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catti一级考试CATTI一级考试是翻译专业资格（水平）考试（China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters，简称CATTI）的最高级别，是评价和认定翻译专业人才职业资格的重要依据。
该考试旨在促进我国翻译人才队伍的建设和发展，提高翻译行业的整体水平。
CATTI一级考试的内容涵盖了翻译理论、翻译实践、翻译技巧等多个方面，要求考生具备扎实的语言基础、广博的知识面、丰富的翻译实践经验和良好的职业道德。
在CATTI一级考试中，考生需要完成两篇英译汉和两篇汉译英的翻译任务，每篇翻译任务的字数要求为1000字左右。
考生需要在规定的时间内完成翻译任务，并提交电子版或纸质版的翻译作品。
CATTI一级考试的评分标准主要包括以下几个方面：1. 语言准确性：要求考生的翻译作品语言准确、表达流畅，无明显的语法和词汇错误。
2. 语义准确性：要求考生的翻译作品在语义上准确无误，能够准确地传达原文的含义。
3. 语言表达：要求考生的翻译作品表达流畅、自然，符合汉语的表达习惯。
4. 文化意识：要求考生能够正确理解和传递原文的文化内涵和背景知识。
5. 职业道德：要求考生遵守职业道德规范，尊重原文和作者，不得抄袭或剽窃他人的作品。
为了顺利通过CATTI一级考试，考生需要具备以下能力和素质：1. 扎实的语言基础：考生需要具备扎实的英语和汉语语言基础，包括语法、词汇、阅读、听力等方面的能力。
2. 广博的知识面：考生需要具备广博的知识面，包括政治、经济、文化、历史等方面的知识，以便更好地理解和翻译原文。
3. 丰富的翻译实践经验：考生需要具备丰富的翻译实践经验，包括各类文体的翻译实践经验，以便更好地应对不同类型的翻译任务。
4. 良好的职业道德：考生需要遵守职业道德规范，尊重原文和作者，不得抄袭或剽窃他人的作品。
同时，还需要具备良好的团队合作精神和沟通能力。
总之，CATTI一级考试是评价和认定翻译专业人才职业资格的重要依据，对于提高翻译行业的整体水平具有重要意义。
高级口译经验贴韩卿与老师约好，除了考研经验贴外，再为同学们写一篇备考上海市高级口译资格证书的经验贴。
在我之前，我们系几乎没有人参加类似考试，所以这个考试对我来说特别具有挑战性，所有的路自己一路摸爬滚打慢慢走来，感觉甚是不易。
高级口译证书考试分为两阶段，第一阶段为笔试，第二阶段为口试。
两阶段都通过才可以拿到证书。
笔试和口试每年都考2次。
笔试通过者在2年四次内任何一次通过口试，即可拿到证书。
咱们先来说说高级口译的笔试。
高口笔试共300分，其中，听力100分，阅读100分，英汉互译100分。
高口的笔试难度远高于大学英语六级难度，真要比较的话，其难度近似专业八级，但因为很多题型并不一样，可比性不是很大。
具体的考试安排如下：第一阶段综合笔试共分六部分。
第一部分：听力；第二部分：阅读（1）；第三部分：翻译（英译汉）；第四部分：听译；第五部分：阅读（2）；第六部分：翻译（汉译英）。
每部分考试时间为30分钟，总考试时间为180分钟，中间（即第三部分结束后）休息10分钟。
每部分考分分配为50分，六部分总分300分，合格分为180分。
报名时间：每年6月20-26日,12月20日-26日考试时间：每年3月和9月的一个双休日为笔试日8：00进场，考试时间：8：30——11：45考试流程：时间考试流程8：00 考生可以入场8：10 考官宣读考生须知，并发布上半场考试试卷及答题纸（试卷第一、二、三部分）；考生调试收音机频道，确认收听频率8：30 考试正式开始，电台开始播放录音8：30—9：00 考生做第一部分听力试题，听力考察时间为30分钟。
9：00—10：00 考生开始做试卷第二和第三部分。
原则时间划分是阅读30分钟，翻译30分钟10：00 上半场考试结束（以铃声为准）10：00—10：10 考间休息，原则上考生原地休息；考官发放下半场考试记录纸10：10—10：15 下半场考试开始（以铃声为准）考生调试频道10：15 电台开始播放Section 4 的录音Section4 的录音播放完后，发放Section4、Section5和Section6的试卷和答题纸10：45—11：45 听力结束，考生开始做下半场考试Section5和Section6的试题11：45 全部考试结束以上为考试的具体安排。
上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试大纲《上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书》是经上海紧缺人才培训工程联席会议办公室审核、确认的紧缺人才岗位资格培训项目之一。
《上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书》培训规格明确规定, 英语口译岗位资格证书培训是为企业、公司、商务中心培训与造就一批能胜任各类涉外项目谈判,高层次会面、新闻公布会、记者招待会与国际问题研讨会的翻译与同声翻译人才。
根据上述规定与要求,本《考试大纲》规定了下列原则与考试内容。
一、考试目的本考试是颁发由上海市教育委员会、上海市成人教育委员会、上海市委组织部、上海市人事局统一印制的《上海市岗位资格证书》的根据。
凡通过上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试的考生，可获得由上海市教育委员会、上海市成人教育委员会、上海市委组织部、上海市人事局统一印制的《上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书》。
二、，考试性质与范围本考试是一种测试应试者单项与综合语言能力的尺度参照性标准化考试。
考试分为综合笔试与口试两个阶段。
凡通过综合笔试的考生方有资格参加第二阶段的口试。
综合笔试包含听力、阅读与翻译（笔译）三部分；口试包含口语与口译两部分。
三、考试时间与命题上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试每年举行两次，分别于三月与九月举行第一阶段的综合考试。
并择时举行第二阶段的口试。
由上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试委员会负责命题与实施。
四、考试形式本考试根据口译特点，以测试口译水平为要紧目标，从听、说、读、译（笔译、口译）等四个方面对语言运用能力进行全面测试。
测试力求科学、客观、可行。
考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合。
五、考试内容本考试共分为五个部分：（一）听力；（二）英语报刊阅读；（三）翻译；（四）口语；（五）口译。
前三部分为笔试，含六个考试单元，每单元30分钟，共需时180分钟；后两部分为口试，举行笔试后再择时单独进行。
１、听力听力测试分为四部分：听写、听力懂得、笔记与听译。
catti英语口译一级考试科目全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Wowza! The CATTI English Interpretation Exam Level 1? That's a real mouthful! But my big sister is taking it soon, so I've been trying to learn what it's all about. From what I can tell, it's a super important test for people who want to be professional translators and interpreters working between English and Chinese.The exam has two main parts - interpretation and translation. The interpretation part is where you listen to people talking in one language and have to say out loud what they're saying in the other language. My sister practices by turning on the TV and trying to interpret the shows from English to Chinese or vice verversa. Sometimes she records herself to see how she did. I tried it once but got all tongue-tied and mixed up halfway through!The translation part is where you read things in one language and have to write out the same text in the other language. My sister has tons of practice materials with all sorts ofdocuments like news articles, technical manuals, business contracts and more. She has to make sure she picks just the right words and phrases to capture the exact meaning. It's like a puzzle, matching up the pieces between the two languages. I love puzzles, but this one looks super hard!From watching my sister study, I've learned that interpreting and translating between languages requires crazy skills. You have to deeply understand grammatical structures, vocabulary, idioms, and cultural context in both languages. It's like having two super-brains working at the same time! My sister says the exam tests listening comprehension, memory, note-taking, terminology research, and the ability to smoothly switch between languages on the fly. Whew, no wonder she studies so hard!The exam is administered by an organization called CATTI, which is the Certification Authority for Professional Interpreters and Translators. They're really strict and the exam is crazy difficult to pass from what I hear. My sister says only the very best and most prepared can become certified professional interpreters and translators by passing this Level 1 exam.I'm just a kid, but I have so much respect for people pursuing this career now. Being a bridge between languages sounds likeone of the most important jobs in our globally connected world today. I'll be cheering my sister on when she takes her big exam soon. Maybe I'll even become an interpreter myself one day - that would be so cool! Though I should probably get started on studying like right now if I want to pass that crazy difficult test in the future. Better get cracking on those language lessons!篇2My Big Dream to Be an InterpreterHi there! My name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. I'm in the 5th grade at Oakwood Elementary School. I have a really big dream that I've been thinking about for a few years now - I want to be a professional interpreter when I grow up!You might be wondering, what exactly is an interpreter? Well, an interpreter is someone who translates spoken words from one language into another language. They help people who speak different languages understand each other by listening carefully and quickly converting the messages back and forth.There are all sorts of interpreters out there working in really cool places. Some work at big important meetings with world leaders, some help patients talk to doctors, and others even helpathletes and actors at big events! No matter where they work, interpreters have to be crazy good at languages.I first learned about interpreting a couple of years ago when my parents hired an interpreter to help my grandparents from China understand everything at my little brother's birthday party. My grandparents don't speak much English, so the interpreter was a huge help in making sure they could join in on all the fun. I watched in awe as she seamlessly switched between Chinese and English, somehow managing to convey every joke, story, and happy birthday song perfectly! From that day on, I decided that's what I wanted to do.To become a professional interpreter, you have to pass something called the CATTI exam. CATTI stands for Certified Accreditors of Translators and Interpreters. It's a big important test that proves you have expert-level skills in interpretation and translation between Chinese and English.From what I've learned so far, the CATTI English Interpretation Level 1 exam has three main sections you have to master:Consecutive InterpretationThis is where the interpreter listens to a message in one language, and then delivers the interpretation in the other language after the speaker pauses. It tests your amazing listening comprehension, note-taking abilities, and short-term memory! The consecutive passages can cover all kinds of topics like politics, economics, culture, and science. You really have to know your stuff.Simultaneous InterpretationThis part is super hard! The interpreter has to listen to someone speaking and immediately start interpreting into the other language at the same time. Talk about multi-tasking! You need a quiet concentration, rapid language conversion skills, and the ability to juggle multiple thoughts at once. The exam tests your skill with simultaneous interpretation of speeches, meetings, media broadcasts and more.Sight TranslationFor this section, you're given a written document in one language and have to read it aloud and translate it into the other language on the spot. It combines reading comprehension and oral interpretation all together. The documents could be anything from official reports to letters to website content.On top of those three interpretation tests, you also have to take sections on translation (converting written texts between languages) and language knowledge and aptitude. Phew, it's a lot to prepare for!Ever since deciding I want to be an interpreter, I've been working really hard at school to build up my English and Chinese skills. My parents have been super supportive too - we watch movies together switching between the languages, I attend weekend language classes, and we even do practice interpretation exercises at home.It's not going to be easy to pass the CATTI exams, but I'm determined! Over the next few years of middle school and high school, I'll have to study really hard, do lots of practice tests, and work on building up my knowledge across tons of different subjects too. But I'm ready for the challenge!My dream job would be to become a United Nations interpreter, traveling the world and helping important diplomats and leaders communicate. Can you imagine how cool it would be to interpret speeches for the President of the United States or the Prime Minister of Canada? Another awesome path could be becoming a media or sports interpreter, helping announcers and athletes at big global events like the Olympics or the World Cup!No matter what, I just know interpreting is going to be such an exciting career.I still have a long road ahead of me, but I'm going to give it my absolute best effort. Becoming an expert interpreter won't be easy, but I'm ready to work as hard as I can to make my dream come true! Wish me luck!篇3The CATTI English Test Is Super Important!Hi everyone! My name is Emily and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to tell you all about this really big English test called the CATTI. It stands for Certified Interpreters for China Accreditation Test and it's a huge deal if you want to be an interpreter when you grow up.My older sister Jessica is studying really hard to take the CATTI English Interpretation Test Level 1 this year. She's been practicing every single day after school. I'm going to explain what's on the test so you can understand why it's so tough!First, there's the Consecutive Interpretation part. That means the interpreter has to listen to someone speak for a little while in one language, like Chinese. Then when the person stops, theinterpreter has to switch to English and repeat everything they just said. It's kind of like being a parrot, but much harder!Jessica has been practicing by watching videos of people giving speeches in Chinese. She listens really carefully, taking little notes as they speak. Then when the person stops, she has to say everything they said but in perfect English. It's crazy! Sometimes the speeches are over 5 minutes long with super complicated words. I've tried it before and I can never remember everything.The next section is Simultaneous Interpretation from English to Chinese. This one is even trickier! The interpreter has to speak in Chinese at the exact same time as someone is speaking in English. Their brain has to translate the words from one language to the other instantly as they hear them. It's like being a real-life translation robot!Jessica bought these crazy noise-cancelling headphones for practicing. She plays videos of English speeches while wearing the headphones. Then she has to repeat everything in Chinese at the same time she's hearing the English. It looks so hard! I've watched her and she gets all tongue-tied trying to think and speak at the exact same time. I don't know how anyone can do it.The third part of the test is Simultaneous Interpretation from Chinese to English. This is the section Jessica struggles with the most. Just like the last part, but in reverse! She has to instantly translate from Chinese into perfect English as she's hearing it. Her brain must be getting superpower muscles from all this practice.I've caught Jessica just reading books out loud to herself, going back and forth between Chinese and English pages. She switches between the languages every few sentences to get ready for the test. Sometimes I'll sneak into her room and shout random words at her in Chinese to practice her English responses. She gets so mad at me, but I think it's helping!The very last section is Translation. This is where you have to write out a perfect translation of a text, either from Chinese to English or English to Chinese. No speaking required, hooray!But the translations have to be flawless. Jessica showed me one practice text that was over 1,000 words long! It was some strange document about international finance laws. She had highlighted tons of idioms, jokes, cultural references, and other tough phrases. Apparently those tiny details are the hardest part of written translation. Who knew finances could be so funny?Phew, I'm exhausted just thinking about everything my poor sister has to master for this CATTI test. Consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation in both directions, and precision translation. It's like she's acquiring super linguistic powers!I've decided I definitely don't want to be an interpreter when I grow up. Give me nice easy math problems any day instead of juggling multiple languages at once. Although I have to admit, being a professional parrot does sound like a pretty fun job sometimes.Good luck on your test, Jessica! I'll be cheering you on from the sidelines. Nobody deserves that CATTI certificate more than you after all your crazy hard work. Just don't ask me to interpret anything more complicated than "Pass the pizza!" I'll leave that to you, Wonder Translator.篇4The CATTI English Test is Really Hard!My big sister is trying to get a special certificate called the CATTI English Interpretation Level 1. She has to take a big exam with several different parts. I don't really understand everything about it, but I'll try my best to explain!The first part is called Consecutive Interpretation. That's where someone speaks for a little while in one language, and then my sister has to repeat everything they said in the other language. It sounds super difficult! She practices by listening to recordings and trying to interpret them into English or Chinese. Sometimes the recordings are about serious grown-up topics like politics, business, or science. I have no idea what she's talking about when she practices those!Another section is Simultaneous Interpretation. For this one, my sister has to listen to someone talking and interpret what they're saying into the other language at the same time! Like, as they're still speaking! I don't know how anyone can do that. When I try interpreting my sister's practice materials, I get all confused and mixed up between the two languages. Simultaneous interpretation must take a lot of concentration.Then there's a part called Sight Translation. This is where they give my sister a document in one language, and she has to read it over quickly and then translate the whole thing out loud into the other language. She showed me some of the practice documents and they were full of big fancy words and talking about complicated ideas. Sight translation seems almost impossible to me!My sister also has to take tests on translation theory, communication skills, and interpretation strategies and techniques. There's a lot of memorization and studying involved, I think. She has these thick books full of definitions and concepts that she has to learn. It all looks incredibly boring if you ask me!On one of the test days, there's something called the Interpretive Reconstructing section. From what I understand, they'll play an audio recording in one language, and then my sister has to listen carefully and reconstruct everything that was said in her own words in the other language. But she gets no break or pause between hearing it and reconstructing it. Just thinking about that makes my head spin!The last part of the exam is called the Interpretive Abstracting test. For this one, they give her a long recording or document about some complex topic. Then she has to listen or read it, understand all the key points, and summarize it concisely in the other language while keeping all the important details. Summarizing is already hard enough for me with simple books, so having to do it at that level sounds crazy.My big sister has been studying and practicing so hard for this CATTI English test. I really admire her dedication and brainpower! There's no way I could handle all those differentinterpreting and translating tasks, at least not until I'm much older. Interpreting between languages seems like one of the most mentally challenging skills there is. I guess that's why my sister will get an impressive certificate if she can pass all the sections of this incredibly difficult exam. I'll be rooting for her!篇5My Big Interpretation TestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I love learning new things, especially languages. English is my favorite subject in school. Did you know there's a really big test called the CATTI Level 1 English Interpretation Exam that people can take to show how good they are at interpreting between English and Chinese? My teacher says it's a very difficult test, even for grown-ups! But I've been studying really hard and I think I might want to take it someday when I'm older. Let me tell you all about the subjects on the test!The first part is called Consecutive Interpretation. This is where the interpreter listens to someone speak in one language for a little bit, then interprets what they said into the other language right after. It's kind of like when I'm playing house with my friends and I have to remember and repeat back what my"client" said to my "co-worker". Except on the real test, the speeches can be up to 5 minutes long about all sorts of complicated topics! Politics, economics, science, culture - you name it. The interpreter has to take really good notes to remember all the details. My teacher says developing an excellent memory is crucial for consecutive interpretation. I've been practicing by trying to memorize pages from my favorite books. It's hard work but kind of fun too!Then there's Simultaneous Interpretation, which sounds even trickier to me. For this part, the interpreter has to speak the translation out loud at the same time the speaker is still talking in the source language! Can you imagine how difficult that must be? You have to comprehend what's being said, reformulate it in your mind into the other language, and speak it out loud - all at the exact same time the person is still going. No wonder they use a special soundproof booth and equipment for this part of the exam. My teacher showed our class some videos of simultaneous interpreters at big conferences and international events. They make it look so easy and natural, even though their brains must be working at superhuman speeds! I really admire their incredible multi-tasking abilities.Part of what makes the CATTI exam so challenging is that the test materials can cover pretty much any subject area. One minute you might be interpreting a speech about the latest medical research, and the next thing could be an economic policy discussion. The interpreter has to be knowledgeable about a huge range of fields and topics. My teacher tells me that's why experienced interpreters never stop reading, studying, and expanding their understanding of the world. I definitely want to keep learning as much as I can about everything!Another tough part is the Sight Translation section, where interpreters have to read a written document in one language and translate it out loud into the other language basically at sight. No time for preparation, note-taking, or looking things up - you just have to do it on the fly. My parents took me to an interpreting conference once and I watched some of the sight translations. Those interpreters are like linguistic superheroes, able to smoothly read and speak different languages at the same time! I was in awe. For now, I'm practicing by having my parents give me random articles or stories to sight translate for them from English to Chinese and back again. The hardest part is staying focused and not stumbling over my words.Overall, the CATTI Level 1 seems like an incredibly difficult challenge. But I know if I keep working diligently at my language studies, maybe I can achieve that level of interpretation mastery someday too. Becoming a professional interpreter would be such an amazing career. Can you imagine how cool it would be to help people understand each other across language barriers? To facilitate communication between world leaders, diplomats, scientists, artists and anyone else from different linguistic backgrounds? What an important skill!I have so much more to learn, but I'm excited for the journey. Who knows, maybe you'll see me up on that篇6My Big English Interpretation Exam AdventureHi there! My name is Jenny and I'm 10 years old. I just took this really cool exam called the CATTI English Interpretation Level 1 test. It was quite an adventure! Let me tell you all about it.First up was the consecutive interpretation part. The examiner read out these awesome stories and dialogues in English. I had to listen really carefully, taking little notes using my special notation system that I practiced a bunch. Then when she finished each section, I had to interpret it all back into Chinesewithout missing any important details. It was kinda like being a narrator! I felt like I was on stage telling an exciting tale from another language. Some parts were pretty tricky with all the idioms and culturally specific things, but my training helped me power through.The next section was simultaneous interpretation from English into Chinese. This one was mega challenging! The examiner read out these English speeches and news reports through my headphones. At the same time, I had to instantly interpret out loud in Chinese what she was saying, basically talking at the exact same time! It was like being an athlete running an intense mental marathon. I concentrated so hard to keep up without falling behind or losing the meaning. I used all my shorthand skills and predictive techniques that my coach taught me. Phew, I was sweating buckets after that one!Then we switched modes for the simultaneous interpretation from Chinese into English. The examiner spoke in Chinese and I had to concurrently spit out the English version through my mic.I couldn't fall behind at all or I'd miss crucial stuff. This required insane multitasking - comprehending the Chinese, reformulating it into natural English in my head, and then speaking it out loud, all at the exact same time the examiner was still going. My brainwas overheating trying to handle it all simultaneously! I pictured myself as a pro interpreter at the United Nations smoothly swapping between languages on the fly. Total focus mode activated!The sight translation was next up - this was almost a nice break after all that intense simultaneous action. For this, I had to read through an English document first, then render it into smooth spoken Chinese all at once. It was kinda like shadowboxing before the real fight - getting warmed up by taking it step-by-step first. There were tricky vocabulary and cultural references to navigate, but overall this gave me a chance to re-energize.Finally, the grand finale was the consecutive interpretation from Chinese into English. Feeling pumped up from the sight translation, I was ready to rock this one. The examiner read out these awesome Chinese stories and dialogues with tons of idioms, culture, and nuance packed in. I did my special notation capturing all the zingers, then boom! I re-delivered each passage back into English in my own pyrotechnic performance. I had to really punch up the flair and expressiveness to capture the authenticity of the original material. Voices, accents, acting it out - I gave it my full energy!Wow, I was mentally drained but felt such a rush after conquering all those different exam components. It was like I traveled the whole interpretation galaxy - from consecutive to simultaneous in both directions, sight translation planet, the works! I felt so powered up like a young interpretation Jedi master after making it through. Maybe I'll give the United Nations a call when I'm older. An intense exam for sure, but wow what an achievement!Well, that's my epic CATTI English Interpretation Level 1 exam experience! It pushed me to my limits but I studied really hard and gave it my all. No matter the results, I'm just proud I had the grit to take on such a crazy challenge at my age. Wish me luck! Okay, gotta blaze - I need to go recharge after that insane cerebral workout. Thanks for listening to my adventure! Catch you later!。
SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking and Gap-fillingDirections: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk only once. While listening to the talk, you may take notes no the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. Youare required to write ONE word or figure only in each lank. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.Advertising is important to companies because no company can make a ________(1) onany product unless it advertises it first in the ____________(2). There are three categories of media: print, broadcast and __________(3). The print media consist of newspapers and________(4). Newspaper ads can reach large numbers of people, but they are not very___________(5) or glamorous. Magazine advertisement allows a business to direct its ads to the people who are most ___________(6) in the product, but it can be very expensive. The broadcast media include __________(7) and television. Of all the media, television is the most dramatic. so television ads are easy to __________(8).What's more, almost everybody watches TV, and most TV programmes are broadcast_______(9). TV ads are viewed by millions of people all over the country. TV advertisement is enormously ___________(10).The most common direct medium is the __________(11). The advantage is that the ad goes directly in the ___________(12) customer's hands. But these ads are often calle d “________(13) mail”, and are thrown away without being ___________(14).Another direct medium is _____________(15), those huge signs on the street. The messageon billboards is ____________(16), but it has to be very _________(17). The third type of direct medium is signs and ____________(18), which are usually used in point of purchase advertising and can be found in ______________(19) and shop windows. The advantage is that they are______________(20).Part B: Listening and TranslationⅠSentence TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences only once. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.(1)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (2)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (3)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (4)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (5)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Ⅱ. Passage TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write you version inthe corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.(1)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________(2)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer INCOMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1～3A “Campaign for Real Braille” has been set up after pl ans to introduce capital letters intothe braille alphabet have split the blind community.The Braille Authority of the United Kingdom (BAUK) has announced that by 2000it is introducing capital letters into a code which has previously only used lower-case characters. Supporters say that it is necessary because of the increasing use of capitals as abbreviations,as well as their use in e-mail addresses. It will also bring the UK in line with otherEnglish-speaking countries.But opponents, such as Sara Morgan, the 25-year-old founder of the campaign, argue it will push up costs and make books more cumbersome. “There aren't many industries where they actively make costs go up,” she said. “What I think in particularly ironic, though, is the factthis is going to come in at the same time as the Disability Discrimination Act. So, just as we're asking restaurants to provide braille menus we're making it more expensive to do so.”Braille, devised by Louis Braille in the 19th century is based upon a system of six raiseddots arranged to represent each character in the alphabet and several short-form words. Around 12,000 people use braille in this country.BAUK said that it took the decision to go-ahead with plans to introduce capitals after a questionnaire completed by 1,200 braille readers showed that a majority was in favour of change.The secretary of BAUK, Stephen Phippen, said: “The reason the decision was made wason the basis of the questionnaire, answered by individual members, not on what BAUK thought.”Overall 46 per cent of people were in favour of introducing a capital letter sign wherever a capital letter appears in print and just under 30 per cent were against. Among the respondents classing themselves as visually impaired (those who have some ability to read by sight) it was more popular compared to those who can read braille only by touch.Ms Morgan said the figures showed “there wasn't even a majority”. But Mr. Phippen said:“Those in favour were more or less 50 per cent. Those against were roughly half that. So twice as many people are in favour as against.”A spokesman for the National Library for the Blind said a survey done by it in 1994/5found readers were not in favour. The results of the BAUK survey however convinced them, and a spokesman said the y would implement the change.“We recognise there are advantages and disadvantages and we shall be working with our readers to help them understand how this symbol will operate,” he said.The introduction of capital letters is projected to take place by the end of 1999.“There are pros and cons,” admits Mr. Phippen. “But it should be noted that we are theonly English speaking country which has not yet introduced capital letters and of all the other countries which have not one has regretted it and tried to move back.”However Ms Morgan added: “We are determined to fight it all the way. They have got tostop trampling over people's rights.”1. Give a brief introduction of Braille system.2. What is the major issue discussed in the passage?3. what can be learned from Mr. Phippen's talk?Questions 4～6Modern woman may be better educated, have a better job and earn more money than her grandmother ever dream of, but in one way he life remains the same—eight out of ten women still do the household chores.Only 1 per cent of men say they do the washing and ironing or decide what to have for dinner. The only area where average man is more likely to help out is with small repairs around the house.The report Social Focus on Women and Men, by the Office for National Statistics, foundthat attitudes to women working have changed drastically over the past decade. Whereas in 1987 more than half of men and 40 per cent of women agreed with the statement, “A husband's job is to earn the money, a wife's job is to look after th e home and family”, that view had halved among both sexes by 1994.The numbers agreeing strongly with the statement, “A job is all right but what mostwomen really want is a home and children”, had also halved from 15 pre cent to 7 per cent of men feeling that way and 12 per cent to5 per cent of women.Women's increased participation in the world of work has been one of the most striking features of recent decades. Nearly half of all women aged 55 to 59 have no qualifications. But their granddaughters are outperforming their male peers across the board, and from1989overtook boys at A-levels.Gender stereotypes persist at this level of education, however, with more than three-fifths of English entrants being female, wile a similar proportion of maths entrants are male. A greater number of boys take physics and chemistry whereas girls predominate in social sciences and history.The explosion in higher education means there was a 66 per cent increase in number offemale undergraduates and a 50 per cent increase in the number of male undergraduates between 1990-91 and 1995-96.Women are also making breakthroughs in specific are4as of employment. Women nowform a slight majority among new solicitors although they make up only one-third of all solicitors. Since 1984 the number of women in work has risen by 20 per cent to 10.5 million. But when it comes to pay, they still lag behind their male peers. Women earn on average 80per of what men do per hour. They are also far more likely to work part-time or with temporary contracts.Part of the reason for this is because women still take the main role in childcare, althoughthey are more likely to work than in the past. The number of mothers with children under five doubled between 1973 and 1996. And the number of women who return to work within nine to eleven months of the birth increased dramatically. In 1974, only 24 per cent of women returned in this period compared with 67 per cent in 1996.The relationship between the sexes has also seen changes. Seven in ten first marriages arenow preceded by cohabitation compared with only one in twenty first marriages in themid-1960s. Since 1992 women in their early thirties have been more likely to give birth than those in their early twenties, although the fertility rate is still highest among those aged 25 to 29.4. What is the theme of the passage?5. What are gender stereotypes? List the gender stereotypes at the level of higher education discussed in the passage.6. What are the major changes concerning the status of women in Britain?Questions 7～10A new form of cloning to provide every baby with an embryonic “twin”, from which spare body parts could be grown and life threatening diseases treated is expected to be approved within weeks by senior government advisers on medical ethics.If their report is accepted by ministers, it would mean that Britain—which 20 years ago pioneered the test tube baby and last year produced Dolly, the world's first cloned mammal—could be the first to clone a human embryo.A working party from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission is expected to come down firmly against reproductive cloning, the process of replicating a living human being. It is expected to recommend government support of so called stem cells, stem cells, are extracted and used to grow spare parts, treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's or address the debilitating effects of cancer, strokes and heart attacks.Dr. Austin Smith, the scientist likely to be granted the first licence for the work, said thatwithin the next 12 years it would be routine for every baby to have an embryonic clone.“All it takes now is financial investment,” said Smith, director of Edinburgh University's centre for genome research. The crucial discovery of embryonic stem cells, from which skin, bone. muscles, nerves and vital organs grow, was made earlier this month by scientists in America.In a submission to the HFEA, Smith said that in order to isolate these cells it is only necessary for the embryo to develop in the laboratory for six days, well within the 14-day limit of current regulation.The cells would then be grown and manipulated to make anything from blood or brain cellsto tissue for repairing damaged organs and, ultimately, parts that could be transplanted without fear of the host body rejecting them.The development is likely to meet strong opposition from the church. Dr. Donald Bruce, creating an embryo in the knowledge that it would then be destroyed was “very disturbing” to most people.Father Paul Murray, secretary to the Catholic bishops joint bio-ethics committee, said that whatever the potential benefits, it should be regarded as “intrinsically evil” because the research depended on the use of foetal material.However, Professor Christine Gosden, professor of genetic medicine at Liverpool University, one of the four senior government advisers on the cloning sub-committee, said there would be no opportunity for abuse.For many years, patients with Parkinson's disease who did not respond to drugs have been treated with brain cells extracted from aborted foetuses, a practice approved by a committee led by the Rev Dr. John Polkinghorne, the prominent ethicist.Gosden said the arguments for the use of aborted foetal cells and therapeutic cloning were similar: “Before you have a disease, it is easy to say, ‘I would not use cells derived from a foetus’, but if you suffer from that disease, and that is your only hope, your approach can be quite different.”7. What is the new form of cloning discussed in the passage? What is the purpose of such cloning?8. Summarise the different views on baby cloning discussed in the passage.9. Explain the statement “All it takes now is financial investment.” (para.6)10. What is the significance of the discovery of embryonic stem cells?SECTION 6: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.十月的上海，阳光明媚，秋高气爽，来自35 个国家和地区的1300余名比赛选手参加了在沪举行的本世纪最后一届世界中学生运动会。
2023年3月上海市高级口译资格第一阶段笔试真题试卷及答案第一部分：听力理解题目一音频播放内容：请听第一段对话，回答第1至2小题。
W: Could you please tell me how to get to the nearest post office?M: Sure. Go straight along this street until you reach the traffic lights. Then turn left and you'll see the post office on your right.W: Thanks for your help.W: Excuse me, is the post office still open at this time?M: I'm not sure. You can call them to check.W: OK, thanks again.M: No problem.问题：1. Where is the nearest post office?2. How can the woman confirm if the post office is still open?答案：1. On the right, after turning left at the traffic lights.2. By calling the post office.题目二音频播放内容：请听第二段对话，回答第3至4小题。
W: Have you seen the weather forecast for tomorrow?M: No, I haven't. What did it say?W: It said it'll be sunny in the morning, but it might rain in the afternoon.M: I hope it stays sunny. I have plans for a picnic.W: Let's keep an eye on the weather. We can always reschedule if needed.M: That's true. Thanks for letting me know.M: Anyway, do you want to go get some ice cream later?W: Sure, that sounds great!问题：3. What does the weather forecast say about tomorrow?4. What are the speakers planning to do if the weather changes?答案：3. Sunny in the morning, but possibly rain in the afternoon.4. They will reschedule their picnic plans if needed.第二部分：阅读理解文章一The Benefits of Regular ExerciseRegular exercise is essential for maintaining good physical and mental health. Here are some of the key benefits:2. Disease Prevention: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes.3. Mental Well-being: Exercise releases endorphins, which are known as the "feel-good" hormones. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting better mental health.4. Improved Sleep: People who exercise regularly tend to have better sleep quality, allowing them to feel more rested and energized during the day.5. Increased Energy Levels: Engaging in physical activity boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue. Regular exercise improves overall stamina and endurance.In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into one's lifestyle brings numerous benefits to both physical and mental well-being. It is important to make time for exercise and prioritize it as a part of a healthy routine.问题：5. What is one of the benefits of regular exercise mentioned in the passage?6. What are endorphins known for?答案：5. Weight management and prevention of obesity.6. Endorphins are known as the "feel-good" hormones.文章二The Impact of Air Pollution on HealthAir pollution is a significant environmental issue that poses risks to human health. Here are some of the ways air pollution can affect our well-being:1. Respiratory Problems: Exposure to pollutants in the air can lead to respiratory issues, such as asthma and bronchitis. Long-term exposure can cause permanent lung damage.2. Cardiovascular Diseases: Air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles in the air can enter the bloodstream and affect the heart and blood vessels.4. Premature Death: Studies have shown that long-term exposure to air pollution can shorten life expectancy. The pollutants in the air contribute to various health conditions that can lead to premature death.In order to protect our health, it is crucial to take measures to reduce air pollution and improve air quality.问题：7. What are some health problems associated with air pollution according to the passage?8. What can be done to protect our health from air pollution?答案：7. Respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, allergies and irritations, and premature death.8. Measures should be taken to reduce air pollution and improve air quality.。
上海口译考试时间考点
上海口译考试时间及考点信息如下：
上海外语口译证书考试的笔试每年举行两次，其中英语高级口译、英语中级口译和日语中级口译证书第一阶段考试（笔试）分别于3月和9月中旬的一个休息日（周六或周日）举行。
考试地点可以在准考证上查看。
上海外语口译证书考试的口试每年举行两次，笔试考试通过后的两年内可报名口试（含本期共4次机会）。
日语高级口译证书考试、日语中级口译证书第二阶段考试（口试）、英语高级口译证书第二阶段考试（口试）和英语中级口译第二阶段考试（口试）的具体时间及考点可以在“上海外语口译证书考试网”上查询。
需要注意的是，具体的考试时间和考点可能会根据每年的情况有所调整，考生应及时关注官方通知，以获得最新信息。
我国英语几种口译证书的区别上海口译证书、教育部翻译证书和人事部翻译证书这三个是现在比较热门的三大翻译考试类型，中高级口译已经日益普及，CATTI证书正在慢热中，其他诸如欧盟口译之类仍然属于高端、职业化的范畴，一般的语言学习者，应该选择哪一种证书呢？一起来看看三者的详细比较吧。
求职英语大全一、自我介绍1) May I come in? 我可以进来吗？2) How are you doing, Mrs. Smith? 你好，史密斯女士。
3) Excuse me. May I see Mrs. Smith? 对不起，我可以见史密斯女士吗？4) Miss Wu? Will you come in please? Take a seat. 吴小姐，请进，坐下吧。
5) I have come here for an interview by appointment. Nice to meet you.我是应约来面试的，非常高兴见到你。
6) I am coming for an interview as required. 我是应邀来面试的。
7) Did you have any difficulty finding our company? 找到我们公司困难吗？8) How do you think of the weather today? 你认为今天的天气如何？Dialogue 1A: May I come in?I: Yes, please.A: How are you doing, Madam? My name is Wujing. I am coming to your company for an interview as requested.I: Fine, thank you for coming. Mr. Wu, Please take a seat. I amAnne Smith, the assistant manager.A: Nice to see you, Mrs. Smith.I: Nice to meet you, too.A: 我可以进来吗？I: 请进。
上海高级口译笔试考试流程考试时间上午8:20-11:50，分为上半场8:20-10:00,8:20开始播放考试流程，老师展示密封的卷子，根据录音提示下发卷子（试卷+答题卡）第一部分：听力（30分钟，分值50分）：1. 听力填空Spot dictation拿到卷子后，8:30第一部分听力正式开始，这一部分应该是听力部分比较好拿分数的，但是时间比较紧张，建议边听边在答题卷上填写答案（记住不是试卷上，是答题卷上,否则时间不够），这部分听力结束后基本没有时间给你誊写（考场上比较紧张，感觉只有1-2分钟左右）.当然如果为了保持卷面的整洁，可以先写在试卷上，后面用其余阅读或者翻译的时间来弥补这块，如果不加思考的话，预计需要3分钟左右，稍微思考一下预计需要5分钟。
2. 听力选择：这部分的题型我们也是比较熟悉的，主要题型是4篇听力，先播放听力内容，最后播放问题，然后让你根据问题选择答案，每段有5题，每题有ABCD四个选项，选择最优解，和我们以前听力不一样的是：问题不事先给你，而是在这段听力结束后才开始播放，这就要求：第一要听懂大概的内容，第二要听懂问题。
做这部分的时候注意各个选项，边听边看选项边做筛选，思考可能的出题点，特别是新闻事件，有干扰选项，都要仔细听，因为有可能要求你选择Not….,这就要求你听对三个选项。
这块的内容关于数字和日期的部分也要注意记录数字对应的事件，因为会有很多数字干扰项。
Remark：第一部分考试分数是50分：听力填空1.5*20=30，听力选择是20题，每题1分，20分。
第二部分：阅读理解（选择题，30分钟，分值50分）这部分内容我们非常熟悉，但是最大的问题是时间不够，4篇文章，每篇设置5个选择题，共计30分钟，每篇文章7分多钟，5个题干再加上4个选项读完，再理解下都要3分钟了吧，文章再看一遍，时间根本不够，所以做这块的题目基本没有给你斟酌的余地。
怎么办？先看题，带着问题阅读文章找答案凭直觉和以往知识的积淀快速做出选择。
mtriz一级认证考试
MTI认证考试是MTI（Master of Translation and Interpreting）专业的一项认证考试，旨在评估考生的翻译和口译能力。
该考试分为三个级别：一级、二级和三级。
MTI一级认证考试是最高级别的考试，要求考生具备较高的翻译和口译能力，包括对语言和文化的深入理解、对专业领域的熟悉程度、对翻译和口译技巧的熟练掌握等。
要参加MTI一级认证考试，考生需要具备一定的翻译和口译经验，并且需要通过二级认证考试。
考试内容涉及多个领域，如政治、经济、文化、科技等，考试形式包括笔译和口译，考试难度较大。
如果考生能够通过MTI一级认证考试，将会获得国际认可的翻译和口译资格，能够在国内外各种机构、组织、企业等担任高级翻译和口译职位。
英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试昂立模拟考试(2008年9月)试卷二TEST BOOK 2SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking And Gap-fillingDirections:In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talkPer capita water usage has been (1) ________ for many years. Annual per capita water withdrawals in the USA, for example, are about 1,700 cubic metres, which is (2) ________ times the level in Ethiopia. In the 21st century, the world's (3) ________ supply of renewable fresh water has to meet demands of both larger total population and increased per capita (4) ________. Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world's fresh water, so improvements in (5) ________ can make the greatest impact. (6) ________ is the second biggest user of water. Some industrial processes use vast amounts of water, for example, (7) ________ production is often very water-intensive. Though new processes have greatly reduced consumption, there is still plenty of room for big (8) ________ in industry. In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by (9) ________ increases and the use of (10) ________. In the USA, industrial production has risen fourfold since 1950, while water consumption has fallen by more than (11) ________. Many experts believe that the best way to counter the water (12) ________ is to impose water charges based on the (13) ________ cost of supplies. This would provide a powerful (14) ________ for consumers to introduce water-saving processes and recycling. Few governments charge realistic prices for water, especially to (15) ________. In many (16) ________ countries there is virtually no charge for irrigation water. One way to (17) ________ water resources is simply to prevent leaks in pipes, dripping (18) ________ and broken installations. Another way involves better management of the environment generally. (19) ________ can have a severe effect on local rainfall. Global warming is bound to affect rainfall patterns, though there is considerable disagreement about its precise (20) ________.1. Sentence TranslationDirections:In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE.After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)2. Passage TranslationDirections:In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE.After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.(1)(2)SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1-3The search for happiness is becoming more scientific. But does that make it any more accurate than it used to be? Two books explore a growth industryThe World Database of Happiness, in Rotterdam, collects all the available information about what makes people happy and why. According to the research, married, extroverted optimists are happier than single, pessimistic introverts, and Republicans are happier than Democrats. Nurses enjoy life more than bankers, and it helps to be religious, sexually active and a college graduate with a short commute to work. The wealthy experience more mirth than the poor, but not much. Most people say they are happy, but perhaps that is because they are expected to be.Having long ignored the subject, psychologists, economists and social scientists are now tackling happiness with zeal, particularly in America. Mostly this involves examining why people are not as happy as they should be, given the unprecedented access to freedom, opportunities and riches. Because happiness is now considered more an entitlement than a pursuit among citizens of prosperous countries, unhappiness has become a sign of failure, of weakness, and a prime source of dread. “Happy, you might say, is the new sad,” writes Eric Weiner in “The Geography of Bliss”, the latest contribution to the expanding field of p ositive psychology.A reporter for National Public Radio and a self-proclaimed unhappy person, Mr. Weiner used the Rotterdam database to find out where the happiest people live. He then traveled to these places in search of the secrets of contentment. “Are you happy?” he asks the locals of Iceland, Thailand, India and the Netherlands. “Have you seen our public toilets?” replies a man in Switzerland, one of the happiest countries. “They are very clean.” (Also the landscape is gorgeous, the trains prompt, the government attentive and the unemployment rate low.) In Qatar, a land of cartoonish opulence where happiness is seen as God's will, Mr Weiner's question is met with cringes; one of those asked suggests he “should become a Muslim” in order to know happine ss. In mellow Thailand everyone is “too busy being happy to think about happiness.”Mr. Weiner offers colorful observations, even when he samples hakarl, or rotten shark, an Icelandic speciality. Yet he chronicles his travels with a wearying feather-light jocularity, prizing one-liners over lucid analysis. And he fails to provide footnotes to his sources, despite relying simply on his “journalist's instincts”.Still, there is insight amid the anecdotes. Mr Weiner learns that the world's happiest places (such as Iceland and Switzerland) are often ethnically homogeneous even if they have high suicide rates. The least happy places (such as Moldova) are often former Soviet republics, where new political freedoms are undercut by general mistrust, nepotism, corruption and envy. For the British, happiness is a suspicious transatlantic import (“We don't do happiness,” quips one chap). While Americans, who “work longer hours and commute greater distances than virtually any other people in the world”, struggle hardest to be happy, and are often blind to their own failure;perhaps because the pursuit of happiness is an “inalienable right” in America.In any event, it is this “American obsession with happiness” that Eric Wilson lambasts in his slim polemic, “Against Happiness”. An English professor at Wake Forest University in North Carolina, Mr Wilson has crafted a tirade against the country's “wanton” embrace of “manic bliss”. He sounds a shrill alarm: “We are right at this moment annihilating melancholia,” he declares, which will deprive us of the creativity, genius and intellectual brilliance that come from this gloom. To experience beauty and lightness, we must also have death and darkness. But with anti-depressants, high-tech gadgets and botox, America is desperately trying to create “a brave new world of persistent good fortune, joy without pain, felicity with no penalty.”Given America's shift into positive-psychology overdrive, a thoughtful critique of this solipsistic grasping is welcome. Alas, Mr Wilson's is not that critique. Instead, it is an angry, emotional and often repetitive attack on a host of targets, including consumer culture (“happiness through acquisition”), the church (“happiness companies”), politics (“we blithely cheer its increasing demise”) and, most of all, those bland, robotic happy types, with their “paper-thin minds”. But who are these heartland Americans who are unable to feel pain and sadness? How did he find them? The author's self-serving indictment seethes with malevolence.Mr Wilson seems to be overlooking the fact that America's growing self-help industrial complex does not indicate “flaccid contentment” but its absence. As Mr Weiner writes, since 1960 America's “divorce rate has doubled, the teen-suicide rate tripled, the violent-crime rate quadrupled, and the prison population quintupled.” Also depression, anxiety and other mental-health problems are on the rise, ensuring there will be plenty of melancholic types to write poetry and compose music for some time. There is certainly little risk of eradicating the blues. As Eric Hoffer, an American social philosopher, once observed: “The search for happiness is one of the chief sources of unhappiness.”1. What does the author mean by “the search for happiness is becoming more scientific” (Para.1)? Give a list of some of the conclusions of the “scientific search”.2. According to Mr. Weiner’s travel and research, what are the characteristics of the placeswhere the happiest people live?3. Give a brief introduction to Eric Wilson’s book “Against Happiness”.Questions 4-6For fans, it is the biggest scandal since Gonch Gardner made off with Mr Bronson's toupee at the swimming pool. “Grange Hill”, a BBC children's television drama about an inner-city school and its raucous pupils, is getting a makeover as it celebrates its 30th anniversary this year. Formerly stuffed with edgy teenage storylines—drugs, gangs, pregnancy and so on—the next series will instead follow a younger cast, pitching more innocent plotlines to an audience of under-12s. Blasphemy, according to the programme's creator, Phil Redmond, who says it wouldbe better for the series to “hang up its mortar board”.The squeezing out of original programming for teenage viewers is one unexpected early consequence of the arrival of multi-channel digital television. Children are among the most eager adopters of digital TV, and now spend 82% of their viewing time on specialist digital channels rather than the old analogue five. Their parents are happy to indulge them: 90% of households with children have multi-channel television, against 76% of childless homes. More channels have meant lots more choice: some 113,000 hours of children's programmes were broadcast in 2006, compared with 20,000 in 1998.But there is a catch: nearly all of this is either imported or repeated. By 2006 only 1% of children's broadcasting consisted of original material made in Britain. Increased competition for viewers from the new channels, as well as bans on advertising junk food during children's shows, has made it unprofitable to commission expensive new children's programmes. Britain's main commercial broadcasters have halved their investment in children's shows since 1998.Pre-schoolers are getting the lion's share of what is left, partly because they are more likely to watch with their parents, whom advertisers will pay more to reach. The BBC, which is funded by a tax on households with televisions, has managed to increase its spending on children's programmes—yet it too seems to be focusing on younger kids. Its children's service, which used to cater for under-16s, was redefined in 2006 to attract under-12s away from competitors such as Disney and Nickelodeon. Programmes for older children, such as “Grange Hill”, are having to soften their content accordingly. A new teenagers' brand, BBC Switch, was launched in October, but its output is slim and mainly on the web, where Beeb bosses reckon teenagers now lurk. The television-minded among the over-12s are increasingly left to watch adult-oriented programmes or imports for children.Does it matter if young people come to consume almost exclusively television programmes that are made abroad? It might. “Grange Hill” and its ilk tackle awkward subjects that foreign series tend to shy away from, and in a British context that makes them more real to British children. And television helps to mould national identity. Most Britons under 40 can remember “Grange Hill” teachers as vividly as their own, and in some circles few things garner more respect than a “Blue Peter” bad ge. Finally, exporting programmes is a form of soft power. Big Bird is more famous than Condoleezza Rice; Britain's best ambassadors could well be the Teletubbies.4. What is “Grange Hill”? Why does the author mention it at the beginning of the passage?5. Paraphrase the sentence “pre-schoolers are getting the lion’s share of what is left”. (Para. 4)6. Why does the author say “Big Bird is more famous than Condoleezza Rice; Britain’s bestambassadors could well be the Teletubbies”, (Para. 5)?Questions 7-10“T his paper is the manifestation of a guilty conscience.” With those words, Paul Krugman began the recent presentation of his new study of trade and wages at the Brookings Institution. Mr. Krugman, a leading trade economist, had concluded in a 1995 Brookings paper that trade with poor countries played only a small role in America's rising wage inequality, explaining perhaps one-tenth of the widening income gap between skilled and unskilled workers during the 1980s. Together with several studies in the mid-1990s that had similar findings, Mr. Krugman's paper convinced economists that trade was a bit-part player in causing inequality. Other factors, particularly technological innovation that favored those with skills, were much more important.At some level that was a surprise. In theory, although trade brings gains to the economy as a whole, it can have substantial effects on the distribution of income. When a country with relatively more high-skilled workers (such as America) trades with poorer countries that have relatively more low-skilled workers, America's low skilled will lose out. But when the effect appeared modest, economists heaved a sigh of relief and moved on.In recent years, however, the issue has returned. Opinion polls suggest that Americans have become increasingly convinced that globalization harms ordinary workers. As a commentator, Mr. Krugman has become more sk eptical. “It's no longer safe to assert that trade's impact on the income distribution in wealthy countries is fairly minor,” he wrote on the VoxEU blog last year. “There's a good case that it is big and getting bigger.” He offered two reasons why. First, more of America's trade is with poor countries, such as China. Second, the growing fragmentation of production means more tasks have become tradable, increasing the universe of labor-intensive jobs in which Chinese workers compete with Americans. His new paper set out to substantiate these assertions.That proved hard. Certainly, America's trade patterns have changed. Poor countries' share of commerce in manufactured goods has doubled. In contrast to the 1980s, the average wage of America's top-ten trading partners has fallen since 1990. All of which, you might think, would increase the impact of trade on wage inequality.But by how much? If you simply update the approach used in Mr. Krugman's 1995 paper to take into account today's trade patterns, you find that the effect on wages has increased. Josh Bivens, of the Economic Policy Institute, a Washington, DC, think-tank, did just that and found that trade widened wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers by 6.9% in 2006 and 4.8% in 1995. But even with that increase, trade is still far from being the main cause of wage inequality. Lawrence Katz, a Harvard economist who discussed Mr. Krugman's paper at Brookings, estimates that, using Mr. Bivens's approach, trade with poor countries can account for about 15% of the growth in the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers since 1979.Even this is almost certainly an overstatement. Many imports from China have moved up-market from easy-to-produce products, such as footwear, to more sophisticated goods, such as computers and electronics. As a result, to use economists' jargon, the “factor content” ofAmerican imports—in effect, the amount of skilled labor they contain—has not shifted downwards. Mr. Katz says factor-based models suggest trade with poor countries explains only 5% of rising income inequality.Mr Krugman argues that the effect is bigger, but that import statistics are too coarse to capture it. Thanks to the fragmentation of production, Chinese workers are doing the low-skill parts of producing computers. Just because computers from China are classified as skill-intensive in America's imports does not prevent them from hurting less-skilled American workers. Mr. Krugman may be right but, as he admits, it is hard to prove.Robert Lawrence, another Harvard economist, has looked at the same evidence and reached rather different conclusions. In a new book, “Blue Collar Blues”, he points out that the contours of American inequality sit ill with the idea that trade with poor countries is to blame. Once you measure income properly, the gap between white- and blue-collar workers has not risen that much since the late 1990s when China's global integration accelerated. The wages of the least skilled have improved relative to those in the middle. Some types of inequality have increased, notably the share of income going to the very richest. But there is little sign that wage inequality has behaved as traditional trade theory might suggest.Mr. Lawrence offers two reasons why. One possibility is that America no longer makes some of the low-skilled, labor-intensive goods that it imports. In those goods there are no domestic workers to lose out to foreign competition. Second, even when America does produce something that is imported from China, it may make it in a different way, with more machinery and only a few high-skilled workers. If imports from China and other poor countries compete with more-skilled American workers, they may displace workers but will not widen wage inequality.7. Why does Paul Krugman say that his paper is “the manifestation of a guiltyconscience”(para. 1)?8. What made Mr. Krugman believe that the trade’s impact on the income distribution is “bigand getting bigger” (Para. 3)?9. What is “factor content”(para. 6)? What does it reveal in the analyzing of income inequality?10. What are Robert Lawrence’s findings in the research into income inequality? What are hisreasons?SECTION 6: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions:Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.这次发生在四川汶川等地的特大地震灾害，其破坏之严重、人员伤亡之多、救灾难度之大都是历史罕见的，抗震救灾工作面临着十分严峻的困难局面。
