呼吸困难英文

主诉1.主诉的表示方法：症状+时间（Symptom+T ime）•症状+for+时间如： [Chest pain for 2 hours] 胸痛2小时•症状+of+时间如： [Nausea and vomiting of three day s` duration] 恶心呕吐3天•症状+时间+in duration如： [Headache 1 month in duration] 头痛1月•时间+of+症状如： [Two-day history of fever] 发热2天2、常见症状• [Fever] 发热• [Pain] 疼痛• [Edema] 水肿• [Mucocutaneous hemorrhage (bleedin g)] 皮肤粘膜出血• [Dyspnea (Difficuly in breathing;Re spiratory difficulty;short of breath)]呼吸困难• [Cough and expectoration (Sputum;Ph legm)] 咳嗽和咯痰• [Hemoptysis] 咯血• [Cyanosis] 紫绀• [Palpitation] 心悸• [Chest discomfort] 胸闷• [Nausea (Retch;Dry Vomiting)and Vom iting] 恶心和呕吐• [Hematemesis (Vomiting of blood)]呕血• [Hematochezia (Hemafecia)] 便血• [Diarrhea] 腹泻• [Constipation (Obstipation)] 便秘• [Vertigo (Giddiness; Dizziness)] 眩晕• [Jaundice (Icterus)] 黄疸• [C onvulsion] 惊厥• [Disturbance of consciousness] 意识障碍• [Hematuria] 血尿• [Frequent micturition,urgent mictur ition and dysuria] 尿频，尿急和尿痛• [Incontinence of urine] 尿失禁• [Retention of urine] 尿潴留（1）发热的表示方法• [Infective (Septic)fever] 感染性发热• [Non-infective (Aseptic)fever] 非感染性发热• [Dehydration (Inanition)fever] 脱水热• [Drug fever] 药物热• [Functional hypothermia] 功能性低热• [Absorption fever] 吸收热• [Central fever] 中枢性发热• [Fever type] 热型▲ [Continuous fever] 稽留热▲ [Remittent fever] 驰张热▲ [Intermittent fever] 间歇热▲ [Undulant fever] 波状热▲ [Recurrent fever] 回归热▲ [Periodic fever] 周期热▲ [Irregular fever] 不规则热▲ [Ephemeral fever] 短暂热▲ [Double peaked fever] 双峰热• [Fever of undetermined(unknown) ori gin, FUO] 不明原因发热• [Rigor (shivering;chill;shaking chi ll;ague)] 寒战• [Chilly Sensation (Fell chilly;cold fits;coldness)] 畏寒[Ultra-hyperpyrexia] 超高热• [Hyperthermia (A high fever;hyperpy rexia;ardent fever)] 高热• [Moderate fever] 中度发热• [Hypothermia (Low-grade fever;sligh t fever;subfebrile temperature)] 低热• [Become feverish (Have a temperatur e)] 发热• [Crisis] 骤降• [Lysis] 渐降• [Typhoid fever] 伤寒热• [Rheumatic fever] 风湿热• [Cancerous fever] 癌性发热• [Fervescence period] 升热期• [Defervescence period] 退热期• [Persistent febrile period] 持续发热期（2）疼痛的表示方法• [Backache (Back pain)] 背痛• [Lumbago] 腰痛• [Headache] 头痛医学.全.在线.网.站.提供▲ [Vasomotor headache] 血管舒缩性头痛▲[Post-traumatic headache] 创伤后头痛▲[Migraine headache] 偏头痛▲ [Cluster headache] 丛集性头痛• [Chest pain] 胸痛• [Precardial pain] 心前区痛• [Retrosternal pain] 胸骨后痛• [Abdominal pain (Stomachache)] 腹痛• [Acrodynia (pain in limbs)] 肢体痛• [Arthrodynia (Arthralgia)] 关节痛[Dull pain] 钝痛•[Sharp pain] 锐痛•[Twinge pain] 刺痛•[Knife-like pain (Piercing pain)] 刀割（刺）样痛•[Aching pain] 酸痛•[Burning pain] 烧灼痛•[Colicky (Griping;cramp) pain] 绞痛•[Colic] 绞痛•[Bursting pain] 胀痛（撕裂痛）•[Hunger pain] 饥饿痛•[Tic pain] 抽搐痛•[Bearing-down pain] 坠痛•[Shock-like pain] 电击样痛•[Jumping pain] 反跳痛•[Tenderness pain] 触痛（压痛）•[Girdle-like pain] 束带样痛•[Wandering pain] 游走性痛•[Throbbing pain] 搏动性痛•[Radiating pain] 放射性痛•[Cramping pain] 痉挛性痛•[Boring pain] 钻痛•[Intense pain] 剧痛•[Writhing pain] 痛得打滚•[Dragging pain] 牵引痛•[Labor pain] 阵痛•[Cancerous pain] 癌性疼痛•[Referred pain] 牵涉痛•[Persistent pain (Unremitting pain)] 持续性痛•[Constant pain] 经常性痛•[Intermittent pain] 间歇性痛（3）水肿的表示方法[Mucous edema (Myxedema)] 粘液性水肿•[Cardiac (Cardiogenic) edema] 心源性水肿•[Nephrotic (renal) edema] 肾源性水肿•[Hepatic edema] 肝源性水肿•[Alimentary (Nutritional) edema] 营养不良性水肿•[Angioneurotic edema] 血管神经性水肿•[Pitting] 凹陷性•[Nonpitting] 非凹陷性•[Localized (Local) edema] 局限性水肿•[Generalized edema (Anasarca)] 全身性水肿•[Hydrops] 积水•[Elephantiasic crus] 橡皮肿•[Cerebral(Brain) edema] 脑水肿•[Pulmonary edema (Hydropneumonia0] 肺水肿•[Hydrocephalus] 脑积水医学全.在线网.站.提供•[Edema of endoscrinopathy] 内分泌病性水肿•[Invisible (Recessive) edema] 隐性水肿•[Frank edema] 显性水肿•[Inflammatory edema] 炎性水肿•[Idiopathic edema] 特发性水肿•[Cyclical edema] 周期性水肿•[Ascites (Abdominal effusion;hydroperiot oneum)] 腹水•[Pleural effusion (Hydrothorax)] 胸水•[Pericardial effusion (Hydropericardium)]心包积液•[Bronch oedema] 支气管水肿•[Slight (Mild)] 轻度•[Moderate] 中度•[Serious] 重度•[Transudate] 漏出液•[Exudate] 渗出液（4）呼吸困难的表示方法•[Cardiac dyspnea] 心原性呼吸困难•[Inspiratory] 吸气性•[Expiratory] 呼气性•[Mixed] 混合性•[Obstructive] 梗阻性•[Dyspnea at rest] 静息时呼吸困难•[Dyspnea on exertion] 活动时呼吸困难•[Dyspnea on lying down] 躺下时呼吸困难•[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,PND] 夜间阵发性呼吸困难•[Orthopnea] 端坐呼吸•[Asthma] 哮喘•[Cardiac asthma] 心源性哮喘•[Bronchial asthma] 支气管性哮喘•[Hyperpnea] 呼吸深快•[Periodic breathing] 周期性呼吸•[Tachypnea (Rapid or fast breathing;accel erated breathing;short of breath)]气促•[Bradypnea (Slow breathing)] 呼吸缓慢•[Irregular breathing] 不规则呼吸（5）皮肤粘膜出血的表示方法•[Bleeding spots in the skin] 皮肤出血点•[Petechia] 瘀点•[Eccymosis] 瘀斑•[Purpura] 紫癜•[Spl inter hemorrhage] 片状出血•[Oozing of the blood (Errhysis)] 渗血•[Blood blister (Hemophysallis)] 血疱•[Hemorrhinia (Nasal bleeding)] 鼻衄•[Ecchymoma] 皮下血肿（6）咳嗽与咯痰的表示方法•[Dry cough (Nonproductive cough;hackin g cough)] 干咳•[Sharp cough] 剧咳•[Wet cough (Moist cough)] 湿咳•[Productive cough (Loose cough)] 排痰性咳•[Chronic cough] 慢性咳嗽•[Irritable cough] 刺激性咳嗽•[Paroxysmal cough] 发作性（阵发性）咳嗽•[Cough continually] 持续性咳嗽•[Spasmodic cough] 痉挛性咳嗽•[Whooping cough] 百日咳•[Winter cough] 冬季咳•[Wheezing cough] 喘咳•[Short cough] 短咳•[Distressed cough] 难咳•[Shallow cough] 浅咳•[Droplet] 飞沫•[Frothy sputum] 泡沫样痰•[Bloody sputum] 血痰•[Mucous (Mucoid) sputum] 粘液样痰•[Purulent sputum] 脓痰•[Mucopurulent sputum] 粘液脓性痰•[White (Yellow,green) sputum] 白（黄,绿）痰[Fetid (Foul) sputum] 恶臭痰•[Iron-rust (Rusty) sputum] 铁锈色痰•[Chocolate coloured sputum] 巧克力色痰•[Thick sputum] 浓痰•[Thin sputum] 淡痰•[Viscous sputum] 粘痰•[Transparent sputum] 透明痰•[Much (Large amounts of) sputum] 大量痰•[Moderate amounts of sputum] 中等量痰•[Not much (Small amounts of ) sputum]少量痰（7）内脏出血的表示方法•[Goldstein’s hemoptysis]戈耳斯坦氏咯血•[Massive hematemesis]大量呕血•[Epistasis (Nosebleed;Nasal bleeding; He morrhinia;rhinorrhagia)]鼻衄•[Hematuria] 血尿•[Initial hematuria] 初血尿•[Idiopathic hematuria] 特发性血尿•[Painless hematuria] 无痛性血尿•[Terminal hematuria] 终末性血尿•[Gross (Macroscopic) hematuria] 肉眼血尿•[Microscopic hematuria] 镜下血尿•[Hematuria in the whole process of urin ation] 全程血尿•[Gingival bleeding (Ulaemorrhagia;gum b leeding)] 牙龈出血•[Hematochezia] 便血•[B loody stool] 血便•[Black stool (Melena)] 黑便•[Tarry stool] 柏油样便•[Bleeding following trauma] 外伤后出血•[Spontaneous bleeding] 自发性出血•[Bleeding Continuously] 持续出血•[Occult blood,OB] 隐血•[Hematobilia] 胆道出血•[Hemathorax] 血胸•[Hemarthrosis] 关节积血•[Hematocoelia] 腹腔积血•[Hematoma] 血肿•[Hemopericardium] 心包积血•[Cerebral hemorrhage] 脑出血•[Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)] 蛛网膜下腔出血•[Excessive (Heavy) menstrual flow with passage of clots] 月经量多伴血块•[Mild (Moderate) menses] 月经量少（中等）•[Painless Vaginal bleeding] 无痛性阴道出血•[Postcoital bleeding] 性交后出血•[Pulsating bleeding] 搏动性出血•[Post-operation wound hemorrhage] 术后伤口出血•[Excessive bleeding after denal extractio n] 拔牙后出血过多（8）紫绀的表示方法•[Congenital cyanosis] 先天性紫绀•[Enterogenous] 肠源性•[Central] 中枢性•[Peripheral] 周围性[Mixed] 混合性•[Acrocyanosis] 指端紫绀（9）恶心与呕吐的表示方法•[V omiturition (Retching)] 干呕•[Feel nauseated] 恶心感•[Postprandial nausea] 饭后恶心•[Hiccup] 呃逆•[Sour regurgitation] 返酸•[Fecal (Stercoraceous) vomiting] 吐粪•[undigested food Vomiting] 吐不消化食物•[Bilious Vomiting] 吐胆汁（10）腹泻与便秘的表示方法•[Moning diarrhea] 晨泻•[Watery (Liquid)diarrhea] 水泻•[Mucous diarrhea] 粘液泻•[Fatty diarrhea] 脂肪泻•[Chronic (Acute)] 慢性（急性）•[Mild diarrhea] 轻度腹泻•[Intractable (Uncontrolled)diarrhea] 难治性腹泻•[Protracted diarrhea] 迁延性腹泻•[Bloody stool] 血梗•[Frothy stool] 泡沫样便•[Formless (Formed)stool] 不成形（成形）便•[Loose (Hard) stool] 稀（硬）便•[Rice-water stool] 米泔样便•[Undigested stool] 不消化便•[Dysenteric diarrhea] 痢疾样腹泻•[Inflammatory diarrhea] 炎症性腹泻•[Osmotic] 渗透性[Secretory] 分泌性•[Malabsorption] 吸收不良性•[Lienteric] 消化不良性•[Pancreatic diarrhea] 胰性腹泻•[Tenesmus] 里急后重•[Pass a stool (Have a passage; open or relax the bowel)] 解大便•[Have a call of nature] 便意•[Fecal incontinence (Copracrasia)] 大便失禁•[Functional constipation] 功能性便秘•[Organic constipation] 器质性便秘•[Habitual constipation] 习惯性便秘•[Have a tendency to be constipated] 便秘倾向（11）黄疸的表示方法•[Latent (occult) jaundice] 隐性黄疸•[Clinical jaundice] 显性黄疸•[Nuclear icterus] 核黄疸•[Physiologic icterus] 生理性黄疸•[Icterus simplex] 传染性黄疸•[Toxemic icterus] 中毒性黄疸•[Hemolytic] 溶血性•[Hepatocellular] 肝细胞性•[Obstructive] 阻塞性•[Congenital] 先天性•[Familial] 家族性•[Cholestatic] 胆汁淤积性•[Hematogenous] 血源性•[Malignant] 恶性•[Painless] 无痛性（12）意识障碍的表示方法[Somnolence] 嗜睡•[Confusion] 意识模糊•[Stupor] 昏睡•[Coma] 昏迷•[Delirium] 谵妄•[Syncope (swoon; faint)] 晕厥•[Drowsiness] 倦睡（13）排尿的表示方法•[Enuresis (Bed-wetting)] 遗尿•[Anuria] 无尿•[Emiction interruption] 排尿中断•[Interruption of urinary stream] 尿线中断•[Nocturia] 夜尿•[Oliguria] 少尿•[Polyuria] 多尿•[Pass water (Make water; urinate; mictur ition)] 排尿•[Frequent micturition (Frequency of mict urition; fruquent urination; Pollakiuria)] 尿频•[Urgent micturition (Urgency of urination or micturition)] 尿急•[Urodynia (Pain on micturition; painful micturition; alginuresis; micturition pain)] 尿痛•[Dysuria (Difficulty in micturition; distur bance of micturition)] 排尿困难•[Small urinary stream] 尿线细小•[V oid with a good stream] 排尿通畅•[Guttate emiction (Dribbling following ur ination;terminal d ribbling)] 滴尿•[Bifurcation of urination] 尿流分叉•[Residual urine] 残余尿•[Extravasation of urine] 尿外渗•[Stress incontinence] 压力性尿失禁•[Overflow incontinence] 溢出性尿失禁•[Paradoxical in continence] 反常性尿失禁3．少见症状•[Weekness( Debility; asthenia; debilitatin g)] 虚弱（无力）•[Fatigue (Tire; lassitude)] 疲乏•[Discomfort (Indisposition; malaise)] 不适•[Wasting (thin; underweight; emaciation; lean)] 消瘦•[Night sweating] 盗汗•[Sweat (Perspiration)] 出汗•[Cold sweat] 冷汗•[Pruritus (Iching)] 搔痒•[Asthma] 气喘•[Squeezing (Tightness; choking; pressing) sensation of the chest] 胸部紧缩（压榨）感•[Intermittent claudication] 间歇性跛行•[Difficulty in swallowing( Dysphagia; dif ficult swallowing; acataposis)] 吞咽困难•[Epigastric (Upper abdominal) discomfort]上腹部不适•[Anorexia (Sitophobia)] 厌食•[Poor appetite (Loss of appe tite)] 纳差•[Heart-burn( Pyrosis)] 胃灼热•[Stomachache( Pain in stomach)] 胃部痛•[Periumbilial pain] 脐周痛•[Belching (Eructation)] 嗳气•[Sour regurgitation] 返酸•[Abdominal distention(bloating)] 腹胀•[Pass gas( Break wink)] 肛门排气•[Small(Large) stool] 大便少（多）•[Expel(Pass) worms] 排虫•[Pain over the liver] 肝区痛•[Lumbago] 腰痛•[Pica(Parorexia; allotriophagy)] 异食癖•[Dysmenorrhea] 痛经•[Menoxenia (Irregular menstruation)] 月经不调•[Polymenorrhea (Epimenorrhea)] 月经过频•[Oligomenorrhea] 月经过少医学全.在线提供•[Excessive menstruation (Menorrhagia; m enometrorrhagia; hypermenorrhea)] 经量过多•[Hypomenorrhea (Scantymenstruation)] 经量过少•[Menopause (Menostasia; menostasis)] 绝经•[Amenorrhea (Menoschesis)] 闭经•[Leukorrhagia] 白带过多•[Asexuality (lack of libido)] 无性欲•[Hyposexuality] 性欲低下•[Hype rsexuality] 性欲亢进•[Prospermia (Ejaculatio praecox)] 早泄•[Impotency (impotence)] 阳萎•[Nocturnal emission (Spermatorrhea)] 遗精•[Lack of potency] 无性交能力•[Hair loss] 脱发•[Joint pain (Arthralgia; arthrodynia)] 关节痛•[Polydipsia (Excessive thirst)] 多饮（烦渴）•[Polyphagia (Excessive appetite; hyperore xia; bulimia)] 多食•[Cold (Heat) intolerance] 怕冷（热）•[Dwarfism (Excessive height)] 身材矮小（高大）•[Excessive sweating] 多汗•[Hands tremble] 手抖•[Obesity (Fatty)] 肥胖•[Agitation (Anxiety;nervous irritability)] 焦虑（忧虑）•[Mania] 躁狂•[Hallucination] 幻觉•[Aphasia (Logopathy)] 失语•[Amnesia (Poor memorization;memory de terioration)] 记忆力下降•[Hemianesthesia] 偏身麻木•[Formication] 蚁走感•[Tingling] 麻刺感•[Hyperpathia] 痛觉过敏•[Hypalgesia] 痛觉减退•[Illusion] 错觉•[Hemiplegia] 半身不遂[Insomnia (Poor sleepness;sleeplessness)] 失眠•[Nightmare] 多梦•[Numbness] 麻木•[Pain in limbs (Acrodynia)] 肢体痛•[Limitation of motion] 活动受限•[Tetany] 手足抽搐•[Discharge of pus] 流脓•[Blurred vision(Hazy vision;blurring of v ision; dimness of vision)]视物模糊•[Burning (Dry) sensation] 烧灼（干燥）感•[Tearing (Dacryorrhea;Lacrimation)] 流泪•[Double vision (Diplopia)] 复视•[Strabismus] 斜视•[Hemianopia] 偏盲•[Tired eyes (Eyestrain)] 眼疲劳•[Foreign body sensation] 异物感•[Lose the sight (Lose of vision)] 失明•[Diminution of vision] 视力减退•[Nictition] 眨眼•[Ophthalmodynia (Eye-ache;ocular pain)]眼痛•[Photophobia] 畏光•[Spots before the eyes] 眼前黑点•[Deafness(Anacusia)] 耳聋•[Auditory dysesthesia] 听力减退•[Otalgia (Otodynia;pain in the ear ;ear-ac he)] 耳痛•[Stuffy feeling in the ear] 耳闭气•[Tinnitus] 耳鸣医学全在.线提供•[Outophony] 自声过强•[Nasal obstruction (blockage)] 鼻塞•[Dryness of the nose] 鼻干燥•[Rhinorrhea (Snivel;Nasal discharge)] 流鼻涕•[Sneezing] 打喷嚏•[Snoring] 打鼾•[Hyposmia (Reduction of the sense of s mell)] 嗅觉减退•[Anosmia (Complete loss of sense of sm ell)] 嗅觉丧失•[Dysphonia] 发音困难•[Hoarseness] 声嘶•[Pain on swallowing] 吞咽痛•[Saliva dribblies from the mouth] 流涎•[Troaty voice] 声音沙哑•[Stridor] 喘鸣•[Red and swollen] 红肿•[Scurf] 头皮屑•[Show] 见红•[Amniotic fluid escaped] 破水•[Uterine contraction] 宫缩•[Acalculia] 计算不能•[Apathy] 情感淡漠•[Delusion] 妄想4、时间的表示方法（1）月（Month）•[January,Jan.] 一月•[February,Feb.] 二月•[March,Mar.] 三月•[April,Apr.] 四月•[May] 五月•[June,Jun.] 六月•[July,Jul.] 七月•[August,Aug.] 八月•[September,Sept.] 九月•[October,Oct.] 十月•[November,Nov.] 十一月•[December,Dec.] 十二月（2）周（Week）• [Monday] 星期一• [Tuesday] 星期二• [Wednesday] 星期三• [Thursday] 星期四• [Friday] 星期五• [Saturday] 星期六• [Sunday] 星期日（3）年（Year）和日[Day]•[1st (First) year] 第1年•[2nd (Second) year] 第2年•[3rd (Third)year] 第3年•[4th (Forth) year] 第4年•[One year (day)] 1年（天）•[Two years (days)] 2年（天）•[Whole year] 整年•[1st (First)] 1日•[2rd (Second)] 2日•[3rd (Third)] 3日•[5th (Fifth)] 5日•[Today] 今天•明天[Tomorrow]•昨天[Yesterday]•前天[The day bdfore yesterday]•后天[The day after tomorrow]•大前天[3 days ago]•大后天[3 days hence]•今晚[Tonight]•昨晚[Last night]•明晚[Next nigh t]•通宵[All night]•整天[All day (the whole day)]（4）季节[Season]和时节[Solar terms] •春季[Spring]•夏季[Summer]•秋季[Autumn]•冬季[Winter]•立春（夏、秋、冬）[the Beginning of Spi ring (Summer;Autumn;Winter)]•小暑（雪、寒）[Slight Heat (Snow;Cold)] •大暑（雪、寒）[Great Heat (Snow;Cold)] •雨水[Rain Water]•惊蛰[the Waking of Insects]•春（秋）分[the Spiring (Autumnal) Equin ox]•清明[Pure Brightness]•谷雨[Grain Rain]•小满[Grain Full]•芒种[Grain in Ear]•夏（冬至）[the Summer (Winter) Solstice] •处暑[the Limit of Heat]•白（寒）露[White (Cold) Dew]•霜降[Frost’s Descent]（5）时间的表示方法•In[在……内（后）]▲在2003年[In 2003]▲在3月[In March(Mar.)]▲在去年10月[In last Oct.]▲在早晨[In the morning]▲在上午[In the forenoon]▲在下午[In the afternoon]▲在晚上[In the evening]▲在近5天[In the past 5 days]▲在10分钟后[In 10 minutes]▲在秋季[In autumn]▲在这2～3天内[In a couple of days]•Within[在……中]▲在近8个月中[Within the last 8 mont hs]▲在过去的2年中[Within the preceding 2 years]•On[在……时候]医学全在.线提供www. ▲在2002的9月18日[On the 18th of September,2002(英国)or On sept.18th,2002 (美国)▲在星期三[On Wednesday]▲在本月7日[On 7th instant]•At[在……时]▲在中午[At noon]▲在晚上[At night]▲在昨晚[At last (preceding;previous )ni ght]▲在半夜[At midnight]▲在上午10点钟[At 10AM]▲在5岁时[At the age of five]▲在2000年底（中、初）[At the end (mid dle;beginning) of 2000]•For[计……时间]▲一周[For one week]▲近2个月来[For the past 2 months]▲几乎（整整）一年[For nearly a mont h (a full month)]▲3个月左右[For 3 months or so]▲至少3个月[For at least 3 months]▲3个月以上[For more than 3 months]▲3个月或以上[For 3months or more]▲时间不详[For an unknown(indefinite) period (time)]•Of[在……时期]▲10年内[Of 10 years` duration]▲期间[Length of time]▲6月6日[The 6th of June]•Dring[在……期间]▲在2000-2005年的几年中[During the y ears form 2000 to 2005]▲在这4年中[During four years]▲在过去的几周中[During the past(Last) couple of weeks]▲在夜间[Dur ing the night]▲整天[During the entire day]•About [约]▲约1个半小时[About one and half an hour]▲大约半年[About half a year]•To[至；在……之前]▲从今下午点至明上午8点[Form 6 PM today to 8 AM tomorrow]▲6点45分[At fifteen to seven]•From[从……起]▲从14岁至52岁[From 14 to 52 year-old]▲从上午7点30分开始[Form 7:30AM] ▲从周一至周五[From Monday through Friday]•Past[过去；超过]▲在过去的3周中[In the past 3 weeks] ▲8点10分[ten minutes past eight]•Through or throughout[在……整个期间] ▲通宵值班[Be on duty through the nig ht]▲从一月到六月[From January through June]▲熬过明晚[Through the next nigut]▲整天（晚）[Throughout the day (night)] •Over[在……期间]▲在过去的2个月内[Over the past t wo months]▲一夜间[Overnight]（6）其他表示方法•每月（年、日）一次[Monthly (Yearly; dai ly)]•整整一年[Yearlong (Year-round)]•满周岁[Yearling]•工作日[Weekday]•周末[Weekend]•每周末[Weekends]•8小时工作日[An eight-hour day]•整天[Daylong]•白天[Daytime]•昼夜[Nighttime]•日常的[Day-to-day]•夏令时间[Daylight saving time]•每晚[Nightly]•黄昏[Nighfall]•过期的[Overdue]•前天晚上（一夜间）[Overnight]•After [在……之后]▲婚后[After one`s marriage]▲七点十分[Ten after (past) seven]▲住（出）院后[After admission (discharge)] ▲起病后2天[2 days after the onset(attack) of symptoms]•Before[在……之前]▲ 7点50分之前[Before seven fifty]▲医生到达前[Before the doctor come]▲以前未有种症状[Have had not the same symptom before]Ago[以前]▲ 5年前[5 years ago]▲直到一个月前[Up to one month ago]▲大前天[Three days ago]•Prior to[在……之前]▲入（出）院前[Prior to admission (discha rge)]▲前天之前[Prior to the day before yester day]•Up to[直到]▲直到3周前[Up to 3 weeks ago]▲直到现在（出院）[Up to now (discharge)] •Until or till[直到]▲直到80岁[Until 80 years old]▲直到今晨8点[Until 8 o`clock this moni ng]▲直到医生查完房[Until the doctor have f inished the ward round]▲直到3年以前[Until 3 years ago]▲直到出院前一天[Until 1 day prior to di scharge]•By[在……之前] ▲下午点钟前[By 5 PM] ▲下个月之前[By next month]•Since[从……开始]▲自从去年术后[Since operation was perfo rmed last year]▲前天起[Since the day before yesterday] ▲从2002年6月起[Since June 2002]•超时(加班)[Overtime]•上午8点[8：00AM]•下午2点30分[2：30PM]•7点50分[Seven fifty (Ten to eight)]•9点20分[Nine twenty(Twenty past or aft er nine)]术前[Pre-operation]•术后[Post-operation]现病史[History of present illness 现病史书写的重点包括：一、主诉中症状的详细描述；二、疾病的发展过程；三、诊疗经过；四、目前的一般情况。

心血管内科常用英文Symptoms 症状chest distress胸闷dyspnoea呼吸困难：paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopneabreathlessness 气促a poor effort tolerancecough咳嗽palpitation 心悸precordial chest pain心前区胸痛retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitratea sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chestpatients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on the sternum may radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the arms(referred pain) occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的sense of impending death 濒死感autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomitingSigns 体征Vital signs 生命体征blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure脉压):hypertension/hypotensionpulse rate 脉律: regular/irregulardropped beat脉搏短绌respitatory rate : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷cyanosis 发绀loss of consciousness，unconsciousness意识丧失tic of limbs四肢抽搐gatism，urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖palpable liftthrill 震颤cardiac dilatation心脏扩大large right atrium 右房大dilated left ventricle 左室大beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythm heart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音,pericardial knock 心包叩击音heart murmur 心脏杂音systolic/diastolic/continousgrade 1-5crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减radiationlocationpitch音调quality 性质pericardial friction rub，pericardial rub心包摩擦音inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音wheezing rale 哮鸣音cardiomegaly 心脏肥大elevated venous pressuredistention of jugular vein，jugular filling，jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈hepatojugular reflux sign肝颈静脉回流征ascites 腹水edema of lower extremity下肢水肿Hypertensive disease高血压病sphygmomanometer；blood pressure gauge，BPG血压计stethoscope听诊器hypertensionprimary hypertensionsecondary hypertensionchronic kidney disease, CKDdrugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug，NSAID非甾体类抗炎药glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素mineral corticoid ，MCH盐皮质激素oral contraceptives口服避孕药adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药immunodepressant免疫抑制剂（如ciclosporin环孢素）erythropoietin，EPO 促红细胞生成素hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症chromaffin-cell tumor，chromaffinom，medullosuprarenoma，phaeochromocytoma，PCC嗜铬细胞瘤sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征diabetes mellitus糖尿病coarctation of aorta，COA主动脉缩窄white coat hypertensionisolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症hypertensive crisis 高血压危象hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病The coronary circulationleft anterior descending artery,LADleft circumflex coronary artery, LCXright coronary artery, RCACoronary artery disease;coronary heart disease，CAD,CHD冠心病atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块plaque rupture 斑块破裂angina pectoris 心绞痛stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血（latent coronary heart disease 隐匿性冠心病）myocardial bridging 心肌桥post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛acute coronary syndrome，ACS 急性冠脉综合征unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛rest 静息型, new/initial初发型，accelerated 恶化型acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMIST segment elevation MI，STEMIsudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂embolism 栓塞（systemic体循环的）cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室（atrial 心房的,ventricular 心室的）atrial septum房间隔interventricular septum 室间隔Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全，heart failure 心衰compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭acute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭intractable heart failure难治性心衰systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全的心衰The electrical conduction systemsinoatrial nodeHis bundleright and left bundlesleft anterior and posterior hemibundlesPurkinje networkArrhythmia 心律失常triggered activity 触发活动re-entry 折返afterdepolarization 后除极sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速sinus pause (sinus arrest)窦性停搏（窦性静止）sinoatrial block (Wenckebach 文氏，Mobitz莫氏)sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病态窦房结综合征：bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩atrial tachycardia(automatic, reentrant,chaotic) (自律性，折返性，紊乱性)房性心动过速atrial flutter, AFLatrial fibrillation ,AFpremature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界性期前收缩AV junctional escape beats 逸搏paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT阵发性室上性心动过速atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRTatrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, AVRTpreexcitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)premature ventricular beatventricular tachycardia，VT (multiforme多形性，multifocal 多源性)accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性室性自主节律torsades de pointes ,TDP尖端扭转ventricular flutterventricular fibrillationatrioventricular block, AVBAdame-Strokes syndrome 阿-斯综合征intraventricular blockleft bundle branch block, LBBBleft anterior fascicular block, LAFBleft posterior fascicular block, LPFBright bundle branch block, RBBBbifascicular block 双分支传导阻滞trifascicular block 三分支传导阻滞Valvular disease of the heart，VDH, valvular heart disease心脏瓣膜病mitral/tricuspid/aortic/pulmonary valve disease 二尖瓣/三尖瓣/主动脉瓣/肺动脉瓣疾病acute/chronic mitral stenosis/incompetence/ insufficiency 狭窄/关闭不全rheumatic fever 风湿热rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Infective endocarditis ,IE 感染性心内膜炎acute/ subacute, native/prothetic/right heart IE 自体瓣膜/人工瓣膜clinical/fever thermometer体温计Cardiomyopathy 心肌病dilated cardiomyopathy, DCMhypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (asymmetric septal 非对称性室间隔肥厚) restrictive cardiomyopathy, RCMarrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ,ARVC 致心律失常性右室心肌病speciflc cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病diabetic cardiomyopathy 糖尿病性心肌病alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病cardiac amyloidosis 心脏淀粉样变性drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease 克山病，endemic cardiomyopathy 地方性心肌病unclassified cardiomyopathy 未分类心肌病pericardium心包cardiopericarditis，cardipericarditis，pericarditis心包炎hydropericardium，pericardial effusion，pericardial fluid心包积液constrictive pericarditis缩窄性心包炎Congenital heart/cardiovascular disease先天性心脏病/心血管病，CHDatrial septal defect ASDventricular septal defect,VSDpatent ductus ateriosus, PDAtetralogy of fallot, TOFEisenmenger’s syndromecoarctation of the aortapulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄primary pulmonary hypertensiondextrocardia右位心complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Disease of blood vessel，vascular disease，angiopathy血管疾病aortic dissection主动脉夹层primary arteritis or the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎peripheral arteriosclerosis obliterans 闭塞性周围动脉硬化thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease) 闭塞性血栓性脉管炎（Buerger病）thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎superficial thrombophlebitis 血栓性浅静脉炎deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓形成superior vena cava obstruction syndrome 上腔静脉阻塞综合征Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停cardiogenic shock 心源性休克syncope 晕厥vasovagal syncope, VVS 血管迷走性晕厥postural hypotension体位性低血压Cardiogenic syncope心源性晕厥transient ischemic attack, TIA 短暂性缺血发作syndrome X X综合征cardiac neurosis 心脏神经官能症Tests 常用检查electrolyte disturbance: hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia aterial blood gas analysis: acidosis /alkalosis碱中毒（metabolic代谢性，respiratory呼吸性）hyperlipoidemia高脂血症：hypertriglyceridemia高甘油三酯血症triglyceride 甘油三酯hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症cholesterol胆固醇plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrationlipoprotein（a）, LP脂蛋白Apo, apopoprotein 载脂蛋白enzymogram/zymogram of the cardiac muscle 心肌酶谱CK-MB , MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase 心肌型肌酸激酶同功酶AST, aspartate aminotransferase天冬氨酸转氨酶LDH, lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶myohemoglobin 肌红蛋白troponin T and I 肌钙蛋白brain natriuretic peptide,BNP 脑钠肽blood culturechest radiograph：cardiothoracic ration < 0.5electrocardiography, ECG 心电图standard 12-lead ECG (limb leads, chest leads)exercise/stress ECG 负荷心电图Holter ECG monitoring, ambulatory ECG 动态心电图T wave flattening or inversionreversible ST segment depression/elevation (planar, downsloping,upsloping)wide QRS complexpathologic Q wavelate ventricular potential, LVP 心室晚电位T wave electrical alternations T波电交替upright tilt-table testing, head-up tilt testing 直立倾斜试验cardiac electrophysiologic study心电生理检查：programmed electrical stimulationsinus node recovery time, SNRT 窦房结恢复时间sinoatrial conduction time ,SACT 窦房结传导时间echocardiography 超声心动图two-dimensional echocardiographyDoppler echocardiographycolor Doppler flow imagingDoppler tissue imaging 多普勒组织成像技术transesophageal echocardiography经食管超声心动图intravascular ultrasound血管内超声stress echocardiography 负荷心超图ejection fraction (0.50-0.75)ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 动态血压监测coronary angiography 冠脉造影cardiac catheterization 心导管术cardiac radionuclide (blood pool) scanningManagement 处理avoid a high dietary salt intakeavoid severe exertion and vigorous exerciseavoid a heavy meal or very cold wateravoid agitation情绪激动stop smoking ，alcohol withdrawalkeep bowels open通便: lactulose乳果糖，Bisacody便塞停，senna leaves;sennae,folium番泻叶analgesia镇痛：morphine吗啡，meperidine，pethidine哌替啶take sublingual nitrate before undertaking exertion thar may induce anginainterventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 介入治疗radiofrequency catheter ablation ,RFCA经导管射频消融coronary revascularization therapy冠脉血运重建术；reperfusion therapy 再灌注治疗percutaneous coronary intervention ,PCI 经皮冠脉介入治疗percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTCA 经皮腔内冠脉成形术percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮冠脉内支架植入术thrombolysis溶栓：urokinase, UK尿激酶rt-PA重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂coronary artery bypass graft ,CABG 冠脉旁路手术great saphenous vein 大隐静脉internal mammary artery 内乳动脉percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty ,PBMV 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术artifical cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏：persistent/temporary,biatrial/biventricular antitachycardia pacing 抗心动过速起搏ATPcardioversion 心脏电复律defibrillation 电除颤thumpversion 捶击复律implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD 置入型心律转复除颤器cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT 心脏再同步化治疗heart transplantationcombined heart and lung transplantation心肺联合移植percutaneous pericardiocentesis 心包穿刺术常用药物vasodilator血管扩张剂（phlebectasis静脉扩张，arteriectasis动脉扩张）nitrate-based vasodilating agents 硝酸酯类血管扩张剂nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠isosorbide dinitrate 硝酸异山梨酯，消心痛diureticsthiazide diuretic：hydrochlorothiazide 双氢克尿塞（氢氯噻嗪）loop diuretic：furosemide呋塞米，速尿, bumetanide布美他尼torasemide托拉塞米，特苏尼potassium-sparing diuretic: antisterone, Spironolactone螺内酯，安体舒通inotropic agent 正性肌力药digitalis preparation洋地黄类：digoxin地高辛，cedilanid，lanatoside C西地兰adrenergic receptor stimulant: dopamine多巴胺，dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺adrenaline肾上腺素isopropylnoradrenalin异丙肾上腺素phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂：Milrinone 米力农renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ,ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂angiotensin-II antagonist/receptor blockeraldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂beta adrenergic receptor blocker(beta blockers)calcium channel blocker, CCBantiarrhythmic druglidocaine 利多卡因propafenone 普罗帕酮，心律平amiodarone 胺碘酮，可达龙propranolol 普萘洛尔，心得安verapamil 维拉帕米，异搏定HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors：simvastatin 辛伐他汀，舒降之atorvastatin 阿托伐他汀，立普妥fluvastatin 氟伐地汀,来适可antiplatelet drugs：aspirin 阿司匹林clopidogrel氯吡格雷,波利维tirofiban 替罗非班，欣维宁anticoagulation drugssubcutaneous low molecular weight heparin。

呼吸困难诊断、评估与处理的专家共识（全文）呼吸困难(dyspnea)是一种常见的临床表现。

国外文献报道，9％~13％社区成人有轻至中度的呼吸困难症状，≥40岁者中15％~18％、≥70岁者中25％~ 37％有呼吸困难症状。

美国每年因呼吸困难急诊就诊达300万~ 400万人次。

研究显示，呼吸困难为心肺疾病住院和死亡的原因之一，在某些疾病中与5年生存率密切相关，而且与心脏疾病死亡关系更明显。

呼吸困难的病因涉及呼吸、循环、消化、神经、血液、精神等多个系统，进行鉴别诊断需要系统和科学的临床思维方法，因其在临床诊治中常发生误诊，故提高呼吸困难诊断与处理水平十分重要。

1999年和2012年美国胸科协会( ATS)发表了关于呼吸困难的专家共识。

目前我国在呼吸困难诊断与处理方面的研究尚有不足，尤其对呼吸困难的定义、语言表述及评估和诊断流程等方面尚无统一认识。

因此，中国医师协会北京医师分会组织有关专家，参照ATS相关文件及近年发表的有关呼吸困难的重要文献，经认真讨论撰写了本共识，希望在呼吸困难的定义、描述、评估及处理等方面进一步统一认识，提高呼吸困难诊断与处理水平。

一、呼吸困难的定义目前我国通用的教科书中对呼吸困难的定义为“呼吸困难是指患者主观上感到空气不足、呼吸费力，客观上表现为呼吸费力，严重时可出现张口呼吸、鼻翼扇动、端坐呼吸、甚至发绀、呼吸肌辅助参与呼吸运动，并可有呼吸频率、深度与节律的改变”。

2012年ATS呼吸困难共识中的定义为“呼吸困难是某种包括不同强度、不同性质的呼吸不适感的主观体验”(a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists ofqualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity)。

ATS的定义是狭义呼吸困难的定义，仅将呼吸困难作为患者主诉，从而将呼吸困难定义为患者的一种主观感受。

西医急诊科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医急诊科术语英文翻译：1. 急救：Emergency Care2. 急症室：Emergency Department (ED)3. 紧急手术：Urgent Surgery4. 创伤急救：Trauma Care5. 急性心肌梗死：Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)6. 心跳骤停：Cardiac Arrest7. 呼吸困难：Respiratory Difficulty8. 过敏性休克：Anaphylactic Shock9. 急性中毒：Acute Poisoning10. 急腹症：Acute Abdominal Pain11. 脑卒中：Stroke12. 癫痫发作：Seizure13. 严重烧伤：Major Burns14. 休克：Shock15. 急性心力衰竭：Acute Heart Failure (AHF)16. 大出血：Major Bleeding17. 多发伤：Multiple Injuries18. 急性肾衰竭：Acute Renal Failure (ARF)19. 急性胰腺炎：Acute Pancreatitis20. 急性胆囊炎：Acute Cholecystitis21. 呼吸衰竭：Respiratory Failure22. 糖尿病急症：Diabetic Emergencies23. 高血压急症：Hypertensive Emergencies24. 心律失常：Arrhythmias25. 心包填塞：Pericardial tamponade26. 电击伤：Electrical Burns27. 中毒性休克综合征：Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)28. 急性高原病：Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)29. 急性感染性腹泻：Acute Infectious Diarrhea30. 中耳炎：Otitis Media31. 外伤性血胸：Traumatic Hemothorax32. 气胸：Pneumothorax33. 急性阑尾炎：Acute Appendicitis34. 胃肠道出血：Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GI Bleed)35. 急性胆囊结石：Acute Cholecystolithiasis36. 电除颤：Electrical Cardioversion (ECV)37. 心肺复苏术（CPR）：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)38. 紧急输血：Emergency Blood Transfusion39. 紧急气管插管术：Emergency Tracheal Intubation40. 心导管插入术（心导管术）：Cardiac Catheterization (Cardiac cath)41. 紧急剖腹产手术：Emergency Cesarean Section42. 紧急心脏搭桥手术：Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)43. 紧急颅内血肿清除术：Emergency Evacuation of Intracranial Hematoma44. 紧急骨盆骨折固定术：Emergency Fixation of Pelvic Fractures45. 紧急血液透析：Emergency Hemodialysis46. 紧急心包穿刺术：Emergency Pericardiocentesis47. 紧急烧伤清创术：Emergency Debridement of Burns48. 紧急心脏电除颤器植入术：Emergency Implantation of Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)49. 紧急肠切除吻合术：Emergency Bowel Resection and Anastomosis。

新冠肺炎疫情英语作文范文范文1：假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Leslie给你发邮件询问你在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间是怎么度过。

请你根据下列要点写一封邮件回复她。

1. 爆发时间；2. 怎么度过；3. 你的感受。

注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；参考词汇：疫情epidemic situation新冠肺炎novel coronavirus pneumoniaDear Leslie，I’m glad to receive your email. You asked me to share with you what I’m doing in the epidemic situation. Here are my experiences.Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan in December,2019,I have been staying at home. On the one hand, I pay close attention to the epidemic situation through watching CCTV news or surfing the Internet; on the other hand I insist on studying. Not only do I read classics, but also I have online courses given by my teachers. Besides, I take exercise everyday to keep healthy. Faced with the disaster, many people including doctors, nurses and scientists act bravely and spare no effort to fight against it. They are real heroes.Thank you for your concern. I’m looking forward to your reply.Yours,Li Hua范文2：假定你是李华，你所在的山西国际学校要征集一封英文感谢信，以致意奋战在抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎第一线的医护人员，请你根据下列要点写一封信用于投稿。

呼吸的英语名词本文目录呼吸的英文名词breathe； 1、发音： 2、意思： v. 呼吸；呼出；低声说；第三人称单数： breathes 现在分词： breathing 过去式：breathed 过去分词： breathed； 3、语法例句： He stood there breathing deeply and evenly ；他站在那儿均匀地深呼吸。

扩展资料同义词辨析：1、gasp v. 喘气，喘息；急促呼吸〔辨析〕指因惊讶、疼痛或震惊而倒吸气，也指因呼吸困难而急促地深呼吸。

〔例证〕She gasped with surprise at the snake.她看见蛇惊讶得倒抽了一口气。

2、breathe v. 呼吸〔辨析〕普通用词，指用肺等正常呼吸。

〔例证〕We could hardly breathe at such a high altitude.在这样的高度，我们呼吸很困难。

3、exhale v. 呼出，呼气〔辨析〕指把吸进的空气、烟气等呼出来。

〔例证〕Breathe deeply and then exhale slowly.深吸一口气，然后慢慢地呼出来。

4、gulp v. 大口吸气，喘大气〔辨析〕因体内缺氧而大口吸气或喘气，也指因害怕、惊讶而倒吸气。

〔例证〕The man is gulping air after running.那个人跑步后在大口喘气。

5、inhale v. 吸入，吸〔辨析〕指吸入空气、烟雾、味道等。

〔例证〕It is dangerous to inhale poisonous gas.吸入有毒气体是危险的。

6、pant v. 气喘，喘息〔辨析〕指因运动、天气炎热等而呼吸急促。

〔例证〕He is climbing and panting.他一边爬，一边气喘吁吁。

7、puff v. 喘粗气〔辨析〕指因运动、干重活等而费劲地大口喘气。

〔例证〕He huffed and puffed while climbing the mountain.他一边爬山，一边喘着粗气。

呼吸科常用英文询问病史case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical data,marital status, nativity, occupation, informant, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s health status, menorrhea (menarche age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions ,premature delivery, stillbirths, difficult labor, family history (any congenital diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings and children)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent脓性的, copious green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea 端坐呼吸Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia ; pharyngodynia 咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise 不舒服myalgia 肌痛insomia 失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia 发声困难常见的体征physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal and transversecurvature ,loss of concave nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa peripheral cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to CO2 retentionasterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis 驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea 呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration: sternocleidomastoid muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal spacetactile vocal fremitus 触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylower borders: scapular line X left/right intercostal spacerange of mobilityAuscultation:vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor , crackles, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse, medium, fine, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexia恶病质，cachectic恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia食欲减退常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult blood testBlood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytologyPulse oximeter 脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral artery puncturePaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemiarespiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular (sedatives, myasthenia), structural (ankylosing spondylitis), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular, linear, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric 空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent shadowing and air bronchogramcollapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasispleural effusionmediastinal mass: thyroid ,thymoma, teratoma, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysmChest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)Abdominal ultrasoundskin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry 呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normalFEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration)bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支气管激发试验：histamine or methacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberoptic bronchoscopy: biopsies, bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic percutaneous needle aspirationpercutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography)pulmonary angiographyDoppler USS thigh and pelvis (USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感pharynigitis 咽炎acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis 曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic预防性, remedial治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂bronchodilatorB2-agonists: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱steroids inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone po., hydrocortisone iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂albumin 白蛋白antitussive agents 镇咳药ammonium chloride 氯化铵ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae鼻导管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation插管，tracheostomy 气管造口术，tracheotomy 气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectasis:cystic囊性的/varicose曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputurelactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex shift contralaterallyCXR: translucency +collapse: visible rim between lung and chest wall＞2 cm =＞50% lung volume lossaspiration吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent: pleurodesis, pleurectomy, bulla stapling or laseringpleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L or pleura: serum protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .Exudate渗出液：capillary permeability increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus-shaped,rises towards axillaAppearance: clear ,straw-coloured: suggests transduateturbid, green: indicates exudates(pus cells) or empyema (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis, traumawhite( chylothorax乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic duct, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain: to lyse fibrinous adhesionspleural adhesion: tetracycline. bleomycinlung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsydysphagiapancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathysuperior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, plethora, vein dilation, pericardial tamponade( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy （curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assemblyvancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxicinhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesisamikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrasenorfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPDOld tuberculin,OTAtypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARSAdenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。