings, Wealth, and CapitalA. Stocks and FlowsB. Private Disposable Income and Private Sector Saving1.d Y Y NFP TR INT T =+++? 2.p d S Y C =? C. Government Surpluses, Deficits, and Government Saving1.g S T TR INT G = 2. g D S =? D. National Saving: p g S S S Y NFP C G =+=+??E. Saving, Investment, and the Current Account1. NFP NX I S ++=2. CA I S NFP NX CA +=?+=F. The Stock of Capital1. Wealth ΔS ?2. K I Δ?3. Claims on Foreigners CA ?12 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third EditionIV. Labor Market MeasurementA. BLS Categories1. Employed2. Unemployed3. Not in the Labor ForceB. The Unemployment RateNumber unemployed=Unemployment RateLabor forceC. The Participation RateLabor force=Participation RateTotal working age populationD. Unemployment and Labor Force Tightness1. Discouraged Workers2. Job Search IntensityTextbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. Product, income, and expenditure approaches.2. For each producer, value added is equal to the value of total production minus the cost ofintermediate inputs.3. This identity emphasizes the point that all sales of output provide income somewhere in the economy.The identity also provides two separate ways of measuring total output in the economy.4. GNP is equal to GDP (domestic production) plus net factor payments from abroad. Net factorpayments represent income for domestic residents that are earned from production that takes place in foreign countries. 5. GDP provides a reasonable approximation of economic welfare. However, GDP ignores the value ofnonmarket economic activity. GDP also measures only total income without reference to how that income is distributed. 6. Measured GDP does not include production in the underground economy, which is difficult toestimate. GDP also measures the value of government spending at its cost of production, which may be greater or less than its true value.7. The largest component is consumption, which represents about 2/3 of GDP.8. Investment is equal to private, domestic expenditure on goods and services (Y ? G ? NX) minusconsumption. Investment includes residential investment, nonresidential investment, and inventory investment.9. National defense spending represents about 5% of GDP.Chapter 2 Measurement 13 10. GDP values production at market prices. Real GDP compares different years’ production at a specificset of prices. These prices are those that prevailed in the base year. Real GDP is therefore a weighted average of individual production levels. The weights are determined according to prevailing relative prices in the base year. Because relative prices change over time, comparisons of real GDP across time can differ according to the chosen base year.11. Chain weighting directly compares production levels only in adjacent years. The price weights aredetermined by averaging the prices of the individual goods and services over the two adjacent years.12. Real GDP is difficult to measure due to changes over time in relative prices, difficulties in estimatingthe extent of quality changes, and how one estimates the value of newly introduced goods.13. Private saving measures additions to private sector wealth. Government saving measures reductionsin government debt (increases in government wealth). National saving measures additions to national wealth. National saving is equal to private saving plus government saving.14. National wealth is accumulated as increases in the domestic stock of capital (domestic investment)and increases in claims against foreigners (the current account surplus).15. Measured unemployment excludes discouraged workers. Measured unemployment only accounts forthe number of individuals unemployed, without reference to how intensively they search for newjobs.Problems1. Product accounting adds up value added by all producers. The wheat producer has no intermediateinputs and produces 30 million bushels at $3/bu. for $90 million. The bread producer produces100 million loaves at $3.50/loaf for $350 million. The bread producer uses $75 million worth ofwheat as an input. Therefore, the bread producer’s value added is $275 million. Total GDP istherefore $90 million + $275 million = $365 million.Expenditure accounting adds up the value of expenditures on final output. Consumers buy100 million loaves at $3.50/loaf for $350 million. The wheat producer adds 5 million bushels ofwheat to inventory. Therefore, investment spending is equal to 5 million bushels of wheat valued at $3/bu., which costs $15 million. Total GDP is therefore $350 million + $15 million = $365 million.2. Coal producer, steel producer, and consumers.(a) (i) Product approach: Coal producer produces 15 million tons of coal at $5/ton, which adds$75 million to GDP. The steel producer produces 10 million tons of steel at $20/ton, whichis worth $200 million. The steel producer pays $125 million for 25 million tons of coal at$5/ton. The steel producer’s value added is therefore $75 million. GDP is equal to$75 million + $75 million = $150 million.(ii) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 8 million tons of steel at $20/ton, so consumption is $160 million. There is no investment and no government spending. Exports are 2 milliontons of steel at $20/ton, which is worth $40 million. Imports are 10 million tons of coal at$5/ton, which is worth $50 million. Net exports are therefore equal to $40 million ?$50 million =?$10 million. GDP is therefore equal to $160 million + (?$10 million) =$150 million.14 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition(iii) Income approach: The coal producer pays $50 million in wages and the steel producer pays $40 million in wages, so total wages in the economy equal $90 million. The coal producerreceives $75 million in revenue for selling 15 million tons at $15/ton. The coal producerpays $50 million in wages, so the coal producer’s profits are $25 million. The steel producerreceives $200 million in revenue for selling 10 million tons of steel at $20/ton. The steelproducer pays $40 million in wages and pays $125 million for the 25 million tons ofcoal that it needs to produce steel. The steel producer’s profits are therefore equal to$200 million ? $40 million ? $125 million = $35 million. Total profit income in theeconomy is therefore $25 million + $35 million = $60 million. GDP therefore is equal towage income ($90 million) plus profit income ($60 million). GDP is therefore $150 million.(b) There are no net factor payments from abroad in this example. Therefore, the current accountsurplus is equal to net exports, which is equal to (?$10 million).(c) As originally formulated, GNP is equal to GDP, which is equal to $150 million. Alternatively, ifforeigners receive $25 million in coal industry profits as income, then net factor payments from abroad are (?$25 million), so GNP is equal to $125 million.3. Wheat and Bread(a) Product approach: Firm A produces 50,000 bushels of wheat, with no intermediate goods inputs. At$3/bu., the value of Firm A’s production is equal to $150,000. Firm B produces 50,000 loaves ofbread at $2/loaf, which is valued at $100,000. Firm B pays $60,000 to firm A for 20,000 bushels of wheat, which is an intermediate input. Firm B’s value added is therefore $40,000. GDP is therefore equal to $190,000.(b) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 50,000 loaves of domestically produced bread at $2/loafand 15,000 loaves of imported bread at $1/loaf. Consumption spending is therefore equal to$100,000 + $15,000 = $115,000. Firm A adds 5,000 bushels of wheat to inventory. Wheat isworth $3/bu., so investment is equal to $15,000. Firm A exports 25,000 bushels of wheat for$3/bu. Exports are $75,000. Consumers import 15,000 loaves of bread at $1/loaf. Imports are$15,000. Net exports are equal to $75,000 ? $15,000 = $60,000. There is no governmentspending. GDP is equal to consumption ($115,000) plus investment ($15,000) plus net exports($60,000). GDP is therefore equal to $190,000.(c) Income approach: Firm A pays $50,000 in wages. Firm B pays $20,000 in wages. Total wagesare therefore $70,000. Firm A produces $150,000 worth of wheat and pays $50,000 in wages.Firm A’s profits are $100,000. Firm B produces $100,000 worth of bread. Firm B pays $20,000in wages and pays $60,000 to Firm A for wheat. Firm B’s profits are $100,000 ? $20,000 ?$60,000 = $20,000. Total profit income in the economy equals $100,000 + $20, 000 = $120,000.Total wage income ($70,000) plus profit income ($120,000) equals $190,000. GDP is therefore$190,000.Chapter 2 Measurement 15 4. Price and quantity data are given as the following.Year 1Good Quanti tyPri ceComputers 20$1,000 Bread 10,000$1.00Year 2Good Quanti tyPri ceComputers 25$1,500Bread 12,000$1.10(a) Year 1 nominal GDP =×+×=20$1,00010,000$1.00$30,000.Year 2 nominal GDP =×+×=25$1,50012,000$1.10$50,700.With year 1 as the base year, we need to value both years’ production at year 1 prices. In the base year, year 1, real GDP equals nominal GDP equals $30,000. In year 2, we need to value year 2’s output at year 1 prices. Year 2 real GDP =×+×= 25$1,00012,000$1.00$37,000. The percentage change in real GDP equals ($37,000 ? $30,000)/$30,000 = 23.33%.We next calculate chain-weighted real GDP. At year 1 prices, the ratio of year 2 real GDP to year1 real GDP equals g1= ($37,000/$30,000) = 1.2333. We must next compute real GDP using year2 prices. Year 2 GDP valued at year 2 prices equals year 2 nominal GDP = $50,700. Year 1 GDPvalued at year 2 prices equals (20 × $1,500 + 10,000 × $1.10) = $41,000. The ratio of year 2 GDP at year 2 prices to year 1 GDP at year 2 prices equals g2=chain-weighted ratio of real GDP in the two years therefore is equal to 1.23496cg==. The percentage change chain-weighted real GDP from year 1 to year 2 is therefore approximately23.5%.If we (arbitrarily) designate year 1 as the base year, then year 1 chain-weighted GDP equals nominal GDP equals $30,000. Year 2 chain-weighted real GDP is equal to (1.23496 × $30,000) = $37,048.75.(b) To calculate the implicit GDP deflator, we divide nominal GDP by real GDP, and then multiplyby 100 to express as an index number. With year 1 as the base year, base year nominal GDP equals base year real GDP, so the base year implicit GDP deflator is 100. For the year 2, the implicit GDP deflator is ($50,700/$37,000) × 100 = 137.0. The percentage change in the deflator is equal to 37.0%.With chain weighting, and the base year set at year 1, the year 1 GDP deflator equals($30,000/$30,000) × 100 = 100. The chain-weighted deflator for year 2 is now equal to($50,700/$37,048.75) × 100 = 136.85. The percentage change in the chain-weighted deflator equals 36.85%.16 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition(c) We next consider the possibility that year 2 computers are twice as productive as year1 computers. As one possibility, let us define a “computer” as a year 1 computer. In this case,the 25 computers produced in year 2 are the equivalent of 50 year 1 computers. Each year 1computer now sells for $750 in year 2. We now revise the original data as:Year 1Good Quanti tyPri ceYear 1 Computers 20 $1,000Bread 10,000$1.00Year 2Good Quanti tyPri ceYear 1 Computers 50 $750Bread 12,000$1.10First, note that the change in the definition of a “computer” does not affect the calculations of nominal GDP. We next compute real GDP with year 1 as the base year. Year 2 real GDP in year 1 prices is now ×+×=50$1,00012,000$1.00$62,000. The percentage change in real GDP is equal to ($62,000 ? $30,000)/$30,000 = 106.7%. We next revise the calculation of chain-weighted real GDP. From above, g1 equals($62,000/$30,000) = 206.67. The value of year 1 GDP at year 2 prices equals $26,000. Therefore,g 2 equals ($50,700/$26,000) = 1.95. 200.75. The percentage change chain-weighted real GDPfrom year 1 to year 2 is therefore 100.75%.If we (arbitrarily) designate year 1 as the base year, then year 1 chain-weighted GDP equalsnominal GDP equals $30,000. Year 2 chain-weighted real GDP is equal to (2.0075 × $30,000) = $60,225. The chain-weighted deflator for year 1 is automatically 100. The chain-weighteddeflator for year 2 equals ($50,700/$60,225) × 100 = 84.18. The percentage rate of change of the chain-weighted deflator equals ?15.8%.When there is no quality change, the difference between using year 1 as the base year and using chain weighting is relatively small. Factoring in the increased performance of year 2 computers, the production of computers rises dramatically while its relative price falls. Compared withearlier practices, chain weighting provides a smaller estimate of the increase in production and a smaller estimate of the reduction in prices. This difference is due to the fact that the relative price of the good that increases most in quantity (computers) is much higher in year 1. Therefore, the use of historical prices puts more weight on the increase in quality-adjusted computer output. 5. Price and quantity data are given as the following:Year 1GoodQuantity(million lbs.)Price(per lb.)Broccoli 1,500 $0.50 Cauliflower 300$0.80Year 2GoodQuantity(million lbs.)Price(per lb.)Broccoli 2,400 $0.60 Cauliflower 350$0.85Chapter 2 Measurement 17(a) Year 1 nominal GDP = Year 1 real GDP =×+×=1,500million$0.50300million$0.80 $990million.Year 2 nominal GDP=×+×=2,400million$0.60350million$0.85$1,730.5million Year 2 real GDP=×+×=2,400million$0.50350million$0.80$1,450million.Year 1 GDP deflator equals 100.Year 2 GDP deflator equals ($1,730.5/$1,450) × 100 = 119.3.The percentage change in the deflator equals 19.3%.(b) Year 1 production (market basket) at year 1 prices equals year 1 nominal GDP = $990 million.The value of the market basket at year 2 prices is equal to ×+×1,500million$0.60300million $0.85= $1,050 million.Year 1 CPI equals 100.Year 2 CPI equals ($1,050/$990) × 100 = 106.1.The percentage change in the CPI equals 6.1%.The relative price of broccoli has gone up. The relative quantity of broccoli has also gone up. The CPI attaches a smaller weight to the price of broccoli, and so the CPI shows less inflation.6. Corn producer, consumers, and government.(a) (i) Product approach: There are no intermediate goods inputs. The corn producer grows30 million bushels of corn. Each bushel of corn is worth $5. Therefore, GDP equals$150 million.(ii) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 20 million bushels of corn, so consumption equals $100 million. The corn producer adds 5 million bushels to inventory, so investment equals$25 million. The government buys 5 million bushels of corn, so government spendingequals $25 million. GDP equals $150 million.(iii) Income approach: Wage income is $60 million, paid by the corn producer. The corn producer’s revenue equals $150 million, including the value of its addition to inventory. Additions toinventory are treated as purchasing one owns output. The corn producer’s costs includewages of $60 million and taxes of $20 million. Therefore, profit income equals $150 million ?$60 million ? $20 million = $70 million. Government income equals taxes paid by the cornproducer, which equals $20 million. Therefore, GDP by income equals $60 million +$70 million + $20 million = $150 million.(b) Private disposable income equals GDP ($150 million) plus net factor payments (0) plusgovernment transfers ($5 million is Social Security benefits) plus interest on the government debt ($10 million) minus total taxes ($30 million), which equals $135 million. Private saving equalsprivate disposable income ($135 million) minus consumption ($100 million), which equals$35 million. Government saving equals government tax income ($30 million) minus transferpayments ($5 million) minus interest on the government debt ($10 million) minus governmentspending ($5 million), which equals $10 million. National saving equals private saving($35 million) plus government saving ($10 million), which equals $45 million. The government budget surplus equals government savings ($10 million). Since the budget surplus is positive, the government budget is in surplus. The government deficit is therefore equal to (?$10 million).18 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition7. Price controls.Nominal GDP is calculated by measuring output at market prices. In the event of effective pricecontrols, measured prices equal the controlled prices. However, controlled prices reflect an inaccurate measure of scarcity values. Nominal GDP is therefore distorted. In addition to distortions in nominal GDP measures, price controls also inject an inaccuracy in attempts to decompose changes in nominal GDP into movements in real GDP and movements in prices. With price controls, there is typically little or no change in white market prices over time. Alternatively, black market or scarcity value prices typically increase, perhaps dramatically. Measures of prices (in terms of scarcity values) understate inflation. Whenever inflation measures are too low, changes in real GDP overstate the extent of increases in actual production.8. Underground economy.Transactions in underground economy are performed with cash exclusively, to exploit the anonymous nature of currency. Thus, once we have established the amount of currency held abroad, we know the portion of $2,474 that is held domestically. Remove from it what is used for recorded transactions, say by using some estimate of the proportion of transactions using cash and applying this to observed GDP. Finally apply a concept of velocity of money to the remaining amount of cash to obtain the size of the underground economy.9. S p– 1 = CA + D(a) By definition:p d S Y C Y NFP TR INT T C =?=+++?? Next, recall that .Y C I G NX =+++ Substitute into the equation above and subtract I to obtain:()()p S I C I G NX NFP INT T C INX NFP G INT TR T CA D ?=+++++=++++?=+(b) Private saving, which is not used to finance domestic investment, is either lent to the domesticgovernment to finance its deficit (D ), or is lent to foreigners (CA ).10. Computing capital with the perpetual inventory method.(a) First, use the formula recursively for each year:K 0 = 80K 1 = 0.9 × 80 + 10 = 82K 2 = 0.9 × 82 + 10 = 83.8K 3 = 0.9 × 83.8 + 10 = 85.42K 4 = 0.9 × 85.42 + 10 = 86.88K 5 = 0.9 × 86.88 + 10 = 88.19K 6 = 0.9 × 88.19 + 10 = 89.37K 7 = 0.9 × 89.37 + 10 = 90.43K 8 = 0.9 × 90.43 + 10 = 91.39K 9 = 0.9 × 91.39 + 10 = 92.25K 10 = 0.9 × 92.25 + 10 = 93.03(b) This time, capital stays constant at 100, as the yearly investment corresponds exactly to theamount of capital that is depreciated every year. In (a), we started with a lower level of capital, thus less depreciated thanwhat was invested, as capital kept rising (until it would reach 100). Chapter 2 Measurement 19 11. Assume the following: 10540308010520D INT T G C NFP CA S =======?= (a) 201080110d p Y S C S D C =+=++=++= (b)103054015D G TR INT T TR D G INT T =++?=??+=??+= (c) 208030130S GNP C G GNP S C G =??=++=++= (d)13010120GDP GNP NFP =?=?= (e)Government Surplus 10g S D ==?=? (f)51015CA NX NFP NX CA NFP =+=?=??=? (g) 12080301525GDP C I G NXI GDP C G NX =+++==??+=。

2024年高职单招考试真题卷英语2024 High Vocational College Single Recruitment Examination English Test PaperPart I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.As technology advances, so does the global economy. But economists are beginning to see that the traditional way of measuring economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), is not capturing the full picture of progress. GDP is a measure of the total economic output of a country. It is calculated by adding up the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period.However, GDP does not take into account environmental degradation, income inequality, or other factors that play a rolein overall well-being. For example, if a country produces more goods and services, its GDP will rise, even if this leads to greater pollution or social inequality. Thus, a high GDP does not necessarily mean a higher quality of life for all citizens.Some economists are now looking at alternative measures of progress that take into account factors beyond economic growth. The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is one such measure that combines economic, environmental, and social factors to give a more comprehensive view of a country's well-being.1. What is GDP primarily based on?A) The total economic output of a country.B) Environmental factors.C) Social inequality.D) Income distribution.2. Why is GDP considered to be an incomplete measure of progress?A) It does not take into account environmental degradation or income inequality.B) It only considers economic output.C) It includes social factors.D) It leads to greater pollution.3. What does a high GDP not necessarily indicate?A) Greater pollution.B) A higher quality of life for all citizens.C) Economic growth.D) Social inequality.4. What is the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) designed to do?A) Measure economic output only.B) Combine economic, environmental, and social factors.C) Increase GDP.D) Reduce pollution.5. What does the passage mainly discuss?A) The disadvantages of GDP.B) The advantages of economic growth.C) The history of technology.D) The role of economists.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.6. We apologize ____ the inconvenience caused by the delay in delivery.A) forB) toC) onD) with7. The book is ____ to read, even for non-native speakers.A) difficultB) hardlyC) easyD) challenging8. It's important ____ we respect each other's opinions.A) whichB) thatC) whatD) who9. She ___ a horse when she was on vacation last summer.A) rodeB) was ridingC) has riddenD) has been riding10. The new law will come ____ effect next year.A) inB) onC) toD) at11. Their trip was cancelled ____ the bad weather.A) becauseB) due toC) forD) on account of12. ____ famous actors will attend the film festival later this month.A) ManyB) MoreC) MostD) Much13. By the time we arrived at the museum, it ____.A) has already closedB) was closedC) closedD) closes14. The government is taking measures to reduce ____ pollution in the city.A) environmentB) environmentalC) selfD) oneself15. The company is looking for candidates with ____ skills in marketing.A) strongB) stronglyC) strengthD) strengthensPart III Reading Comprehension (60 points)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Global warming is a major challenge facing humanity today. The Earth's climate is changing due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, caused mainly by human activities. These gases trapheat in the atmosphere, leading to warmer temperatures around the world.One of the main consequences of global warming is the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers. This has led to rising sea levels, putting coastal communities at risk of flooding. In addition, extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, are becoming more frequent and severe.It is clear that urgent action is needed to address global warming. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the changes already underway. By working together, we can help mitigate the worst impacts of climate change and create a more sustainable future for all.16. What is a major challenge facing humanity today?A) Poverty.B) Global warming.C) Education.D) Healthcare.17. What causes global warming?A) Increased greenhouse gas emissions.B) Melting ice caps.C) Rising sea levels.D) Coastal communities.18. What is a consequence of the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers?A) Extreme weather events.B) Rising sea levels.C) Coastal flooding.D) A more sustainable future.19. Who has a role to play in addressing global warming?A) Only governments.B) Only businesses.C) Only individuals.D) Governments, businesses, and individuals.20. How can we help mitigate the impacts of climate change?A) By ignoring the problem.B) By working together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.C) By building more coastal communities.D) By increasing greenhouse gas emissions.Passage 2Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming industries and shaping the future of work. AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and act like humans. This technology has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, from healthcare to transportation.In healthcare, AI can analyze medical data and make accurate diagnoses faster than human doctors. This can lead to improved patient outcomes and more efficient healthcare delivery. In transportation, AI can help optimize traffic flow, reduce accidents, and improve fuel efficiency.Despite its potential benefits, AI also raises concerns about job displacement and ethical issues. As AI becomes more advanced, some fear that it may replace human workers in certain industries. In addition, there are ethical questions about the use of AI in decision-making processes, such as autonomous vehicles.It is important for policymakers, businesses, and society as a whole to address these concerns and ensure that AI is used responsibly and ethically. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of AI while minimizing its negative impacts.21. What is artificial intelligence (AI)?A) The simulation of human intelligence in machines.B) The advancement of transportation.C) The optimization of traffic flow.D) The use of medical data.22. In which sector can AI make accurate diagnoses faster than humans?A) Healthcare.B) Transportation.C) Energy.D) Education.23. What can AI help optimize in transportation?A) Traffic flow.B) Patient outcomes.C) Medical data.D) Fuel efficiency.24. What are concerns raised by the advancement of AI?A) Improved patient outcomes.B) Job displacement and ethical issues.C) Efficient healthcare delivery.D) More accurate diagnoses.25. Who needs to address concerns about AI?A) Policymakers, businesses, and society.B) Only policymakers.C) Only businesses.D) Only society.Part IV Writing (40 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 60 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Work." You should write at least 150 words, and base your essay on the outline given below:1. The definition of artificial intelligence (AI).2. The potential benefits of AI in the workplace.3. Concerns about job displacement and ethical issues.4. Strategies to address these concerns and ensure responsible use of AI.Remember to write your essay clearly, with good organization, and proper usage of grammar and punctuation.---This English test paper is designed to evaluate your reading comprehension, vocabulary and structure, as well as your writing skills. Good luck with the test, and may you excel in your academic endeavors.。

主要宏观经济指标1、CPI：(Consumer Price Index 居民消费价格指数) 旨在反应一定时期内居民所消费商品及服务项目的价格水平变动趋势和变动程度。

居民消费价格水平的变动率在一定程度上反映了通货膨胀（或紧缩）的程度。

通俗的讲，CPI就是市场上的货物价格增长百分比。

一般市场经济国家认为CPI增长率在2%~3%属于可接受范围内，当然还要看其他数据。

CPI过高始终不是好事，高速经济增长率会拉高CPI，但物价指数增长速度快过人民平均收入的增长速度就一定不是好事，而一般平均工资的增长速度很难超越3-4%。

2、GDP：国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product，简称GDP)是指在一定时期内（一个季度或一年），一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。

它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，还可以反映一国的国力与财富。

3、GNP：国民生产总值Gross National Product（简称GNP）是指一个国家（地区）的所有国民（包括本国或本地区的公民以及常住外国或其他地区但未加入外国国籍的居民）在一定时期内（通常是一年））所生产的最终产品价值。

不管是否发生在国内或本地区，都要计入本国或本地区的GNP。

GNP是与所谓的国民原则联系在一起的。

4、货币供应量指标：M0、M1、M2、M3M0、M1、M2、M3 都是用来反映“货币供应量”的重要指标。

国际上大致的划分是：货币(M0) = 流通中的现金，即流通于银行体系之外的现金狭义货币(M1) = (M0) 流通中的现金+ 支票存款(以及转账信用卡存款)广义货币(M2) = M1 + 储蓄存款(包括活期和定期储蓄存款) + 政府债券另外还有M3 = M2 + 其他短期流动资产(如国库券、银行承兑汇票、商业票据等)我国对货币层次的划分是：M0 = 流通中的现金狭义货币(M1) = M0 + 活期存款(企业活期存款+ 机关团体部队存款+ 农村存款+ 个人持有的信用卡类存款)广义货币(M2) = M1 + 城乡居民储蓄存款+ 企业存款中具有定期性质的存款+ 信托类存款+ 其他存款另外还有M3 = M2 + 金融债券+ 商业票据+ 大额可转让定期存单等其中，M2 减M1 是准货币，M3 是根据金融工具的不断创新而设置的M1 反映着经济中的现实购买力；M2 不仅反映现实的购买力，还反映潜在的购买力。

2018年11月翻译资格考试二级英语笔译实务真题及答案【英译中】【Passage 1】New drone footage gives a glimpse of the damage that Hawaii’s Big Island sustainedin the wake of volcanic explosions in recent days. Smoke can be seen billowing off the lava as it creeps down roads and through wooded areas toward homes. Fires are visible with terrifying streams of brightness breaking through the surrounding areas of black. After a day of relative calm, Kilauea roared back in full force on Sunday,spewing lava 300 feet in the air, encroaching on a half mile of new ground and bringing the total number of destroyed structures to 35.从无人机拍摄到的最新视频中，可以大概了解到近日火山喷发后，夏威夷大岛所遭受的损失情况。

火山岩浆在道路上、树林里蔓延，直逼住家，岩浆所到处浓烟滚滚。

在一片漆黑中可见多处大火，火光十分刺眼。

基拉韦厄火山经过相对平静的一天后，周日又火力全开，将岩浆喷到300英尺高空，又侵蚀了半英里土地，共有35处建筑遭摧毁。

There have been 1,800 residents evacuated from their neighborhoods where cracks have been opening and spilling lava. In evacuated areas with relatively low sulfur dioxide levels, residents were allowed to return home for a few hours to collect belongings on Sunday and Monday. Officials said those residents – a little more than half of the evacuees — were allowed to return briefly, and they would continue to allow residents in if it could be done safely.由于地面开裂、岩浆涌出，1800社区居民被疏散。