2005年中科院数学与系统科学研究院泛函分析考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题

05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题名称： 固体物理一 回答下列问题1 简要阐述固体物理中的Born-Oppenheimer 近似（或绝热近似）。

并定性说明这种近似的物理依据。

答：原子核质量比电子大上千倍，电子的运动比核快得多，因而可以认为电子是在准静态的核构型的势场中运动。

从而可以被把电子与核的运动分开来讨论，即固体的运动简化成相对较简单的电子运动和核的运动。

2 固体中原子实运动的有效势场包括两大部分，分别说明其来源。

答：一部分是原子实间的静电相互作用，另一部分是电子态的能量对核构型的依赖关系 3 试用能带论简述导体、半导体、绝缘体中电子在能带中填充的特点。

答：金属或导体中价电子没有把价带填满，此为导带。

绝缘体中的价电子正好把价带填满，且更高的许可带与价带间的间隔较宽的禁带。

半导体与绝缘体相似，但禁带较窄。

二 简要回答下列问题1 写出晶体可能有的独立的点对称元素。

答：1、2、3、4、6、i 、m 、42 按对称类型分类，布拉菲（Bravas ）格子的点群类型有几种？空间群类型有几种？晶体结构的点群类型有几种?空间群类型有几种？答：7、14、32、2303 某种晶体的倒格子为体心立方结构，该晶体的正格子是什么结构？答：面心立方4 晶体中包含有N 个原胞，每个原胞有n 个原子，该晶体晶格振动的格波简正模式总数是多少？其中声学波和光学波各有多少？答：3nN 、其中声学波3N 、光学波（3n-3）N三 对面心立方布拉菲格子1 求格点密度最大的三个格点平面（晶面系）的面指数。

答：倒格子为体心立方，与三个最短的倒格矢相应，依次为{111}、{100}、{110} 2 画出这种格点平面上格点的排布。

答：六角、正方、正方（“面心”正方）3 设晶胞参数为a ，分别求出这三个晶面系相邻晶面的间距。

答：依次为a a a 42,21,23四 证明：如果一个布拉菲格子（或点阵）有一个对称平面，则存在平行该对称面的点阵平面系。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。

司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。

2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。

二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。

三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。

保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。

四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。

五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。

票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。

付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。

付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。

（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。

（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。

（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。

这是对票据权利不确切的处置。

2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。

由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。

中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。

★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。

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2013年育明教育状元集训营喜报
2013年，一对一学员考研通过率高达95%以上。

2013年，38人夏季集训营20人考上北大，人大，清华，复旦四所名校。

2013年，36天隋Jia lun三跨学生考上北京师范大学。

2013年，育明教育包揽北大金融、行管、新闻、城规等11个专业状元，包揽人大经济学、管理学、法学状元，包揽中财会计、金融状元，包揽贸大金融学、会计学、翻译硕士状元，包揽北外法语、翻硕、高翻、汉教状元。

中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。

试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。

试卷二为书面表达部分。

时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。

试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。

A节：共10题，每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。

每题有12-15秒答题时间。

每段对话的录音只播放一遍。

B节：共10题，每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。

问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。

录音材料只播放一遍。

本部分大约需要25分钟。

第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。

A节：共15题，每题1分。

在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。

其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。

本节大约需要20分钟。

B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。

考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。

本节大约需要35分钟。

C节：共10题，每题1分。

考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。

本节大约需要20分钟。

本部分总需时间约75分钟。

试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。

A节：共1题，10分。

要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。

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各个专业博士入学考试试题整理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------【考试试题】各个专业博士入学考试试题整理各个专业博士入学考试试题整理给出目录索引，方便大家查找北京大学——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm北京大学——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东师范大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东政法大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm理工大学工程兵工程学院——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——英语2000年5月博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京体育大学——运动生物力学、教学论2003年博士研究生入学考试.txt复旦大学——广播电视理论与实务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播理论与历史2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播实务2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻业务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——景观生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——种群生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——材料科学基础专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子化学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子物理2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2002年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度秋博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中国农业大学——饲料学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学经济学院——经济计量学2005博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——历史文化2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——魏晋隋唐2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——文史哲综合2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——哲学综合知识2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南京大学——历史系中国古代史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——社会学理论与方法2001～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——政治经济学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南开大学——古代文学考试文学史2004年博士研究生入学考试南开大学——古代文学专业批评史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学——中国文学史试题2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——经济学2004博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——2000博士研究生入学考试试题.txt武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt西北大学——西方经济学2004年年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——西方经济学2003年秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术史2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——自然科学知识综合试卷2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国人民大学——民法2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——民诉1993～2004年博士研究生入学考试试北京大学医学部——病理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——生物化学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学医学部——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——影像学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 第三军医大学——心内2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt第三军医大学——影像1999～2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt河北医科大学——神经病学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 华东师范大学——生理生态学2000年、生态学原理2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华中科技大学同济医学院——骨科2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt吉林大学——神经科2003博士研究生入学考试试题.txt解放军总医院——泌尿外科2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 军事医学科学院——细胞生物学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南方医科大学——免疫学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南方医科大学——细胞生物学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 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浙江大学医学院——消化内科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——肿瘤学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育生物学所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——分子遗传学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1994年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学——精神病学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中南大学湘雅医学院——骨科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——泌尿外科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——神经解剖1999～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——内科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——神经病学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——眼科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——药理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt。

中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1.试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用?2.真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义?3.一蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带,请问,这个蛋白是否只有一种成分,如果还有其它成分如何分离,鉴定纯度4.真核生物表达各水平上的调控机理5.举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章,要国内通迅地址,要写出作者或单位,以及文章的主要内容.6.请在生化角度评价转基因食物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。

简述减数分裂。

（17分）四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。

（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士）名词解释（每题3分，共36分）1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染8、端粒9、免疫球蛋白10、细胞骨架11、内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题，每题16分，共64分）1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及其调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（3Ⅹ10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体5、干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞8、突触9、细胞骨架10、端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。

分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自由基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋病毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利用真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克隆的分子基础核生物学意义。

中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院20XX 年硕士研究生招生初试试题参考解答数学分析1、求a,b 使下列函数在x=0处可导:2,1,ax b y x +≥⎧=⎨+⎩当x 0;当x<0.解：由于函数在x=0处可导，从而连续，由(00),(00)1f b f +=-=，得到b=1;又由(0),(0)0f a f +-==，得到a=0.即得。

2、 1110,,.1n n n a ∞∞==>+∑∑n n 1已知级数发散求证级数也发散a a 证明: 用反证法。

由0n a >知，1n ∞=∑n 1级数a ，111n ∞=+∑na 均为正项级数。

假设级数111n ∞=+∑n a 收敛，则1lim 01n →∞=+n a ，于是有11lim lim lim 1111111n n n n n n a a a →∞→∞→∞===-+++n n 1a a ， 从而由正项级数的比较判别法知级数1n ∞=∑n1a 收敛，矛盾，从而得证。

3、 1(1).nx dx ≥-⎰m设m,n 0为整数,求积分x 的值解：1(1),nx dx -⎰m 设I(m,n)=x 则由分部积分法有11111n101I(m,n)=(1-x)(1)|(1)(1)0111m m m n n x x x d x n x dx m m m +++-=----+++⎰⎰(1,1)1nI m n m =+-+， 从而1(,)(1,1)(2,2)112n n n I m n I m n I m n m m m -=+-=+-+++11(,0)12n n I m n m m m n -==++++!1!!()!1(1)!!n m n m n m n m n m ==+++++，即得解。

4 、0().a aa dx f x dx -=⎰⎰xf(x)设a>0,f(x)是定义在[-a,a]上的连续的偶函数,则1+e 证明：由f(x)是定义在[-a,a]上的连续的偶函数知()()f x f x -=,从而令x t =-有 ()()()11a aat t t aa af t e f t dx dt dt e e -----=-=++⎰⎰⎰xf(x)1+e 从而1()1()()212aaaat t a a aae f t dx dx dt f x dx e ----=+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰x x f(x)f(x)1+e 1+e 0000011[()()][()()]()22aaaaa f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx -=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰， 得证。

国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。

2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。

3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。

4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。

二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。

2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。

3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。

4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）一、名词解释（30分）：APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT二、填空（？分记不清了）1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。

2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。

3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。

4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。

5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。

6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。

7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。

8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。

其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。

9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。

10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。

11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。

12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。

13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。

2005年10月B卷词汇1. soar effortlessly 自由翱翔| 自在翱翔| 自在飞翔2. reckless ['reklɪs]adj. 鲁莽的，不顾后果的；粗心大意的3. reckless driving 鲁莽驾驶；驾驶疏忽4. lenient ['liːnɪənt]adj. 宽大的；仁慈的5. not lenient 严格的6. lenient sentence 轻判7. tender ['tendə]adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软8. tender for 投标9. open tender [经] 公开招标10. tender offer 投标报价；招标11. tender feeling 柔情12. invitation to tender [经] 招标13. adjourn [ə'dʒɜːn]vi. 休会；延期；换地方vt. 推迟；使…中止；使…延期14. adjourn examination 延期审理15. adjourn with让步16. hearing ['hɪərɪŋ]n. 听力；审讯，听讯v. 听见（hear的ing形式）17. price hearing 价格听证18. hearing loss 听觉损耗；听觉损失19. hearing aid 助听器20. court hearing [法] 庭审21. hold a hearing 举行听证会22. sue [s(j)uː]vt. 控告；请求vi. 控告；提出请求23. sue for 控告24. sue out 向法院请求得到25. Sue out a pardon 求得宽赦26. suspicious [sə'spɪʃəs]adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的27. suspicious of 对起疑28. mischievous ['mɪstʃɪvəs]adj. 淘气的；（人、行为等）恶作剧的；有害的29. Mischievous Instinct 淘气天性30. spoil [spɒɪl]vt. 溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺vi. 掠夺；变坏；腐败n. 次品；奖品31. the spoils of war 战利品32. spoil child 放纵的孩子33. spoil dump [矿业] 废石堆34. seam [siːm]n. 缝；接缝vt. 缝合；接合；使留下伤痕vi. 裂开；产生裂缝35. coal seam [地质] 煤层36. welding seam [机] 焊缝；对接焊缝37. seam line 接缝线；模缝线38. weld [weld]n. 焊接；焊接点vt. 焊接；使结合；使成整体vi. 焊牢39. weld metal 焊缝金属40. weld line 熔接线；焊接纹41. weld strength 焊接强度42. rim [rɪm]n. 边，边缘；轮辋；圆圈vi. 作…的边，装边于vt. 作…的边，装边于43. Pacific Rim 太平洋沿岸地区；泛太平洋44. wheel rim 轮辋；钢圈；轮箍；[车辆] 轮缘45. allusion [ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]n. 暗示；提及46. in allusion to 针对；引喻47. classical allusion 古典48. Literary allusion 文学典故49. make an allusion to 暗指，间接提到50. allude [ə'l(j)uːd]vi. 暗指，转弯抹角地说到；略为提及，顺便提到51. allude to 暗指，提到52. inflammation [ɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. [病理] 炎症；[医] 发炎；燃烧；发火53. chronic inflammation 慢性炎症54. diminish inflammation 消炎55. inflammation point 着火点56. inflame [ɪn'fleɪm]vt. 激怒；使燃烧；使发炎vi. 燃烧；发炎；激动57. assuage inflame 缓和| 激怒58. assuage [ə'sweɪdʒ]vt. 平息；缓和；减轻59. assuage hunger 减缓饥饿60. assuage pain 镇痛61. assuage sorrow 减轻悲痛62. flagrant ['fleɪgr(ə)nt]adj. 公然的；不能容忍的；非常的；恶名昭著的（名词flagrancy，副词flagrantly）63. flagrant foul 恶意犯规，恶性犯规64. flagrant violation 公然侵犯重大违反65. Flagrant Disregard 公然不顾66. disregard [dɪsrɪ'gɑːd]vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾n. 忽视；不尊重67. at length 最后，终于；详细地68. solemn ['sɒləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的69. solemn promise 庄严承诺；誓言70. solemn ceremony 隆重的典礼71. presumptive [prɪ'zʌm(p)tɪv]adj. 假定的；根据推定的72. presumptive instruction 推测指令| 基本指令| 假定指令73. presumptuous [prɪ'zʌm(p)tʃʊəs]adj. 专横的；放肆的；冒昧的74. presumptuous demands 非分的要求75. set aside 留出；驳回，撤销；不顾76. leave off 停止77. leave out 遗漏，省去；不考虑78. on leave 休假；在休假中79. leave room for 留下的余地；为留余地；留出空间80. leave it at that 暂时停止争论81. sign away 签字放弃82. hold up 举起；阻挡；拦截83. vocal ['vəʊk(ə)l]adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的n. 声乐作品；元音84. vocal tract 声道85. vocal music 声乐；通过口头传唱的音乐86. vocal concert 演唱会87. litter ['lɪtə]n. 垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱vt. 乱丢；给…垫褥草；把…弄得乱七八糟vi. 产仔；乱扔废弃物88. leaf litter 落叶层89. litter size 同胎生仔数；每窝仔畜数90. no litter 不许到垃圾；禁止扔垃圾91. come to one’s rescue: 来援救某人93. come to the rescue of 营救94. at large 详尽的；未被捕的，整个的95. at heart 本质上，内心里96. at best 最多97. at most 至多98. successive [sək'sesɪv]adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的99. successive steps 逐步100. successive elimination 逐次消元101. attached [ə'tætʃt]adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的v. 附上（attach的过去分词）102. attached file 附加文件103. no strings attached 没有附加条件；无附带限制104. attached list 附表105. attached sheet 附件，附页106. attached document 附属资料107. precedent ['presɪd(ə)nt]n. 先例；前例adj. 在前的；在先的108. condition precedent 先决条件109. lay in 贮存110. lay down 放下；制定；铺设；主张111. lay a foundation 奠定基础；奠基；打下基础112. lay eggs 产蛋113. lay out 展示；安排；花钱；为划样；提议114. lay stress on 注意，重视；把重点放在115. lay off 解雇；休息；停止工作116. lay claim to 要求；自以为117. lay at 攻击；将放置在前面118. lay up v. 贮存；搁置；卧床不起119. lay asleep 使入睡；埋葬，使永眠地下120. on the lay [黑话、行话]做(违法)买卖；干活(如偷、扒、抢等) 121. lay upon 随而定；把重点放在122. lay over 覆盖；胜过，压倒123. lay hands on 得到；找到；攻击124. menace ['menəs]n. 威胁；恐吓vi. 恐吓；进行威胁vt. 威胁；恐吓125. serious menace 重大威胁126. invisible menace 看不见的威胁127. dismissal [dɪs'mɪsl]n. 解雇；免职128. unfair dismissal 不公平解雇129. dismissal wage 遣散费；解雇工资130. wrongful dismissal 非法解雇131. dismissal reason 解雇理由132. forced dismissal 勒令退学133. promising ['prɔmisiŋ]adj. 有希望的，有前途的v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）134. promising future 发展前景；光明的前途135. promising market 发展潜力大的市场；有销路的市场136. feverish ['fiːv(ə)rɪʃ]adj. 发热的；极度兴奋的137. feverish market 变动不定的证券市场138. feverish activity 兴奋的活动139. pretentious [prɪ'tenʃəs]adj. 自命不凡的；炫耀的；做作的140. pretentious flourish 比喻虚假的141. pretentious language 似以欺惑性的语言142. fiendish ['fiːndɪʃ]adj. 恶魔似的，残忍的；极坏的143. fiendish terrible 极坏的144. venerate ['venəreɪt]vt. 崇敬，尊敬145. To venerate very reverently 恭恭敬敬146. numerate ['njuːm(ə)rət]vt. 数，列举；读（数）adj. 识数的，会计算的147. Literate and numerate 阅读写作计算能力148. transcend [træn'send; trɑːn-]vt. 胜过，超越149. Transcend Self 超越自我150. philosophy transcend 理念超越151. apprehend [æprɪ'hend]vt. 理解；逮捕；忧虑vi. 理解；担心152. apprehend criminal 逮捕罪犯153. feeble ['fiːb(ə)l]adj. 微弱的，无力的；虚弱的；薄弱的154. feeble breathing 奄奄一息155. feeble signal 微弱信号156. strenuous ['strenjʊəs]adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的157. strenuous exercise 剧烈运动158. constable ['kʌnstəb(ə)l; 'kɒn-]n. 治安官，巡警；警察159. police constable 警员，警察160. constable patrolman 巡警161. patrol [pə'trəʊl]n. 巡逻；巡逻队；侦察队vt. 巡逻；巡查vi. 巡逻；巡查162. on patrol 在巡逻；巡逻中163. police patrol 公安巡逻艇；警察巡逻164. patrol car 巡逻警车165. patrol inspection 巡回检查166. rogue [rəʊg]n. 流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；（尤指植物的）劣种vi. 游手好闲；去劣；流浪vt. 欺诈；去劣adj. （野兽）凶猛的167. rogue software 流氓软件恶意软件168. rogue germs 顽劣的病菌169. Rogue Racing 野蛮赛车170. brigade [brɪ'geɪd]n. 旅；大部队；队列vt. 把…编成旅；把…编成队171. fire brigade n. 消防队172. construction brigade 工程队173. pilfer ['pɪlfə]vi. 偷窃；小偷小摸vt. 窃；偷窃；小偷小摸174. sloop [sluːp]n. [船] 单桅帆船175. patrol sloop 护卫舰| 巡逻炮舰176. magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt]n. 地方法官；文职官员；治安推事177. magistrate court 治安法院| 裁判法庭| 原本由英国的推事庭178. burglary ['bɜːglərɪ]n. 盗窃，夜盗；盗窃行为v. 入室行窃179. auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西180. unwanted ['ʌn'wɑntɪd]adj. 不需要的；有害的；讨厌的；空闲的181. Unwanted Intrusion 不速之客182. precision [prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n]n. 精度，[数] 精密度；精确adj. 精密的，精确的183. high precision 高精度184. precision machinery 精密机械；精密机械学185. measurement precision [机] 测量精度186. sculpture ['skʌlptʃə]n. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vt. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vi. 从事雕刻187. ice sculpture 冰雕188. stone sculpture 石雕189. sculpture crafts 雕塑工艺品| 工艺品雕塑| 木制工艺品190. fluidity [flʊ'ɪdəti]n. [流] 流动性；流质；易变性191. membrane fluidity [生物物理] 膜流动性192. thin fluidity 易流动性193. evaporate [ɪ'væpəreɪt]vt. 使……蒸发；使……脱水；使……消失vi. 蒸发，挥发；消失，失踪194. boiling evaporate 沸腾蒸发195. evaporation [ɪ,væpə'reʃən]n. 蒸发；消失196. evaporation loss 蒸气损失197. evaporation rate [气象][物] 蒸发率；[气象] 蒸发速度198. evaporation temperature 蒸发温度199. evaporation capacity 蒸发（容）量，[气象][化工] 蒸发能力；蒸发率200. mirror ['mɪrə]n. 镜子；真实的写照；榜样vt. 反射；反映201. mirror image [数][光] 镜像202. mirror surface 镜面；镜像曲面203. rearview mirror （车辆）后视镜204. mirror effect 镜象效应205. effortless ['efətlɪs]adj. 容易的；不费力气的206. effortlessly ['efətlisli]adv. 轻松地；毫不费劲地207. Almost Effortlessly 几乎毫不费力208. massive ['mæsɪv]adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的209. massive data 海量数据210. prescription [prɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n]n. 药方；指示；惯例adj. 凭处方方可购买的211. folk prescription 偏方；民间药方212. prescription drug 须医师处方才可买的药品213. prescription medicine 处方药214. on prescription 凭处方(的)，根据药方(的)215. medication [medɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 药物；药物治疗；药物处理216. oral medication 内服；口服法217. diabete n. 糖尿病218. tout [taʊt]vt. 兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报vi. 兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票n. 侦查者；兜售者219. ticket tout 票贩子220. scary ['skeərɪ]adj. 提心吊胆的；引起惊慌的；胆小的221. scary costs 吓人的支出222. scary animals 可怕的动物223. insure [ɪn'ʃɔː; ɪn'ʃʊə]vt. 确保，保证；给…保险vi. 确保；投保224. insure against 给保险以防225. insurance [ɪn'ʃʊər(ə)ns]n. 保险；保险费；保险契约；赔偿金226. insurance company 保险公司227. medical insurance 医疗保险228. unemployment insurance 失业保险229. swing [swɪŋ]n. 摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落vi. 摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走vt. 使旋转；挥舞；悬挂adj. 旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的230. in full swing 活跃；正在全力进行中231. go with a swing 顺利进行；节奏轻快232. swing by 用吊挂；路经；短暂拜访233. swing one's weight 发挥个人的影响(或权势)；施展个人权势(或影响) 234. pharmacy ['fɑːməsɪ]n. 药房；配药学，药剂学；制药业；一批备用药品235. College of Pharmacy 药学院；药剂学院236. pharmacy equipment 药房设备237. downside ['daʊnsaɪd]n. 下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的238. downside risk 跌价风险；下跌风险239. on the downside 下降中，衰落中，衰减中240. pharmacist ['fɑːməsɪst]n. 药剂师241. chief pharmacist 主任药师| 总药剂师242. associate chief pharmacist 副主任药师243. overhead [əʊvə'hed]adv. 在头顶上；在空中；在高处adj. 高架的；在头上的；在头顶上的n. 天花板；[会计] 经常费用244. overhead crane 桥式吊车，高架起重机245. overhead line 架空线路；架空管道246. overhead light 顶灯，高架照明灯247. overhead expense 营业费用；企业管理费用248. general overhead 一般间接费用249. No Overhead 不准超车250. trial ['traɪəl]n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼adj. 试验的；审讯的251. on trial 在试验中；在受审252. trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法253. trial period 试用期254. first trial 初审；初次试验255. criminal trial 刑事审判256. civil trial 民事审判257. by trial and error 反复试验，不断摸索258. court trial 法庭审判259. stand trial 在受审260. protest ['prəʊtest]vi. 抗议；断言vt. 抗议；断言n. 抗议adj. 表示抗议的；抗议性的261. protest against 反对，对提出抗议262. without protest 心甘情愿地；不反对地；在不保留异议的情况下263. under protest 抗议着；极不乐意地264. protest about 对...提出抗议265. bullpen ['bʊlpen]n. 牛栏；大房间；（棒球）候补队员区266. brokerage ['brəʊk(ə)rɪdʒ]n. 佣金；回扣；中间人业务267. brokerage firm 经济商行；经纪行；经纪商（号）268. brokerage industry 中介业269. stock brokerage 证券经纪业，股票经纪业；股票经纪业务270. brokerage house 经纪行271. spill [spɪl]vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下vi. 溢出，流出；摔下；涌流n. 溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下；小塞子272. oil spill 漏油；浮油273. spill over 溢出274. spill the beans 泄密；说漏嘴275. spill out （使）溢出，（使）溅出；突然涌出；说出（真相、内情）276. chemical spill 化学溢出物；化学品溢漏277. metallic [mɪ'tælɪk]adj. 金属的，含金属的278. metallic element [化学] 金属元素279. metallic material [材] 金属材料280. metallic glass 金属玻璃，玻璃合金281. shackle ['ʃæk(ə)l]n. 束缚；桎梏；脚镣vt. 束缚；加枷锁282. heart shackle 心形卸扣283. hook shackle 吊钩卸扣284. captor ['kæptə]n. 捕获者；俘虏者285. pile [paɪl]n. 堆；大量；建筑群vt. 累积；打桩于vi. 挤；堆积；积累286. a pile of 一堆；很多287. pile in 塞进；挤入288. pile up 积累，堆放起来289. pile on 堆在之上；使堆积在290. mattress ['mætrɪs]n. 床垫；褥子；空气垫291. spring mattress [家具] 弹簧床垫；弹簧褥子292. air mattress 空气垫；橡胶气垫293. dictate [dɪk'teɪt]vt. 命令；口述；使听写vi. 口述；听写n. 命令；指示294. figure dictate 图形表达295. sensibility [,sensɪ'bɪlɪtɪ]n. 情感；敏感性；感觉；识别力296. musical sensibility 乐感297. tracking sensibility 跟踪灵敏度298. superficial [,suːpə'fɪʃ(ə)l; ,sjuː-]adj. 表面的；肤浅的n. 表面文章；外表；浅薄的人299. superficial layer [解剖] 浅层；[流] 表面层300. superficial area 表面积301. superficial fascia [解剖] 浅筋膜302. cement [sɪ'ment]vt. 巩固，加强；用水泥涂；接合vi. 粘牢n. 水泥；接合剂303. in cement [美国口语]坚定不移的，不妥协的304. cement concrete 水泥混凝土305. cement industry 水泥工业306. heathen ['hiːð(ə)n]n. 异教徒；粗野的人adj. 异教的；野蛮的307. blameless ['bleɪmlɪs]adj. 清白的；无可责备的；无过失的308. blameless cycle 良性循环309. Legally Blameless 按照法律无罪310. gospel ['gɒsp(ə)l]n. 真理；信条adj. 传播福音的；福音赞美诗的311. gospel musicn. 福音音乐（美国黑人的一种宗教音乐）312. damnation [dæm'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 诅咒；非难；被罚下地狱int. 糟了；该死313. forgivable [fɚ'ɡɪvəbl]adj. 可宽恕的；可原谅的314. resent [rɪ'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶315. resent society 憎恨社会316. bring into line 使排齐；使一致317. to bring into line with 使一致318. heartless ['hɑːtlɪs]adj. 无情的；无勇气的319. Heartless Betrayal 无情背叛320. victim ['vɪktɪm]n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者321. fall victim to 成为的牺牲品；成为的受害者；屈服于；被降服322. prestige [pre'stiː(d)ʒ]n. 威望，声望；声誉323. occupational prestige 职业声望324. high prestige 崇高威望325. stake [steɪk]n. 桩，棍子；赌注；火刑；奖金vt. 资助，支持；系…于桩上；把…押下打赌vi. 打赌326. at stake 危如累卵；处于危险中；在紧要关头327. stake someone to something为某人取得某物而提供金钱(或援助)，资助某人取得某物328. equity stake 股权329. go to the stake (被绑在火刑柱上)受火刑；为自己的行为或信仰而受苦难赴汤蹈火330. have a stake in 与利害攸关331. stake out 监视；立桩标出；派警察监视332. stake on 在...上打赌；把赌注押在...上面333. wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]adj. 批发的；大规模的n. 批发adv. 大规模地；以批发方式vt. 批发vi. 批发；经营批发业334. wholesale market [贸易] 批发市场335. wholesale price 批发价格336. wholesale business 批发业务，批发生意337. wholesale trade 批发贸易338. wholesaler ['həul,seilə] n. 批发商339. preacher ['priːtʃə]n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者340. sermon ['sɜːmən]n. 布道；训诫；启示；冗长的讲话vt. 对…布道；对…说教vi. 布道341. Sermon Outline 讲道大纲| 讲题和大纲342. plead [pliːd]vt. 借口；为...辩护；托称vi. 恳求；辩护343. plead guilty 服罪；被告服罪344. plead for 请求；为辩护345. plead with 向恳求；恳求346. plead against sb 反驳某人347. pleader ['plidɚ]n. 答辩人；辩论者348. codify ['kəʊdɪfaɪ]vt. 编纂；将...编成法典；编成法典349. Codify laws 编纂法律350. normative ['nɔːmətɪv]adj. 规范的，标准的351. normative economics [经] 规范经济学352. normative mineral [矿物] 标准矿物353. regard [rɪ'gɑːd]vi. 注意，注重；注视vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把看作；与有关n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视354. with regard to 关于；至于356. in regard to 关于355. in this regard 就这一点而言357. regard as 把……认作358. without regard to 不考虑；不顾及359. pay regard to 重视；注意到360. in regard of 关于361. prescriptive [prɪ'skrɪptɪv]adj. 规定的，规范的；指定的362. prescriptive right [法] 因时效而取得的权利；法定期限权363. Prescriptive Period 时效期364. bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要365. the bulk of 大多数，大部366. in bulk 整批，散装；大批，大量367. bulk density 容积密度，[物] 体积密度；单位体积重量368. bulk cement 散装水泥369. bulk production 批量生产370. sweep [swiːp]vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去vi. 扫，打扫；席卷；扫视；袭击n. 打扫，扫除；范围；全胜371. sweep the floor 扫地；清洁地面；清扫地板，拖地板372. sweep away 清除；一扫而空373. clean sweep 全胜；快速整理374. frequency sweep 频率扫描375. sweep up 大扫除；收拾干净376. sweep out 清除；扫除377. sweep down 突袭378. sweep rate [电子] 扫描频率；扫描速度379. downtime ['daʊntaɪm]n. （工厂等由于检修，待料等的）停工期；[电子] 故障停机时间380. maintenance downtime 停机检修时间381. spectator [spek'teɪtə]n. 观众；旁观者382. spectator sport 吸引大量观众的体育运动383. Media Spectator 新闻观察384. sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]n. 兄弟姊妹；民族成员385. sibling rivalry 同胞争宠；手足之争386. sibling species [遗] 同胞种；两似种387. culprit ['kʌlprɪt]n. 犯人，罪犯；被控犯罪的人388. prime culprit 主犯，首犯389. accessory culprit 从犯390. demoralize [dɪ'mɔrəlaɪz]vt. 使道德败坏；使堕落；使士气低落391. demoralize cheer 士气受挫392. divide and demoralize 分化瓦解393. rivalry['raɪv(ə)lrɪ]n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛394. business rivalry 商业竞争395. rivalry behavior争偶行为。

2001年第二期招收博士研究生入学考试试题第一部分：（共6题，选做4题，每题15分，总计60分。

这部分只能选做4题，如超出规定范围，阅卷时按前4题计分。

）1.写出七大晶系，并指出每一晶系包含哪几种布拉伐格子（Bravais Iattice）.2.怎样用能带论来理解导体、绝缘体、及半导体之间的区别？3.简单推导布洛赫（Bloch）定理。

4.对于一个二维正方格子，晶格常数为ａ，λ在其倒空间画图标出第一、第二和第三布里渊区；画出第一布里渊区中各种不同能量处的等能面曲线；λλ画出其态密度随能量变化的示意图。

5.晶体中原子间共有多少种结合方式？简述它们各自的特点。

6.推导低温及闲暇的热容量表达式（表示为温度、地摆温度、气体常数和必要的数学常数的函数）。

第二部分：（共8题，选做5题，每题8分，总计40分。

这部分只能选做5题，如超出规定范围，阅卷时按前五题计分。

）1. 简述晶体中主要缺陷类型（至少答三种）。

2. 在一维周期场近自由电子模型近似下，格点间距为ａ，请画出能带E(k)示意图，并说明能隙与哪些物理量有关。

3. 简述大块磁体为什么会分成许多畴，为什么磁畴的分割不会无限进行下去？4. 简述固体中的两种常见的光吸收过程和各自对应的跃迁。

5. 写出相律的表达式及其各参数的意义。

2003年第一期固体物理第一部分（共6题，选作4题，每题15分，共计60分；如多做，按前4题计分）1. 从成键的角度阐述Ⅲ-Ⅴ族和Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体为什么可以形成同一种结构:闪锌矿结构。

2. 请导出一维双原子链的色散关系，并讨论在长波极限时光学波和声学波的原子振动特点。

3. 从声子的概念出发，推导并解释为什么在一般晶体中的低温晶格热容量和热导率满足T3关系。

4. 设电子在一维弱周期势场V(x)中运动，其中V(x)= V(x+a)，按微扰论求出k=±π/a处的能隙。

5. 假设有一个理想的单层石墨片，其晶格振动有两个线性色散声学支和一个平方色散的声学支，分别是ω=c1k，ω=c2k，ω=c3k（其中c1，c2和c3(π/a)是同一量级的量，a是晶格常数）。

中科院2005年研究生入学数学分析试题及解答中国科学院硕士研究生2005年入学考试《数学分析》试题1. (15分)计算:0x →2. (15分)设,0,a b a b >≠,证明2ln ln a b a b a b -<<+-.3. (10分)求111lim 12n n n n →∞⎛⎫+++⎪+⎝⎭.4. (10分)判断级数1(1)nn n∞=-∑的敛散性.5. (15分)设函数(,)f x y 在点(0,0)的某个邻域中连续,222()(,)x y tF t f x y dxdy+≤=⎰⎰,求0()lim t F t t +→'.6. (15分)求球面2222xy z a++=包含在柱面22221x y a b+=(b a ≤)内的那部分面积.7. (15分)设函数(,)()f x y xy ϕ=,其中(0)0ϕ=,且()u ϕ在0u =的某个邻域中满足()u k u αϕ≤，其中常数12α>，0k >。

证明(,)f x y 在点(0,0)处可微,但函数(,)g x y =在点(0,0)处不可微. 8. (15分) 设()x ϕ在区间[0,)+∞上有连续的导数,并且(0)1ϕ=.令2222222()()x y z r f r x y z dxdydz ϕ++≤=++⎰⎰⎰(0r ≥).证明()f r 在0r =处三次可微,并求(0)f '''(右导数). 9. (20分)设函数()f x 在有限区间[,]a b 上可微,且满足()()0f a f b ''<(此处()f a '和()f b '分别表示f 在a 和b 处的右导数和左导数).则(,)c a b ∃∈,使得()0f c '=.10. (20分)设xe nn n e a x ∞==∑,求0123,,,a a a a ,并证明(ln )nn a e n γ-≥(2n ≥),其中γ是某个大于e 的常数.2005年中国科学院数学分析试题解答1. 解：利用()()11y y o y αα+=++，()0y →，()441135x o x =+⋅+，()()1122x o x =+-+，()113x o x =++，()112x o x =++， 所以，原式()()()()()44011315lim 111132x x o x x o x x o x x o x →⎛⎫+⋅+--+ ⎪⎝⎭=⎛⎫⎛⎫++-++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭()()0lim616x x o x x o x →+==--+. 2. 证明：不妨设0a b >>，欲证的不等式等价于ln211ab a a b b<<+-，令a x b=，不等式等价于2ln 11x x x <<+-，()1x >.令()ln f x x =-，()10f =， 因为()122f x x x x x '=+- 21022x x x x x x-==>，()1x >，所以()()10f x f >=，ln 0x ->，ln x x>，ln 1xx x<-，()1x >.令()()21ln 1x h x x x -=-+，()10h =，因为()()()()222114011x h x x x x x -'=-=>++， 所以()()1h x h >，即得()21ln 01x x x -->+，2ln 11xx x <+-，()1x >，故成立2ln 11x x x <<+-，()1x >，取a x b=，代入上式，不等式得证.3. 解：解法一 利用111ln 2n n c nε+++=++，其中lim 0n n ε→∞=， 211111ln 2212n n c n n nε++++++=+++， 111lim 12n n n n →∞⎛⎫+++ ⎪+⎝⎭11lim 12n n n →∞⎛⎫=++⎪+⎝⎭()()2lim ln 2ln n n n n c n c εε→∞⎡⎤=++-++⎣⎦ ()2lim ln 2n n n εε→∞⎡⎤=+-⎣⎦ln2=.解法二 111lim 12n nn n →∞⎛⎫+++⎪+⎝⎭111lim 1n n k kn n →∞=⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭∑ ()11001ln 1ln 21dx x x ==+=+⎰. 4. 解：设n a n=，显然lim0n n a →∞=，{}n a 单调递减； 由莱布尼茨判别法知()11nn n ∞=-∑收敛，由()1n-≥，()3n ≥，得()11n n ∞=-∑发散，故()11nn ∞=-∑. 5. 解：()()200cos ,sin tF t dr f r r rd πθθθ=⎰⎰，()()20cos ,sin F t f t t td πθθθ'=⎰，由题设条件，可知()()0lim cos ,sin 0,0t f t t f θθ+→=，且关于[]0,2θπ∈是一致收敛； 于是()()2000lim lim cos ,sin t t F t f t t d tπθθθ++→→'=⎰ ()200lim cos ,sin t f t t d πθθθ+→=⎰ ()()200lim 0,00,02t f d f πθπ+→==⎰.6、计算下列曲面的面积：（1）圆柱面222a y x =+ 介乎平面0=+z x 和0=-z x 之间的部分； （2）球面2222az y x=++被椭圆柱面)0(12222a b b y a x ≤<=+所截下的部分。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年10月考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

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三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：V英译汉30分钟15分V I写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. Many people believe reckless drivers are treated too _______.A. hardlyB. tenderlyC. lenientlyD. friendly2. After more than two hours of heated argument, the judge adjourned the ________ until next Tuesday.A. gatheringB. hearingC. meetingD. suing3.The dog was so _______ that his master hung a weight from his neck.A. suspiciousB. miserableC. mischievousD. spoiled4. She w as repairing Billy’s trousers, where the ________ had come undone.A. edgeB.seamC. lineD. rim5. About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that ________ chemical reaction rate ________ temperature.A. relates…toB. regards…asC. represents…byD. contributes…to6. She had resolved not to make any ________ to their marriage unless he raised the question.A. allusionB. assumptionC. inflammationD. inclusion7. Our flagrant disregard for the law attacks the __________ of this society.A. layerB. essenceC. foundationD. framework8. He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do it a second anda third time until _________ it becomes habitual.A.at onceB. at lengthC. at endD. at times9. You solemnly advised them so as to return them to your law, but they behaved ___________ and did not obey your commandments.A. presumptuouslyB. presumptivelyC. profoundlyD. presumably10. The government was forced to __________ extra funds for the new airport.A. leave offB. sign awayC. set asideD. hold up11. After the vocal concert, the clean-up crew found the campus ___________ withcandy wrappers, bottles and cans.A. coveredB. scatteredC. dispersedD. littered12. The firemen came to their _____________ soon after they received theemergency call.A.safeguardB. securityC. safetyD. rescue13. The architect must respond to the cultural concerns of society ________ and payattention to the functional and aesthetic aspect of the buildings.A. at largeB. at heartC. at mostD. at best14. The earthquake was followed by two _________ shakings.A. attachedB. consistentC. successiveD. precedent15. The sugar plant was forced to _________ 1,100 black workers because people inthe US and Canada would not buy South African products.A. let downB. lay offC. wipe outD. take on16. If you insist on carrying out this mad experiment, you will have to _____ theconsequences.A. run intoB. choke backC. bear outD. answer for17. The advancement of ironworking in the United States put an end to this menace,much to the _______ of both passengers and railroad employees alike.A. discontentB. dismayC. reliefD. glory18. All of you will be wise to remember that Miss Trunchbull deals very severelywith anyone who gets _________ in this school.A. off the trackB. out of standardC. out of lineD. off focus19. Dismissals are likely to be fair ______that the employer can show a goodbusiness reason for the move and that adequate consultation took place.A. soB. forC. viewingD. provided20. This has been forwarded to us ‘in ______’ by the FBI and you are asked to treatthe information accordingly.A. confidenceB. mysteryC. darkD. expressPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)To its fans, it is addictive. To the media, it is a promising money-maker. Sudoku, an old puzzle long popular in Japan is fast __21__ popularity the world over. In Britain, a sudoku book is a bestseller and national newspapers are competing __22__ to publish the most, and the most fiendish, puzzles. __23__, the puzzle is being published in newspapers from Australia to Croatia to America. Even the New York Times is considering introducing sudoku in its Sunday magazine, __24__ its venerated crossword.The game’s __25__ is that its rules are as simple as its solution is complex. On a board of nine-by-nine __26__ most of them empty, players must fill in each one with a number __27__ each row (left to right), column (top to bottom) and block (in bold lines) __28__ 1 to 9. Advanced __29__ use bigger boards or add letters from the alphabet.Sudoku—the Japane se word combines “number” and “single”—seems perfectly __30__ to modern times, a puzzle for an era when people are more __31 than literate. And like globalism itself, sudoku transcends borders by __32__ no translation.The overall __33__ of puzzles is hard to measure but revenues in America from magazines, syndicated newspaper sales, books, and online and phone services are almost $200m annually. The New York Times earns millions of dollars a year from its crosswords and hundreds of thousands __34__ a special phone service that provides __35__ Over 30,000 people pay $35 a year for the newspaper’s e-mail version.21. A. missing B. starting C.losing D. gaining22. A. casually B. randomly C. pretentiously D. feverishly23. A.Consequently B. Meanwhile C. Eventually D. Nevertheless24. A. except B. alongside C. aside D. besides25. A. drawback B. imagination C.appeal D. contradiction26. A. points B. cubes C. boxes D. squares27. A. so that B. in that C. by that D. for that28. A. completes B.contains C. counts D. concludes29. A. books B. copies C. rules D. versions30. A. suited B. convertible C. switched D. feasible31. A. literary B. numerous C.numerate D. confused32. A. acquiring B. requiring C. requesting D. enquiring33. A. drawback B. business C. design D. difficulty34. A. from B. of C. with D. by35. A. pins B. codes C. hints D. bookingsPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneIt is hard to imagine a large city without policemen, but such was the situation in London in the early part of the eighteenth century. There was no organized police force to apprehend criminals. There were public watchmen, but they were generally feeble old men, unfit for more strenuous assignment.There were also constables appointed to keep the peace. The position of constable was an honor, given only to trustworthy men. The constable was unpaid, however. It was part of the co nstable’s duty to raise the “hue and cry” after an escaping criminal. On hearing the hue and cry all passersby were supposed to join in the pursuit, but in practice, not many passersby could be persuaded to help. It was too dangerous a task, and the constable was unarmed.Working behind most of the thieves were the receivers of stolen property, who had organized the thieves and rogues into gangs. One gang robbed on the main roads into London, one covered the churches, and one covered entertainments and public functions. One of the most notorious receivers, Jonathan Wild, set up a special brigade that would find employment as servants and then pilfer from the household or open the doors at night for other robbers to enter. He had a staff of mechanics for altering watches and jewelry, warehouses to store the loot, and a sloop to convey certain stolen goods to the Continent, where they could be sold in safety.The authorities might have taken stronger steps against Wild had he not been so useful as a thief taker. He knew every criminal, as he employed most of them himself.Whenever it suited his purpose, he would hand a man over to the authorities for hanging. This also provided Wild with a very effective means of controlling his men. Everyman knew that if he disobeyed the boss he would be betrayed and would quickly find himself on the gallows.It was novelist Henry Fielding, who was also a London magistrate, who finally thought of equipping regular patrols with arms and uniforms and sending them out to police the streets of London. His half brother, Sir John Fielding, organized these first “patrols”. At first these groups were financed by rich citizens, who were willing to pay for their security, but later they were taken over by the government. The Field ing’s “patrols” became a real police force.36.The first constables in London in the early part of the 18th century were____________.A.respected citizensB.paid officialsC.old peopleD.professional policemen37.Most passersby did not join in the hue and cry because they were ___________.A.on the criminal’s sideB.afraid of dangersC.not so quick in reactioned to the situation38.Wild made money by ___________.A.solving cases of theftB.searching for lost propertymanding robbers and thievesD.stealing people’s property himself39.Wild organized a special group to ___________.A.help him take care of houseworkB.dispose watches and jewelryC.dispose unwanted itemsmit burglary40.The authorities let Wild alone because ___________.A.he sometimes turned wanted criminals over to themB.his turn of being dealt with had not yet comeC.no one was brave enough to go after himD.he bribed the officials all the time41.Henry Fielding got the idea for a police force when he __________.A.wrote a detective novelB.served as an officialC.once helped a victimD.received private fundingPassage TwoOnce it was possible to sum up trends in American art with a few proper phrases—“abstract, gestural painting” could have served at one point, or “return to figuration” at another. Today it is muc h more difficult to identify the dominant approach with anywhere near this kind of precision. In part, this is because art has changed, in part because the world has changed. Nevertheless, I believe that there are sets of tendencies that art today is following.But first of all, it might be helpful to look more closely at the idea of “American art.” This apparently simple category is actually much more complex than it appears. The conviction that there is such a thing as “American style” painting or sculpt ure that reflects some typically “American” quality was once an absolute belief of modernist art criticism. Today, however, “American art” is no longer a simple matter of geography, national origin, or point of view. Instead, the globalization of markets, the ease of international communication, and the movement of artists from one country to another have all contributed to an art world without firm concepts of national identity. It is common for artists to list multiple countries as their home.This fluidity is an important element in any discussion of American art today. The evaporation of the borders between nations, at least in the field of art, mirrors the disappearance of all kinds of other boundaries as well. Hardly anyone worries about the unique characteristics of painting and sculpture any more. Just as artists move around the globe, they jump effortlessly across media, producing work that simultaneously incorporates not only traditional materials but also digital technology, photography, performance, music, film, and video.Similarly, “public art” once meant a massive sculpture set on a public square. Now public art is just as likely to appear on the Internet or to involve small groups of community members working together on a project of local interest. Equally changed is the old idea that art should confine itself to its own sphere. Artists today incorporate science, politics, religion, architecture, and ecology into their work and hope to have impact that stretches far beyond the gallery walls.42. By mentioning “return to figuration”, the author shows that _________.A. we were able to identify the tendencies of American art in the pastB. figuration is the solution to the problem with American artC. American art is repeating its historyD. figuration will become the characteristics of American art43. Compared with the past, it is now more difficult to ________.A. produce characteristic art worksB. discover devoted artistsC. present art works to the publicD. characterize American art44. In the past, “American art” ________A. was a variable conceptB. was an explicit conceptC. was not widely acknowledged abroadD. was not properly practiced by artists45. The second paragraph implies that today’s artists often ________.A. take pride in holding exhibitions in AmericaB. stress the commercial value of their art workC. prefer to live in foreign countriesD. have variable national conceptions46. By mentioning painting and sculpture together, the author implies that people believe________.A. they are causing controversyB. they are becoming popularC.there is no need to tell them apartD. it may be necessary to preserve their traditions47. The passage tells us that today’s artists produce works by means of _________.A. becoming good photographersB. changing the definition of fluidityC. creating boundariesD. applying various media48. What can be learned about artists in modern societies?A.They hope to expand the world of art.B. They are eager to promote art in streets.C. They regard technology as their most important tool.D. They believe that art should confine itself to its own sphere.Passage ThreeCharles Paul and his wife, Hazel, stopped using the motor home they bought several years ago; it sits idle behind their house in Richardson, Texas. Travel is just one sacrifice they made to pay for the cost of their prescriptions,more than a dozenmedications for the two of them. They found relief by switching drugstores, to one in nearby McKinney. A prescription fo r Paul’s diabetes had cost $ 89.88 when he got it from a national chain but dropped down to $58 from McKinney’s Smith Drug.Smith, which claims to be the oldest drugstore in Texas, has been getting a lot of attention since a Dallas newspaper touted its astoundingly low prices. The overwhelming response from the public has been “a little scary,” says co-owner Kaylei Mosier. She says the store simply marks each prescription up enough to cover its costs, but for many prescriptions that’s a lot lower than at ot her stores.The Smith Drug story has highlighted a little-known fact: prescription prices vary from city to city and block to block, and a little research can save consumers hundreds or thousands of dollars. Insurance copays can make these differences invi sible, but they’re a huge deal to the 45 million uninsured Americans.Why the price swings? Howard Schiff, executive director of the Maryland Pharmacists Association, explains that pharmacies generally buy their drugs from a wholesaler, who doesn’t sell to every drugstore at the same price. Once the drug is in the pharmacy, each owner chooses how much to mark it up. Because fewer than 10 percent of consumers comparison-shop for prescriptions the way they might for a quart of milk—and drug prices generally are not advertised—pharmacies don’t worry that higher prices will drive people away, says Stanford economist Alan Scorensen.There is a downside to hopping from drugstore to drugstore. If people price-shop, they’re going to lose some protection that comes f rom having one pharmacy track all your medications. Going to many pharmacies keeps one pharmacist from noticing potentially harmful interactions between prescriptions. Comparison-shopping is further complicated because pharmacies that have the best price o n one drug don’t usually have the lowest prices across the board, so finding a good price on one drug ata pharmacy does not guarantee a cheaper total bill.49. Charles and his wife haven’t traveled for long because ________.A.their motor home was not in good conditionB.they wanted to save for medicinesC.they have been too weak to do soD.they didn’t get their doctor’s permission50.We learn that the oldest drugstore in Texas, Smith, _________.A. surprises people when its low prices are reportedB. sells prescriptions at a prices below their costsC. is an unprofitable businessD. had many scared customers after a news report51. Who may care LEAST about the varied prices?A. Those who are uninsuredB. Those who are insuredC. Those who comparison-shop for drugsD. Those doing research in drugstores52.Some drugstores can sell drugs at a higher price than others because __________.A. people may have more choices over the same productB. not many people know the price differencesC. some drugstores spend more on ads than othersD. drugs were bought from different wholesalers53.The word “downside” used in the last paragraph refers to __________.A.the poor service in tracking medicationsB.the trend of reducing drug pricesC.the popularity of comparison-shoppingD.the drawback of switching drugstoresPassage FourJust when I thought I'd escaped my likely fate, I went to prison.I had been visiting a friend in Crystal City, Virginia. I left her hotel around 9:30 in the evening and called a cab back to D.C. As we drove down Jefferson Davis Highway, a cop stopped us. He pulled his gun, told me to get out and put my hands up. Four more cars arrived. The cop who arrested me had overheard the private security guards on their walkie-talkies saying that they were looking for a black guy who had stolen $50 and that they had seen me getting into a cab. I had $223.94, a Rolex and a rack of credit cards. I saw the man I had supposedly robbed for the first time at my trial.I brought my own lawyer to court, but the judge said he had known my court-appointed public defender for ten years, that he was good for the job and that Icould not use my own lawyer. When I protested, the judge said, "We can either do this with you here or with you in the bullpen." Half of my jury was selected while I was in the bullpen. I was sentenced to seven years.It was all unjust. But none of it, not one fact of my case, is unique. It happens to one in three black men, every day.I had found the paths to success in college and then in training with well-known brokerage houses. I had built a profitable financial consulting firm working 70 hours a week, always trying to make more, prove more, be more. I thought that if I could close one more deal, break one more record, trespass one more line, maybe I wouldn't walk around feeling like my colors were spilling out with no border to define them.I can still taste the metallic rage I felt that first day in prison. I was shackled hand and foot, being led by two black captors who were "just doing their jobs." They pushed me into my cell. Snow blew through the broken window and piled up on the thin plastic mattress.Alone, without money, without position, without even a name, only a number, I realized that everything I'd believed in was a lie. If my choices were dictated by someone else's sensibilities about what was valuable, how could I have been free? I had known superficial luxuries, but real freedom is an inside job. I had never known that feeling. And for that I sat on the cold cement floor and cried.54. The author had been trying _________.A. not to be treated like many other blacksB. not to be caught while stealing at the hotelC. to avoid the punishment for his speed drivingD. to keep calm when confronted with the police55. The author got arrested because _________.A. he was suspected of robberyB. he had stolen over 200 dollarsC. he had robbed a taxi driverD. he was guilty of defiance against law56. The author’s defending lawyer in court ________.A. was hired by the defendantB. was paid by the governmentC. shared the jury’s opinionsD. did a good job for the author57. According to the author, on average every day _______A. more than 1/3 of blacks are given a court trialB. over 30% of blacks are wrongedC. over 30% of blacks tried are wrongly convictedD. more than 1/3 of blacks are convicted of serious crimes58. The clause “my colors … to define them” (in boldface in Para 5) implies that the author _________.A. was seen as nothing but a blackB. was treated like a white manC. regretted being born blackD. believed he was the best in blacks59. For the author, the two black captors who pushed him into his cell were ________.A. unfairly treated like himselfB. helping do him injusticeC. among those dishonest blacksD. just earning their living60. In prison the author realized that _________.A. he could never overtake whites in careerB. he had never been able to enjoy true freedomC. he had taken a wrong path to successD. he could enjoy freedom without luxuriesPassage FiveHell is for those who are offered the light but spurn it. The heathens are blameless if they ignore a gospel that they have never heard, but damnation awaits our neighbors who have been shown the way and refuse to take it. Speakers of a foreign language are like the heathens; they are forgivable because their only fault has been the lack of opportunity to learn to talk as we do. We resent the speakers of some unfamiliar dialect of our own language because they have had the opportunity – they prove this by the fact that we can usually understand them –but have obviously misapplied it.So we do what we can to bring them into line, as we may once have been brought into line ourselves. The method is not necessarily crude or heartless and itshuman targets are not necessarily victims: there are always learners –outsiders moving in, younger generations moving up – and they may be as eager to take as we are to give. Especially when the gift is advertised as part of the “cultural heritage” with prestige at stake. The art object in question is an establishment dialect, the “standard,” which nearly every society sees fit to impose in the schools and to promote through the great army of language wholesalers: the reporters of news, writers of stories, preachers of sermons, and pleaders of cases and causes. In most modern societies the teaching of the standard language – including writing – probably absorbs more educational resources than any other single effort.To the extent that it is codified, the substance of what is taught is known as normative or prescriptive grammar. Textbooks embodying it – which are a mixture of description along traditional lines and comparisons of good and bad usage – make up the great bulk of writing on language, and go back to its very beginnings. In the ancient world they were mostly individual products, but with the Renaissance there came a change. An epidemic of learned societies swept Italy and spread across Europe –“academies,” they were called, each with special interests rangi ng from meteorology to the study of Petrarch. Two of the later Italian academies, which were devoted largely to matters of language and are still in existence, were quite influential in establishing bodies in other countries.61. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.A.a Frenchman who can’t learn English well should be damned.B.a Cantonese who doesn’t speak standard Chinese are unpopular.C.an Italian who can only speak an Italian dialect is a heathen.D.a German who often incorrectly pronounces Swedish should be resented.62. The author’s primary purpose is most probably to _________.A.refute an argumentB.correct a misconceptionC.justify an occurrenceD.reveal a mystery63. The passage says that a standard language can be promoted by all the following people EXCEPT _________.A.JournalistsB.writersC.clergymenD.officials64. We can infer from the second paragraph that _________.A. everyone has some flaws in their accentB. standard language may suggest high social statusC. people with non-standard language are eager to learnD. it is wrong to impose language standards in schools65. According to the passage, the Renaissance witnessed a change ___________.A. from prescriptive to descriptive grammar in language teachingB. from respec t to disrespect to the “culture heritage”C. from individual to academic efforts to advocate standard languageD. from language oriented to various subject oriented teachingSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneThe term “Further Education” is the name given, in Britain, to a very broad and diverse range of post-school education. ___66___ There is also a vast and varied provision of evening classes. For many older people, evening study was the only way they could pursue their education and they still think of the institution that provided it as “Night School”.Nowadays, however, the opportunities for Further Education at all levels and for all ages are manifold. ___67___ They are provided in a widely differing set of institutions. The majority of the lower level courses, relating mainly to apprenticeship schemes and qualifications, are provided in Colleges of Further Education or Technical Colleges. Middle level courses are also offered in Technical Colleges with those having a good share of more adv anced work being called “Colleges of Technology”. The great bulk of advanced studies and degree level work is undertaken in the Polytechnics. ___68___ Very few of the broad divisions here are clear cut; there is much overlapping.One of the major areas of “overlap” that has occurred during the past ten years or so has been between the school system and Further Education. There has been a growing provision of “Six Form” Level studies in colleges of Further Education and Technical Colleges during this period and almost all of the “non-advanced” technicalcolleges now offer a broad spread of subjects for the GCE advanced Level (‘A’ level) examinations. ___69___ A few Local Education Authorities have decided, partly because of this existing trend and partly for reasons of economy, that all the post-sixteen education in certain areas — both technical and academic — should be amalgamated in one establishment; such amalgamated institutions are called “Tertiary Colleges”.___70___ The Tech has played an important part in British educational history and its role will be no less important in the future.A.Whatever the type of establishment and its range of educational provision, mostof the local inhabitants will probably refer to it as “the Tech”.B.We must make the leap forward and embrace the development of theknowledge-based economy.C.Many sixth form students seem to prefer the more adult atmosphere of theTechnical College to that of the school.D.The courses provided range from the most elementary, directlyvocationally-orientated kind, to those at degree level or beyond.E.Some is full-time, some is part-time and some is half-and-half with periods atcollege alternating with periods at work.F.But there are a number of specialized colleges such as the London College ofPrinting and the National College of Agricultural Engineering.Passage TwoFor years, youth sports pushers tried to get us hooked: Organized sports, they said, offered a natural high and would build character in our children. ___71___ But there are high-functioning cokeheads too. Like every American, I have close friends whose families struggle with a youth sports addiction. So let's talk about the dark side of the youth sports epidemic.First off, when they're spending every spare second at soccer practice, children lose that crucial downtime they need for exercising their imaginations, as well as their limbs. And Dr. Lenny Wiersma, co-director of the Center for the Advancement of Responsible Youth Sport, warns that when kids miss out on "the old sandbox and。