第四章 知觉(Fourth chapter perception)

第四章知觉（Fourth chapter perception）Professional and class counseling, grade 07, week, week 4, date 2007.10.29The fourth chapter of teaching topicTeaching objectives should be able to learn through this chapter:1. Understand the principles of graphic organization2, understand the clues of distance perception3, compare the clues of perception and sensation4. Describe the basic characteristics of perception5, evaluate perception theoryTeaching emphasis 1, perception concept2, the basic features of perception3 、 spatial perception, time perception and motion perceptionTeaching difficulty 1, perceptual theory2, aftereffectTeaching progress 4 weeks 4 hoursInstructional design, multimedia presentation, perceptual characteristicsHomework: master the basic concept of integrity, perception, perception, perception, selective perception subjective contour understanding, perceptual constancy, space perception, graphics, contour, binocular disparity, position perception, time perception, motion perception, motion perception, like really phenomenon, illusionFourth chapter perceptionThe first section is a general overview of perceptionFirst, what is perception?1., the definition of perception is the objective things directly acting on the senses, and generated in the mind of the overall understanding of things. People receive information about the outside world through their senses. These information, through the processing of the mind (Synthesis and interpretation), gives rise to a whole understanding of things. This is perception.2. the relationship between perception and sensation(1) both perception and sensation are produced by things directly acting on the sense organs, and belong to the perceptual forms of reality.(2) perception is based on feeling, but not a simple synthesisof individual sensory information. Perception is the integration of individual sensory information in a certain way, forming a structure, and interpreting sensory information according to individual experience. It is much more complicated than simply adding individual sensations.The act or process of perceiving as an activity or process that involves several interrelated functions: awareness, discrimination, and validation.Two, perceptual characteristics(1) perceptual selectivity1. meaning: people in the perception of the objective world, always select a few things as the object of perception, and other things as the background of perception, in order to more clearly perceive certain things and objects.2. significance: because of the selectivity of perception, a person can concentrate on the important aspects of a few important stimuli or stimuli, eliminating the interference of minor stimuli, and thus more effectively recognizing the outside world. Adapt to external environment.3., the factors affecting the choice of consciousness: (1) the subjective state of people (experience, needs, interests, tasks, stimuli, the significance of people, etc.). (2) the characteristics of stimuli (strength, contrast, spatial proximity, continuity, shape similarity, brightness, color, or similarity, proximity, etc.)(two) the integrity of perception1. meaning: the object of perception is composed of different parts, there are a variety of attributes and integrity of things, this object is still perceived as a unified whole. Our perception of individual parts depends on the integrity of things.In perceptual activity, people's perception of the whole can also be given priority to the perception of individual components. The temperature and this phenomenon is called "overall priority". We see things as they see the whole2. inspiration(1) the overall perception is an important aspect of the enthusiasm and initiative of perception, it not only depends on the stimulus, that stimulus space and time distribution, but also depends on the individual knowledge and experience.(2) the wholeness of perception enhances the ability of people to perceive things. Because of the integrity of perception, people sometimes neglect the characteristics of parts or details, which is because the whole perception inhibits the perception of individual components.(three) perceptual comprehension1. meaning: people in the process of perception, not passively put down characteristics of the object to registration, butknowledge of the past experience as the basis, and strive to make some explanation on the perception of the object, so it has a certain significance.2. meanings:(1) understand that the help object is separated from the background.(the big motor is broken.)(2) understanding also contributes to the wholeness of perception. People perceive what they understand and become familiar with as a whole; on the contrary, in the absence of understanding, the wholeness of perception is destroyed. (closure of Xiaolangdi Dam dam in the Yellow River!)(3) understanding can produce perception, expectation and prediction. (social... Yi. Chinese people... China)(four) constancy of perception1., when the objective condition of perception changes withina certain range, our perceptual image maintains its stability to a considerable extent.2. types of perceptual constancyWithin the visual range, the types of constancy are: shape constancy. Constancy of size. Lightness (visual brightness) constancy. Color constancy.Conditions affecting constancy of perception: perceptual constancy is influenced by various factors, in which visual cues play an important role.Visual cues refer to the information of objects, distances, directions and lighting conditions provided by various reference objects in the environment. This information is important for maintaining perceptual constancy. The effects of visual cues indicate that people's knowledge and experience have important implications for constancy.Second types of perceptionI. spatial perceptionSpatial perception is man's understanding of the spatial relationships of objects in the world. It includes shape perception, Ooko Chi, depth and distance perception, orientation perception, and spatial orientation.(1) shape perceptionShape perception is a reflection of the shape characteristics of an object, a whole perception of the contours and boundaries of an object.Shape is the most important attribute of all attributes of an object. The world is full of color and shape". If we want to understand the world, we must distinguish the shape of the object.Shape perception is the perceptual capacity shared by humans and animals. However, due to the role of labor and social life, human beings have the ability to shape special perception, such as the ability to identify text, the ability to distinguish between a variety of labor products and a variety of complex social expression. The formation of shape perception is the result of multiple perceptual activities.1. outline and graphicsA graph can be defined as an area in the field of view that is separated from the rest by visible contours. Thus, in a graph, the contour represents an interface between the figure and its background, which occurs when an immediate change in brightness or color occurs in the neighborhood of the field of view. The role of contours can be illustrated by PPT.The subjective contour, when there is no gradient change of the stimulus objectively, can be seen in a homogeneous view, which is called the subjective contour or the illusory contour.Some people think that the subjective contour shows a characteristic of the visual system; when the incomplete factors of vision. The visual system tends to put them together into a complete, simple and stable normal graphics. It is also argued that subjective contours are produced by lightness contrast.2. graphic organizationWhat parts of the field of vision are easily integrated into a graph? Since the early twentieth Century, psychologists have conducted a series of studies of the problem, presenting some of the following principles of graphic organization:(1) proximity. A near part of space; easy to form as a whole.(2) similarity. Similar components in a field of vision are easily formed into figures.(3) symmetry. In the field of view, symmetrical parts are easily formed into figure 6.(4) good continuity. Having good continuity; easily composed of figures.(5) common fate. They are randomly arranged small circles, and when some of them move or change in a common direction, they are treated as an English letter "M"".(6) closed. A closed line segment in a field of vision is easy to form a graph.(7) line orientation. See Figure 4, 17.(8) simplicity principle. A part having a simple structure; easily composed of figures.(two) depth perception and distance perceptionDistance perception and depth perception are more complex thanshape perception. Because it involves three-dimensional spatial perception,That involves not only the height and width of the object, but also the distance and depth of the object.So how do people perceive the distance and depth of objects? What factors provide clues about depth and distance? There are clues in psychology and near scientific research:1. muscle cues (physiological cues)(1) regulation. Refers to the shape of the lens (Qu Du) due to the distance change. For example, see near objects, the eyes of the lens curvature; the object moved into the distance, the eye lens curvature smaller. Change of lens curvature provides object distance information. The regulating action can only be performed within a small (1 m 2 m) range.(2) convergence. Convergence refers to change the distance with the eyes will be watching Los converge to the object. The object is near and convergent angle is large; the object is far away and the convergence angle is small. According to the angle of convergence, people can also get the distance information.2. monocular cues(1) object overlap. Mutual occlusion of objects is an important condition to judge the relationship between objects.(2) line perspective. The two parallel lines extending towardthe distance seem to be approaching.(3) air perspective. Distant objects appear blurry and near ones appear clear.(4) relative height. When the other conditions are the same, the higher the relative position of the two objects in the field of view, the more distant it appears.(5) texture gradient. Refers to the change in the projection size and projection density of the object on the retina in the visual field.(6) motion parallax and motion perspective. When the observer is moving relative to the object in the surrounding environment, the objects of different distance will vary in velocity and direction of motion.Motion parallax: because at different distances in the same time, different objects have different motion ranges on the retina. The object has a large angle of view, a large range of motion on the retina, a small angle of view from the distant object, and a small range of motion on the retina. Resulting in a different speed impression.Motion perspective: when the observer moves forward, the field of view also moves continuously. Nearby objects move at speeds up to zero, and distant objects flow at little speed. This phenomenon is called motion perspective.3. binocular cues -- binocular parallaxPeople perceive the distance and depth of objects, mainly rely on the clues provided by both eyes, called binocular parallax.Binocular disparity is of great significance to the perception of depth and distance, when objects fall at the corresponding site with video web, people see the single object; when the video falls in the corresponding position and non retinal difference, people will see the depth and distance; parallax, further increase, people will see double image.(three) size perception;How do we perceive the size of objects, or what factors affect the size perception?1. hypothesis of size distance invarianceWe know that the size of the projection of the retina is proportional to the size of the object, and inversely proportional to the distance. Represented by a formula as:A=A/DA refers to the size of the mesh, A refers to the size of the object, D refers to the distance between the object and the eye.Because the size of the mesh is related to the perceptual distance, one can't judge the size of the object merely according to the size of the image. When the distance is equal, the network is large, indicating that the object is large; thenet is small and the object is small. When the network is constant, the distance is large, indicating that the object is large and the distance is small, indicating that the object is small. In this way, when people perceive objects for large hours, they seem to solve the relationship between size and distance unconsciously, that is, object size = size of the retina * distance. This is the assumption that the size of a distance remains unchanged.The effect of familiarity of 2. objects on size perceptionIn everyday life, the size of many objects is familiar to people. When the distance of the object changes, the size of the projection of the retina changes, but the familiar size makes it possible for people to perceive the actual size of the object more accurately.3. size contrast of adjacent objectsThere are two objects of equal size. An object is surrounded by small objects, and an object is surrounded by larger objects,The perceived size of objects is not the same. In this case, the projection of the object on the retina is equal and the distance of observation is the same. The difference in size is due to the projection ratio of two or more of the two or more of the retina.4. body changes and size perceptionThe normal relationship between body posture and environmentis an important condition for maintaining size constancy. When the observer's body posture changes, the size, perception, constancy will be affected.(four) orientation (perception)Refers to the spatial relationship of objects, the position of the body's own spatial location perception.Orientation is the result of various sensory cooperative activities.Vision and hearing play a very important role in human orientation.1. visual orientation, orientation, visual orientation, must rely on a variety of subjective and objective reference. Such as the position of the sun and the magnetic field of the earth. It is a reference for people to judge the southeast and northwest.It is also important to use more specific directional indicators from the original reference in visual orientation. Visual orientation is not innate, but acquired.2. orientation of hearingThe human ear can determine the orientation of the source. There are several rules of human auditory orientation.(1) students who are from the left and right are easy todistinguish and never confuse each other.(2) the sounds in the middle section of the head are easily confused.(3) if the midpoint of the line of two ears is made a cone at the apex, then the sounds from each point of the cone are easily confused.Why can the human ear distinguish the direction of the sound source?People have two ears, they are on the left and right sides of the head, the middle 27.5 cm apart, so that the same sound source to two ears of different distances will produce two ear stimulation time difference, intensity difference and phase difference. This is the main clue to the sound orientation of the human ear.Two, time perception(1) what is "time perception"?1. defining the continuity and sequence of our perception of objective things and things is time perception (temporal, perception).2., time perception has four forms: (1) the discrimination of time (2) the confirmation of time (3) the estimation of duration (4) the prediction of time(two) the various bases of time perception; 1., according to the periodic phenomena in nature; 2., according to the periodic activities of organisms; 3., with the aid of time tools(three) various factors affecting time perception1. the nature of the sensory pathway. Hearing is the best, sense of touch is second, sight is worse.2. the quantity and nature of an event occurring within a given period of time. The more events occur in a given time, the more complex the events are, and people tend to estimate the time as short as possible. Contrary to memory.3. people's interests and emotions. When people are interested in themselves, they feel that time passes quickly and there is a lack of time estimation. On the contrary, when things are disgusting and indifferent, time passes slowly.Three, movement perception(1) what is movement perception?Motion characteristics of an object directly affect the human brain, known for people, that is, motion perception.Exercise perception is important to the adaptive behavior of animals and humans. The correct estimation of the motion and velocity of an object is also an important condition for human life and work.(two) the perception of true movementTrue motion is the continuous displacement of an object from one place to another at a given speed or acceleration. The resulting perception is real motion perception.Motion perception depends directly on the speed of object motion. The speed at which the object is moving is too slow, or the distance of the object displacement in a unit time is too small to make the human beings feel moving. The speed of object motion can also be represented by the angle of view of object motion in unit time, i.e. angular velocity (radian / sec). The minimum visual range (angular velocity) of the object motion in the unit time that can be perceived is the lower threshold of motion perception. Objects move so fast that they can only see diffuse scintillation over certain limits. The speed at which flashes are seen is called the upper threshold of motion perception.(three) quasi motion refers to the movement of objects between stationary objects in a certain time and space, or a continuous movement in the absence of a continuous displacement.The main form of motion is:1. move when two stimuli (spot, line, graphics or pictures) according to a certain space and time distance have been presented, we will see a continuous movement from one stimulus to another stimulus, this is the moving scene movement. Television, movies, advertisements, etc.2. the movement of an object causes the motion of a stationary object near it to produce an impression of motion, called evoked motion. In cloudy weather, at night, we see the moon moving, but the clouds don't move. Actually not.The 3. autonomic movement sees a stationary spot of light moving.4. motion after the gaze of moving objects, see other stationary object movement.Third perceptual phenomenaI. illusion1. definition: our perception can not correctly express the characteristics of external things, and there are a variety of distortions, this is the illusion.2. significance (1) the study of the causes of illusion helps to reveal the laws of people's normal perception of the objective world. (2) research on illusion is of practical significance. On the negative side, it helps to eliminate the adverse effects of delusions on human practice. On the positive side, we can make use of certain illusions to serve mankind.Two, the kind of illusion(1) illusion of sizeA person's perception of the size of a geometric figure or thelength of a line; a mistake for some reason; a size illusion.(1) Mueller Leijer illusion, also called arrow illusion (Fig.4 37a).(2) the pan illusion, also known as the track illusion (Figure 4 - 37B).(3) vertical horizontal illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37C).(4) Just Lo (Jastrow) illusion. Two curves with equal length. The one below is longer than the previous one (Figure 4, one, 37d).(5) Doll Bo Yev (Dolboef) illusion. (Figure 4, one, 37E).(6) moon illusion. The moon appears larger at the horizon (just rising), while at the zenith it is small.(two) illusion of shape and direction(1) Zorla (Zollner) illusion. Parallel lines are not parallel due to the influence of additional lines (Fig. 4, 39A).(2) the illusion of WundA. The two parallel lines, due to the influence of additional line segments, change the middle and widen both ends, and the line seems to be bent (Fig. 4, 39B).(3) Einstein (Ehrnstein) illusion. In many circular curves, the square sides are slightly curved (FIGS. 4, 39C).(4) Poggendorff (Poggendoff) illusion. The same straight line cut by two parallel lines that does not appear to be in a straight line (Figure 4, 39d).The fourth theory of perceptionFirst, experience hypothesis, Gestalt theory and psychophysical correspondence theoryTwo, bottom-up processing and top-down processing。