英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试第一阶段试题

上海英语高级口译资格证书第1阶段测试C1参考答案SECTION 1：LISTENING TESTPART A：Spot Dictation1. produce fuel 2. four main areas3. a possible solution 4. look at the oil crisis5. alternative energy sources 6. fossil fuels7. harnessing of wind and waves 8. human and animal waste9. conversion of plant material 10. a large agriculture sector11. possiblility of using 12. in the production of alcohol13. has fallen dramatically 14. in the last decade15. dependent on 16. using their sugar17. relatively economical 18. other starchy plants19. in tropical countries 20. corn and sugar beetPART B: Listening Comprehension1-5 B D C A B 6-10 D B C A B11-15 C D B A B 16-20 A B B D BSECTION 2: READING TEST1-5 B C B D B 6-10 C C D B B11-15 D C C B B 16-20 D C B D CSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST对美国文化常见的批评，是说美国人过分热衷于物质产品而忽视人的精神。

据称，美国人只崇拜“万能的美元”。

我们美国人在生活上竞相攀比。

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SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking and Gap-fillingDirections: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk only once. While listening to the talk, you may take notes no the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. Youare required to write ONE word or figure only in each lank. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.Advertising is important to companies because no company can make a ________(1) onany product unless it advertises it first in the ____________(2). There are three categories of media: print, broadcast and __________(3). The print media consist of newspapers and________(4). Newspaper ads can reach large numbers of people, but they are not very___________(5) or glamorous. Magazine advertisement allows a business to direct its ads to the people who are most ___________(6) in the product, but it can be very expensive. The broadcast media include __________(7) and television. Of all the media, television is the most dramatic. so television ads are easy to __________(8).What's more, almost everybody watches TV, and most TV programmes are broadcast_______(9). TV ads are viewed by millions of people all over the country. TV advertisement is enormously ___________(10).The most common direct medium is the __________(11). The advantage is that the ad goes directly in the ___________(12) customer's hands. But these ads are often calle d “________(13) mail”, and are thrown away without being ___________(14).Another direct medium is _____________(15), those huge signs on the street. The messageon billboards is ____________(16), but it has to be very _________(17). The third type of direct medium is signs and ____________(18), which are usually used in point of purchase advertising and can be found in ______________(19) and shop windows. The advantage is that they are______________(20).Part B: Listening and TranslationⅠSentence TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences only once. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.(1)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (2)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (3)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (4)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (5)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Ⅱ. Passage TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write you version inthe corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.(1)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________(2)___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer INCOMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1～3A “Campaign for Real Braille” has been set up after pl ans to introduce capital letters intothe braille alphabet have split the blind community.The Braille Authority of the United Kingdom (BAUK) has announced that by 2000it is introducing capital letters into a code which has previously only used lower-case characters. Supporters say that it is necessary because of the increasing use of capitals as abbreviations,as well as their use in e-mail addresses. It will also bring the UK in line with otherEnglish-speaking countries.But opponents, such as Sara Morgan, the 25-year-old founder of the campaign, argue it will push up costs and make books more cumbersome. “There aren't many industries where they actively make costs go up,” she said. “What I think in particularly ironic, though, is the factthis is going to come in at the same time as the Disability Discrimination Act. So, just as we're asking restaurants to provide braille menus we're making it more expensive to do so.”Braille, devised by Louis Braille in the 19th century is based upon a system of six raiseddots arranged to represent each character in the alphabet and several short-form words. Around 12,000 people use braille in this country.BAUK said that it took the decision to go-ahead with plans to introduce capitals after a questionnaire completed by 1,200 braille readers showed that a majority was in favour of change.The secretary of BAUK, Stephen Phippen, said: “The reason the decision was made wason the basis of the questionnaire, answered by individual members, not on what BAUK thought.”Overall 46 per cent of people were in favour of introducing a capital letter sign wherever a capital letter appears in print and just under 30 per cent were against. Among the respondents classing themselves as visually impaired (those who have some ability to read by sight) it was more popular compared to those who can read braille only by touch.Ms Morgan said the figures showed “there wasn't even a majority”. But Mr. Phippen said:“Those in favour were more or less 50 per cent. Those against were roughly half that. So twice as many people are in favour as against.”A spokesman for the National Library for the Blind said a survey done by it in 1994/5found readers were not in favour. The results of the BAUK survey however convinced them, and a spokesman said the y would implement the change.“We recognise there are advantages and disadvantages and we shall be working with our readers to help them understand how this symbol will operate,” he said.The introduction of capital letters is projected to take place by the end of 1999.“There are pros and cons,” admits Mr. Phippen. “But it should be noted that we are theonly English speaking country which has not yet introduced capital letters and of all the other countries which have not one has regretted it and tried to move back.”However Ms Morgan added: “We are determined to fight it all the way. They have got tostop trampling over people's rights.”1. Give a brief introduction of Braille system.2. What is the major issue discussed in the passage?3. what can be learned from Mr. Phippen's talk?Questions 4～6Modern woman may be better educated, have a better job and earn more money than her grandmother ever dream of, but in one way he life remains the same—eight out of ten women still do the household chores.Only 1 per cent of men say they do the washing and ironing or decide what to have for dinner. The only area where average man is more likely to help out is with small repairs around the house.The report Social Focus on Women and Men, by the Office for National Statistics, foundthat attitudes to women working have changed drastically over the past decade. Whereas in 1987 more than half of men and 40 per cent of women agreed with the statement, “A husband's job is to earn the money, a wife's job is to look after th e home and family”, that view had halved among both sexes by 1994.The numbers agreeing strongly with the statement, “A job is all right but what mostwomen really want is a home and children”, had also halved from 15 pre cent to 7 per cent of men feeling that way and 12 per cent to5 per cent of women.Women's increased participation in the world of work has been one of the most striking features of recent decades. Nearly half of all women aged 55 to 59 have no qualifications. But their granddaughters are outperforming their male peers across the board, and from1989overtook boys at A-levels.Gender stereotypes persist at this level of education, however, with more than three-fifths of English entrants being female, wile a similar proportion of maths entrants are male. A greater number of boys take physics and chemistry whereas girls predominate in social sciences and history.The explosion in higher education means there was a 66 per cent increase in number offemale undergraduates and a 50 per cent increase in the number of male undergraduates between 1990-91 and 1995-96.Women are also making breakthroughs in specific are4as of employment. Women nowform a slight majority among new solicitors although they make up only one-third of all solicitors. Since 1984 the number of women in work has risen by 20 per cent to 10.5 million. But when it comes to pay, they still lag behind their male peers. Women earn on average 80per of what men do per hour. They are also far more likely to work part-time or with temporary contracts.Part of the reason for this is because women still take the main role in childcare, althoughthey are more likely to work than in the past. The number of mothers with children under five doubled between 1973 and 1996. And the number of women who return to work within nine to eleven months of the birth increased dramatically. In 1974, only 24 per cent of women returned in this period compared with 67 per cent in 1996.The relationship between the sexes has also seen changes. Seven in ten first marriages arenow preceded by cohabitation compared with only one in twenty first marriages in themid-1960s. Since 1992 women in their early thirties have been more likely to give birth than those in their early twenties, although the fertility rate is still highest among those aged 25 to 29.4. What is the theme of the passage?5. What are gender stereotypes? List the gender stereotypes at the level of higher education discussed in the passage.6. What are the major changes concerning the status of women in Britain?Questions 7～10A new form of cloning to provide every baby with an embryonic “twin”, from which spare body parts could be grown and life threatening diseases treated is expected to be approved within weeks by senior government advisers on medical ethics.If their report is accepted by ministers, it would mean that Britain—which 20 years ago pioneered the test tube baby and last year produced Dolly, the world's first cloned mammal—could be the first to clone a human embryo.A working party from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission is expected to come down firmly against reproductive cloning, the process of replicating a living human being. It is expected to recommend government support of so called stem cells, stem cells, are extracted and used to grow spare parts, treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's or address the debilitating effects of cancer, strokes and heart attacks.Dr. Austin Smith, the scientist likely to be granted the first licence for the work, said thatwithin the next 12 years it would be routine for every baby to have an embryonic clone.“All it takes now is financial investment,” said Smith, director of Edinburgh University's centre for genome research. The crucial discovery of embryonic stem cells, from which skin, bone. muscles, nerves and vital organs grow, was made earlier this month by scientists in America.In a submission to the HFEA, Smith said that in order to isolate these cells it is only necessary for the embryo to develop in the laboratory for six days, well within the 14-day limit of current regulation.The cells would then be grown and manipulated to make anything from blood or brain cellsto tissue for repairing damaged organs and, ultimately, parts that could be transplanted without fear of the host body rejecting them.The development is likely to meet strong opposition from the church. Dr. Donald Bruce, creating an embryo in the knowledge that it would then be destroyed was “very disturbing” to most people.Father Paul Murray, secretary to the Catholic bishops joint bio-ethics committee, said that whatever the potential benefits, it should be regarded as “intrinsically evil” because the research depended on the use of foetal material.However, Professor Christine Gosden, professor of genetic medicine at Liverpool University, one of the four senior government advisers on the cloning sub-committee, said there would be no opportunity for abuse.For many years, patients with Parkinson's disease who did not respond to drugs have been treated with brain cells extracted from aborted foetuses, a practice approved by a committee led by the Rev Dr. John Polkinghorne, the prominent ethicist.Gosden said the arguments for the use of aborted foetal cells and therapeutic cloning were similar: “Before you have a disease, it is easy to say, ‘I would not use cells derived from a foetus’, but if you suffer from that disease, and that is your only hope, your approach can be quite different.”7. What is the new form of cloning discussed in the passage? What is the purpose of such cloning?8. Summarise the different views on baby cloning discussed in the passage.9. Explain the statement “All it takes now is financial investment.” (para.6)10. What is the significance of the discovery of embryonic stem cells?SECTION 6: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.十月的上海，阳光明媚，秋高气爽，来自35 个国家和地区的1300余名比赛选手参加了在沪举行的本世纪最后一届世界中学生运动会。

2023年3月上海市高级口译资格第一阶段笔试真题试卷及答案第一部分：听力理解题目一音频播放内容：请听第一段对话，回答第1至2小题。

W: Could you please tell me how to get to the nearest post office?M: Sure. Go straight along this street until you reach the traffic lights. Then turn left and you'll see the post office on your right.W: Thanks for your help.W: Excuse me, is the post office still open at this time?M: I'm not sure. You can call them to check.W: OK, thanks again.M: No problem.问题：1. Where is the nearest post office?2. How can the woman confirm if the post office is still open?答案：1. On the right, after turning left at the traffic lights.2. By calling the post office.题目二音频播放内容：请听第二段对话，回答第3至4小题。

W: Have you seen the weather forecast for tomorrow?M: No, I haven't. What did it say?W: It said it'll be sunny in the morning, but it might rain in the afternoon.M: I hope it stays sunny. I have plans for a picnic.W: Let's keep an eye on the weather. We can always reschedule if needed.M: That's true. Thanks for letting me know.M: Anyway, do you want to go get some ice cream later?W: Sure, that sounds great!问题：3. What does the weather forecast say about tomorrow?4. What are the speakers planning to do if the weather changes?答案：3. Sunny in the morning, but possibly rain in the afternoon.4. They will reschedule their picnic plans if needed.第二部分：阅读理解文章一The Benefits of Regular ExerciseRegular exercise is essential for maintaining good physical and mental health. Here are some of the key benefits:2. Disease Prevention: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes.3. Mental Well-being: Exercise releases endorphins, which are known as the "feel-good" hormones. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting better mental health.4. Improved Sleep: People who exercise regularly tend to have better sleep quality, allowing them to feel more rested and energized during the day.5. Increased Energy Levels: Engaging in physical activity boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue. Regular exercise improves overall stamina and endurance.In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into one's lifestyle brings numerous benefits to both physical and mental well-being. It is important to make time for exercise and prioritize it as a part of a healthy routine.问题：5. What is one of the benefits of regular exercise mentioned in the passage?6. What are endorphins known for?答案：5. Weight management and prevention of obesity.6. Endorphins are known as the "feel-good" hormones.文章二The Impact of Air Pollution on HealthAir pollution is a significant environmental issue that poses risks to human health. Here are some of the ways air pollution can affect our well-being:1. Respiratory Problems: Exposure to pollutants in the air can lead to respiratory issues, such as asthma and bronchitis. Long-term exposure can cause permanent lung damage.2. Cardiovascular Diseases: Air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles in the air can enter the bloodstream and affect the heart and blood vessels.4. Premature Death: Studies have shown that long-term exposure to air pollution can shorten life expectancy. The pollutants in the air contribute to various health conditions that can lead to premature death.In order to protect our health, it is crucial to take measures to reduce air pollution and improve air quality.问题：7. What are some health problems associated with air pollution according to the passage?8. What can be done to protect our health from air pollution?答案：7. Respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, allergies and irritations, and premature death.8. Measures should be taken to reduce air pollution and improve air quality.。

上海英语高级口译资格证书第1阶段测试G1参考答案参考答案:SECTION 1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. finish training 2. no atmosphere3. football players 4. Team spirit5. motivate the team 6. as individuals7. put too much pressure on them 8. too tense9. giving people autonomy 10. very rarely interfere11. on their results 12. keep on employint them13. making more substitutions 14. leave them alone15. don’t feel 16. want to discuss it17. in a couple of days’ time 18. fight back19. down to your attitude 20. waste my time on themPart B: Listening Comprehension1-5 D B C C D 6-10 C D A B C11-15 C A D D B 16-20 B B C C ASECTION 2: READING TEST1-5 D A C B D 6-10 D C A B B11-15 D B B D C 16-20 D B C D BSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST对家庭未来的担忧，其主要来源不是根植于现实，而是根植于文化上理想化的期望与现实本身之间的紧张关系。

对一种已失落的家庭传统的怀念（实际上，这种家庭传统从未存在过）影响了我们对现代社会家庭状况的了解。

因此，时下对家庭命运的担忧，不仅反映出家庭里的问题，而且也反映了对其他社会问题各种各样的忧虑，而这些社会问题最终都投射到家庭上。

英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试昂立模拟考试(2009年3月)参考答案SECTION 1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation本项共30分，每格1.5分1. guide you through your studies 11. a good selection of stationery2. cooperative approach 12. at times specified3. specialist assistance and courses 13. weary from study4. numeracy skills 14. recreational activities5. as to which course to follow 15. sporting activities6. the individual 16. debating society7. suit your circumstances 17. always welcome8. your previous experience 18. practical or personal difficulties9. relaxed and friendly atmosphere 19. financial or personal nature10. a wide range of books 20. in touch withPart B: Listening Comprehension本项共20分，每格1分1. D2. A3. D4. D5. B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. BSECTION 2: READING TEST本项共50分，每空格2.5分1. D2. C3. B4. B5. B6. A7. C8. D9. B 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. DB17. C 18. BC19. A 20. BSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST 本项50分当下主导着本次大选的焦点令人忧心忡忡：如何恢复美国经济及其国际声誉。

上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试第一阶段试题（06.9）SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST(30 minutes)Part A: Spot DictationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the world or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONL Y ONCE.Play is very important for humans from birth to death. Play is not meant to be just for children. It is a form of ___________ (1) that can tap into your creativity, and can allow you the chance to find your inner child and the inner child of others. I have collected the ___________ (2) of play here.Play can stimulate you ___________ (3). It can go against all the rules, and change the same ___________ (4). Walt Disney was devoted to play, and his willingness to ___________ (5) changed the world of entertainment. The next time you are stuck in a ___________ (6) way of life, pull out a box of color pencils, modeling clay, glue and scissors, and ___________ (7) and break free. You will be amazed at the way your thinking ___________ (8).Playing can bring greater joy into your life. What do you think the world would be like-if ___________ (9) each day in play? I bet just asking you this question has ___________ (10). Play creates laughter, joy, entertainment, ___________ (11). Starting today, try to get 30 minutes each day to engage in some form of play, and ___________ (12) rise!Play is known ___________ (13). Studies show that, as humans, play is part of our nature. We have the need to play because it is instinctive and ___________ (14).With regular play, our problem-solving and ___________ (15) will be in much better shape to handle this complex world, and we are much more likely to choose ___________ (16) as they arise. It creates laughter and freedom that can instantly reduce stress and __________ (17) to our daily living.Play can ___________ (18), curiosity, and creativity. Research shows that play is both a ‘hands-on’ and ‘minds-on’ learning process. It produces a deeper, ___________ (19) of the world and its possibilities. We begin giving meaning to life through story making, and playing out ___________ (20).Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONL Y ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.1. (A) in Cherry Blossoms Village ninety of the residents are over 85 years old.(B) In the United States, there are twice as many centenarians as there were ten years ago.(C) All the people studied by these scientists from Georgia live in institutions for the elderly.(D) Almost all the residents in Cherry Blossoms Village have unusual hobbies.2. (A) Whether the centenarians can live independently in small apartments.(B) Whether it is feasible to establish a village for the “oldest old” people.(C) What percentage of the population are centenarians in the state of Georgia.(D) What the real secrets are to becoming an active and healthy 100-year-old.3. (A) Diet, optimism, activity or mobility, and genetics.(B) Optimism, commitment to interesting things, activity or mobility, and adaptability to loss.(C) The strength to adapt to loss, diet, exercise, and genetics.(D) Diet, exercise, commitment to something they were interested in, and genetics.4. (A) The centenarians had a high calorie and fat intake.(B) The centenarians basically eat something different.(C) The centenarians eat a low-fat and low-calorie, unprocessed food diet.(D) The centenarians eat spicy food, drink whiskey, and have sweet pork every day.5. (A) Work hard.(B) Stay busy.(C) Stick to a balanced diet.(D) Always find something to laugh about.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following news.6. (A) Global temperatures rose by 3 degrees in the 20th century.(B) Global warming may spread disease that could kill a lot of people in Africa.(C) Developed countries no longer depend on fossil fuels for transport and power.(D) The impact of the global warming will be radically reduced by 2050.7. (A) Taking bribes.(B) Creating a leadership vacuum at the country’s top car maker.(C) Misusing company funds for personal spending.(D) Offering cash for political favors.8. (A) The nation has raised alert status to the highest level and thousands of people have moved to safety.(B) The eruption of Mount Merapi has been the worst in Indonesia over the past two decades.(C) All residents in the region ten kilometers from the base of the mountain have evacuated.(D) The eruption process was a sudden burst and has caused extensive damage and heavy casualty.9. (A) 6 to 7.(B) 8 to 10.(C) 11 to 16.(D) 17 to 25.10. (A) Curbing high-level corruption.(B) Fighting organized crime.(C) Investigating convictions of criminals.(D) Surveying the threats to national security.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.11. (A) A wine taster. (B) A master water taster. (C) The host of the show. (D) The engineer who works on the water treatment plant.12. (A) Berkeley Springs.(B) Santa Barbara.(C) Atlantic City. (D) Sacramento.13. (A) Being saucy and piquant.(B) Tasting sweet (C) A certain amount of minerals.(D) An absence of taste.14. (A) Looking—smelling—tasting. (B) Tasting—smelling—looking.(C) Smelling—looking—tasting. (D) Tasting—looking—smelling.15. (A) Bathing. (B) Boiling pasta in. (C) Swimming. (D) Making tea.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.16. (A) Enhance reading and math skills. (B) Increase the students’ appreciation of nature.(C) Improve math, but not reading skills. (D) Develop reading, but not math skills.17. (A) To help the students appreciate the arts. (B) To make the students’ education more well-rounded.(C) To investig ate the impact of arts training. (D) To enhance the students’ math skills.18. (A) Once weekly. (B) Twice weekly. (C) Once a month. (D) Twice a month.19. (A) Six months. (B) Seven months.(C) Eight months. (D) Nine months.20. (A) The children’s attitude.(B) The children’s test scores.(C) Both the children’s attitude and test scores.(D) Both the teachers’ and the children’s attitude.SECTION 2: READING TEST(30 minutes)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in yourANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1—5Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inextricably tied to their children’s success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it’s no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that, just maybe, ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It’s not quite that simple. “Kids can be given the opportunities to become passionate about a subject or activity, but they can’t be forced,” says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, who led a landmark, 25-year study examining what motivated first-and seventh-grades in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don’t seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Figuring out why the fire went out is the first step. Assuming that a kid doesn’t suffer from an emotional or learning disabi lity, or isn’t involved in some family crisis at ho me, many educators attribute a sudden lack of motivation to a fear of failure or peer pressure that conveys the message that doing well academically somehow isn’t cool. “Kids get so caught up in the moment-to-moment issue of will they look smart or dumb, a nd it blocks them from thinking about the long term,” says Carol Dweck, a psychology professor at Stanford. “You have to teach them that they are in charge of their intellectual growth.” Ove r the past couple of years, Dweck has helped run an experimental workshop with New York City public school seventh-graders to do just that. Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. “The message is that everything is within the kids’ control, that their intelligence is malleable,” says Lisa Blackwell, a research scientist at Columbia University who has worked with Dweck to develop and run the program, which has helped increase the students’ interest in school and turned around their declining math grades. More than any teacher or workshop, Blackwell says, “parents can play a critical role in conveying this message to the ir children by praising their effort, strategy and progress rather than emphasizing their ‘smartness’ or praising high performance alone. Most of all, parents should let their kids know that mistakes are a part of learning.”Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different lev els of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. “These programs shut down the motivation of all kids who aren’t considered gifted and talented. They destroy their confidence,” says Jeff Howard, a social psychologist a nd president of the Efficacy Institute, a Boston-area organization that works with teachers and parents in school districts around the country to help improve children’s academic performance. Howard and other educators say it’s important to expose kids to a world b eyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions,” says Michael Nakkual, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to disabuse them of the notion that classwork is irrelevant, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that you have to learn to walk before you can run.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the first paragraph?(A) Children are born with a kind of healthy ambition.(B) How a baby learns to walk and talk.(C) Ambition can be taught like other subjects at school.(D) Some teenage children lose their drive to succeed.2. According to some educators and psychologists, all of the following would be helpful to cultivate students’ ambition to succeed EXCEPT ________.(A) stimulating them to build up self-confidence(B) cultivating the attitude of risk taking(C) enlarging the areas for children to succeed(D) making them understand their family crisis3. What is the message that peer pressure conveys to children?(A) A sudden lack of motivation is attributed to the student’s failure.(B) Book knowledge is not as important as practical experience.(C) Looking smart is more important for young people at school.(D) To achieve academic excellence should not be treated as the top priority.4. The word “malleable” in the clause “that their intelligence is malleable,” (para.3) most probably means capable of being ________.(A) altered and developed(B) blocked and impaired(C) sharpened and advanced(D) replaced and transplanted5. The expression “to disabuse them of the notion” (para.4) can be paraphrased as ________.(A) to free them of the idea(B) to help them understand the idea(C) to imbue them with the notion(D) to inform them of the conceptQuestions 6—10Civil-liberties advocates reeling from the recent revelations on surveillance had something else to worry about last week: the privacy of the billions of search queries made on sites like Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft. As part of a long-running court case, the government has asked those companies to turn over information on its users’ search behav ior. All but Google have handed over data, and now the Department of Justice has moved to compel the search giant to turn over the goods.What makes this case different is that the intended use of the information is not related to national security, but the government’s continuing attempt to police Internet pornography. In 1998, Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), but courts have blocked its implementation due to First Amendment concerns. In its appeal, the DOJ wants to prove how easy it is to inadvertently stumble upon pore. In order to conduct a controlled experiment—to be performed by a UC Berkeley professor of statistics—the DOJ wants to use a large sample of actual search terms from the different search engines. It would then use those terms to do its own searches, employing the different kinds of filters each search engine offers, in an attempt to quantify how often “material that is harmful to minors” might appear. Google contends that since it is not a party to the case, the gover nment has not right to demand its proprietary information to perform its test. “We intend to resist their motion vigorously,” said Google attorney Nicole Wong.DOJ spokesperson Charles Miller says that the government is requesting only the actual search terms, and not anything that would link the queries to those who made them. (The DOJ is also demanding a list of a million Web sites that Google indexes to determine the degree to which objectionable sites are searched.) Originally, the government asked for a treasure trove of all searches made in June and July 2005; the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries.One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case. If the built-in filters that each search engine provides are effective in blocking porn sites, the government will have wound up proving what the opposition has said all along—you don’t need to suppress speech to protect minors on the Net. “We think that our filtering technology doe s a good job protecting minors from inadvertently seeing adult content,” says Ramez Naam, group program manager of MSN Search.Though the government intends to use these data specifically for its COPA-related test, it’s possible that the information could lead to further investigations and, perhaps, subpoenas to find out who was doing the searching. What if certain search terms indicated that people were contemplating terrorist actions or other criminal activities? Says the DOJ’s Miller, “I’m assuming that if something raised alarms, we would hand it over to the proper authorities.” Privacy advocates fear that if the government request is upheld, it will open the door to further government examination of search behavior. One solution would be for Google to stop storing the information, but the company hopes to eventually use the personal information of consenting customers to improve search performance. “Search is a window into people’s personalities,” says Kurt Opsahl, an Electronic Frontier Foundation attor ney. “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”6. When the American government asked Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft to turn over information on its users’ searchbehavior, the major intention is _________.(A) to protect national security(B) to help protect personal freedom(C) to monitor Internet pornography(D) to implement the Child Online Protection Act7. Google refused to turn over “its proprietary information”(para.2) required by DOJ as it believes that ________.(A) it is not involved in the court case(B) users’ privacy is most important(C) the government has violated the First Amendment(D) search terms is the company’s business secret8. The phrase “scaled back to” in the sentence “the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries” (para.3) can be replaced by _________.(A) maximized to(B) minimized to(C) returned to(D) reduced to9. In the sentence “One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.”(para.4), the expression “sink its own case” most probably means that _________.(A) counterattack the opposition(B) lead to blocking of porn sites(C) provide evidence to disprove the case(D) give full ground to support the case10. When Kurt Opsahl says that “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.” (para.5), the expression “Big Brother” is used to refer to _________.(A) a friend or relative showing much concern(B) a colleague who is much more experienced(C) a dominating and all-powerful ruling power(D) a benevolent and democratic organizationQuestions 11—15On New Year’s Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenya n jails went without lunch. This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated 3.5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened with starvation. The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west, however, you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.How so? It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’ tradit ional way of life. Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands. Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American a nd other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries’ national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists’ herds make up over 10 per cent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion’s share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production. It didn’t work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa’s drylands can support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching.What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive (the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it). Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths.This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world’s intere sts to help out.11. Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?(A) Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them from drought.(B) The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.(C) The rich world should give more support to the African people to overcome drought.(D) Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa’s pastoralism.12. The word “encapsulates” in the sentence “Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.” (para. l) can be replaced by ________.(A) concludes.(B) involves.(C) represents.(D) aggravates.13. What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditional lifestyle of pastoralism?(A) Neutral and indifferent.(B) Sympathetic and understanding.(C) Critical and vehement.(D) Subjective and fatalistic.14. When the author writes “the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors.” (para.4), he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not __________.(A) have an objective view of the situation in Africa(B) understand the unpredictable weather systems there(C) feel themselves superior in decision making(D) care about the development of the local people15. The author’s main purpose in writing this article in _________.(A) to evaluate the living conditions of Kenyan pastoralists(B) to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in Africa(C) to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralism(D) to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesQuestions 16—20The prospects for finding life beyond Earth may be brightening. Today, scientists are reporting evidence for yet another potential habitat in our solar system: Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Scientists mining new data from the Cassini spacecraft say they may have found evidence that Enceladus—the planet’s fourth-largest moon—hosts liquid water.If the results hold up, this would bring to four the number of bodies in the solar system—including Earth—that display active volcanism. And since life as biologists know it requires liquid water and a source of energy, Enceladus would join Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan, as well as Mars, as possible spots beyond Earth where simple forms of life may have gained or still maintain a foothold.The discovery, however, is bittersweet for many scientists. NASA’s proposed budget for fiscal 2007 calls for a 50 percent cut in its astrobiology program. Although the program is a tiny piece of the agency’s overall spending plan for science, it’s a significant source of money for probing fundamental questions of how and why life emerged on Earth and whether life arose elsewhere in the universe.A 50-percent cut “is almost a going-out-of-business-level cut” in a vibrant line of research that stands as one pillar supporting President Bush’s vision for space exploration, says planetary sci entist Sean Solomon, who heads the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington.Nevertheless, the research in today’s issue of the journal Science is the sort of thing that continues to light a fire under the field. Its re port about liquid water under the icy surface of Enceladus is a “radical conclusion,” acknowledges Carolyn Porco, who leads the imaging team working with data from the Cassini orbiter. But if the team is right, “we have significantly broadened the diversity of solar-system environments” that might have rolled out the welcome mat “for living organisms,” she concludes.Images released last fall show the moon ejecting vast plumes of material near its unexpectedly warm south pole. As the team pondered the evidence, they nixed several explanations, including the idea that the particles in the plumes were driven by vapor billowing out as ice reached the surface and immediately turned into a gas. The last idea standing: Liquid water was venting from reservoirs near the surface, perhaps only tens of meters below the frigid crust. This explanation also helped solve the riddle of puzzlingly high levels of oxygen atoms found in Saturn’s neighborhood.Confirmation could come with additional flybys, if water—and perhaps life—is present, it wouldn’t be “luxuriant,” notes Jeffrey Kargel, a researcher at the University of Arizona at Tucson. It likely would face tough conditions—nasty chemicals, very low temperatures, and little energy to drive it. Still, he adds, it’s prematu re to cross the moon off the list of possible “outposts” for life beyond Earth. Yet the prospect of building on these results could be dimmer with the threat of budget cut s. The proposed reductions post several challenges, researchers say.One is the loss of important financial leverage. While money for experiments and other research related to astrobiology can come from other funding agencies, such as the National Science Foundation or even the National Institutes of Health, NASA’s program often provides the crucial missing piece that turns demanding and sometimes dangerous fieldwork into exciting results.One of the biggest successes over the program’s 10-year history has been to help revolutionize the way science is done. Answering questions about the origins of life on Earth and the prospects for life elsewhere require strong collaborations. From radio astronomers to biologists and geologists studying the evolution of Earth, groups are working together in ways they never thought of a decade ago, adds Edward Young, a geochemist at the University of California at Los Angeles.“NASA’s made a lot of progress by making a relatively small investment in a way that has brought disparate experts together from the whole spectrum of physical and biological sciences. It’s a wonderful lesson on how to make progress by crossing these boundaries,” Dr. Solomon says. “It would be regrettable to stop that experiment.”16. According to the passage, simple forms of life might be found on the following heavenly bodies in the solar system: ________.(A) Europa, Titan, Earth’s moon and Mars(B) Europa, Mars, Titan and Enceladus(C) Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and Enceladus(D) Earth’s moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn17. When the author says “The discovery, however, is bittersweet for many scientists.” (para.3), he most probably means that the discovery _________.(A) greatly discourages scientists。

参考答案: SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST Part A: Spot Dictation 1. the majority of employees 2. that affect them 3. two-way communication 4. within the company 5. set in motion 6. between managers and staff 7. value consultation with our workforce 8. to perform effectively 9. know the basic facts 10. more efficient 11. give you one example 12. new products 13. some outline about a company’s profit 14. its competitors 15. future product plans 16. hear about it 17. ignore the face 18. communicate with supervisors 19. what is going on 20. they haven’t been told formally Part B: Listening Comprehension 1-5 B D C A C 6-10 C B C A C 11-15 C A D A D 16-20 A B D A C SECTION 2: READING TEST 1-5 D D B C B 6-10 B C B D A 11-15 C D B A D 16-20 D B C C B SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST 如果各公司断然采取西⽴国家裁员的做法以增加利润，⽇本⼀度令⼈羡慕的失业率将上升⾄两位数。

第一部分历年真题上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试真题及详解（一）第一阶段考试SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Spot DictationDirections:In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or wordsyou have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the correspondingspace in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passageONLY ONCE. Now let’s begin Part A with Spot Dictation.We already live in an over-communicated world that will only become more so in the next tech era. We’ve _____(1) that gets us so much information. We’ve got _____(2)every second, we’ve got computers and laptops, we’ve got personal organizers and we’re just being _____(3) and every advance in technology seems to create more and more communications at us. We are sort of _____(4).Research suggests that all the multi-tasking may actually make our brains _____(5), producing a world-wide increase in IQ _____(6) and more in recent decades. Is there any real benefit in _____(7) we now have to go through?We’re not becoming a race of _____(8), but many do think certain skills are enhanced and certain are not. You know the ability to _____(9), to answer a dozen mails in five minutes, or to fill out _____(10). That’s enhanced. But when someone is out there with his kids _____(11) or something like that, he’s got his cell phone inhis pocket. He’s always wondering, “Gee, did I get a voicemail?” This might have negative effects _____(12).Creativity is something that happens slowly. It happens when your brain is just _____(13), just playing, when it _____(14) which you hadn’t thou ght of, or maybe you have time to read a hook. You are a businessperson but you have time to _____(15), or about a philosopher and something that happened long ago or something or some idea _____(16). Actually, it might occur to you that you _____(17) in t hat way, and so it’s this mixture of unrelated ideas that feeds your productivity, _____(18). And if your mind is disciplined to answer every e-mail, then you don’t have time for that playful nodding. You don’t have time for _____(19). So I think maybe we’re getting smarter in some senses, hut over-communication is _____(20) and to our reflection.【答案】1. developed technology2. cell phones ringing3. bombarded with communication4. overwhelmed by the information flow5. work better and faster6. up to 20 points7. all these mental gymnastics8. global idiots9. make fast decisions10. maybe big aptitude tests11. playing in his little league12. on our own brain patterns13. nodding around14. puts together ideas15. read a book about history16. somebody thought of long ago17. can think of your own business18. feeds your creativity19. those unexpected conjunctions20. a threat to our creativity【录音原文】We already live in an over-communicated world that will only become more so in the next tech era. We’ve developed technology that gets us so much information that we’ve got cell phones ringing every second, we’ve got computers and laptops, we’ve got personal organizers and we’re just being bombarded with communication and every advance in technology seems to create more and more communications at us. We are sort of overwhelmed by the information flow.Research suggests that all the multi-tasking may actually make our brains work better and faster, producing a world-wide increase in IQ up to 20 points and more in recent decades. Is there any real benefit in all these mental gymnastics we nowhave to go through?We’re not becoming a race of glob al idiots, but many do think certain skills are enhanced and certain are not. You know the ability to make fast decisions, to answer a dozen e-mails in five minutes, or to fill out maybe big aptitude tests. That’s enhanced. But when someone is out there wi th his kids playing in his little league or something like that, he’s got his cell phone in his pocket. He’s always wondering, “Gee, did I get a voicemail?” This might have negative effects on our own brain patterns.Creativity is something that happens slowly. It happens when your brain is just noodling around, just playing, when it puts together ideas which you hadn’t thought of, or maybe you have time to read a book. You are a businessperson but you have time to read a book about history, or about a philosopher and something that happened long ago or something or some idea somebody thought of long ago. Actually, it might occur to you that you can think of your own business in that way, and so it’s this mixture of unrelated ideas that feeds your produc tivity, feeds your creativity. And if your mind is disciplined to answer every e-mail, then you don’t have time for that playful noodling. You don’t have time for those unexpected conjunctions. So I think maybe we’re getting smarter in some senses, but over-communication is a threat to our creativity and to our reflection.Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations.After each one, you will be asked same questions. The talks,conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now, listencarefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heardand write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the correspondingspace in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Now let’s begin Part B wi th ListeningComprehension.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.1. (A) The designing of a new town.(B) The most livable small town in America.(C) The financing of a housing project.(D) The updating of old building codes.2. (A) Houses with front porches.(B) Houses that are very close together.(C) Quarter-of-an-acre or half-an-acre private yard space.(D) Easy access to the town center and to the vital institutions.3. (A) It has nothing to do with a sense of nostalgia for the past.(B) It has failed in the new town mentioned in the conversation.(C) People prefer to stay in an air-conditioned front porch.(D) People spend very much time on front porches in hot climates.4. (A) You are not allowed to use red curtains facing the street.(B) You couldn’t attach a satellite dish to your house.(C) You should remove plastic products from front porches.(D) You mustn’t park your car in front of your house for long.5. (A) Some of these rules seem to go a little too far.(B) Some of these rules are contradictory.(C) These rules are all dictated by the local laws.(D) These rules have not been approved by the developer.【答案与解析】1.A 对话开头男士便提到“in designing this new town…”，接着回顾了美国以前的小城镇把最好的设计元素结合在一起，例如联排别墅，人行道，前廊和两边种着树的街道等。

SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes) Part A: Note-taking and Gap-filling Directions: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk only once. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You are required to write ONE word or figure only in each blank. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk. Many changes are expected to take place in transportation ________(1) in the twenty-first century. The present forms of transportation will be very different in design, ________(2) and technology. The automobile will remain the most important method of travelling, but it will become totally _________(3) and have a telephone. It will be smaller and more _________(4). Gasoline mileage may rise to one hundred miles per gallon. Other methods of transportation in cities will include__________(5) and other rapid transit systems, buses and “people movers.” __________(6) will still be the cheapest way for long-distance travelling between cities, but they will be more ___________(7), with sleeper seats, video games,___________(8) and even ___________(9) services. Trains will change even more: they will move ___________(10) the tracks and will probably at a speed of ___________(11) miles per hour. The airplanes of the future will be_____________(12), faster, _________(13) and more economical, because they will be made of _____________(14). They will carry as many as 1,000 passengers and have computers as __________(15). In the passenger area, ____________(16) arrangements will be more comfortable and each passenger will have a private ____________(17). So in the new century our world will become smaller, because people will travel more ___________(18) and ___________(19) than they do today. There will be much more contact between people from different __________(20). Part B: Listening and Translation Ⅰ. Sentence Translation Directions: In this part of the test, your will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences only once. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.(1)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(3)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(4)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(5)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅱ. Passage Translation Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.(1)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____(2)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______ SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes) Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Questions 1～3 Centuries of baffling legal terminology will be laid to rest next week in one of the biggest shake ups in civil court history. From Monday, people bringing cases will be known as claimants not “plaintiffs” while a “writ” will become a claim form. Lay people will no longer have to struggle with baffling Latin words and phrases in an already confusing legal system. The changes, part of the “big bang” in civil legal procedure, are being driven by the Lord Chancellor's Department after recommendations from Lord Wolf, the Master of the Rolls. A spokesman for the department said “This will make the law easier to follow ,taking out the more difficult language and replacing it with words and phrases which people can understand.” He likened the problem to receiving a quote from a plumber or builder where those inexperienced in such matters tended to go along with the technical detail without really understanding what is being proposed. As an illustration he added :“People don't like declaring that they don't understand something, so that when a lawyer says they have to sign an affidavit (a written statement in the new language) they agree without knowing what it is.” Chrissie Maher, founder director of the Plain English Campaign, has been lobbying for 30 years to get the courts to simplify their language. Two thousand Plain English members will be in court on Monday to make surethat the lawyers sick to the new language. Ms Maher said many people who spent years involved in litigation could not understand the outcome of their case because it was told to them in legal jargon. She said: “It's humiliating for people who have to pay for the privilege of listening to lawyers.” And she added: “It cannot stop here, the criminal courts must change now.” Monday's changeover includes new procedures which will allow court users a “fast-track” option for small cases and a more hands-on approach by the judges aimed at saving time and money. Ian Magee, chief executive of the Court Service, said: “We hope the civil justice reforms will make courts easier to use. The replacement of legal and Latin terms with plain English phrases is part and parcel of that process. Many current terms are confusing and difficult to understand for people who do not use courts regularly and we hope the new phrases will help people follow proceedings more easily.” For the first time, all 226 county courts in England and Wales will be closed tomorrow to allow installation of software to accommodate the new vocabulary and the other changes. Ian Walker, president of the Association of Personal Injury Lawyers, said that while he welcomed the reforms he thought Monday would cause many problems for lawyers not fully acquainted with the new procedures. “It's all very well expecting us to be proactive and dynamic but if the technology can't deal with the changes then there will be problems.” Some lawyers have expressed sadness at the end of a language they have spent all their working lives getting to understand. But there will be a period of grace for those who find difficulty in breaking old habits and cannot adjust immediately to speaking in plain English. 1. Why does the spokesman for the Lord Chancellor's Department make the comparison between plumber / builder and lawyer? 2. Explain briefly the Plain English Campaign and the major procedures of the civil justice reforms. 3. What are the responses of lawyers to the language reform? Questions 4～6 Legs are a funny business. Especially if you are trying to turn them on an expensive, computerised Italian wood-working machine but do not have the skills to program it properly— as one small Essex company found to its cost. Until Dr. David Hall took over as director, the 20 employee Thames Gateway Technology Centre—manufacturer of reproduction furniture in Loughton —was about to spend a fortune on diamond-tipped tools to keep the machines running. Working the machines at the wrong speeds was destroying conventional tools and the company knew in ,but could not afford to send its staff to Italy for training. Dr. Hall had the answer. The university of East London had technology students who were learning exactly the computer aided design skills the company needed. Why not let them work for the company half a day a week? They would get exposure to employment skills, argued Dr. Hall, and at the same time solve the company's technical problems. The scheme was so successful that the university is building it into a final-year project, and helped inspire a government-backed initiative in east London to encourage high-tech enterprise in the area through technology transfer. It is hoped this move will lead to the regeneration of a region that has been badly hit by industrial decline, high unemployment and the lack of information technology skills to support new businesses. The Thames Gateway Technology Centre was founded last summer with the help of a ま 7.8m government grant from the Single Regeneration Challenge Fund. It will act as an agency to transfer technology and skills from higher education centres in London's East End to the local community. The centre will make available the resources and expertise of three east London universities —the University of East London, Queen Mary &。