Influence of Tb substitution on low-field magnetocaloric effect in Gd5Si1.72Ge2.28 alloy
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影响分析类英文作文The impact of social media on young people is undeniable. It has changed the way they communicate, interact, and even perceive the world around them. Social media has also led to an increase in cyberbullying, as well as a decrease in face-to-face communication skills.The influence of celebrities on fashion trends is significant. Many young people look up to their favorite stars and try to emulate their style, leading to a constant change in fashion. This can put pressure on young people to keep up with the latest trends, often leading to overspending and low self-esteem.The impact of technology on education is profound. With the rise of online learning platforms and educational apps, students now have access to a wealth of information attheir fingertips. However, this also means that traditional teaching methods are being challenged, and students may struggle to stay focused in the classroom.The influence of advertising on consumer behavior cannot be underestimated. Advertisements often create a sense of desire and urgency, leading people to make impulsive purchases. This can have a negative impact on young people, who may not have the financial literacy to make informed decisions about their spending habits.The impact of peer pressure on young people is a major concern. Whether it's pressure to engage in risky behaviors or to conform to certain social norms, peer influence can have a lasting impact on a young person's life. It's important for young people to develop the confidence to resist negative peer pressure and make their own choices.The influence of family dynamics on a young person's development is crucial. Family relationships and interactions can shape a young person's values, beliefs, and behaviors. A supportive and nurturing family environment can have a positive impact on a young person's mental and emotional well-being.。
文献信息标题:The research on DuPont financial analysis system and profitability of listed companies作者:McGowan J期刊:Accounting and Finance Research页码:52-63,第1 卷,第2 期,2022 年原文The research on DuPont financial analysis system and profitability of listedcompaniesMcGowan JAbstractIn order for the company's level of profitability for the correct assessment of financial analysis, have the certain ability is necessary, among them, more applicable to listing Corporation to evaluate the profitability of Du Pont financial analysis system. Financial analysis is not only the historical situation and the present situation analysis of the company also can rely on the analysis of the historical situation and the present situation carries on the forecast to the company's future profitability, so as to be able to correctly assess the company's level of profitability. The success and failure of a company have great relationship with the company's financial level, while the company's financial level can be reflected by the results of the financial analysis. Key Words :DuPont financial analysis System; Profitability; ROE1 IntroductionNow the trend of globalization is unstoppable, and this makes the competition between enterprises is torn, it also increased the financial crisis and the degree of operating risk. Financial statements reflect the enterprise's financial position and operating results of a form, it is provided by the accounting entity. Enterprise personnel through financial statements reflect the real situation, use financial methods for serious analysis, accurate calculation, gradual decomposition and in-depth research, so that you can know the comprehensive ability of the enterprise, can know how companies can afford to pay the amount of how much power to keep normal operation of enterprises and profit. Enterprise yield strength is its profitability, and profitability is the real reflection of enterprise operating performance good or bad. The profitability of the relationship between the enterprise managers, creditors and the interests of the shareholders, so their attention to profit is very high, they always paid close attention to the trend of the economy, and in a timely manner to make accurate analysis and forecast the future situation. So, the enterprise management's main goal is to improve the profitability of enterprises. Because enterprise's business performance is depend on the profitability of the company related indicators reflect the real, the business operators through the analysis of profitability, can timely to correct some problems in the operation and management and make reasonable plan. We analyze the financial statements there are so many ways, comparison analysis, the main financial ratio method, trend analysis and factor analysis method. But the effect of these methods is limited, so it can't to enterprise's financial position and operating results fully reflected, can only reflect one aspect. So, you need a comprehensivefinancial indicators on the financial condition of enterprises are an integral part of the report, at the same time also must combine various related indicators, and then using a certain method to enterprise's financial position and operating results to conduct a comprehensive in-depth research, and the specific method is comprehensive analysis method.2 Literature reviewIn 1919, the United States DuPont, Pierre DuPont (Pierre DuPont) and Donaldson Brown (Donaldson Brown) set out the DuPont financial analysis System (DuPont System), the System is based on net assets yield index, in part by part of decomposition, finally to realize the organic combination of financial analysis indicators. Return on equity index is the core of DuPont financial analysis system, sales net profit multiplied by the total assets turnover and the rights and interests is the result of the return on equity, with from top to bottom of key index decomposition, the company's profit ability, operation ability, debt payments and other financial association between more clearly, it is widely used in the actual assessment, but actually very few foreign scholars studied it, let alone to improve its methods, to perfect its theory and practice and research on it, it is a handful. Palmer's office at Harvard University in the United States, and in the analysis and evaluation forDuPont financial analysis system and complementary, build palmer's financial analysis system process is layers of decomposition process of financial indicators, this analysis method is actually one more consideration for dividendpayment rate, but there is no big effect. Alex Kane is a professor at the university of California, bode is a professor at the university of Boston, they jointly at Boston college Alan j. Marcus (Alan j. Marcus) (2003), a professor at the essence of the investment of the books seriously analyzed the DuPont financial analysis system ofDuPont financial model to study the three elements, respectively is the interest rate burden ratio, income taxes, the tax burden ratio and sales earnings before interest and tax rate, and more detailed research seriously the debt interest and income tax rate, it'sasset turnover ratio, ratio of sales compensation and interest burden ratio and the product of the tax burden ratio, and the rights and interests of the factor for the average amount of assets and the ratio of the amount of owners' equity, asset turnover ratio for business income and the ratio of the average total assets, sales compensation ratio for unpaid interest and the ratio of sales revenue, profit before interest burden ratio for the amount of interest and profits before interest payments, the tax burden ratio to the ratio of the income tax amount and profit before tax amount. Can be learned from the above study, DuPont return on net assets in the financial model depends on the interest factor, asset turnover ratio, ratio of sales compensation and interest burden ratio and tax burden these five key indicators. The model of enterprise income tax's influence on the net interest rate of the rights andinterests is through the single factor of tax burden directly reflected, and financial expenses index is the key of the analysis. The rationality of the assets structure cannot leave the financial cost indicators of guidance. Capital of a limited number of cases in the enterprise, the enterprise can have the most to gain from at the lowest cost is the sign of corporate capital structure is reasonable. The quality of corporate profits is also associated with interest expense.3 The DuPont financial analysis theory3.1 Factor analysis methodFactor analysis method, also called index factor analysis method, is the overall change in the statistical index is used to things method to evaluate the impact of different reasons, mainly divided into fixed base substitution method, index decomposition method, the difference analysis method with serial alternative methods. As one of the subordinate application of multivariate statistical analysis, factor analysis method is a good practical method of statistical analysis. In this way, can a set of more able to reflect things characteristics, status and nature of the variables are simplified into a few can decide things fundamental characteristics, embodies the inherent things, the nature of the internal variables, and use this a few interrelated variables on economic indicators or analysis of the impact of financial indicators. This kind of analysis method is the key, when there are multiple factors to the object of study, assuming that other factors are constant, according to the changes in order to determine the individual factors to study the effect of the object.3.2 Ratio analysisRatio analysis method is a more important key data from the annual report, the ratio of the various data and comparison, thus for the company's history and an analysis of the present situation and the level of sales methods, it is essential to the evaluation of the financial situation strategy, possibly through the ratio of the two key data in the annual report, the company's operating results and financial condition. Due to the differences of financial analysis of the ultimate goal, different analysts, including government agencies, the emphasis of the management institution, creditors rely on also has very big difference. For stock investment, grasp and use good turnover ratio, growth levels, and ability of debt repayment ratio and profitability ratios these indicators is more important.3.3 Trend analysis methodTrend analysis method, also known as the method of level analysis, comparative analysis method, this is a kind of the annual report of the various financial information extracted, the same ratio of multiple consecutive compared with key indicators to sequential or calm base contrast, access to these key indicators change amplitude and trend, to the company's cash flow change trend, the operating and financial situation clearly reflected a financial analysis method. When using the trend analysis method research on the company, usually need to compare to the annual report and prepare. By using the trend analysis method, can hold a company's financial change trend, so as to provide a basis for the prediction of the company's future financial condition.3.4 DuPont financial analysis systemDuPont financial analysis system from the perspective of financial performanceof the company, equity returns ability and profitability analysis of the classical method. The idea of this method is to a company's return on equity is expressed as a number of key financial indicators of multiplication, thus more systematic study of the company's operations. In order to more comprehensive to analyze the company's operating results and financial status, need multiple influences each other key indicators to the level of profitability, debt repayment ability and operation level were analyzed systematically. DuPont financial model is adopted the inherent connection between several important financial indexes, to evaluate a company's financial situation. The system centered on net earnings ratio data, through the evaluation of the level of profitability, solvency, to build a balance sheet and income statement such as a number of key financial data analysis system. DuPont financial analysis System (DuPont financial analysis System) through the inherent connection between several key financial data, to evaluate the company's financial situation and the method, it is a kind of from the perspective of financial performance of the company, equity returns ability and profitability evaluation method of classic. The idea of this method is to a company's return on equity is expressed as a number of key financial indicators of multiplication, thus more systematic study of the company's operations.译文杜邦财务分析体系与上市公司盈利能力研究McGowan J摘要为了对公司的盈利水平进行正确的评估,具备一定的财务分析能力是很必要的,其中,杜邦财务分析体系比较合用于对上市公司的盈利能力进行评价。
Effect of substitution of oat hulls for traditional fiber source on digestion and performance of fattening rabbitsS.Liangzhan a ,J.Xiang a ,Z.Caixia,F.Zhaohui and L.Fuchang †College of Animal Science and Technology,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai ’an 271018,P R China(Received 7April 2015;Accepted 3October 2016;First published online 8November 2016)The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of oat hulls (OH)to substitute traditional fiber (a mixture of rice hulls and mugwort (RHM)leaf)in the diets of fattening rabbits by examining on its effect on the growth performance,coef ficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD)of nutrients,gastrointestinal tract development,cecum fermentation and carcass traits.A total of 160mixed sex Hyla commercial meat rabbits (40/treatment)were used to study the effects of including OH in the diet from 30to 80days of age.A control diet based on RHM and containing 175.2g crude fiber and 169.7g CP/kg was included.Growth performance and CTTAD of nutrients were recorded from day 35to day 80and day 74to day 80,respectively,whereasgastrointestinal tract development,cecum fermentation and carcass traits were determined at day 80.Increasing concentrations of OH in the diet increased average daily feed intake (P =0.0018),but have no effects on average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (P >0.05).Moreover,the 150g/kg OH diet decreased the relative weight of full cecum and cecal content (P <0.05),but did not affect other gastrointestinal organs.The CTTAD of NDF and gross energy decreased with the inclusion of OH (P <0.05).No effects of CTTAD of ADF,ADL,dry matter,CP and ether extract were observed (P >0.05).The concentrations of total volatile fatty acid,acetic and butyric acids were greater in rabbits fed the lower levels of OH (0to 100g/kg)compared with higher rate(150g/kg;P <0.05).However,the proportions of acetic,propionic and butyric acids were not affected by treatments (P >0.05).Furthermore,no signi ficant effect on the ratios of acetic/(propionic +butyric)was observed (P >0.05).Hot carcass weight,pH (45min,24h),lightness,redness,yellowness,24-h drip loss of longissimus lumborum muscles were not affected by diet OH (P >0.05).However,dressing out percentage increased with higher (150g/kg)inclusion of OH.It is concluded that OH can be included in rabbit diets at levels up to 100g/kg,but negative effect on digestion and performance were observed with the increasing of OH (150g/kg).Keywords:cecum fermentation,carcass traits,growth performance,oat hulls,rabbitImplicationsDietary fiber is the main constituent of rabbit feed,usually ranges from 150to 500g/kg,but the price of traditional fiber like alfalfa,mugwort and rice hull are rising sharply.There-fore,alternatives are required to produce balanced pelleted feeds using local raw materials,available at a lower price.This study aimed to assay that if oat hulls (OH)can satisfactorily replace traditional fiber source in diets for growing-fattening rabbits.IntroductionThe rabbit is a small-sized mono-gastric herbivorous animal and fiber is one of the main constituents of diets forintensively reared rabbits (de Blas et al .,1999).The type and inclusion level of fiber sources determine the quality of rabbit diets (de Blas et al .,1999).Rice hulls and mugwort (RHM)is the fiber source common utilized in diet formulation for the fattening rabbit,but the price of mugwort is rising sharply.Therefore,alternatives are required to produce balanced pelleted feeds using local raw materials,available at a lower price.Oats (Avena sativa L.)are a major cereal worldwide and the sixth cereal grain after maize,rice,wheat,barley and sorghum (Food and Agriculture Organization,2011).Oat cultivation yields two main by-products:oat straw,the vegetative residue after grain harvest,and OH.OH is con-sidered as a source of fiber for ruminants and rabbits and is often compared with a low-quality roughage in terms of nutritive value (Fraser et al .,2004).As a source of fiber,OH is a classic compound feed ingredient in commercial rabbit feeding,Maríaet et al .(2007)tested the effect of OH on†E-mail:chlf@a These two authors contributed equally to this work.Animal (2017),11:6,pp 968–974©The Animal Consortium 2016doi:10.1017/S1751731116002263968digestion,intestinal microbiota and performance in 25-day-old weaned rabbits.Martínez et al.(2013)observed the effect of OH on ileal apparent digestibility and cecal environment in17to35-day-old rabbits.David and John (1978)observed the effect of OH on New Zealand White rabbits between5and8weeks old,but the information related to the effect of the OH on fattening rabbits is scarce and insufficient to formulate practical recommendations. Thus,OH use as rabbit feed ingredients merits further investigation.The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of OH to substitute traditionalfiber in the diets of fattening rabbits by examining its effect on the growth performance,coeffi-cient of total tract apparent digestibility(CTTAD)of nutrients, gastrointestinal tract development,cecum fermentation and carcass traits.Material and methodsThe study was approved by the Animal Welfare and Healthy Breed committee of Shandong province(Shandong,China) and performed in accordance with the‘Guidelines for Experimental Animals’of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Beijing,China).Animal and dietA total of16030-day-old weaned Hyla commercial meat rabbits(male–female ratio of1:1)with average BWs (550±50g)were used in this study.All rabbits were randomly divided into four groups(n=40,equal numbers of males and females per group)and fed with different experimental diets.Rabbits were individually housed in self-made metabolism cages(60×40×40cm).The rabbits were provided with free access to water.During the trials,rabbitswere housed in a closed and ventilated building in which the temperature was maintained at17°C to25°C and the relative humidity ranged from50%to60%.A cycle of12h of light:dark was used throughout this trial.The diets(see Table1)were formulated according to the values for growers from National Research Council(1989) and de Blas and Mateos(1998)and were pelleted by the use of pressure.The diameter of each pellet was4mm.The OH supplementation levels of the four experimental diets were0, 50,100and150g/kg diet(as-fed basis),respectively. Experimental proceduresThe feed was offered ad libitum and refilled at0830and 1730h daily,residual feed was collected from the cages simultaneously.The total experiment consisted of a5-day adjustment period followed by a45-day experimental period including a7-day(day74to day80)collection of feces.In addition,40additional rabbits at day74to day80of age were used in a digestibility trial to determine the CTTAD of CP,gross energy(GE),dry matter,ether extract(EE),NDF, ADF and ADL of the diets,following the European reference method(Perez et al.,1995).Feces and residual feed were collected from the metabolism cages.The CTTAD of CP,GE, EE,NDF and ADF,ADL of the diets,following the European reference method(Perez et al.,1995).Individual weight (with restriction of food and water)was measured at the beginning and end of the trial and the average daily gain (ADG)was calculated.The average daily feed intake(ADFI) was calculated according to total of food intake divided by total experimental days.The feed conversion ratio(FCR)was then calculated.The ADG,ADI and FCR calculations did not include the5-day adjustment period.At the end of the trial,eight rabbits per group were selected for the further examination based on the following criteria:equal ratio of males:females and the average BW of the eight rabbits was equal to the average BW of entire treatment group.Selected animals were electrically stunned (70V,pulsed direct current,50Hz for5s)and killed by cervical dislocation at1700h.BW and carcass weight were measured.The hot carcass weight(weight of the carcass 15to30min after slaughter)and dressing out percentage were calculated.Meanwhile,the whole longissimus lumborum(LL, between thefirst and seventh lumber vertebra)was removed Table1Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diet (g/kg,as-fed basis)Oat hulls(g/kg)Items050100150 IngredientMaize100100100100 Wheat bran150150150150 Corn germ meal100100100100 Soybean meal50505050 Alfalfa80808080 Soybean oil10101010 Rice hulls80604020 Soybean stalk10101010 Oat hulls050100150 Sunflower meal100100100100 Wheat germ80808080 Mugwort leaf1501209060 Premix150505050 Total1000100010001000 Chemical compositionCP169.7166.5163.3160.0 Crudefiber175.2174.3174.8175.2 Ether extract30.130.230.330.3 NDF363.3374.4386.5398.6 ADF208.1204.9203.5202.1 ADL53.852.75251.3 Calcium10.010.110.09.9 Total phosphorus 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 Digestible energy29.369.419.399.38 Digestible protein2130.0127.4124.9124 The premix provided the following per kg of diet:Lys1.5g;Met1.5mg; Cu50mg;Fe100mg;Zn50mg;Mn30mg;Mg150mg;I0.1mg;Se0.1mg; vitamin A12000IU;vitamin D800IU;vitamin E50g.2Calculated from digestibility coefficients obtained in the digestibility trial.Effect of oat hulls for rabbit969from the right side of each carcass.The LL was then divided into three sub-samples.One sub-sample was utilized for pH measurements at45min and24h.The second sub-sample was utilized for the measure of the muscle color(L*,a*and b*)and third sub-sample was utilized for the measure of cooking loss and shear force.The pH was measured on the LL with a Crison MicropH2001(Crison Instruments,Barcelona, Spain)provided with a combined electrode and an automatic temperature compensator.The pH was measured by insert-ing the probe into the muscle and the values were obtained considering the average of three readings per meat sample. Meat color was measured at room temperature(20°C)using a portable Minolta CR-331CMinolta Colorimeter(Min-olta Camera,Osaka,Japan)with D65illuminant and2°standard observer.The color values were obtained considering the average of three readings per meat sample.As for the cooking loss,each sample of the LL was weighed,placed in a vacuum sealed polyethylene bag,totally immersed in a constant temperature water bath and cooked at80°C for1h to calculate the cooking losses.After cooking,the samples were cooled under running water for30min.The samples were then removed from the bags,blotted and weighed.The cooking losses were expressed as a percentage of the initial weight.The LL,cooked as described above,were cut into rectangular cross-section strips(1cm thick×1cm wide×3cm along thefiber)and were sheared perpendicular to the musclefiber direction using an Instron5543equipped with a Warner–Bratzler shear device(Instron Corporation,MA,USA) and cross-head speed set at100mm/min.The maximum force measured to shear the strips was expressed as Newtons. After slaughter,the cecum was removed and weighed both with and without its contents.The following was calculated: cecum ratio(g/g)=cecum weight(g)/BW(g)and the cecum content ratio(g/g)=cecum content weight(g)/BW(g). Chemical analysesThe protein content was obtained by the measuring nitrogen content of feeds and feces by the methods outlined by Kjeldahl(Association of Official Analytical Chemist(AOAC), 1995),and AOAC(1995)for crudefiber.Analysis offiber components was performed according to Goering and Van Soest(1970)and more recent modifications to the NDF procedure(Van Soest et al.,1991).EE was measured in a Soxhlet extractor.The energy levels of the feed and feces were measured in a bomb calorimeter.The pH value of cecal content was determined from each rabbit45min postmortem with a pH meter equipped with a pH probe(Crison MicropH2001).The samples of cecal contents were then centrifuged at25000g at0°C for10min.The NH3-N concentration and volatile fatty acid(VFA)of the supernatant were measured.NH3-N concentration was measured by the technique of Weatherburn(1967)and determined via spectro-photometer.The VFAs were measured by gas chromatography, with a gas column:free fatty acids and phenols10%H3PO4,1% acid-washed chromosorb W,100to120mesh.The carrier gas was N2with aflow rate of40ml/min;H2and airflows to the detector were set at a rate of60ml/min.Injector and detector temperatures were maintained at250°C.The oven temperature was set to150°C.Statistical analysisThe experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatments,40replicates/treatment and one rabbit per replicate.All data are expressed as means and analyzed using linear models ANOVA(GLM)procedure (SAS,9.3;SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,USA).For growth performance analysis,n=40/treatment,for CTTAD,gastro-intestinal tract development,cecum fermentation and carcass traits and meat qualities analysis,n=8/treatment.Differences among treatments were examined by Duncan’s multiple range test and were considered to be significant at P<0.05. ResultsThe effect of dietary oat hulls levels on growth performance The growth performances of the experimental rabbits reared under different OH levels are presented in Table 2. Throughout the experiment,the health status of rabbits was good,as only one rabbit died in group feed0g/kg OH and only two in the150g/kg OH group had transitory diarrhea. These three rabbits were excluded from the evaluation.ADFI increased significantly as OH levels increased,a higher feed intake was observed in rabbits fed the150g/kg OH diet compared with diets with lower OH concentrations (P<0.05).However,no significant difference was observed for FCR and ADG(P>0.05).The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on gastrointestinal tract developmentTable3shows the effect of different OH dietary treatments on the relative weight of digestive organs and their contents. There are no variations in the relative weight of stomach, intestine and their contents.However,the relative weight of full cecum and cecal contents decreased with the increase in OH levels(P<0.05).The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrientsFrom the data of Table4,we can conclude that the increase in OH had a significant effect on the CTTAD of ADF and GE, Table2The effect of oat hulls(OH)concentration on the growth performance of experimental rabbitsOH(g/kg)Items050100150RMSE P-value ADFI(g/day)127.4a129.5a133.8ab137.4b 5.530.0018 ADG(g/day)41.842.843.043.8 1.970.0734 FCR 3.05 3.02 3.11 3.140.190.7933 RMSE=root mean square error;ADFI=average daily feed intake;ADG= average daily gain;FCR=feed conversion ratio.a,b Within a row,means without a common superscript letter differ(P<0.05).Liangzhan,Xiang,Caixia,Zhaohui and Fuchang 970both ADF and GE were decreased in the group feed150g/kg OH(P<0.05),but the CTTAD of CP,EE,ADF,ADL,dry matter and GE were not affected(P>0.05).The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on cecum fermentation The values of cecal pH,ammonia N and VFA concentrations and proportions are presented in Table5.Cecal pH was significantly influenced by diet(P<0.05),but ammonia N in the cecal content was not(P>0.05).Although,acetic acid was the predominant VFA(72.72%to75.61%of the total) followed by butyric and propionic acids,it was not affected by diet(P>0.05).The absolute concentrations of VFAs (namely acetic and butyric acids)and total VFA concentra-tions were affected by treatments(P<0.05).High OH diet significantly decreased the concentration of total VFAs, acetic acid and butyric acid(P<0.05).No significant dif-ferences in propionic diets were observed(P>0.05).Pro-portions of acetic,propionic and butyric acids were not affected by treatments(P>0.05).Moreover,treatments had no significant effect on the ratios of acetic acid/ (propionic+butyric acids).The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on carcass traits and meat qualitiesThe carcass traits and meat quality data are given in Table6. There were no differences among the groups in hot carcass weight(P>0.05).However,dressing out percentage increased with increasing in OH levels(P<0.05).Further, the pH(45min),pH(24h),shear force,cooking loss and physical traits(lightness,redness,yellowness)of LL muscles were not affected by the inclusion of OH in the diet (P>0.05).DiscussionThe effect of dietary oat hulls levels on growth performance Dietaryfiber has been known to affect rabbit growth performance but the effects are largely dependent on the source offiber due to its highly variable lignification and cell wall complexity and different hemicelluloses con-stituents(Gidenne et al.,1992;Carabaño et al.,2001;Table3The effect of oat hulls(OH)concentration on thegastrointestinal tract development of experimental rabbits(%BW)OH(g/kg)Items050100150RMSE P-valueFull stomach 5.82 6.00 5.44 4.920.95110.1313Empty stomach 1.39 1.47 1.45 1.330.13530.1700Stomach content 4.43 4.53 3.99 3.600.92400.1774Full small intestine 4.76 4.55 4.40 4.330.51730.3545Empty small intestine 3.30 3.40 3.19 3.200.41290.7345Small intestine content 1.47 1.16 1.21 1.130.34700.2089Full cecum7.40a7.12a 6.78ab 6.50b0.69270.0326Empty cecum 1.49 1.55 1.47 1.410.15600.3605Cecal content 5.92a 5.64a 5.23ab 5.09b0.62010.0474RMSE=root mean square error.a,b Within a row,means without a common superscript letter differ(P<0.05).Table4The effect of oat hulls(OH)concentration on the coefficient oftotal tract apparent digestibility of experimental rabbitsOH(g/kg)Items050100150RMSE P-ValueCP0.7660.7650.7650.7750.04410.8206Ether extract0.9750.9730.9740.9720.01050.9716NDF0.284a0.251ab0.215c0.212c0.0207<0.0001ADF0.2820.2780.2550.2520.05320.9407ADL0.0490.0740.0520.0580.01620.9953Dry matter0.6550.6370.6550.6040.03360.3287Gross energy0.580a0.566a0.549ab0.526c0.08780.0159RMSE=root mean square error.a,b,c Within a row,means without a common superscript letter differ(P<0.05).OH(g/kg)Items050100150RMSE P-valuepH 6.19a 6.32ab 6.32ab 6.53b0.20610.0223Ammonia N(mg/100ml)8.007.827.487.580.61260.9983Cecal VFA concentrationTotal(mmol/100ml)7.50a7.42a 6.73ab 5.57c0.6078<0.0001Acetic(mmol/100ml) 5.71a 5.63a 5.08a 4.34b0.64890.0007Propionic(mmol/100ml)0.410.450.440.490.16440.8431Butyric(mmol/100ml) 1.41a 1.34a 1.20ab0.14b0.17500.0185Cecal VFA proportionsAcetic(%)75.6075.6175.3872.72 3.29110.2899Propionic(%) 5.59 6.11 6.528.23 2.49830.2290Butyric(%)18.8118.2818.1019.05 2.76420.9041Acetic/(propionic+butyric) 3.14 3.20 3.09 2.710.48030.2298RMSE=root mean square error;VFA=volatile fatty acid.a,b Within a row,means without a common superscript letter differ(P<0.05).Effect of oat hulls for rabbit971García et al.,2002b).Moreover,insolublefiber and the less lignifiedfiber fractions can act as substrate for micro-organisms and stimulate cecal fermentation and microbial nitrogen recycling(Gidenne et al.,2004;Gómez-Conde et al.,2009);thus they can affect and regulate the digestive health and growth performance of rabbits(Gidenne et al., 2010a and2010b).In the present study,we observed a higher feed intake in rabbits fed the150g/kg OH diet compared with diets with lower OH concentrations,probably associated with the lower digestible energy of the OH diet(Partridge et al.,1989;Nicodemus et al.,1999).FCR and ADG were similar to that described by María et al. (2007),using diets containing79g/kg OH in rabbits. According to García et al.(2002b)dietary inclusion of fibrous feedstuffs at levels of100to150g/kg has little effect on rabbit performance,when the rabbit is able to regulate its digestible energy intake and thus to adjust its growth.The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on gastrointestinal tract developmentThe level and type of dietaryfiber can play the most impor-tant role in controlling gastrointestinal tract development and digestive content(Margüenda et al.,2012).In the present study,no differences were observed in gastro-intestinal tract development among different treatments.The relative weights of each gastrointestinal tract were similar to those previously reported in healthy rabbits(Tao and Li, 2006;Chao et al.,2008).However,the relative weight of the full cecum decreased and the ceacal content was lower in rabbits fed the150g/kg OH diet compared with diets with lower OH concentrations,probably because of the lower level of neutral detergent solublefiber in OH.María et al.(2007) found that weight of cecal contents decreased linearly between rabbits fed beet pulp/apple pulp and OH diets,due to neutral detergent solublefiber reduction.Furthermore,in diets with the same level of dietaryfiber,the type offiber alters the time of fermentation in the cecum.Rice hulls is considered a kind of small particle size(<0.315mm)source offiber,which might causes accumulation of digesta in the cecum(Fraga et al.,1991;Gidenne et al.,1992).However,no similar effect was observed in OH.These effects might account for the increase observed in feed intake.It would be partly related to the decrease of dietary digestible energy content when OH increased,and the negative effect of an accumulation of digesta in the cecum on feed intake(García et al.,2002a)obtained previously when the effects of54 diets were reviewed.The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrientsIn our study,the CTTAD of NDF and GE decreased with the inclusion of OH.Similar results have been reported pre-viously,using diets with79g/kg OH in rabbits(María et al., 2007).The CTTAD of NDF was lower in rabbits fed the 100g/kg and150g/kg OH diet,probably associated with the higher lignin and lower pectin content of this diet(Gidenne and Perez,1994;de Blas et al.,1999;Nicodemus et al., 1999).Besides,the higher feed intake and lower ceacal content weight in rabbits fed the150g/kg OH diet in this experiment assure a short cecal fermentation time and obviously a high degree of lignification of NDF,which also would account for the relatively low efficiency of NDF digestion of OH.This is in agreement with previous studies(DePeters et al.,1997;Hall et al.,1998;Escalona et al.,1999)with ruminants,which have shown that the extent of NDF degradation is very high after72h of fermentation(94%),but also that the degradation rate of its potentially degradable NDF fraction(99.9%)is relatively low(0.038/h).Moreover,the CTTAD of GE was lower in rabbits fed the150g/kg OH diet than in rabbits fed the other diets,probably because of the lower neutral detergent solublefiber content of this diet.María et al.(2007)observed a linear increase of energy digestibility with neutral detergent solublefiber level.This result is in accordance with the lower CTTAD of NDF.The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on cecum fermentation In the present trial,the concentration of ammonia N in the cecal content was not affected by diet.This might be due toTable6The effect of oat hulls(OH)concentration on the carcass traits and meat quality of experimental rabbitsOH(g/kg)Items050100150RMSE P-value Hot carcass weight(g)12621214132012880.09500.1733 Dressing percentage(%)50.05a51.66a52.42a55.68b 5.08040.0481 pH(45min) 6.64 6.60 6.52 6.690.29700.7059 pH(24h) 5.91 5.81 5.75 5.750.26690.6232 L36.3036.3838.3938.14 2.62970.1857 a12.6112.7012.6412.660.32750.9571b 5.15 5.14 5.24 5.06 1.5990.9971Shear force12.4112.4612.4912.160.69320.7751 Cooking loss(%)25.5325.5225.6025.500.5530.9391 RMSE=root mean square error;L=lightness;a=redness;b=yellowness.a,b Within a row,means without a common superscript letter differ(P<0.05).Liangzhan,Xiang,Caixia,Zhaohui and Fuchang972the nearly same level of CP in these diets.Castellini et al. (2007)observed that a reduction of CP in the rabbit diet reduces the ammonia concentration in the cecum.The concentrations of total VFA observed in our study ranged from5.57to7.50mmol/100ml.In general,these values are consistent with those obtained by García et al. (2002a)and Pinheiro et al.(2009).Of note,in the present work,the production of total VFAs,acetic and butyric decreased with increase of OH concentration.These results were in agreement with Gidenne et al.(2000)who observed a linear decrease in cecal VFA level with increasing dietary fiber supply.Furthermore,at the same concentration of dietaryfiber,the dietary inclusion of soluble and fermentablefiber decreases the pH and increases the total cecal con-centration of VFA and the total mean retention time(García et al.,1993;Carabaño et al.,1997).We thus hypothesize that OH has a lower level of soluble and/or fermentablefiber than RHM.VFA provide an important source of energy for the rabbit (Bellier and Gidenne,1996).Moreover,VFA,mainly butyrate, having anti-inflammatory action(Chiang et al.,2000;Qiao et al.,2002).Thus,negative effect may be observed with the increasing of OH,though not founded in the present study.The effect of dietary oat hulls levels on carcass traits and meat qualitiesSomefiber sources,such as sugar beet pulp(García et al., 1993;Cobos et al.,1995;Margüenda et al.,2012),olive pomaces(Dal Bosco et al.,2012),were tested at different levels of inclusion.All these studies found that the lower levels(5%to15%)of supplementation showed little or no effects on carcass traits,dressing percentage,meat chemical composition or physical characteristics such as tenderness, drip loss and color.These results are congruous with those obtained by our research.Increasing dietary concentration of OH did not affect hot carcass weight and dressing percentage and the pH(45min,24h),lightness,redness,yellowness, 24-h drip loss of LL muscles.However,in this study,the dressing percentage affected by the inclusion of OH.We found that dressing out percentage increased with higher (150g/kg)inclusion of OH.This effect is in accordance with the decrease of relative weight of the full cecum decreased and the ceacal content.A similar result that accumulation of digesta in the cecum lead to a reduction of dressing out percentage was observed by Carabaño et al.(1997)ConclusionsIn conclusion,the use of150g/kg OH in substitution for RHM could reduce the CTTAD of GE and NDF and impaired fermentation of the cecum content:the pH values increased and the VFA values decreased.OH could thus be considered as afiber source which has a lower level of soluble and/or fermentablefiber for the fattening rabbit.Moreover,OH has a lower digestible energy which lead to a higher feed intake. However,OH can be included in rabbit diets at levels up to100g/kg almost without adverse effects on the growth performance,CTTAD of nutrients,gastrointestinal tract development,cecum fermentation and carcass traits.AcknowledgmentThis study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(2000903006)and by the ear-marked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-44-B-1).ReferencesAssociation of Official Analytical Chemist(AOAC)1995.Official methods of analysis,15th edition.AOAC,Washington,DC,USA.Bellier R and Gidenne T1996.Consequence of reducedfibre intake on digestion, rate of passage and caecal microbial activity in the young rabbit.British Journal of Nutrition75,353–363.Carabaño R,García J and de Blas JC2001.Effect offiber source on ileal apparent digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides in rabbits.Animal Science Journal72, 343–350.Carabaño R,Motta Ferreira W,de Blas JC and Fraga MJ1997.Substitution of sugarbeet pulp for alfalfa hay in diets for growing rabbits.Animal Feed Science and Technology65,249–256.Castellini C,Cardinali R,Rebollar PG,Dal Bosco A,Jimeno V and Cossu ME 2007.Feeding fresh chicory(Chicoria intybus)to young rabbits:performance, development of gastro-intestinal tract and immune functions of appendix and Peyer’s patch.Animal Feed Science and Technology134,56–65.Chao HY and Li FC2008.Effect of level offiber on performance and digestion traits in growing rabbits.Animal Feed Science and Technology144,279–291. Chiang BL,Sheih YH,Wang LH and Liao CK2000.Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium(Bifidobacterium lactis HN019):optimization and definition of cellular immune responses.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition54,849–855.Cobos A,de la Hoz L,Cambero MI and Ordoñez JA1995.Sugar-beet pulp as an alternative ingredient of barley in rabbit diets and its effect on rabbit meat.Meat Science39,113–121.Dal B,Mourvaki E,Cardinali R,Servili M,Sebastiani B,Ruggeri S,Mattioli S, Taticchi A,Esposto S and Castellini C2012.Effect of dietary supplementation with olive pomaces on the performance and meat quality of growing rabbits. Meat Science92,783–788.David S and John D1978.A study of the need forfibre by the growing New Zealand white rabbit.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture29, 640–648.de Blas JC,García J and Carabaño R1999.Role offibre in rabbit diets.A review. Annales De Zootechnie48,3–13.de Blas JC and Mateos GG1998.Feed formulation.In The nutrition of rabbit (ed.C de Blas and J Wiseman),pp.241–253.CABI Publishing,New York,NY,USA. DePeters EJ,Fadel JG and Arosamena A1997.Digestion kinetics of neutral detergentfiber and chemical composition within selected by-product feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science Technology67,127–140.Escalona B,Rocha R,García J,Carabaño R and De Blas JC1999.Characteriza-tion of in situfibre digestion of severalfibrous feedstuffs.Animal Science Journal 68,217–221.Food and Agriculture Organization2011.FAOSTAT.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome,Italy.Fraga MJ,Pérez de Ayala P,Carabaño R and De Blas JC1991.Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft feces to nutrient intake offinishing rabbits.Journal of Animal Science69,1566–1574.Fraser J and McCartney D2004.Fodder oats in North America:chapter III.In Fodder oats:a world overview.FAO plant production and protection series NO°33(ed.JM Suttie and SG Reynolds),251pp.FAO,Rome,Italy.García G,Galvez JF and de Blas JC1993.Effect of substitution of sugar beet pulp for barley in diets forfinishing rabbits on growth performance and on energy and nitrogen efficiency.Journal of Animal Science711,823–1830.Effect of oat hulls for rabbit973。
1 William WordsworthOne of the great English poets, he was a leader of the romantic movement in England.Assessment :1.Wordsworth's personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country 。
2. Wordsworth's earlier work shows the poetic beauty of commonplace things and people as in "Margaret," "Peter Bell," "Michael," and "The Idiot Boy." His use of the language of ordinary speech was heavily criticized, but it helped to rid English poetry of the more artificial conventions of 18th-century diction. Among his other well-known poems are "Lucy" ("She dwelt among the untrodden ways"), "The Solitary Reaper," "Resolution and Independence," "Daffodils," "The Rainbow," and the sonnet "The World Is Too Much with Us." 3.He was criticized for the unevenness of his poetry , for his rather marked capacity for bathos, and for his transformation from an open-minded liberal to a cramped conservative. In recent years, however, Wordsworth has again been recognized as a great English poet : a profound, original thinker who created a new poetic tradition.I wandered lonely as a cloud独行徐徐如浮云,横绝太空渡山谷,忽然在我一瞥中,金色水仙花成簇,开在湖边乔木下, 微风之中频摇曳。
影响分析类议论文英语作文1. The impact of social media on young people today is undeniable. It shapes their opinions, influences their behavior, and even affects their mental health.2. The rise of fast fashion has had a significant impact on the environment, leading to increased pollution and waste in the fashion industry.3. The growing popularity of online streaming services has revolutionized the way we consume media, changing the traditional model of television and film distribution.4. The use of plastic bags has had a devastating impact on our oceans and marine life, leading to widespread pollution and environmental damage.5. The rise of ride-sharing services has disrupted the traditional taxi industry, leading to both positive and negative impacts on drivers and consumers.6. The impact of artificial intelligence on the workforce is a topic of much debate, with concerns aboutjob displacement and the need for retraining and upskilling.7. The global pandemic has had a profound impact on the way we live and work, forcing us to adapt to new ways of communicating and interacting with others.8. The impact of climate change on our planet is becoming increasingly evident, with rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity.9. The use of social media influencers in marketing and advertising has changed the way companies promote their products and connect with consumers.10. The impact of automation on industries such as manufacturing and transportation has led to increased efficiency but also concerns about job loss and income inequality.。
Volume 288, Number 5468 Issue of 12 May 2000, pp. 989 - 990©2000 by The American Association for the Advancement of Science.ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE:Absorbing PhenomenaStephen E. Schwartz and Peter R. Buseck*M ost considerations of global climate change caused by human activities, including the Kyoto convention (1), have focused on the warming influence of greenhouse gases (2). However, aerosols are another important atmospheric constituent that influences climate and has been affected by human activities (3, 4). Aerosol particles increase scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation (5, 6), increase cloud reflectance (5, 7), enhance cloud lifetimes (8), and suppress precipitation (9, 10). These phenomena are all thought to exert a cooling influence on climate. Recently, Rosenfeld (9) presented results demonstrating that anthropogenic aerosols reduce cloud droplet size and suppress precipitation downwind of major urban areas and industrial facilities, consistent with earlier hypotheses (7, 8). Now, a major study, the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) (11), has extensively documented several of these phenomena and a report from this group (12) has identified yet another important effect of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds.The influences of aerosols on climate are much more complex than those of greenhouse gases. Bulk aerosol composition is highly variable spatially and temporally, because of different sources and production mechanisms and short atmospheric residence times, from less than a day to more than a month. Particle sizes range from nanometers to micrometers; within the same size class, particles can exhibit widely different compositions and morphologies (13), with different constituents commonly present even within the same particle. For example, 10-nm soot carbon spherules can be found embedded within much larger sulfate particles (14). The inhomogeneous in properties and geographical distributions of aerosols make it difficult to characterize their influences on climate and to represent these influences in models. INDOEX examined the chemical and physical properties and geographical distribution of natural and anthropogenic aerosols and their precursors, the effects of these aerosols on clouds and radiation, and the resultant influences on regional and global climate. The study focused on a geographical region that has not received much prior attention, the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean. The 1998 and 1999 field studies were conducted during the winter monsoonal months January through March, when air flow over the region is dominated by transport from the Indian and south Asian subcontinents. Aerosols and other atmospheric and radiative quantities were documented by a wide range of measurements from aircraft, ships, satellites, and island stations.In an initial study coming out of the 1999 campaign, Satheesh and Ramanathan reported recently (15) that anthropogenic aerosols exhibit substantial loading over much of the North Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and even somewhat south of the equator. Model calculations showed that this aerosol had been transported thousands of kilometers from source regions in the heavily populated areas of the Indian subcontinent. The aerosol (see figure) was surprisingly absorbing. The absorption resulted mainly from carbon from fossil fuel and biomass combustion, with a smaller contribution from mineral dust. The conventional measure of aerosol climatic influence is radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere, that is, the change in the amountof solar radiation absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere due to the aerosol. Because of the high absorption, the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing by the aerosol over the Indian Ocean was much less than for a nonabsorbing, purely scattering aerosol. However, Satheesh and Ramanathan point out (15) that a decrease in radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere is only one measure of aerosol influence. In particular, they find that heavy aerosol loadings substantially decreased the shortwave irradiance at the surface, another key climatic variable.Strong absorption. This photo from aircraft during INDOEX 1999 (25 March 1999; 3.0ºN,74.5ºE) over the tropical Indian Ocean north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone shows small cumulus clouds embedded in an absorbing aerosol layer. Absorption of solar radiation by the aerosol heats the air surrounding the clouds, causing them to evaporate.CREDIT: FROM (15)Measurements at Kaashidhoo Island, Republic of Maldives, about 500 km southwest of the southern tip of India (4.96ºN, 73.5ºE), showed that aerosols decreased diurnal-mean shortwave irradiance at the surface by 15 and 29 W m -2 under cloud-free conditions in February to March 1998 and 1999,respectively (15). Model calculations indicate that at least 60% of this forcing resulted from anthropogenic aerosol. This anthropogenic aerosol forcing was three to seven times as great as global average longwave (infrared) radiative forcing by increases in greenhouse gases over the industrial period, 2.6 W m -2 (3), but opposite in sign. This radiative forcing by aerosols must exert an enormous influence on the energy budget of the tropical ocean, decreasing evaporation and therate of the hydrological cycle relative to that of the preindustrial era as well as that represented in current climate models. Such an absorbing aerosol might also account for the unknown atmospheric absorption that has been inferred from budget studies (16). The aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere, measured by satellite-borne radiometer, was only about one-third as great as that at the surface (15). The difference goes into heating of the atmosphere. The heating rate of the lowest 3 km of the atmosphere, where the aerosol was principally located, was increased by 0.5 and 1 K day-1 for February to March 1998 and 1999, respectively. Satheesh and Ramanathan (15) note that this heating can affect local vertical circulations and suggest further that north-south gradients in atmospheric heating arising from the geographical distribution of aerosols may even modify large-scale monsoonal circulations.On page 1042 of this issue, Ackerman and colleagues (12) report yet another consequence of absorption of shortwave radiation by aerosols, namely, that the heating of the atmosphere can evaporate clouds. Clouds exert both cooling and warming influences on climate--cooling in the shortwave (because of their reflectance) and warming in the longwave (because of absorption and reemission of thermal infrared radiation). The shortwave component dominates, so a reduction in cloud coverage would result in a net warming influence. The effect of atmospheric heating by absorbing aerosols on shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds in the marine boundary layer was examined by Ackerman et al. (12) in model calculations in which INDOEX measurements were used as input variables. For heating corresponding to the INDOEX 1998 and 1999 campaigns, the calculated fractional cloud coverage was reduced relative to baseline conditions by 25 and 40%, respectively. Other things being equal, this reduction in cloudiness would reduce the diurnal average outgoing top-of-atmosphere flux by about 5 W m-2 in both cases; that is, it would exert a warming influence. However, these estimates neglect the cooling influence of enhanced cloud albedo and lifetime resulting from increased cloud droplet concentrations. Because the increase in cloud droplet concentrations relative to unperturbed baseline clouds was not known, it was necessary to make assumptions about this increase; it was found that even the sign of the overall influence, warming or cooling, depends on these assumptions. Refining the uncertainties in estimates of aerosol influences on clouds will be difficult because of the variability of aerosol loading and properties and in part the difficulty of finding unperturbed clouds that can serve as models for baseline conditions. Rosenfeld (9) noted that the influence of pollution aerosols on cloud-drop radius was much more readily discerned by satellite observations in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. He attributed the difference to the greater contrast with pristine clouds compared with the Northern Hemisphere, where clouds are affected by anthropogenic aerosols over large scales. Perhaps some pristine Southern Hemisphere location can meet the requirement of unperturbed clouds.These recent studies demonstrate both the importance of aerosol effects on climate and the complexity of aerosol-cloud interactions. Unfortunately for those who would like a quick and accurate assessment of anthropogenic climate forcing over the industrial period, the studies also demonstrate that there is much to be learned before such an assessment can confidently be given.References1.B. Bolin, Science 279, 330 (1998).2.J. E. Hansen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.95, 12753 (1998) [PNAS]; T. S. Ledleyet al., Eos 80, 453 (1999) [GEOREF].3.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995: The Science ofClimate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1996) [publisher's information]. 4.J. M. Haywood, V. Ramaswamy, B. J. Soden, Science 283, 1299 (1999); B. D. Santer et al., Science 287, 1227 (2000). 5.R. J. Charlson et al., Science 255, 423 (1992) [GEOREF]. 6.P. B. Russell et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 2289 (1999). 7.S. Twomey, J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 1149 (1977). 8.B. A. Albrecht, Science 245, 1227 (1989). 9.D. Rosenfeld, Science 287, 1793 (2000). 10.O. B. Toon, Science 287, 1763 (2000). 11.V. Ramanathan et al., Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), a Multi-Agency Proposal for a Field Experiment in the Indian Ocean (Center for Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate),Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,1996), pp. 1-83 ( ). 12.A. S. Ackerman et al., Science 288, 1042 (2000). 13.D. M. Murphy, D. S. Thomson, M. J. Mahoney, Science 282, 1664 (1998); L. S. Hughes et al., Environ. Sci. Technol . 33, 3506 (1999); P. R. Buseck and M. Pósfai, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 96, 3372 (1999) [PNAS]. 14.M. Pósfai, J. R. Anderson, P. R. Buseck, H. Sievering, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 21685(1999). 15.S. K. Satheesh and V. Ramanathan, Nature 405, 60 (2000). 16.V. Ramanathan et al., Science 267, 499 (1995); W. J. Wiscombe, Nature 376, 466(1995) [ADS].S. E. Schwartz is in the Atmospheric Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,NY 11973, USA. E-mail: ses@ P. R. Buseck is in the Departments of Geology and Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA. E-mail:pbuseck@.。
Effect of alumogoethite in Bayer digestion process of high-iron gibbsitic bauxiteLI Xiao-bin 1, 2 , KONG Lian-lian 1, 2 , QI Tian-gui 1, 2 , ZHOU Qiu-sheng 1, 2 , PENG Zhi-hong 1, 2 , LIU Gui-hua 1, 2(1. School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central SouthUniversity, Changsha 410083, China;2. National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Refractory Non-ferrous Metals Resources,Central South University,Changsha 410083, China)Abstract: The transformation law of goethite and its effect on the alumina recovery were investigated in order todetermine the reason of low alumina recovery in Bayer digestion process of gibbsitic bauxite with high alumogoethitecontent. The results show that the goethite present in this kind of bauxite has no obvious change in the digestiontemperature range of 110 ℃ to 240 ℃ with low alumina recovery. And alumogoethite can be transformed to hematite byincreasing digestion temperature to 260 ℃ or adding lime of 3% of dry ores added at about 240 ℃, and the aluminadigestion rate increases with the increase of the goethite conversion degree. Adding non-calcareous additives in there-digestion process of red mud containing goethite can promote the structure transformation of alumogoethite and thusalumina almost reacts completely. The transition of alumogoethite into other forms in Bayer digestion process isimportant for alumina recovery for lateritic bauxite.Key words: gibbsitic bauxite; high-iron; digestion; alumogoethiteGoethite is common in bauxite mainly containing one of the iron minerals in to gibbsite and goethite minerals are mainly lateritic bauxite, aluminum matter with like iron substitution in goethite formed aluminum goethite was a common phenomenon[1].Is our country iron and aluminum smelting important potential resource [2]of our country in Central Guangxi Guigang, Binyang and Heng and other has proven more than 5 million tons of high iron gibbsite type bauxite is the typical lateritic bauxite, it has the characteristics of high iron and high aluminum.In order to extract the iron and aluminum from the ore, a lot of research is carried out both at home and abroad.. Have studied by chemical method [3] and biological method [4], first accumulation bauxite in iron, smelting, also made the first high iron gibbsite type bauxite in blast furnace (EAF) smelting iron, then the slag leaching extraction of alumina and the first iron aluminum process,[5]And based on the characteristics of the bauxite in gibbsite under low temperature easy to dissolve in the water, the first ore by Bayer process stripping separation most aluminum, then from the dissolution of recovering iron from red mud "first aluminum iron process [6-7] should be more reasonable. Therefore, it has been widespread concern, but the type bauxite in Bayer dissolution process in alumina dissolution rate (about 55%) is much lower than the theoretical rate of dissolution of (about 70%) [8], resulting in the process to apply in practice.Clearly such bauxite alumina dissolution rate is low and so on Chen Shiyi [9-10] were studied, through XRD and FTIR spectra of goethite diffraction peak and vibration peak displacement to calculate the substitution rates of aluminum in goethite, that should be attributedto the part of the iron ore in goethite was replaced by an aluminum, the so-called pin aluminum iron.However, because of many factors, the diffraction peaks and the vibration peaks can be shifted. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the existence and the effect of the aluminum needle iron.Because of the transformation of aluminum goethite is the premise of the dissolution of aluminum, Murray [11] have studied goethite hydrothermal conversion process, and suss and MALTZ [12] is of aluminum goethite in sodium aluminate solution leaching transformation behavior and silicon, titanium, calcium compounds the transition effects for hematite, but unfortunately, were not on (aluminum) goethite transformation of leaching of ore in oxygen and aluminum ring.And MAL 'TS and MOZZHUKHINA [13] of Guinea high aluminum goethite content of bauxite for the dissolution test. The results showed that increase the dissolution temperature and addition of lime can improve the dissolution process of the technical indicators, but the addition of a large amount of lime will lead to increase the amount of red mud and the loss of aluminum.Therefore, further clarifying the aluminum goethite and its transformation impact on the process of the dissolution of alumina in the ore, looking for other non calcium additive and promote the transformation of aluminum goethite for optimizing and strengthening such bauxite dissolution is very meaningful.Therefore, in this paper, the author tries to through the study of the dissolution process in aluminum needle conversion of iron ore and alumina dissolution correspondence between the rate and clarify the internal cause of Guangxi high iron gibbsite alumina to dissolution, the attempt by adding calcium material to promote the transformation of goethite and provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of this kind of high iron gibbsite.1.Experiment1.1Experimental raw materialsThe raw materials of the experiment were bauxite, bauxite, bauxite, X, and semi quantitative analysis of high iron bauxite in Hengxian, Guangxi.:The main ore phase of the ore is Sanshui, iron ore and hematite (content were 40%, 20%, 25%);In addition to the weak characteristic peaks of illite and kaolinite in XRD diffraction spectra, the characteristic peaks of no other silicon minerals are [14].The chemical composition of the bauxite is listed as listed in Table 1..From the table 1, the ore belongs to high iron and low alumina silicon than the bauxite bauxite, the aluminum silicon ratio is only 3.37, according to the aluminum silicon ratio of the ore Al 2 O 3 theoretical dissolution rate of 70.3%. Experiments with sodium aluminate liquor circulating the industrial aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3, equal to or more than 98 percent) and industrial sodium hydroxide (NaOH, is more than or equal to 96.0%) in a stainless steel container heating and dissolving reaction after preparation; lime using analysis of pure calcium hydroxide in 850 DEG C calcined 2 h.Table 1 Chemical compositions of gibbsitic bauxite with highiron content (mass fraction, %)Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 Fe 2 O3TiO 2 CaO Na 2 O MgO K 2 O lg(loss)29.46 8.73 42.53 1.73 0.565 0.043 0.28 0.48 16.69 1.2Experiment method1.2.1 dissolution experimentThe bauxite mining vibrating mill to a fine granularity less than 143 m, according to Bayer process stripping ingredients molecules than that of bauxite to 150 ml Gundam. At the same time, 100 ml by industrial pure NaOH and Al (OH) 3 prepared aluminum acid sodium solution to jointhe Gundam, then add two D15 mm and 4 d 8 mm ball to strengthen the stirring, sealing Gundam placed has preheating to the set temperature of DY - 8 type low pressure group kettle (glycerol medium heating) or XYF - 6 type Gundam type high-voltage stripping device (molten salt heating medium) were dissolution.After stripping to a predetermined time, remove the Gundam and rapid cooling, leaching slurry after suction filtration, washing to obtain solution and red mud; leaching solution after dilution constant volume analysis of the alumina and caustic alkali and silica concentration, wet red mud placed (100 + 5) C in a drying box for drying after 24 h said were removed and analyzed for its chemical composition.1.2.2 analysis methodStripping liquid in alumina, alumina content in caustic concentration and red mud by volumetric method for the determination of, the silica content through the s7230g points spectrophotometry using silicon molybdenum blue colorimetric method for determination of, the red mud is used Rigaku-TTR III type X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy using pressure method in Nicolet - 6700 Fourier infrared spectrometer were analyzed.2 .results and discussion2.1 dissolution of alumina in bauxiteThe bauxite is gibbsite type bauxite, literature [5,8,9 - 10] the low temperature (< 145 DEG C) dissolution conditions of alumina dissolution properties studied by many researchers that the low-temperature dissolution performance is poor.In order to determine the dissolution behavior of alumina in this mine, the dissolution properties of the alumina in 100~240 were studied, and the results were as shown in Table 2..Defined in Table 2 below 110 DEG C. The dissolutionof 10 min from red mud stripping red mud pressure (below).Table 2 shows that the dissolution temperature range, improve the dissolution temperature and does not significantly increase the alumina dissolution rate, ingredients in molecular ratio is 1.6 ~ 2.0, Alumina Ore in the actual dissolution rate for 46.0%~56.7%. This and reported in the literature of the ore dissolution consistent performance.Table 2 at higher dissolution temperature and the concentration of alkali liquor, alumina the relative dissolution rate is only 75% ~ 80%, even though the bauxite, all silicon minerals in the dissolution process is active, ore is still at least 20% of the soluble alumina to dissolution. Therefore, it is necessary for this part of the ore difficult to dissolve the cause of the alumina further clarify.Table 2 Influence of digestion conditions on Al 2 O 3 digestion rate Temperature/℃110))/(g稬Oρ(NaliquorSpent1-k2155.44k∂3.20k'∂1.6gQ/28.82Time/min10Al 2 O 3recovery/%56.7Relativedigestionrate/%80.6120 155.44 3.20 1.6 28.82 10 49.9 70.9 140 155.44 3.20 1.6 28.82 10 46.0 65.4 180 222.83 2.84 1.6 31.99 40 56.7 80.5 236 213.50 3.07 1.6 43.34 20 52.8 75.1 236 213.50 3.07 1.6 43.34 40 52.8 75.1 236 213.50 3.07 1.6 43.34 60 52.8 75.1 236 225.56 3.06 2.0 20.34 30 56.0 79.6k∂: Molecule ratio of Na 2 O k to Al 2 O 3 ; k'∂: Predetermined k∂ of digestion liquor; Q: Bauxite amount per 100 mL spent liquor2.2 needle iron ore on dissolution of aluminaThe results are as shown in Figure 1 form of existence of clear red mud without dissolution of alumina, the bauxite different dissolution conditions from red mud properties are analyzed.Fig. 1 XRD patterns of red mud under different conditions:(a)Digestion temperature 110℃, 10 min; (It was defined asatmospheric pressure red mud)(b) Digestion temperature 236℃, 30 min;(c) Re-digestion of atmospheric pressure red mud,236 ℃, 30 minAs is shown in Fig 1. Both atmospheric stripping red mud and high pressure digestion red mud and XRD spectrum showed that its main phase of hematite and goethite, no obvious gibbsite diffraction peaks, except in the high-pressure dissolution of red mud in the presence of a small amount of sodium silicon slag, red mud phase analysis without now other separate aluminized material phase, which indicates that ore of gibbsite in the dissolution process has been dissolved completely. Studies have shown that [11], hematite in Bayer process stripping process does not change, and the alumina dissolution had no significant effect, and goethite in appropriate dissolution conditions can be transformed into hematite. In order to find out the effect of the needle iron oredissolution, the dissolution of the dissolved iron in the presence of pure iron ore was studied, and the results were listed as table 3..Table 3 Influence of goethite on digestion process of gibbsitem(FeOOH)/g Time/min Al 2 O 3 recovery/%0 20 89.149.5 20 89.80 40 92.649.5 40 94.0ρ=213.5 g/L,k∂ =3.07; k'∂=1.6; Temperature 236 ℃; Spent liquor: ()K ONa2Q=11.81 g per 100 mL spent liquorTable 3 shows that pure iron ore has no obvious effect on the dissolution process of the bauxite, that is, the pure iron ore in the high iron ore deposit is not affected by the dissolution rate of alumina.. Studies have pointed out, the goethite iron is aluminum matter as replacement and goethite lattice structure will change, causing goethite X-ray diffraction peak position offset, but this is offset often more subtle and difficult to with pure goethite peaks were resolved. Thus, the results of the test of Figure 1 and 3 suggest that the insoluble aluminum in the Bayer process can be found in the lattice of the needle, which is the presence of the form of the aluminum needle iron.. Al 3 + aluminum goethite diaspore molecular structure into the lattice of minerals, before the destruction of the mineral crystal lattice cannot be the dissolution [9].2.3The effect of temperature on the transformation of the iron ore and the dissolution of the alumina in bauxite (aluminum) goethite in high temperature dissolution conditions (220-260 DEG C) can be transformed into hematite [11 - 12], stripping temperature increaseto 260 DEG C, shown in Figure 1 (a) of normal pressure digestion red mud of dissolution, dissolution residue phase changes such as shown in Figure pared figures 1 and 2 shows, when the dissolution temperature increased to 260 DEG C, the time was extended to 60 min, goethite residue of the diffraction front has disappeared, and hematite diffraction peaks were significantly increased, indicating that the conditions in ore goethite has transformed into hematite.In high temperature dissolution conditions, titanium minerals in the ore in adverse reaction of alumina dissolution and goethite, adding lime can reduce or eliminate the effects of titanium minerals of alumina dissolution and comparison of Figure 2 (a) and (b) to see that temperature is the main factors affecting the transformation rate of needle iron ore and lime or titanium minerals in the transformation of the influence was not obvious.At the dissolution of red mud at 260 DEG C and dissolution process, aluminum and silicon dissolution reaction rules as listed in table 4From table 4 shows, atmospheric stripping red mud by 260 DEG C high temperature once again stripping, alumina total dissolution rate increased significantly and reached the theoretical dissolution rate, namely besides the theory of silicate minerals are formed sodium silicon residue caused by the loss of alumina, Alumina ore all entered the stripping solution.Table 4 atmospheric stripping red mud by adding a small amount of lime release, alumina dissolution rate decreased slightly. This is mainly formed caused by a small amount of water of garnet. Combined with figure 2 and table 4 shows that, when goethite in red mud under high temperature completely transformed into hematite, Alumina ore soluble in almost all the participants in the dissolution reaction, namely (aluminum) goethite structure is destroyed for alumina dissolution that in the middle of the bauxite aluminum aluminum goethite form.Fig. 2 XRD patterns of residue obtained by re-digestingatmospheric pressure red mud at elevated temperature:(a) Without lime; (b) Adding 3% lime (Temperature 260 ℃;Spent liquor: ()K O Na 2ρ=236.22 g/L, k ∂ =3.07; Time 1 h;k '∂=2.0)Table 4 Effect of transforming of goethite on digestionprocess of 32O Al at elevated temperatureRed mud A/S Total 32O Al recov ery/%Relativedigesti on rate/% Digestion at110 ℃1.64 56.7 80.6Re-digestion at 260 ℃0.9871.02 101 Re-digestion at 260 ℃ with3% lime 1.0269.73 99.19 2.4The effect of additives on the transformation of the needle iron ore and the dissolution of aluminaAluminum goethite occurs transformation is the aluminum can be dissolution based, high temperature (>260 DEG C) although can betransformed aluminum goethite, but which not only causes the energy consumption increase, also make silicon mineral reaction activity increased, is not conducive to the efficient separation of aluminum and iron in the ores. For the aluminum goethite can in the more moderate dissolution conditions changed, experimental study of lime and calcium additive in the presence of aluminum goethite transformation rule and its effects on the dissolution of alumina, which calcium additive calcium will not lead to the loss of aluminum and the increase of amount of slag. The experimental results are shown in table 5 and figure 3 shows. Table 5 Effect of additives on re-digestion process ofatmospheric pressure red mudAdditive 32O Al recoveryin re-digestionprocess/%Total 32O Al recovery/% Relativedigesti onrate/% 3% lime9.06 55.26 78.61 Non-calcareousadditive14.42 57.89 82.34 3% lime andnon-calcareousadditive 23.07 62.15 88.41Temperature 236 ℃; Spent liquor: ()K O Na 2ρ=234.1 g/L, K ∂ =3.0;K '∂=1.6; Q(atmospheric pressure red mud)=40.34 g per100 mLspent liquor; Additives without calciumWill figure 3 red mud phase in Figure 1 (b) comparative analysis, we know that, in the same dissolution temperature, lime, calcium additives are conducive to the transformation of aluminum goethite in ore and non calcium additives on goethite transition effects of in therole of lime. In the dissolution process of adding non calcareous additives and residue XRD spectra appear characteristic peak of magnetite, indicating non calcareous additives can also make aluminum goethite change, the restructuring, release of the aluminum.Table 5 in alumina dissolution rate and figure 3 red mud phase contrast can be seen in the red mud goethite diffraction peak is weak, alumina dissolution rate is high, namely alumina dissolution rate increased with the increase of the goethite in the transition of.Fig. 3 XRD patterns of residue from high pressurere-digestion of atmospheric digestion red mud with differentadditives: (a) 3% lime; (b) Non-calcareous additive; (c) 3%lime and non-calcareous additives2.5Infrared spectrum analysis of red mudTo further determine the minerals in the bauxite in the dissolution process changes, the partial dissolution of red mud was analyzed by infrared spectrum. The results as shown in Figure 4.Fig. 4 FTIR spectra of bauxite, red mud and residue: (a)Bauxite; (b) Red mud obtained by digesting bauxite at 110 ℃;(c) Red mud obtained by digesting bauxite at 236 ℃; (d)Residue obtained by re-digesting atmospheric pressure red mudat 260 ℃The front of the dissolution experimental results and Figure 4 can be seen in contrast, bauxite often pressure dissolution and red mud infrared spectral lines associated with gibbsite absorption peak (1 026, 662, 559 and 531 cm - 1) [15] disappeared, also shows that the gibbsite has been dissolved.The forms of aluminum in the presence of hydroxyl containing oxygen with hydroxyl containing oxygen and 997~1 with the solution temperature increased, the red mud of infrared spectral line 008 cm - 1 on behalf of Si - O - Al absorption peak is enhanced and the dissolution of red mud in sodium silicon slag content with dissolution temperature increases with increasing line; 915 cm - 1 on behalf of the aluminum oxide - Oh bending vibration absorption peak [16] 797 cm - 1 stands for Fe - Oh absorption peak [17] weaken weakened, and the ore of aluminum oxides goethite and goethite, indicated that aluminum goethite with aluminium goethite structure destruction and dissolution.Atmospheric red mud after 260 DEG C release from red mud of infrared spectral line only Si - O - Al vibration absorption peak and hematite in 543 and 466 cm - 1 the characteristic peaks, 797 cm - 1 Fe- Oh vibration peak disappeared, indicating that this red mud in the goethite have all been converted, the XRD results coincide. ConclusionHigh iron gibbsite digestion in Bayer process, Alumina Ore in the reaction rate increased with the increase of conversion of the (AL) goethite and improve the dissolution temperature to 260 DEG C or dissolution of about 240 DEG C add dry ore quantity of 3% lime can promote aluminum goethite is transformed into hematite, so as to improve the rate of the reaction of alumina, alumina eventually relative dissolution rate can reach 100%.At 236, the addition of non calcium additive can induce the transformation of the non calcium additive (AL), so that the structure can be changed, so as to improve the dissolution rate of alumina..REFERENCES[1] ZHAO Heng-qin, ZHAO Xin-fen, HU Si-chun, MA Hua-long.Study on the mineralogical characteristics of gibbsite bauxite inChina[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources,2008(6): 40−44.[2] GAO Jian-yang, ZHU Jun, ZHU Feng-mei, YANG Con-lin.Reaction characteristics of iron minerals in gibbsitic bauxite richin iron[J]. 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The summary of development utilizationtechnological process of high iron content gibbsite-type bauxitefrom Guang-xi[J]. Light Metals, 1993(2): 12−17.[9] CHEN Shi-yi. The study of alumogoethite from Guangxi and itssignificance[J]. Guangxi Geology, 1997, 10(2): 21−24.[10]CHEN Shi-yi, ZHOU Fang. Isomorphous substitution ofaluminium in goethite of Guigang gibbsitic bauxite fromGuangxi[J]. Journal of Central South University of Mining andMetallurgy, 1993, 24(3): 283−288. [11] MURRAY J, KIRWAN L, LOAN M, HODNETT B K. In-situsynchrotron diffraction study of the hydrothermal transformationof goethite to hematite in sodium aluminate solutions[J].Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 95(3/4): 239−246.[12] SUSS A G, MALTZ N S. Aluminium and chromium containinggoethites: Composition, properties, behaviour in soda aluminateliquors in presence of silicon, titanium and calciumcompounds[C]//Warrendale PA: TMS, 1991: 1343−1347.[13] MAL’TS N S, MOZZHUKHINA L I. High-temperatureleaching of bauxites with a high concentration ofaluminogoethite [J]. Tsvetnye Metally, 1981(11): 6−9. (inRussian)[14] ZHANG Zhi-qiang. Treatment of high iron Al-containingresources by reductive sintering to recover Al and Fecomprehensively[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2009:10−11.[15]LIU Cai-qun. A study on bauxite clay mineral with infraredspectrometry[J]. China Ceramics, 1994(1): 12−16.[16] FROST R, RUAN H, KLOPROGGE T. Comparison of theRaman spectra of bayerite, boehmite, diaspore and gibbsite[J].Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2001, 32(9): 745−750.[17] MOHAPATRA M, ROUT K, MOHAPATRA B K, ANAND S.Sorption behavior of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) on iron ore slime andcharacterization of metal ion loaded sorbent[J]. Journal ofHazardous Materials, 2009, 166(2/3): 1506−1513.[文档可能无法思考全面,请浏览后下载,另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意!]。
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English Reading SkillsInteraction in Oral English TeachingRole-play in English TeachingCultural Teaching in English in Middle SchoolUsing Questions in English ReadingResearch on the Improvement of Middle School Students’ Communicative CompetenceOn Bilingual Teaching in Primary SchoolHow to Design Questions in the Classroom TeachingNew Concepts of Modern English TeachingHow to Arouse Students’ Potentialities in Learning English by Using Non-intelligence Autonomous Language Learning in CALL EnvironmentsOn Attitude and Motivation in Second Language LearningMaking Use of Resources on the Internet to Assist English LearningTask-based Language Teaching Methodology and its Application in ReadingUsing Task-based Method and Internet Resources to Improve Teaching of Classroom Readi The Study of Learner’s Motivation and its In fluence upon Learners and their Learning On Communicative Competence, Exploring the Learning Process in China’s Context Interaction and English Language TeachingTeacher’s Roles and their Impact upon Learner’s Learning ProcessThe Comparison or Analysis of Different ELT Methods and its Application in China’s L The Student’s Learning Autonomy and Language TeachingTeaching the Different Skills Based on the Interactive Approaches.The Relationship between Affective State and Language Learning.Errors and Language Learning.Teacher’s Talk and Students’ LearningMy Perspectives of Senior/Junior English for ChinaCognitivism and English Teaching of Listening and SpeakingA Survey of Students’ Motivation of Learning EnglishExtracurricular Activities and English TeachingA Study on Cooperative Learning in Classroom TeachingCommunicative Approach and Grammar TeachingNetworked Multimedia and Senior/Junior English TeachingIs Multimedia Effective for Language Learning/Teaching?Improving English Reading through Online NewspapersReflections on CALL/CAINetwork-based English Teaching of Reading/Writing/Listening: What Advantages? Applying Task-based Teaching Principles to Organize Oral Classroom Activities Interactive Theory and the Teaching of Listening ComprehensionEffective Ways to Improve Efficiency of Vocabulary LearningImprove Students' Oral Proficiency by UsingCommunicative Language Teaching MethodTeaching English by Student-centered ApproachHow to Combine Traditional English Teaching Methods with Communicative Language Teach Importance and Feasibility of Improving Students' Communicative CompetenceMake the Best of Language Learning Strategies to Improve English Learning Efficiency How to Improve Students' Learning Style in Classroom TeachingThe Importance of Understanding Mild Tones in Studying the English LanguageThe Role of Cultural Background Knowledge in Studying the English LanguageOn English Vocabulary AcquisitionEnglish and Chinese Comparison and TranslationDifferences between American and British EnglishA Cognitive Approach of English OnomatopoeiasA Brief Analysis of English MoviesEnglish Ambiguity and Its FunctionThe Pragmatic Analysis of the Motivations for EuphemismInfluence of Science and Technology on English VocabularyA Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary TeachingFactors Influencing English Learning and Possible SolutionsComputer-assisted English ReadingApplication of Non-verbal Communication in English TeachingPsychology in English TeachingHow to Develop Students’ Abilities to Listen and Speak English EffectivelyHow to Make Use of Mother Tongue in English TeachingPrinciples of English Learning and TeachingStrategies on Intercultural Communication Training in English TeachingReading Efficiently: An English Classroom Model Focusing on Students’ Reading Abilit Factors Affecting English Listening and its Appropriate MeasuresIntensifying Cultural Awareness in Middle School English Teaching—With A Sample Teac Apply Communicative Approach to Pleasant Teaching—Analysis Of My Sample Teaching Exp The Strategic Difference between Effective Listeners and Ineffective ListenersOn Error-Correction Strategy in Oral English ClassroomOn the Use of Interactive Approach in Writing ClassroomOn the Reciprocal Method of Teaching English ReadingOn Developing English SkillsCollaborative Learning in Writing ClassMotivation in English LearningTask-based Teaching in Writing ClassThe Brain-storming in English WritingIncreasing Cultural Awareness in English WritingThe Importance of Free WritingThe Application of Multimedia Technology in College English TeachingThe Connection between College English Teaching and CET-BAND4How to Improve the Students' Listening Ability Effectively in English TeachingTask-based Method of English Teaching in Middle School英语单词科学记忆如何提高英语阅读速度与质量How to improve English reading speed and quality如何在阅读教学中培养学生的跨文化意识如何在英语阅读教学中体现师生的互动略论课外阅读与英语写作的关系外语工作者如何为江西在中部地区崛起做出贡献略论英语听力能力的培养如何培养大学非英语专业学生的四项基本技能如何提高大学生的英语写作水平大学英语专业学生词汇量与阅读能力相关性研究课堂里的艺术--口语教学研究增强课堂活力-英语听力课的教学探索和实践提高中学英语课堂教学质量的途径快乐活动性原则及其在儿童英语教学中的应用科技英语口译人才培训研究口语教学中的模拟训练方法精读教学法在外语教学中的利与弊教师行动研究在中学英语教学中的应用中国初中英语教师素质探究论多媒体辅助大学英语课堂教学的利与弊浅谈新课标背景下中学英语课堂活动教学论“互动”教学法提高英语学习兴趣的有效途径高校专业英语阅读教学模式初探优秀语言教师素质--专业学生的观念调查学生评教的意义和问题专业学生英语自主学习模式研究建构支持专业英语学习的校园环境专业英语课程设置合理性问题探讨课堂交互性调查--中方和外方教师课堂比较外教在提升专业英语水平的角色探讨专四对英语学习的影响(后效作用)专八对英语学习的影响(后效作用)专业英语学习中管理策略的使用如何利用多媒体辅助教学手段促进中学外语教学?英语教学中语言与文化的关系几种外语教学方法的比较问题、思考、改进——使每个学生学好英语英语教学中的文化意识英语教学中如何实施被动学习向主动学习的转化英语阅读教学的发展趋势与探索英语课堂教学中的双向交流英语教学几种课型的安排教学评价之我见改革英语教学方法注重培养学生能力浅谈“pairwork”在课堂教学中的运用英语教学中的“互动”教学模式多媒体英语教学与学生自主学习能力的培养英语教学活动中作业布置法的实践与研究从英语写长法学习英语写作江西农村中学外语教学现状调查江西农村小学外语教学现状调查论多媒体教学条件下的师生互动论外语教学模式与大学生学习动机的相融性大学英语常用段落展开手法双语教学实践与研究英语专业泛读教学的思考与实践英语专业“阅读”课教学改革英语专业基础阅读课与短期强化培训阅读课比较英语口语学习策略英语听力学习中的干扰因素分析英文电影与英语听说教学任务型教学方法在中学外语教学中的应用研究非言语交际与外语教学焦虑对听力理解的影响论学习风格和英语成绩的关系互联网在外语教学中的作用课堂提问的方式和技巧中英恭维语比较英语语言学可理解输出假设的中国现实性The Local Reality of the Comprehensible Output Hypothesis可理解输入假设的心理现实性The Psychological Reality of the Comprehensible Input HypothesisAn Analysis of the Access Effect Advantages of the Prefabricated Chunks预制语块提取效应优势分析The Presentation of the Second Language’s Mental Lexicons of Chinese Middle School S 中国中学生二语心理词汇的表征Ways of Child Language Acquisition儿童语言习得方法The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types英语词义改变:因素与类型The Linguistic Characteristics of Advertising EnglishOn Linguistic Features in O Henry's WorksOn the Formation and Use of Parody in English and Chinese英语语音学浅析从翻译视角看中西方思维差异被动意义表达的英汉对比研究英汉复合名词对比研究英汉否定表达比较研究英汉语序比较与翻译问题研究语篇(话语)分析功能语言学与阅读教学翻译理论与实践词汇教学方法与技巧语言问题研究语用学与教学英汉句法对比研究认知语法与句法教学语用失物分析再谈认知隐喻交际修辞的语用分析探究语篇信息度的认知分析英语语音学的理论与实践语言与文化The Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Wes 东西方人际关系要素差异探析On Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon从词汇角度读中国人的价值观Research on Sino-Western Differences of Cooperative Principles合作原则的中西方差异初探The Comparison of Euphemism in Wording of Sino-Western Letters中西书信用语的委婉语比较How to avoid ambiguity in different culture如何避免由文化差异造成的歧义On the Influence of Network Vocabulary on Chinese Language英语网络词汇对汉语的影响The Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary 英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学An Analysis of the Political Prejudice in VOA 《美国之音》的语汇与政治偏见分析A Comparison Between News Report of BBC and VOA BBC 与VOA新闻报道之比较English idioms—A Mirror Reflecting British CultureAmerican culture Reflected in the Use of Words of American EnglishTranslation of Brand Names and their Cultural AssociationsOn Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and ChineseA Comparative Study on Sexism in both English and ChineseEuphemism—Their Construction and ApplicationCultural Comparison in IdiomsThe Cultural Conflict in the Cross-Cultural CommunicationA Talk of Cultural Difference between China and the WestOn Language and Culture in TranslationFamily Education Differences between China and Western CountriesThe Effect of Context on the Meaning of WordsA View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to TaboosA View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to Etiquet A View on the Similarities and Differences between Chinese and English Cultures in Te Proverbs and CultureExotic Cultures Influence on English VocabularyThe Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures and English Education The Impact of Economic Globalization on World CultureThe Cultural Effect Of Civilized English On English Writing从现代汉语中的英语外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理中国学生英语习得中的母语迁移现象论影响跨文化沟通的主要因素校园交际中的语码选择唐诗英译中文化意象保留英语教学中汉文化的参与和渗透母语和第二语言阅读的文化差异与认知体系英语写作中汉语干扰因素分析中英文化交际差异对比英语词汇与变化类比在现代中英词汇中的应用拟声理据的应用词的理据与文化历史的关系小说《喜福会》中的文化碰撞广告语篇翻译中的跨文化交际汉语的负迁移与英语学习论中西文化的差异对中西餐饮业的影响英汉词汇的社会文化内涵漫谈美语口语中的俚语现象透析汉英颜色词背后的文化英汉习语文化差异探源浅析英语委婉语。
A Study on the Change and Developmentof English Vocabulary中图分类号:TV213.41.IGenerally speaking,we can divide the language in the world into two big classes,namely living language and dead language. The latter means the language that had no longer been used at present or seldom used,such as ancient Latin language .While the former means the language that is used at present,for instance Chinese,Japanese,French,German,English,etc. The living language has an important characteristic,that is,all change with the passage of the time.In the following text we will talk about the change and development of the English language influencing English words.1 A Survey of the History of English Vocabulary2.1 The Influence of Celtic,Latin and ScandinavianEnglish is an In do-European language. In do-European language was discovered to be the parent language. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D.Characteristic features of Old English are that the vocabulary is almost purely Germanic. The first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledge are the Celtic. But Celtic made only a small contribution to the English.In 55-54 B.C. Julius Caesar invaded the British Island. But he left the British Island with his troop soon and this event has a small influence on the English vocabulary. It was in A.D.43 that the Emperor Claudius decided to undertake the actual conquest of the island. With the knowledge of Caesar’s experience behind him,he didn’t underestimate the problems involved. Accordingly an army of 40,000 was sent to Britain and within three years had subjugated the people of the island. Where the Romans lived and ruled,there Roman ways were found. Among must be include the use of the Latin language. A great number of inscriptions have been found,all of them in Latin. In the year of 449,Jutes invaded Britain with Saxons and Angles. Soon they took permanent control of the land,and their language historically known as Anglo-Saxon. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.2.2 The Influence of Norman Conquest on the Middle EnglishToward the close of the old English period an eventoccurred that had a greater effect on the English language than any other in the curse of its history. This event was the Norman Conquest in 1066. William’s victory at Hastings and his subsequent coronation in London involved more than a mere substitution of one monarch for another. In that case there would doubtless have been more French favorites at court,as in the time of the confessor and Normans in certain important offices. Many of the English higher class had been killed on the field at Hastings. Those who escaped were treated as traitors,and the places of both alike were filled by William’s Norman followers. This process was repeated several times during the next four years while the conquest was being completed.2.3 Modern English―the Renaissance and World WarIn the Modern English period,the beginning of which is conveniently placed at 1500,certain of these new conditions come into play,conditions that previously either had not existed at all or were present in only a limited way,and they cause English to develop a long somewhat different lines from those that had characterized its history in the Middle Ages.In the later Middle Ages a surprising number of people of the middle class could read and write. This has two aspects,one is individual the other is public. At the individual level wemay observe a phenomenon that has become intensely important in modern times. At the public level a similarself-consciousness has driven issues of language policy over the past four centuries. As another example of how great developments leave their mark upon language. We may observe some of the words that some into English as a direct consequence of World War. In this period England became the most powerful country in the world. So English was becoming the international language at that time. Nevertheless it made its contribution to the language in the form of certain new words and new meanings.2 An Overview of English New Words2.1 The New Words of EnglishWe are living in the 21st century,now we are going through the rapid development and change in social life and politics,and economy,our knowledge of Latin are little. We know many English words,especially the English new words. We can often come across the following English words and phrases from newspapers and magazines:OICQ,lay off,AD. OICQ is a word produced on the basis of the network,first invented by the Israelis. OICQ is short for “oh,I seek you.”and nowadays,almost all young people know OICQ,and theyare glad to connect with each other in this way on line. Lay offis a phrase appearing in recent years,because the competition between enterprises is fierce now. AD is short for advertisements.We can often come across a lot of internet English everyday. Internet:It is the blending of International Net,it had another name called Internet. It came into being in 1969. The major service item of Internet are:The E-mail,Telnet,the inquiry service(Finger ),the file transfer (FTP ),the file server (Archive ),the forum of the news (Usenet ),the electronic billboard (BBS ),one group of groups (News Group )of news,global network (World Wide Web)HTTP:The simplification of Hyper Text Transmission Protocol.IP:Internet's agreement or it can be called internet agreement.IE:Internet Explorer,Explorer means “the explorer ".2.2 Reasons for the Rise of English New Words2.2.1 The Manufacture of New Products in EconomyEconomic development is the mainstream of our era. The improvement of language,to a certain extent,benefits a lot from the new phenomenon that occurs in the economic field. In this competitive world,any innovation or fresh things takingplace in economic will soon find their voice in the language. If there is anything a new product needs,it is a brand name. To the extent that the product succeeds,the name will too. It’s a sure thing,the one way to guarantee that a new term will be a success:spend mighty amounts of money on marketing persuade people to buy and keep on buying a product,and they will call it by the name you give it.2.2.2 The Events in the Field of PoliticsThe form of English new words is sometimes considered as the result of the political changes. Language reflects the society,as it has always been. Politics is an essential part of the development of the world;therefore,it can easily find its relative neologisms in the language field.For instance,when Mr. Bill Clinton was elected as the president of the U.S.,his name has been associated with many political words. His policy is Clintonion,he is carrying out the Clintonism,his economics policy is Clinntonomics,and his supporters were called Clintoonites,he ultimately wanted to realize his Clintonization.2.3 The Formation of English New WordsIt is interesting to discuss how new words are formed. In any language,people express a new idea,describe a newprocess,and market a new product through three ways.2.3.1 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems. Affixation is an effective way to increase the English vocabulary. “Affixation has played a positive role during the history of English development. Not only has it enlarged the pronunciational words,but also it has enriched the performative power of the language.”Over 100 affixes exist in English,dozens of which are the most active,for example,a-,an-,au-,be-,co-,counter-,de-,dis-,en-,e-,inter- and so on. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words,affixation falls into two subclasses:prefix and suffix. Prefix is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. It allows us to expand our vocabulary without specifically memorizing new words. Suffix is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. 2.3.2 CompoundingCompounding,also called composition,is the formationof new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’(Quirk et al 19885). Silkworm and honeybee are compounds;so are tear gas and easy chair. These examples show that compounds can be written solid (silkworm),hyphenated (honey-bee)and open (tear gas and easy chair). Moonlighting is a compound,as is scofflaw and doublespeak. Some compounds spelled with hyphens,like also-friendly,or with spaces,like dark matter and mad disease,but these count as compounds because they are different in the sum of their parts.2.3.3 BlendingA blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words,e.g.smog - smoke + fogmotel ?C motor+ hotelbrunch ?C breakfast + lunchcamcorder ?C camera + recordercomsat ?C communication + satellitevideophone ?C video + telephone2.3.4 ShorteningShortening refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrase,e.g.gym ?C gymnasiumexpo ?C expositionmemo ?C memorandumdisco ?C discothequeburger ?C hamburgerdozer ?C bulldozerquake ?C earthquakefridge ?C refrigeratorscript ?C prescription2.3.5 New Words Borrowing From Other LanguagesWhen different cultures come into contact,words are often “borrowed”from one language to another. The loan word may label a new concept,or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word. English has borrowed a very large number of words from many different languages throughout its history. The examples below are some of the loan words in English.Latin bonus education exitGreek tragedy cycle physicsFrench prince question coup d’etatSpanish ranch guitar barbecueItalian balcony balloon operaGerman beer waltz quartzDutch freight pump buoyChinese tea kowtow sampan3 ConclusionWord is the basic unit of forming a sentence,the sentences that we usually speak all formed by words. We live in a society that science and technology are highly developing now,and our society has become more and more complicate,creation of new things is unavoidable in our daily life. The study of new words is a very important thing to English learners,so is the research of vocabulary,especially the study of new vocabulary of English is a very important and essential thing to us. The modern society is developing with the development of the agriculture and the industry,the change of the society is no ending,so the change of the English language is no ending. We should try our best to do as much research as we can,and find the rule of the change of the English.ReferencesBlake,N.F.1988. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume 2:The Middle English Period. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Coates,J.1986. Women,Men and Language. London:Longman.Drachmann,G. 1978. Child Language and Language Change:a conjecture and some refutations[C].London:In Fisiak.Potter,S. 1969. Changing English [M].London:Deutsch.Hu,Wenzhong. 1999. Kuawenhua jiaojixue gailun. [Introduction to Intercultural Communication]. Beijing:Waiyujiaoxueyuyanjiu Chubanshe.。