高级英语第九单元

高级英语 Unit 9 Mark Twain --- Mirror of America翻译&词汇2010年12月19日星期日 19:50第九课马克?吐温——美国的一面镜子(节选)诺埃尔?格罗夫在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。

的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。

但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。

印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。

他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。

他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。

在马克?吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。

龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。

木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。

在19世纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。

1857年，少年马克?吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。

在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。

他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。

单词eternal adj. 永恒的，不朽的every bit as 全部，完全一样cynical adj. 玩世不恭的frailty n. 性格、行为上有缺点；意志薄弱starry-eyed adj. 过分乐观的；幻想的acid-tongued adj.尖刻的；讥讽的teem with 富于，充满acknowledge vt. 承认；n. 致谢词acquaint with 熟悉，认识，使了解drying up = cut downflirt with 玩弄ring familiarly in = impression onin earnest 严肃的，认真的lament vt. 哀悼；痛惜ParaphraseI found another Twain as well—one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.我发现马克吐温的另一面，一个历经人生痛苦而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄、郁郁寡欢的马克吐温，一个因人类的弱点而忧心忡忡、清晰地看到前途一片黑暗的马克吐温。

a man who became constantly preoccupied by the moral disadvantage of mankind.and lecture.马克吐温感受着美国的新生活，此后便以作家和演说家的身份将他所感受的一切讲述给全世界。

Mark Twain first observed and absorbed the new American experience, and then made it widely know to the world in his books.3. The cast of characters（押头韵alliteration）set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos.在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到形形色色的任务，看到一个多姿多彩的大千世界。

2021年《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（9）Lesson Nine The Trouble with Television 电视的弊端The Trouble with Television要摆脱电视的影响是困难的。

It is difficult to escape the influence of television.假如统计的平均数字适用于你的话，那么你到20岁的时候就至少看过2万个小时的电视了，从那以后每生活10年就会增加1万小时。

If you fit the statistical averages，by the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20，000 hours of television. You can add 10，000 hours for each decade you have lived after the age of 20.笔起看电视，美国人只有在工作和睡眠上花时间更多。

The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep.稍微计算一下，使用这些时间的一部分能够做些什么。

Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours.听说一个大学生仅用5000小时就可以获得学士学位。

Five thousand hours，I am told，are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor’s degree.在1万个小时内你能学成一个天文学家或工程师，流利掌握几门外语。

In 10，000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently.如果你感兴趣的话，你可能读希腊原文的荷马史诗或俄文版的陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品；如果对此不感兴趣，那你可以徒步周游世界，撰写一本游记。

Summary and ResponseUnit9 Text ⅠPigskin EnglishIn this essay, the writer Robert recounted his investigation into the language of sportscasters. He believed that popular football commentators were mangling English grammar and setting a bad example for viewers. As a result, he found that sportscasters really speak as well as many TV news reporters.At first, he sat down in front of a TV set and watched football games attentively and listened to the commentators carefully with a notebook and a pen in his hand, ready to take note notes of instances of mangled English. Then the writer recounts the findings of his investigation. To compensate for the dullness TV has imposed on the game, the sportscasters keep up the verbal razzle-dazzle. Robert highly praised the English Madden speaks so colorfully and directly tells us that football commentators have brought about a variety of English characterized by regularity, colloquialism and elegance, which gives full play to the functions of language. At last, he states his viewpoint in a straightforward manner: Sportscasters do not speak any worse than newsmen at all.Nowadays, I think the media language has a strong influence on the way people use their English. With the development of globalization, English is widely used by most people all over the world; therefore, English used by media tends to spread widely. What’s more, the groups of people that most susceptible to media influence are the young. Because the youngsters like surfing the internet, watching TV, watching sports matches, watching entertainment programs and looking through news, especially for students who learn English, they tend to learn English with internet, they practice their English by listening to the BBC or VOA and other English news, as a result, they are widely exposed to the medias. Therefore, the media English has a great influence on the way people use English. And I think they all speak influence and well.Besides, the use of English is various. People from different areas, of different ages and sexes, having different occupations, belonging to different social classes, use language in different ways. The differences can be found in their pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, etc. I think we should accept the differences in language, because every kind of language has its own history of development, and it has its own rules to observe. It is just their differences that enrich the content of language, or the language will be dull and boring.Text ⅡBlack EnglishIn this passage, the author argued for the recognition of the English spoken by American blacks as a distinct variety.Black English is regarded as a kind of inferior language by white Americans, and white Americans are hardly aware of the extent to which the great major of black Americans suffer from linguistic schizophreni a—of a unique sort. In fact, Blackpeople speak a dialect that has a strikingly different grammar and a sound system. But white men think Black people are trying to speak Standard English. Anyone who speaks Black English thinks that he is shameful as a user of an inferior kind of English. The whole subject of Black English is so tied up with both racism and good intention. Its radical departure from Standard English has nothing to do with the anatomy of race or with the educational deprivation. Black English is the result of five major influences: African language; West African pidgin; a Plantation Creole; Standard English and urbanization in the northern ghettos. However, among these influences, the second influence is more apparent because the languages spoken today by the descendants of slaves almost everywhere in the New Word. Like other languages, Black English uses a different set of rules than those of Standard English, so it should be recognized.I think every language should be recognized by everyone. There is no distinguishing of superiority and inferiority in language. But nowadays, it seems that people are tending to use the standard language, and they regard other languages as inferior languages which is a mispronunciation. For example, in china, the standard Chinese, that is, mandarin is learned by every student, so people think the standard Chinese is superior to any other languages. And in America, almost all people think the Standard English is superior to others, so they discriminate against Black English. Therefore, we get bogged down in a misunderstanding. The fact is that each language has its own rules to observe, and it is formed under many different influences, and it has its own history. As a result, it is grammatical consistent and it is generated by rules in the same way that the standard language is generated by rules. What different is that it uses a different set of rules than those of standard languages.Therefore, we should be fair to all the languages, especially the languages of minority nationality which have their own history and features. Because of their existence, the language culture is colorful, or it will be dull. So the diversity of languages is also a kind of cultural heritage, and we should set a high value on it.。

高级英语第三版9-14单元paraphraseUnit 9（A MORE PERFECT ）3.But it is a story that has seared into my genetic makeup the idea that this nation is more than the sum of its parts-that out of many,we are truly one.(Through my experience in the United States, I am deeply rooted with the idea t hat America is not a total of adding everything together but is the product of fusion, of sharing the same creed.)4.Through the first year of this campaign,against all predictions to the contrary,we saw how hungry he American people were for this message of unity.(In spite of all predictions that I would fail in the campaign,we gained momentum in the first year of the campaign,which showed that the American people were eager to unity and change).5.Despite the temptation to view my candidacy through a purely racial lens,we won commanding victories in states with some of the whitest populations in the country. (People were encouraged to judge me in terms of race and color , raising the question of whether the United State would fare better with a black president. However , we won great victories even in some states which are more conservative and more racially biased.)8.I can no more disown him than I can disown the black community. (It is impossible for me to cast him off just as it is impossible for me to repudiate the black community.) Unit 11 (The way to rainy mountain)1.Your imagination comes to life,and this,you think,is where Creation was begun. (The landscape makes your imagination vivid, and you believe that the creation of the whole universe was begun right here.)2.But warfare for the Kiowas was preeminently a matter of disposition rather than of survival,and they never understood the grim.unrelenting advance of the U.S. Cavalry.(Warfare was important for the Kiowas more because they fought out of their habit,character and nature than for the sake of survival.Therefore,they never figured out why the US Cavalry kept attacking them so fiercely and cruelly.)4.It was a long journey toward dawn, and it led to a golden age.They moved toward the south and east,where the sun rises,and also toward the beginning of a new era,which led to the greatest moment of their history..Unit 12(ships in the desert)7.And why do other images,though sometimes equally dramatic,produce instead a kind of paralysis,focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient,less painful distraction?(And why do other symbols, though sometimes no less surprising, only cause a kind of loss and inactivity and we concentrate our attention not on ways to deal with them but, in stead on some other distractions which are easy and less painful to handle?.)10.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced.(They are signs showing that there exists a much greater and more serious problem than any we have ever met.)Unit 13(no signposts in the sea)1.I observe with amusement how totally the concerns of the world,which once absorbed me to the exclusion of all else except an occasional relaxation with poetry or music,have lost interest for me even to the extent of a bored distaste.(I was once socompletely absorbed in the important affairs of the world that I devoted all my attention, time and energy to them and only occasionally did I allow myself a little rest by reading poetry or listening to music.)2.Or maybe Laura’s unwitting influence has called it out.Or maybe my suppressed inclination has been called out under Laura’s unintentional influence.4.A hard materialism was my creed, accepted as a law of progress; any ascription of disinterested motives aroused not only my suspicion but my scorn.(I firmly believed in materialism which in my opinion represented the law of human progress.When people said they did things out of unselfish motives, I suspected them and viewed them with contempt.9.Thus,I imagine,must the pious feel cleansed on leaving the confessional after the solemnity of absolution.(Therefore ,I imagine devoted religious people must feel as clean and pure as I do now when they leave the solemn confessional after gaining pardon of their sins.11.We might all take a lesson from him, knowing the latitude we can permit ourselves.(We should all learn from the albatross and also know how far we can allow ourselves to go.14.. I have been exhilarated by two days of storm, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. The storm that lasted two days has made me extremely excited and happy, but above all ,I love these idle days in which I throw off all the qualities,perspectives, values and everything else that made me as what I was :I am born anew.Unit 141.“I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.”(“I think the Red Army men will be surrounded and captured in very largenumbers”)2.Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalist and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U. S. A.(Hitler was hoping that if he attacked Russia ,he would win the support of capitalist and Right Wing in Britain and the US.3.Winant said the same would be true of the U.S.A.(Winan t said the United States would adopt the same attitude;。

1. A More perfect unionThe title is taken from the Preamble to the constitution of the United States. The preamble runs like this: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common Defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. When the founding father wrote “to form a more perfect Union”they meant the U.S. established on the constitution would be a better state than those in the Old World (Europe). They were following the call of building “a City on the Hill.” But when Barack Obama used the phrase, the implication was that the current union was far from being perfect and it was the task of the American people to make it more perfect, to realize the goal set out in the constitution.2.“We the people, in order to from a more union.” (Para.1)Obama began the speech with a quote from the constitution for two purposes. One is to show where the title came from, the other is to appeal to the audience because, according to American political scientists, the American people worship the Constitution, regarding it as a sacred document like the Bible.3.Two hundred and 21 years ago….in democracy. (2)In 1787, in a hall opposite this meeting place on the other side of the street, 55 men gathered and worked out, after much debate and deliberation, the constitution.1)improbable: not likely to happen2)This sentence modeled on the beginning of the “Gettysburg Address”by Lincoln. Theaddress began with “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”3)In American history and American government, many scholars hold that the writing andimplementation of the Constitution is an experiment because it was the first written document initiating the beginning of the end of the concept of the divine right of kings. At that time the U.S. was small and weak. No one could be sure if it would survive or the experiment could succeed. Therefore you have “improbable experiment.”4.Farmers and scholars...that lasted through the (2)1.traveled across the ocean: referring to the early settlers, the Puritans who sailed across theAtlantic ocean2.made real their declaration of independence…:turned the concepts embodied in theDeclaration of Independence into articles in the Constitution.3.that lasted through the spring of 1787:The Constitutional Convention met in thePhiladelphia State House from May 25 to September 17, 1787; the Convention was attended by 55 delegates from 12 states. (Rhode Island declined to send delegates to the convention.)5. The document they produced …unfinished. (3)1) After much, sometimes heated, debate, the Constitution was finally adopted by theconvention. Of the 55 delegates only 39 signed. The convention provided that the new constitution would go into effect when ratifying conventions nine of the 13 states had approved it. In discussion, one issue that arose was the apportioning of seats in the House of Representatives according to population. The southern States wanted slaves to be included in the population total when allotting Congressional seats but left out in determining liability for direct taxation. The Northern States wanted slaves excluded from representation, since they were neither citizens nor voters, but included for tax purposes since they were a species ofproperty. The result was a compromise, the “three-fifths” clauses, whereby a slave was counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of both representation and direct taxation.2)eventual: happening at the end of ,or as a result of ,a series of events3) ultimate: by which a process or series comes to an end4) when Obama said the document they produced was eventually signed but ultimatelyunfinished he meant the Constitution was finally adopted by the convention and in June 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the constitution and later that year Virginia and New York also ratified the constitution and it went into effect. But since the problem of slavery was not solved, the process did not end until the civil war and the enactment of constitutional Amendments 14 (1868) and 15(1870).6. It was stained by …to future generations.(3)1).Stain: to spoil the appearance by patches or streaks of color or dirt, to bring shame upon (someone’s character, reputation, ) to disgrace; to dishonor2. original sin: According to the Bible, the sin of having eaten the forbidden fruit committed by Adam and Eve, is traditionally viewed as transmitted in its essential guilt and consequent penalties from Adam as head of the human race to all unredeemed humanity. 原罪3) During the War of independence, the British announced that freedom would be given to those slaves left their masters and went over to the British side. Seventeen of the slaves owned by George Washington also deserted him and fled to the British side. So the slave issue was a serious issue at the Constitutional Convention.In the end, the Constitution in Article One Section Two point 3 states that Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. And in Article one Section Nine Point 1, the Constitution says “The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight…” As a result, South Carolina and Georgia imported 90,000 new slaves in the 20 years before 1808.7. Of course, the answer…. That could be and should over time. (4)1) embed: Originally it means to set (flowers, etc.) in earth; here it means to fix firmly in the mind, memory, etc. To be embedded within our Constitution means to be set or included in the Constitution.2) It may be correct to say the ideal of liberty and justice in the constitution makes it possible for the resolution of the slave issue, but the constitution itself does not provide any solution. Otherwise it would not take a civil War,, a very destructive war, to put an end to a slavery system. And there would be no necessity for constitutional Amendments 14 and 15 and Civil rights of 1964 and the V oting rights Act of 1965.3) Note the parallel structure of “a constitution that…”“a constitution that…”a union that for emphasis.Also not the use of modal auxiliaries: “could” and “should.”“ could” indicates possibility and “should” denotes obligation or desirability.8. and yet words on …as citizens of US. (5)And yet the Constitution or any law is not enough to set the slaves free or to five people of different origins or beliefs in the United States equal rights. Obama is referring to the fact that black slaves were not legally greed until after the Civil War and women did not have voting rights until1921.1)words on a parchment: referring to the constitution which is the first written constitutionin the world; the idea may come from the Dead Sea Scroll discovered between 1947 and 1956 which were considered to be written between 3rd century B.C. and 1st century A.D.Obama meant that any law or agreement or treaty, if it is not enforced, is of no value.2)Creed; any set of beliefs or principles.3)Every color and creed: people of different ethnicities and beliefs, especially religionsbeliefs; color and creed: alliteration9. What would be needed… and reality of their time. (5)Only through struggles in different forms did generation after generation of Americans succeed in bringing the rights promised in the constitution to people of different sex, color or belief.1)Who were willing to do their par t: Not all Americans in different periods of Americanhistory would struggle for the goal, only some who had the awareness and determination would take part in the struggle. This is exemplified by the Civil Rights Movement and the feminist movement.2)On the street, in the courts, through a civil war: Not the use of prepositions to avoidthe repetition of the preposition of in.3)To narrow that gap between the promise of our ideals and the reality of their tim e:This is an important concept. Many Americans believe the founding fathers had worked out an ideal model and the current problems and drawbacks exist because Americans have not followed the guidance of the founding fathers. All they need to do is to go back to the founding principles.In “I have a dream,” Martin King said, “ In a sense we’ve come to our nations capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir, This note was a promise that all men_yes, black men as well as white men should be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”10. the function of the first 5 paragraphs: They serve as a background leading to Obama’s campaign in 2008. Obama starts with a quotation from the constitution, bringing out the idea of “a more perfect union.” Then he moves on to describe the birth of the Constitution and points out hat because of the compromise on the slavery issue, the process of perfecting the union did not stop there. In the course of history, generations of Americans have struggled hard to narrow the gap between promise and reality and to perfect the union. Then in Para. 6 he points out this is one of the tasks he set forth at the beginning of this campaign. A smooth transition is thus achieved.11. this was one of the tasks… and more American. (6)Obama, through such description of his intention to run for presidency, put himself on the moral high ground. His running was not out of personal interests, not out of desire for power but out of a wish to make America better, and this is a continuation of a long march for a noble goal.Note that the concepts of “a long march”and “to make America better”are often found in presidential rhetoric. In 1910, Theodore Roosevelt, in the presidential campaign, had this to say, “we came here today to commemorate one of the epoch-making events os the long struggle for the rights of man ---the long struggle for the uplift of humanity.12. I chose to run for the president… and our grandchildren. (6)1) at this moment in history: Obama meant that this was a critical moment in history because America was experiencing two wars (the Iraq War and Afghan War) and an economic recession.2) The parallel structure of “unless..unless” and the antithesis are effective in bringing out the idea of unity.3) Note the choice of words: not “come from the same place”but “move in the same direction.”13. This was one of the tasks…. And more prosperous American. (6)This is the topic sentence of 6. The theme of his whole speech is also embodied in para 6. 14. Function of Para 7: Para 6, a long para, is followed by a short one of two lines. This is for emphasis.15. This belief… of the American people. (7)1) unyielding: not bending easily, inflexible2) unyielding faith: firm, unquestioning belief3)Obama used “the American people” instead of the people or “my people” to stress his family background which would come in the next para. Because of his family background, he could see the qualities of the American people more clearly.16. But it also comes from my own story. (7)Obama’s story consists of two parts. One is his ethnic background: black father, white mother, white maternal grandparents, Asian stepfather. The other is his experience: best school in Hawaii, Columbia University and Harward Law School. He taught law at the university of Chicago Law School for 12 years. He was elected to the U.S, Senate in 2004. This part is an “American Dream”idealized. His life and experience is a success of a non-white in American society, showing that the “American Dream” is still alive. This personal story will appeal to many potential voters because this is still a myth which many Americans believe in.17. I was raised…while he was overseas. (8)1) survived the Depression: lived through the 1929 depression2) to serve in Patton’s Army: The grandfather was in Europe in world War 2. fighting under General Patton, noted for his courage, dash and commanding skill18. I’ve gone to …the world’s poorest nations. (8):This is an example of antithesis :the best school and the poorest nation. This is bring out his rich experience in life. Another contrast is the blood of slaves and slave owners.19. I have brother.. even possible.I will never forget that in no other country on Earth is my story even possible. I can become what I am only in America and I am grateful and will never forget this.Hue: use to indicate modification of a basic color.20. It’s a story that hasn’t made …candidate.(9)I did well in the US so people would think I would be for the status quo. I would be happy with where I am. But no, I wanted change.Conventional: conforming to formal or accepted standards or rules rather than nature.21. but it is a story....we are truly one (9)My life experience has infused deeply in me the concept that in spite of the fact that we are different in race, ethnicity, political view, religious belief, we are united because we have shared belief---the American creed.1)sear: to brand with a hot iron2)genetic makeup: natural constitution3)seared into my genetic makeup: to be deeply ingrained in me4)this nation is more than the sum of its parts: the US is not just adding all the states or allthe elements together, when the pars are melted or fused into whole, its power or influence ismuch greater.5)Out of many, we are truly one: the phrase echoes the Three Musketeers cry:” out of manywe are one.”It is the English translation of the Latin phrase: E pluribus unum, which was found in 1776 on the seal of the US and formally adopted by an Act of Congress in 1782. the original phrase if “Out of many ,One.” Obama adopts it into “out of many, we are truly one.”22. throughout he first year of this campaign… this unity. (10)When Obama first announced his intent of running for Democratic candidate for presidency, public media said the United States was not ready to have a black president and Obama would fail in the campaign. However, his campaign gained momentum which proved that ordinary Americ ans overlooked the issued of color and were eager for unity and change.1)against all predictions to the contrary: in spite of all announcements saying thatObama would not succeed2)hungry: the word is used metaphorically, meaning craving, eager.3)How hungry.. message of unity: the American people were eager to support acandidate who advocated unity and change.23. Despite the temptation… in the country. (10)In the campaign, three issues were often raise by his opponents to terrify ordinary Americans: Obama was not a native-born American, he was black and would give privileges to blacks and he was Muslim, not Christian. But the campaign so far proved if we insisted on the message of unity, many Americans white Americans, conservative Americans would support this idea.1)purely racial lens: in terms of race and color2)commanding: very large3)whitest populations: referring to the white people loving in the Southern States, who aremore racially biased, more conservative; these states, since the 1980s, were states supporting the Republican Party.24. In South Carolina… white Americans..(10)South Carolina was one of the confederate states in the civil war, In 1962, the confederate battle flag of the “Southern Cross” was placed on top of the South Carolina statehouse by vote of the all-white legislature. It was not until 1 July 2000 that the flag was removed from the south Carolina Statehouse.25. This is not to say that race… in this campaign. (11)This statement serves as a correction and a change, leading to the discussion of race.26. We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface… primary.Before the Democratic selection for candidates to the national convention in south Carolina, racial tension which seemed insubstantial in the past became a boiling issue.27. the press has scoured… but black and brown as well.1) scour: to search thoroughly2) The press had checked or run over polls of people who had just voted to find evidence of people dividing into two opposing groups.3) brown: referring to people of black and white origin, like Obama.28. And yet, it has only been in the last… divisive turn. (12)This one sentence para serves as a further turn of the discussion. From this paragraph on, Obama took up the issue of his former pastor’s incendiary language on race, and made his position clear.29. On one end of the …on the cheap. (13).At one end of the wide range of opinions, there are people who say that I decided to run becauseI wanted to show black and white should have equal opportunity and I wanted to play on the desires of naive liberals in achieving racial harmony without making a great effort.1)spectrum: a continuous range or entire extent2)wide-eyed liberals: naive or unsophisticated people who favor liberalism3)on the cheap: at very little cost4)Note how Obama presented the case. He did not just raise Reverend Wright’s case. He putit in a conflict of two opposing views, two extremes. The implication may be Wright was not the only one who took a wrong position yet he was picked out because of this relations with Obama.30. On he other end… and black alike. (13)Obama considers Wright wrong because his views and the language he used in expressing his views, will not only widen the gap between the blacks and the whites but are attacks on the basic nature of America as a nation, so his words cause the anger and condemnation of both white and black.1)former: indicating Obama’s relationship with Wright has ended2)racial divide: divisions between races3)the greatness and the goodness. Example of alliteration4)that rightly offend white and black alik e: Note the choice of words: rightly and whiteand black alike, indicating that the anger is justified and is shared by white and black, so it is not a matter of race.31. I have already …and in some cases pain.When Reverend Wright’s statements were broadcasted in the news stations in early March, Obama’s relations with his former pastor were repeatedly brought up. This would very negatively affect his campaign. So in one statement he condemned such statements in clear and unambiguous words.In unequivocal terms: in words that express a clear and unambiguous attitude.32. For some, nagging questions remain. (14).For some people, such condemnation seems not enough. They still have doubts which trouble them.Nagging. Causing continuous discomfort; troubling33. Did I... absolutely (14)Three parallel questions beginning with “Did I”and three definite answers of “of course, ““yes”and “absolutely”are used here to address the doubts in people’s minds. His affirmative answers show he is not avoiding straight answers. He has nothing to hide.34. …just as I’m sure… strongly disagreed.At the end of his answers, he brings in the experience of the audience, saying that they may have similar experiences so this is not unique to Obama. He also carefully mentions pastors, priests, or rabbis, referring to different churches of the Judeo-Christian tradition.35. but the remarks that have cause… controversial..(15)1) firestorm: a strong, often violent, outburst, disturbance2) controversial:stiring up disputes36. they weren’t simply…perceived injustice.1) Not the use of “not simply” in the two sentences, forming a parallel structure, to be followed by a contrast through the use of “instead,” to achieve emphasis.2) perceived injustic e: acts that are perceived as injustice37. Instead.. they ..radical Islam.:When Obama accused Wright of distortion, he raised two points. One is Wright thought America embraced white racism. The other is the cause of the conflict in the Middle East lies with Israel, not radical Islam. He thought Wright was wrong on both points.1)the parallel structure. A distorted view, a view that sees…; a view that sees…2) a view that sees white racism as endemic: a view that considers white racism as aninseparable part of America3)elevate: to lift up. Raise4)that elevates…right with America: to put white racism which we all consider to be wrongas characteristic of America, leaving out all good characteristics which we associate with America.5)in the actions of stalwart allies.. radical Islam: Note the contrast and choice of words.Actions and ideologies and the description of “perverse” and “hateful” ideologies. The was of presenting the idea brings out he position of Obama.6)In the United States, in discussing the conflict of the Middle East, criticizing Israel ispolitically incorrect. This if the result of popular sympathy for the victims of the Holocaust, and of the economic power of Jewish Americans and the work of Jewish interest groups.American elites want to curry favor with Israel and the Jewish interest groups in America.It is particularly so in an election year.38. As such… that confront us all. (16).Obama pointed out in the previous para why Wright’s statements were wrong. In this para he stressed t he point that these statements were divisive, especially when unity was called for.1)racially charged: to be filled or loaded with racial bias2)monumental: great, colossal3)Latino: a usually Spanish-speaking person of Latin American birth or descent who livesin the US39. given my background… are not enough.Given: taken as premise2) professed: openly declared40. and I confess that … in much the same way. (17)If Reverend Wright were the person represented by the repeatedly shown scraps of sermons, if the Trinity United Church of Christ were the one sold to the pulic by some commentators, I woud have long deserted them. In this part, Obama wanted to show what was on the television sets and YouTube was not all, not even the major side of Reverend Wright. There was another side, an important side, of the pastor which was not shown to the public.1)snippet: a small piece, scarp, or portion, specifically of information2)loop: a segment of film or magnetic tape jointed end to end to form a continuous strip forendless repetition3)the subjunctive mood of the sentence shows that this is not the case4)peddle: to circulate(ideas), often used with mild contempt41. But the truth is. That I know of the man. (18)In this para, Obama points out that the above-mentioned problems are one side of Reverend Wright. There is another side, a positive side, to the man. And he goes on to talk about this side. The framing of the statement is very important. The use of “isn’t all” and “I know of “ limits the scope of his evaluation of the person. The phrase “isn’t all” concedes what has been said about Wright is true but not the whole truth and “I now of “limits the following evaluation to his personal experience and observation.42. The man I met… to those suffering from. AIDs. (18)In this part, Obama mentions the things Reverend Wright taught him and Wright’s services to the country. Parallel structures are used in this para., e.g. the man I met, a man, a man, (He is) a man; (He is a man) who served, who has studied and lectured, who…led a church; by housing…ministering… providing…reaching out.1)minister: to give help to2)ministry: the function or service of a religious minister43. “people began t o….we coud start t orebuild. (19)The description of Obama’s first experience at Trinity is typical of sermons and responses of the pastors and congregations at black churches. The stories of survival, freedom and hope are repeated. The shouting, crying, stamping, clapping and singing are common scenes. This can be seen in news reels and films. The Bible stories are often used to relate the struggles of the blacks with the struggles as recorded in the Bible. And the whole para is written in ha highly rhetorical style. This again is typical of writings by black pastors. You would find this in many of Martin Luther King” writings.44. I heard something else…of dry bones. (19)Obama is linking the particular scene with the experience and history of the black people, with the heroic stories in the Bible. The black people were not alone, they were a part of a greater struggle, a struggle for realizing god’s teaching.45. Those stories.. into a larger world.The history , the struggle, the spirit became part of me and the church served as a carrier to pass this on to future generations and to spread it to the world beyond the black community.Vessel(bible) a person thought of as being the receiver or repository of some spirit or influence 46. our trials and … and wit hwhich we start to rebuild.In recalling the hardship and suffering and the successes and victories which the black people had gone through but were not limited to the black people, we were filled with confidence and did not need to feel ashamed of the past. The past is food for study fro all people and a starting point for the building of a bright future.47. Like other predominantly black churches… and the gangbanger.(20)Trinity embraces all types of people into the community, the doctor and women living on government aid, good kids and kids who went astray in the past. A contrast is used to indicate different kinds of people: man, woman, educated, uneducated, good, former criminal Gang-banger: a member of a street gang, particularly a man who is part of a group of men who rape women.48. Like other black churches….bawdy humor.1) This is a parallel structure for emphasis, pointing out the similarities of black churches.2) raucou s: loud and rough-sounding3) bawdy: coarse4) The use of “raucous laughter”and “bawdy humor”gives the idea that the group at the religious ceremony are ordinary people, but natural, full of life and down to earth.49. The yare full of… to the untrained ear.People who are not familiar with such practices may find the services too noisy, too rowdy. 50. The church contains in full .. in America.The device of antithesis is employed wit ha number of contrasts. The contrasts are used to show the two sides of the experiences of the blacks in America.1)fierce intelligence: people who are very well-informed and intensely bright2)shocking ignorance: people who are distressingly lack of knowledge3)yes: agreement51. Para 19 and 20: Para 19 and 20 answer the question about the nature of Trinity United Church of Christ. Obama points bout the Trinity, like other black churches, is an embodiment of black history, black experience, black people in the community, the embodiment of complex contradictions. It is impossible to use “good”or “bad”to describe it. And this part of American reality.52. And this helps …has served fro so many years. (21)In this para, Obama deals with two things. One is Reverend Wright’s relations with him and his family. The other is the complexity of Wright’s character.1)as imperfect as he may be: Obama does not use the statement “as imperfect as he is”because he is not so sure Wright is that imperfect and his personal contact with Wright does not convince him Wright is so imperfect. This is a statement of concession.2)Officiated at my wedding: performed the function of a pastor at Obama”s wedding3)In derogatory terms: use words to disparage or belittle53. he contains within him.. for so many years.Wright’ fault is also the fault of the community he works for. A combination of opposites exists in him as well as in the black community.54. I can no more disown him… the black community.It is impossible for me to cast him off just as it is impossible for me to repudiate the black community.Disown: cast off, repudiate55. I can no more disown … that made me cringe.The same applies to my white grandmother who helped raise me, who loves me yet who is biased against blacks.Cringe: to shrink from sth dangerous or painful56. these people are part of me.This is a summing up of Obama’s attitude. He can condemn Wright’s recent statements in unequivocal terms but he cannot disown Wright or the Trinity Church because there is another side to the man, the good sides the man, because Wright is not just an individual but a typical example of the embodiment of contradiction , of good and bad, of the black community. This is the reality of American. Obama is correct in such analysis and it takes a man of his background and his experience to see the issue in this light. It also takes a man of courage to put it this way, especially in an election year.57. we can dismiss… some deep-seated bias. (24)We can condemn Wright as being odd or eccentric and then reject him and put him out of mind just as some have done with Geraldine Ferraro.1)dismiss: to put out of one’ mind, to reject as lacking in importance or value2)crank: a person who has odd, stubborn notions about something; eccentric3)demagogue: a person who tries to stir up the people by appealing to emotion, prejudice,etc. in order to win them over quickly and so gain power58. but race is an issue that I …to ignore right now.(25)Obama is trying to bring people’s attention to the issue of race,. It goes beyond statements by Wright and the firestorm that followed. The use of the word “afford” means if we ignore the issue, the consequences will be serious.59. We would be making the ..distorts reality.。

Unit 9 格兰特和李：对比研究1865年4月9，格兰特和李在非吉尼亚阿波托克斯的一间普通的会客厅里达成协议：非吉尼亚北部李的军队投降，这意味着在美国历史上一个伟大的篇章宣布结束，进而一个新的伟大篇章将拉开序幕。

这些人将美国内战推向了终点。

诚然，还有一些军队在负隅抵抗。

在接下来的一段日子里，逃亡的南部联邦政府试图寻找再生力量，结果都是徒劳的。

因为主力部队已经被消亡了。

事实上格兰特和李在签署文件时一切就已经宣告结束了。

他们达成协议的那个小房间却成了美国历史上极为辛酸和富有戏剧性的一幕。

他们都是很强的人，他们属于不同的团体，代表两个对抗的利益。

他们俩成了成败的关键。

罗伯特.E.李代表的是旧的民族势力，在某种程度上也可能成为美国历史上的统治者。

李生于非吉尼亚的海滨地区，家庭，文化和传统等联系起来构成他的背景。

他所处的时代正是由骑士时代向新世纪时代转变的时代，人们开始写自己的故事和神话而不再崇拜骑士。

他代表了来源骑士和英国乡绅时代的生活方式。

美国是一块完全重新开始的大陆，建立在众生平等、机会平等这个简单而又朦胧的理念上。

在这片大地上李却有这样的想法：在社会结构上有一种明显的不平等，在某种程度上对社会有益。

应该有悠闲地阶层，他们受土地拥有者的支持。

反过来，社会也会以土地作为它财富的主要来源。

必须带来这样的结果（根据他的想法）：他们对社会有着强烈的责任感，人们不再是为自己谋利益而是为了那份庄严地义务。

这份义务附加在他们身上为他们带来了好处。

从他们当中将会产生国家领导人。

对于他们国家将能够追求更高的价值-在思想，行为及个人举止上，从而赋予这个国家力量和美德。

李具有这种贵族理想中的最高成分。

通过他，拥有土地的贵族能证明自己是正当的。

四年来联邦政府曾发动一场战争来支持李。

最后，联邦政府看起来像是为李而战斗，好像李本身就代表了南部联邦……联邦政府所支持的生活方式可能永远提供的都是最好的，在阿波之前他成为传奇人物。

Unit 9 Mirror of America词汇(Vocabulary)idyllic ( adj. ) :pastoral or picturesque；pleasing and simple 田园诗的；田园风光的；生动逼真的；质朴宜人的cynical ( adj.) :believing that people are notivated in all their actions only by selfishness；denying the sincerity of people's motives and actions，or the value of living玩世不恭的；愤世嫉俗的obsess (v．) :haunt or trouble in mind，esp. to an abnormal degree；preoccupy greatly使分心；使心神困扰(尤指精神反常、着迷)frailty ( n.) :the quality or condition of being frail；weakness(esp. moral weakness)脆弱性；虚弱性(尤指意志薄弱)tramp ( n.) :the act of tramping；a journey on foot；hike步行；徒步旅行prospector ( n.) :a person who prospects for valuable ores，oil，etc．(矿藏等的)勘探者；探矿者starry—eyed ( adj.) :with the eyes sparkling in a glow of wonder，romance，visionary dreams，etc．过于理想的；不切实际的；盲目乐观的acid—tongued ( adj.) :sharp，sarcastic in speech说话尖刻的cynic ( n.) :a cynical person玩世不恭的人；好挖苦人的人；愤世嫉俗的人navigable ( n.) :wide and deep enough，or free enough from obstructions，to be traveled on by vessels可行船的；可通航的；可航行的attest ( n.) :serve as proof of；demonstrate；make clear作为……的证据，为……作证；论证；表明artery ( n.) :a main road or channel干线，干道，大路；干渠keelboat ( n.) :a large，shallow freight boat with a keel，formerly used on the Mississippi，Missouri，etc．(旧时密西西比河、密苏西河等用的)龙骨船flatboat ( n.) :a boat with a flat bottom，for carrying freight in shallow waters or on rivers平底船molasses ( n.) :a thick，usually dark brown syrup produced during／he refining of sugar，or from sorghum，etc．糖蜜，糖浆cub ( n.) :an inexperienced，awkward youth阅历浅的年轻人cosmos ( n.) :the universe considered as a harmonious and orderly system宇宙feud ( n.) :a bitter，long—continued，and deadly quarrel，esp. between clans of families(尤指部落或家族间的)世仇，累世宿仇，夙怨，长期不和lynch (v．) :[Am．]murder(an accused person)by mob action and without lawful trial，as by hanging[美]私刑处死phonographic ( adj.) :[Am．]of a phonograph or the sounds made by sb. [美]留声机的，唱机的teem ( v．) :be full，as though ready to bring forth young；abound；swarm充满；富于；大量地出现；涌现flotsam ( n.) :transient，unemployed people；vagrants流离失所者，流浪者，游民；失业者；被毁掉的人hustler ( n.) :[Am．slang]a prostitute[美俚]妓女thug ( n.) :a rough，brutal hoodlum，gangster，robber，etc．恶棍；暴徒；强盗motley ( adj. ) :having or composed of many different or clashing elements；heterogeneous混乱的；杂乱的succumb ( v．) :①give way(to)；yield；submit ②die ①屈服，屈从(常与to连用)②死epidemic ( n.) :the rapid，widespread occurrence of a fad，fashion，etc．(风尚、风气、爱好等的)一时流行，风行flirt ( v．) :trifle or toy(with)玩弄，戏耍；做着玩；不认真地对待，不认真地考虑(常与with连用)colossal ( adj.) :1ike a colossus in size；huge；gigantic；enormous巨大的，庞大的rebuff ( v．) :check or repulse挫败；阻止broke (adj.) :[colloq．]having little or no money；bankrupt[口]无钱的，身无分文的；破了产的hone (v．) :sharpen with or as with a hone把……放在磨石上磨scathing ( adj. ) : searing；withering；injurious；harsh or caustic严厉的，尖刻的sluggish ( adj. ) :slow or slow—moving；not active；dull(行动)缓慢的；迟钝的sloth ( n.) :a lazy person懒汉astound ( v．) :bewilder with sudden surprise；astonish greatly；amaze使震惊，使惊愕，使大吃一惊tedious ( adj.) :long or verbose and vearisome；triesome；boring冗长乏味的；使人厌倦的；沉闷的travelogue ( n.) :a lecture on travels, usually accompanied by the showing of pictures旅行见闻讲座Sultan ( n.) :a Moslem ruler苏丹(一些伊斯兰教国家统治者的称号)debunk ( v．) :[Am．colloq．]expose the false or exaggerated claims，pretensions，glamour，etc．[美口]揭露，揭发，揭穿revere ( v．) :regard with deep respect，love，and awe；venerate尊敬，崇敬；敬畏ingenuity ( n.) :the quality of being ingenious；cleverness，originality，skill，etc．机灵，机智，足智多谋；独创性，创造力；熟练，巧妙juvenile ( adj.) :young and youthful年轻的；青年的pariah ( n.) :any person despised or rejected by others；outcast为社会所遗弃者；流浪者puritanical ( adj.) :extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals and religion宗教(或道德)上极端拘谨的panorama ( n.) :an unlimited view in all directions全景；全图deplore ( v．) :be regretful or sorry about懊悔，悔恨，对……深感遗憾sap ( v．) :undermine in any way；weaken；exhaust削弱；耗竭clamor ( n.) :a loud outcry；uproar大声呼喊，喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹robust ( adj. ) :strong and healthy；full of vigor；hardy健壮的；精力充沛的haunt ( v．) :appear or recur repeatedly to，often to the point of obsession(思想、回忆等)萦绕；(疾病等)缠住pneumonia ( n.) :inflammation or infection of the alveoli of the lungs of varying degrees of severity and caused by any of a number of agents，such as bacteria or viruses肺炎．meningitis ( n.) :inflammation of the meninges．esp. as the result of infection by bacteria or viruses脑脊膜炎epileptic ( n.) :a person who has epilepsy癫痫患者pad ( v．) :stuff，cover，or line with a pad or padding填塞；衬填crater ( n.) :a bowl—shaped cavity，as at the mouth of a volcano or on the surface of the moon碗形洞(如火山口、环形山、月亮表面的坑状地方)crumble ( v．) :fall to pieces；disintegrate；decay破碎，破裂；使溃散，使瓦解，消灭lament ( v.) :feel or express deep sorrow for；mourn or grieve for为……而悲痛；哀悼；为……而伤心短语(Expressions)every bit: (infml)equalIy；entirely完全，同样地例：He is every bit as mean as she is．他与她同样平庸。