Ethan Brand

美国文学作者作品Edwards: 爱德华兹The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言）The PoetHenry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗Walden 《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》Herman Melville:赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick《白鲸》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Typee 《泰比》Redburn 《雷德本》White Jacket 《白外衣》Pierre《皮埃尔》Billy Budd《比利伯德》Benito Gereno《班纳托西兰尼》Walt Whitman:沃尔特·惠特曼Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Songs of Myself《自我之歌》There was a Child Went Forth《有个小孩走过来》I Sing the Body Electric《我歌唱带电的肉体》Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》Emily Dickenson:艾米莉·狄金森My Life Closed Twice before Its Close《我的生命已结束过两次》Because I Can’t Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死亡》I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》Mine—by the Right of the White Election《我的丈夫—选择如意情人的权利》Wild Nights—Wild Nights《暴风雨夜》William Dean Howells:豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Henry James:亨利·詹姆斯The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇的画像》The Ambassadors《专使》The Wings of Dove《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Harriet Beecher Stowe:哈丽叶特·比切·斯托Oldtown Folks《老城的人们》Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Bret Harte:布勒特·哈特The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland:哈姆林·加兰Main-Traveled Roads《大路条条》Sarah Orne Jewett:萨拉·奥恩·朱亚特Deephaven《深深拥有》Kate Chopin:凯特·肖邦Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》A Night in Acadie《爱克迪之夜》The Awakening《觉醒》Mark Twain:马克吐温The Gilded Age《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·芬历险记》Mysterious Stranger《神秘的陌生人》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》Mark Twain Autobiography《马克吐温自传》Stephen Crane:斯蒂芬·克莱恩A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》The Black Riders《黑骑手》Frank Norris:弗兰克·诺里斯McTeague《麦克提格》The Octopus《章鱼》The Pit《深渊》The Responsibilities of the Novelist《小说家的责任》Theodore Dreiser:西奥多·德莱塞Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》The Financier《金融家》The Titan《巨人》The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius《天才》An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London:杰克·伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》White Fang《白牙》The Sea Wolf《海狼》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》The People of the Abyss《深渊中的人们》The Iron Heel《铁蹄》O·Henry:欧·亨利The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》After Twenty Years《二十年后》The Furnished Room《带家具出租的房间》Cope and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Piece of Ivy Leaves《最后一片常春藤叶》Upton Sinclair: 厄普顿·辛克莱The Jungle《丛林》Ezra Pound:埃兹拉·庞德Cathay《华夏集》The Cantos《诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·塞尔温·毛伯利》T·S·Eliot:艾略特The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四个四重奏》Ash Wednesday《圣灰星期三》Hollow Man《空心人》The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock 《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmoniun《风琴》Collected Poems《诗集》Best-known poems: The Emperor of Ice-Cream《冰激凌皇帝》Anecdote of the Jar《坛子的故事》Sunday Morning《星期天早晨》The Idea of Order at Key West《基维斯特的秩序观念》William Carlos William威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯Paterson《帕特森》Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特Poetry Anthology:A Boy’s Will《少年意志》North of Boston《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval《山间》New Hampshire《新罕普什尔》West-Running Brook《西流的溪涧》A Further Range《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree《一株作证的树》Well-known poem: The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡Chicago Poems《芝加哥诗抄》Cornhuskers《剥玉米的人》The American Songbag《美国民歌集成》The Prairie Years《草原年代》The War Years《战争年代》The People, Yes《人民，是的》Complete Poems《诗歌全集》E·E·Cummings肯明斯The Enormous Room《巨大的房子》Hart Crane哈特·克兰The Bridge《桥》Marianne Moore玛丽安·穆尔Collected Poems《诗集》F·Scott Fitzgerald费茨杰拉德This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》Tales of the Jazz《爵士乐时代的故事》The Beautiful and the Damned《漂亮冤家》The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》Flappers and Philosophers《轻佻女郎与哲学家》Ernest Hemingway海明威The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》Death in the Afternoon《午后之死》The Old Man and the sea《老人与海》Green Hills of Africa《非洲青山》A Farewell to Arms《永别了武器》For Whom the Bell tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》。

Works:Part 1. The Literature of Colonial AmericaJohn Smith 1580-1631 1 first American writer A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony;A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country;The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer IslesRoger Williams 1603-16831 Begins the history of religioustoleration in AmericaA key into the Language of AmericaEdward Taylor 1612-16721 The best of the puritan poets No publishing of his work, most treat religious themes, many poems based directly on Psalms.Thomas Jefferson 1743-18261 The first American secretary ofstateDrafted the Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise(his first pamphlet)税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Agrarian Justice --last important treaties1 Great Commoner of Mankind2 The most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution3 natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellionPhilip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832Father of American Poetry The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地1 the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period2 “Poet of the American Revolution”3 herald American literary independenceAnne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America, To My Dear and Loving Husband.1 One of the most interesting of the early of the poets.Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended, The Nature of True Virtue, Sinners in the Hand of a Angry GodBenjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard‟s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；Autobiography自传1 aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence2. One of the first major writers.Part 2. Early RomanticismHenry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗establish his poetical reputation;V oices of the Night夜吟the first collection of poems;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞;The tide rises, the tide falls; The secret of the Sea./Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗；Outre-Mer in loving imitation of The Sketch Book; Hyperion(romance) Dramatic work: Michael Angelo1 The most beloved American poet of his time2 the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster AbbeyWilliam Cullen Bryant Thanatopsis(17 view of death), To a Waterfowl (the peak of his work)--the most perfect brief poem in the language-- Matthew Arnold1 one of the great editors of American journalism2 the first American to gain the stature of a major poetJames Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集(5):The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者-- the nearest approach yet to an American epic--Allan Nevins1 the first American novelist began his literary career on a dareWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉; Rip Van Winkle.1 the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism2 the first great belletrist 纯文学作者3 the first modern short stories and the frist great American juvenileliterature4 the only American writer of his generation who could chide the Britishin an atmosphere of good humorPart 3. TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:N ature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者-- “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”-- Oliver Wendell Holmes;Divinity; The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说; Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河1 responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England --the leader of the movement2 one of the most influential American thinkers, yet he had no elaborate , formal system of thought and he never attempted to create oneHenry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 Wadde华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府--no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government ;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers1 Emerson’s truest disciple 门徒2 self-reliance and independence of mind3 no sense of being confined by the narrow geographical limits of his lifePart 4. High RomanticsEdgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头; Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集free verse, about man and nature:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌; I sit and look out; O Captain, My Captain.1 one of great innovators in American literatureEmily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886 I‟m nobody! Who are You? Success is counted sweetest. There‟s acertain slant of light. A bird came down the walk. The soul selects her own society. I died for beauty---but was scarce, …Twas just this time, last year, I died. Because I could not stop for death. Wild nights—wild nights! I heard a fly buzz—when I died-. If you were coming in the Fall. The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的1 ranked as one of America;s great poets2 a writer of great power and beautyOne could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of itThe range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imaginationNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像1 the largest brain with the largest heart-- Melville2 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories: Ethan Brand, Young Goodman Brown , Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment, The ambitious Guest, The great Stone Face--P171 一Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891 Masterpiece: Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee 泰比 a romanticized account of his stay among the Polynesians;Omoo 奥穆his adventures on Tahiti and other islands;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本his first voyage to England ;White Jacket白外衣his brief career in the navy;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德drew upon his naval experiences again1 a whaling ship, was my Yale College and my Harvard2 the man who lived among cannibals3 to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme--Moby Dick The ship Pequod-- a world in miniaturePart 5. RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗first novel-- Watch and Ward--he prefered Roderick Hudson评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术1 help to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.Part 6. Local Colorism FictionMark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代written in collaboration with Dudley Warner;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人. How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. NaturalismTheodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘the first of a long succession of books that marked his turn to writing as a full-time career ;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗1 Dreiser’s novels are direct projections of his inner life as well as careful transcriptions of his experiencesPart 8. Modern PoetryEzra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley; A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条; Personage 面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）Homage to Sextus Propertius is a masterpiece1 the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrumentWallace Stevens华莱Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes士·史蒂文斯1879-1955 Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集; The Emperor of Ice-cream;1 The vice-president of the Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company2 The National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize-Collected Poems诗集3 later poetry: the interrelation between the ideal and the real --the constant theme (“imagination and reality”)E. A. Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说--came to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt ；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集; Richard Cory; Miniver Cheevy--realistic attitudes1 one of the most productive of the new poets in the late years of the nineteenth century2 Pulitzer Prize in 1922, 1925 and 19283 simple--surface simplicity serves to conceal an intricacy and subtlety of thought4 like Robert Frost, noted for his use of a dry, sometimes biting , New England humorD. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路); West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树; Two Roads Diverged in the Woods; Mending Wall.1 receives honorary degrees from 44 colleges and universities2 4 Pulitzer Prizes3 reads the poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy at 874 rejects the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new ”5 for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of and indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）--first book;The Waste Land荒原masterpiece (The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三beautiful in language, difficult in symbolism;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案a drama of impressive spiritual power;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会--they created interest as experimental theater1 The Nobel Prize in 1948Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896 Uncle Tom‟s Cabin(The Man That Was a Thing);A Key to Uncle Tom‟s Cabin; Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp--antislavery novelA society resting on slavery could not long surviveO. Henry (William Sidney Porter) The Four Million-best volume-indicates that he considered all the people of New York City worth writing about, no simply the upper “Four Hundred”.Best individual stories: A Retried Reformation;The Gift of the Magi;A Municipal Report;An Unfinished Story;A Lickpenny Lover;The Furnished Room;The Cop and the Anthem;The Trimmed Lamp;Heart of the West;Cabbages and Kings; etc1 two endings: an unexpected ending, a still better surprise2 local color: slang and colloquial expression make them hard to be understood by people outside of America3 the American literary circles set up O. Henry Award in 19184 one of the most prolific 多产的modern American short story writersF. Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 First novel: This Side of Paradise--portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”--an immediate commercial successSecond novel: the Beautiful and Damned& a collection of short stories, Tales of the Jazz AgeSatirical play , the Vegetable (or from President to Postman)The Great Gatsby--critical success but a commercial disappointment Tender Is the Night --although it is a precise indictment of irresponsible social values of the 1930s, critics harshly accused him of ignoring the Depression while writing a frivolous novel about neurotic Americans who preferred Europe over their native landLast novel The Last Tycoon, remained unfinished1 one of the major American prose writers of twentieth centuryErnest Hemingway 1899-1961 First book: Three stories and Ten PoemsThe Sun Also Rises--became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”Primary concern: individual’s “moment of truth”His lifelong preoccupation with stories of war : A Farewell to Arms, 1929(both to war and to love) and For Whom the Bell Tolls,1940(restate his view of love found and lost and describe the indomitable spirit of the common people )The bullfight: Death in the Afternoon 1932The hunt: The Green Hills of Africa 1935The Old Man and the Sea: the old fisherman Santiago1 Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”2 Across the River and into the Trees: Richard Cantwell --miniatureJohn Steinbeck 1902-1968 Tortilla Flat1935 煎饼坪;Dubious Battle--most clearly “proletarian”novel of class struggle ；Of Mice and Men 1937 friendship of two itinerant workers who yearn for a permanent home they will never find; The Long Valley1938, the fate of the lowly whose instinctive responses to life led only to destruction; The Grapes of Wrath--his masterpiece,broken dreams of the migrants and the affirmation of the ability of the common people to endure and prevail.The Sea of Cortez 1941-- “what we have always wanted is an unchangeable, and we have found that only a compass point, a thought, and individual ideal, does not change.”1 Pulitzer Prize in 19402 Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962William Faulkner 1897-1962 Sanctuary 1931; best sellSartoris --the setting is Oxford--prototype 原型The Sound and the Fury1929A Rose for EmilyAs I Lay Dying 1930Light in August 1932Absalom, Absalom! 1936The Hamlet 1940+ The Town 1957+ The Mansion 1959--trilogy on the Snopes familyGo Down, Moses 1942Last novel:The ReiversResumed his career with Intruder in the DustRequiem for a Nun --a kind of sequel to Sanctuary1 Novel Prize for Literature 19492 began his literary career as a poet rather than a fiction writer3 create a cosmos of his own4 the dislocation of narrative time and use of stream-of-consciousness techniques5 the greatest writer of fiction that the United States has yet produced.。

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。

1.The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

美国⽂学-复习资料+答案1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .the Transcendental Club2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. WashingtonIrving3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"satires of New York life.4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and thefirst great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage againstthe British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the worldliterature.10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in theEnglish language.The Bells11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The Raven12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe’s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul.”A. intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of_________ , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The Ambitious Guest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—Only this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. Work 3: Nuture1.As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature,which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "theuniverse is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds thewhole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " Heregards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In thisconnection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2.Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3.Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscienceof the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits ofindividuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervadingeverywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. Theworld proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "TheUniversal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your owndiscretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest,"Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. "Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the mainoptimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon"(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness andself-seeking.5.To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary.Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought,"and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature isthat the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.爱⼈者，⼈恒爱之；敬⼈者，⼈恒敬之；宽以济猛，猛以济宽，政是以和。

名字词形来源语言来源象征或含义A1.Aaron 希伯来语被启迪的2.Abel 希伯来语呼吸，空虚3.Achilles 希腊语力量4.Adam 希伯来语红土5.Adan 西班牙语大地6.Addison 英语Adam的儿子7.Ade 非洲语王冠，皇家的8.Adley 希伯来语鹰9.Adolph 日耳曼语高贵的英雄10.Agustin 西班牙语尊贵的人，兴奋的人11.Ahren 德语鹰12.Aidan 凯尔特语火13.Alan 盖尔语英俊的，快乐的14.Alban 拉丁语白色15.Albert 盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵，聪明16.Alcander 希腊语强壮的17.Alfred 盎格鲁撒克逊语顾问18.Allen Alan 凯尔特语高贵19.Alphonse 盎格鲁撒克逊语渴望，高贵20.Alvin 盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵的朋友21.Anders 斯坎迪纳维亚语强壮的，男子气概的22.Andrew 拉丁语男子气概的23.Andy Andrew 希腊语男子气概的24.Angelo 希腊语信使25.Angus 凯尔特语被选中的人，唯一的力量26.Anker 希腊语男子气概的27.Anthony 拉丁语无价的28.Armand 德语属于军队的29.Asher 希伯来语幸运的，快乐的30.August Augustus 拉丁语被尊敬的，尊贵的1.Baldwin 日耳曼语勇敢的朋友2.Bali 北印度语强大的战士3.Barclay 英语白桦树牧场4.Barnett 英语高贵的人5.Barney Bernard 希伯来语勇敢的熊6.Baron 德语自由的男子7.Barrett 日耳曼语像熊一样的8.Barth Bartholomew 希伯来语小山，犁沟9.Beck 斯坎迪纳维亚语小溪10.Ben 希伯来语儿子11.Benjamin 希伯来语右手的儿子12.Benson 希伯来语优秀的儿子13.Berkeley 盎格鲁撒克逊语白桦树牧场14.Bern Bernard 德语勇敢的熊15.Bert 英语聪明的16.Bill William 德语坚定的卫士17.Billy William 德语坚定的卫士18.Bob Robert 德语显赫的声望19.Bobby 德语著名的20.Bowen 凯尔特语Owen的儿子21.Bradley 英语来自宽阔的牧场22.Brady 英语宽阔的岛23.Brand 斯坎迪纳维亚语剑刃24.Brian 凯尔特语强壮的25.Brooks 英语流淌的水26.Bruno 日耳曼语褐色27.Bryant 凯尔特语强壮的28.Buddy 英语朋友29.Burton 英语显赫的声望30.Byron 盎格鲁撒克逊语熊C1.Caesar Cesar 拉丁语头发长的2.Cain 希伯来语工匠3.Clavin 拉丁语光秃的，枯燥的4.Cari 德语男子5.Carlos Charles 西班牙语自由的男子6.Carson Carr 斯堪迪纳维亚语Carr的儿子7.Carter 英语货车司机8.Cavan 盖尔语英俊的9.Chale 西班牙语强壮而有男子气概的10.Chandler 法语蜡烛制造者11.Charles 德语男子，强壮的12.Chen 汉语伟大的，辽阔的13.Chevalier 法语骑士14.Chilton 盎格鲁撒克逊语靠近河边的城市15.Christoph 希腊语基督的信使16.Clark 法语学者17.Clement 法语慈悲的18.Clinton 盎格鲁撒克逊语小山上的城镇19.Colin 希腊语胜利20.Conan 凯尔特语聪明的21.Conrad 德语大胆而聪明的顾问22.Cornell Cornelius 拉丁语牛角色的23.Crispin 拉丁语卷发的24.Curtis 法语有礼貌的25.Cyrus 波斯语D1.Dalton 英语山谷农场2.Dan Daniel 希伯来语上帝是我的审判者3.Daniel 希伯来语上帝是我的审判者4.Danny Daniel 希伯来语上帝是我的审判者5.Dante 意大利语持久的6.Daren 尼日利亚语夜晚出生7.Darin 波斯语珍贵的礼物8.Darren 盖尔语伟大的9.Dave David 英语被爱的10.David 希伯来语被爱的11.Davin 斯堪迪纳维亚语芬兰的12.Davis 苏格兰语David的儿子13.Delbert 盎格鲁撒克逊语亮如白昼14.Dennis 希腊语Dionysius（酒神）的15.Derek 德语统治者16.Devlin 盖尔语勇敢的17.Dick Richard 日耳曼语像统治者一样强壮、有力量的18.Dionysius 希腊语酒神和狂欢之神19.Dirk Derek 荷兰语统治者20.Dixon 日耳曼语Richard的儿子21.Dominick 拉丁语属于上帝的22.Donal 凯尔特语自豪的首领，世界统治者23.Douglas/ Douglass 苏格兰语黑色的溪流24.Duncan 凯尔特语黑皮肤的战士25.Dustin 德语英勇的斗士E1.Eddy Edward 英语财产的守护者2.Edison 英语Edward的儿子3.Edward 英语财产的守护者4.Edwin 英语富足的朋友5.Elden 日耳曼语年长的6.Elgin 英语高贵的7.Elkan 希伯来语他属于上帝8.Elliot Elijah 希伯来语主是我的上帝9.Elmo 德语保护者10.Elvin 盎格鲁撒克逊语精灵的朋友11.Emanuel 希伯来语上帝和我们在一起12.Emil 德语勤奋的13.Emmanel 希伯来语上帝和我们在一起14.Enos 未知男子15.Ennis 希腊语Dennis的缩写形式16.Enrico Henry 西班牙语家庭统治者17.Er 未知卫士18.Erek 波兰语可爱的19.Eric 斯堪迪纳维亚语最有力量的20.Erik Eric 德语最有力量的21.Ernest 日耳曼语热切的22.Ervin Erving 盖尔语英俊而公正23.Ethan 希伯来语强壮，坚定24.Eugene 希腊语出身高贵的25.Evan John 威尔士语上帝是仁慈的1.Fabian 拉丁语种豆子的人2.Faris 阿拉伯语骑士3.Felix 希伯来语快乐4.Ferdinand 德语做有胆量的人5.Fergus 凯尔特语有勇气的6.Ferguson 未知Fergus的儿子7.Fidel 拉丁语忠实的8.Finley 英语阳光光束，快乐的人9.Finn 斯堪迪纳维亚语拉普兰人10.Fisk 斯堪迪纳维亚语渔夫11.Floyd 凯尔特语山谷12.Forrest 拉丁语森林13.Forster 未知森林的14.Foster 盎格鲁撒克逊语森林的15.Frank Francis 拉丁语自由的男子16.Franklin 拉丁语自由的男子17.Franz Francis 德语自由的男子18.Frasier 英语头发卷曲的19.Fred Frederick 日耳曼语和平20.Freddy Frederick 未知和平21.Frederick 日耳曼语和平22.Freeman 盎格鲁撒克逊语自由的人23.Fremont 日耳曼语自由之山24.Fritz Frederick 德语和平25.Fuller 英语衣服熨烫工1.Gabe 希伯来语上帝是我的力量2.Gabriel 希伯来语上帝是我的力量3.Gage 法语保证，誓言4.Galen 盖尔语平静的5.Galeno 西班牙语聪明的小家伙6.Galvin 爱尔兰语麻雀7.Gamal 希伯来语骆驼8.Garfield 英语战场9.Garrick 英语强大的矛枪手10.Garrison 希伯来语征服之柱11.Gavin 威尔士语亚瑟王的一个骑士12.Gaylord 法语勇敢13.Geoffrey 英语天堂一样的地方14.George 希腊语农夫15.Gerald 日耳曼语用矛枪的战士16.Gibson 盎格鲁撒克逊语Gilbert的儿子17.Gideon 希伯来语伟大的战士18.Gilbert 日耳曼语被信任的19.Giles 希腊语盾牌20.Glenn 盖尔语山谷21.Gordon 英语来自偏僻的山区22.Grady 盖尔语高贵的、杰出的23.Graham 盎格鲁撒克逊语好战的24.Grant 拉丁语伟大的25.Grayson 英语执行官之子1.Habib 阿拉伯语被爱的2.Hackett 德语住在森林里的小人3.Hadley 英语石南覆盖的草地4.Hale 英语英雄5.Hamdi 阿拉伯语赞美6.Hamilton 英语美丽的山7.Hamlet 德语家8.Hank 德语房产的统治者9.Hans 斯堪迪纳维亚语上帝是仁慈的10.Hardy 日耳曼语强壮的11.Harlan 日耳曼语来自军队12.Harman 英语战士13.Harold 英语军队力量14.Harper 英语竖琴弹奏者15.Harry Harold 日耳曼语军队力量16.Hassan 阿拉伯语英俊的17.Heath 盎格鲁撒克逊语荒地18.Hector 希腊语矛，坚定的19.Henry 德语家庭统治者20.Herbert 日耳曼语杰出的军队或统治者21.Herman 德语军人22.Hilton 英语山上的庄园23.Holden 日耳曼语和蔼的，仁慈的24.Hollis 盎格鲁撒克逊语英雄25.Howard 日耳曼语家庭卫士1.Iain 盖尔语上帝仁慈的礼物2.Ian 苏格兰语上帝是仁慈3.Ibrahim Abraham 阿拉伯语一位大家庭的父亲4.Id 阿拉伯语节日5.Iggi 非洲语唯一的儿子6.Iggy Iggi 希腊语唯一的儿子7.Ignatius 拉丁语燃烧的8.Ihsan 阿拉伯语善行9.Ike Isaac 希伯来语笑着的人10.Ilias Elijah 拉丁语主是我的上帝11.Iman 阿拉伯语忠诚12.Ingmar 斯堪迪纳维亚语有名的儿子13.Ingram 日耳曼语Ing的大乌鸦14.Irving 盖尔语英俊而公正15.Isa Jesus 阿拉伯语上帝会帮助的16.Isaac 希伯来语笑着的人17.Isaiah 希伯来语上帝的救赎18.Ishmael 希伯来语上帝在听19.Ismail Ishmael 希伯来语上帝在听；他被认为是阿拉伯人的祖先20.Israel 希伯来语愿上帝统治一切21.Issay 非洲语多毛的22.Itzak 希伯来语笑声23.Ivan 希伯来语上帝仁慈的礼物24.Ivar 斯堪迪纳维亚语射手；一位挪威人的神25.Ivo Yves 日耳曼语射手.Jaafar 阿拉伯语小溪2.Jack John 英语上帝是仁慈的3.Jackson 希伯来语Jack的儿子4.Jacob 希伯来语替代者5.Jake Jacob 希伯来语替代者6.James 希伯来语替代者7.Jamison 阿拉伯语James的儿子8.Jarek 波兰语一月出生9.Jarvis 英语司机10.Jason 希腊语治疗者11.Jasper 波斯语司库12.Jedrek 波兰语强壮而有男子气概的13.Jeff Jeffrey 未知上帝的和平14.Jefferson 盎格鲁撒克逊语Jeffrey的儿子15.Jeffrey 日耳曼语上帝的和平16.Jeremiah 希伯来语被上帝指定的17.Jerry Gerald 希伯来语带矛的的战士18.Jesus 希伯来语上帝会帮助19.Jim James 希伯来语替代者20.Jimmy James 希伯来语替代者21.Joe Joseph 希伯来语上帝会添加22.John 希伯来语上帝是仁爱的23.Joseph 希伯来语上帝会增添（一个儿子）24.Joshua 希伯来语上帝就是就赎25.Justin 拉丁语公正.Kai 夏威夷语大海2.Kalman 匈牙利语强壮而有男性气概的3.Karl Charles 希腊语男性的，强壮的4.Keith 苏格兰语森林5.Kelemen Clement 匈牙利语善良6.Kellen 德语沼泽7.Kelvin 盖尔语来自狭窄的河流8.Ken Kenneth 未知英俊的9.Kenelm 英语勇敢的头盔10.Kennard 英语强壮的11.Kenneth 盖尔语英俊的12.Kent 英语宽广的13.Kenton 英语来自王宫14.Kenny Kenneth 盖尔语英俊的15.Kenyon 盖尔语金色头发的16.Kermit 凯尔特语自由的男子17.Kern 盖尔语黑暗18.Kester 拉丁语来自罗马军队营地19.Kevin 盖尔语温柔的，可爱的20.Khalil 阿拉伯语朋友21.Kiefer 德语做桶的人22.Kimball 盎格鲁撒克逊语战士的领袖23.Kiros 非洲语国王24.Koen 德语诚实的顾问25.Kontar 加纳语唯一的孩子.Lamar 拉丁语大海的mont 斯堪迪纳维亚语律师nce 德语陆地ncelot 拉丁语陆地ng 斯堪迪纳维亚语高个男子rry Lawrence 拉丁语月桂王冠urence Lawrence 拉丁语月桂王冠8.Leo 拉丁语一头狮子9.Leon Leonard 拉丁语像狮子一样10.Leonard 日耳曼语像狮子一样11.Leroy 法语国王12.Levi 希伯来语加入13.Lewis Louis 日耳曼语在战斗中有名气14.Lexi Alexander 未知人类的助手和守护者15.Lian 汉语优雅的六书16.Lisle 法语岛屿的17.Livvy Oliver 未知一棵橄榄树18.Lloyd 威尔士语灰色的19.London 拉丁语月亮堡垒20.Lou 德语在战斗中有名气21.Lucas 拉丁语光的携带者22.Luce Lucus 未知光23.Lucius Lucus 拉丁语光24.Luke Lucus 拉丁语光25.Lyndon 英语灵活的.Maarten 拉丁语不欺骗2.Madison 日耳曼语Matthew的儿子3.Magnus 拉丁语巨大的4.Mahmud/Mahmoud 阿拉伯语被称赞的5.Malcolm 拉丁语一只鸽子6.Marc 拉丁语好战的7.Marcel Marc 拉丁语好战的8.Marcello 拉丁语勇敢9.Marco Marc 意大利语好战10.Mark 拉丁语好战11.Marlon 法语小鹰12.Marshall 法语马匹看守人13.Marvin 日耳曼语大海的朋友14.Matthew 希伯来语上帝的礼物15.Maurice 希腊语沼地;黑色皮肤16.Max 拉丁语最伟大的17.Maxime Maximilian 未知伟大18.Merlin 凯尔特语在海边19.Mick Michael 希伯来语他像神一样20.Mike Michael 未知他像神一样es 拉丁语战士o Miles 希腊语战士23.Montgomery 拉丁语属于大山的24.Morris 拉丁语黑色皮肤的25.Morrison 拉丁语Morris的儿子1.Nabil 阿拉伯语贵族2.Nalu 夏威夷语波浪3.Nasir 阿拉伯语胜利的4.Nate Nathan 希伯来语他给了5.Nathan 希伯来语他给了6.Nathaniel 希伯来语上帝的礼物7.Neal 凯尔特语一位冠军8.Neely 英语冠军9.Neil 盖尔语冠军10.Nelson 英语Neil的儿子11.Nessan 爱尔兰语白鼬12.Neville 拉丁语来自新城13.Nevin 盖尔语侄子/外甥14.Nicholas 希腊语人民的胜利15.Nick Nicholas 希腊语人民的胜利16.Niel Nathaniel 未知上帝的礼物17.Nigel 拉丁语黑暗18.Nika 希腊语胜利19.Nils 斯堪迪纳维亚语冠军20.Noah 希伯来语休息，舒适21.Noel 拉丁语出生在圣诞节22.Nolan 盖尔语著名的，高贵的23.Norman 日耳曼语古代挪威人或者统治24.Norton 盎格鲁撒克逊语来自北方1.Oakes 英语来自橡树林2.Oakley 盎格鲁撒克逊语橡树林3.Obert 德语水獭5.Odon 匈牙利语财产保护人6.Odysseus 未知愤怒至极7.Olin 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的8.Oliver 拉丁语一棵橄榄树9.Omar／Umar 阿拉伯语生命10.Oran 盖尔语绿色11.Oren 希伯来语灰树12.Oringo 非洲语她喜欢蛄?lt;/td>13.Orion 希腊语火之子，猎人14.Orlando 德语黄金之地15.Orman 英语矛枪手16.Ormand 未知大毒蛇17.Orsen Orson 未知一只熊18.Orson 拉丁语一只熊19.Orville 盎格鲁撒克逊语黄金城20.Oscar 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量21.Oskar Oscar 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量22.Othello 未知富足的23.Ovid 拉丁语蛋形24.Owen Evan 凯尔特语年轻的战士25.Ozzie Oz 希伯来语力量2.Paddy Patrick 爱尔兰语高尚的人3.Palma Pamela 拉丁语蜂蜜4.Palmer 英语带着棕榈叶朝圣5.Paris 英语巴黎6.Parker 英语公园的保护人7.Parry 威尔士语Harry的儿子8.Parson 未知部长，牧师9.Pascal 希伯来语逾越节10.Pasi 未知过往11.Patrick 拉丁语高尚的人12.Paul 拉丁语小13.Paulo 非洲语休息的地方14.Penn 英语围栏15.Perry 英语梨树16.Peter 希腊语一块岩石17.Philip 希腊语爱马之人18.Phillip 希腊语钟情的19.Pierre Peter 法语一块岩石20.Pierson 英语Peter的儿子21.Platon 西班牙语宽肩膀的22.Polo 非洲语鳄鱼23.Porter 拉丁语看门人24.Prince 未知王子1.Qasim 阿拉伯语英俊的2.Qays 阿拉伯语测量3.Quentin 拉丁语第五4.Quillan 盖尔语幼兽5.Quincy 法语第五个儿子拥有的庄1.Ranen 希伯来语快乐的2.Raymon 英语强大的保护人3.Regan 凯尔特语皇家的4.Reuben 希伯来语看，一个儿子5.Rex 拉丁语国王6.Reynard 日耳曼语狐狸7.Riane 盖尔语小国王8.Rich Richard 未知强大的统治者9.Richard 德语强大的统治者10.Rick Richard 日耳曼语强大的统治者11.Rider 英语骑师12.Riordon 盖尔语国王的诗人13.Robert 英语显赫的声望14.Rock Rockne 英语一块岩石15.Roderick 德语著名的统治者16.Rodman 英语有名的17.Roger 德语有名的矛18.Roland 日耳曼语闻名整个地区19.Roman 拉丁语罗马的20.Romeo 拉丁语罗马人的21.Ronald 英语有力的22.Roy 法语国王23.Royce 英语过往的儿子24.Ruben 希伯来语看，一个儿子25.Rudolph 日耳曼语著名的狼1.Sabri 阿拉伯语耐心2.Salah 阿拉伯语美德3.Salman 阿拉伯语和平的4.Salvador 西班牙语救世主5.Sam 希伯来语去听6.Samson 希伯来语像太阳一样7.Samuel 希伯来语向上帝祈求8.Sanders 英语Alexander的儿子9.Santos Santo 未知以为圣人10.Saunders 希腊语Alexander的儿子11.Saxon 英语剑客12.Scott 英语一位苏格兰男子13.Seamus James 爱尔兰语替代者14.Seth 希伯来语被指定的人15.Simba 斯瓦希里语狮子16.Simon 希伯来语倾听的人17.Slade 英语山谷之子18.Smith 英语铁匠19.Solomon 希伯来语和平的20.Stanley 英语多石头的草场21.Stephen 希腊语王冠22.Steve Steven 希腊语王冠23.Steven 希腊语王冠24.Stuart 英语乘务员，管家25.Sylvester 拉丁语来自森林的1.Ted Theodore 希腊语神圣的礼物2.Terrence Terence 拉丁语优雅的，好的3.Thaddeus 希腊语上帝的礼物4.Thanos 希腊语贵族5.Theodore 希腊语神圣的礼物6.Theron 希腊语猎人7.Thierry 日耳曼语人民的统治者8.Thomas 希伯来语双胞胎9.Tierney 盖尔语上帝10.Tilden 盎格鲁撒克逊语肥沃的山谷11.Tim 希腊语荣耀神12.Timothy 希腊语荣耀神13.Tino 未知小14.Tobey 希伯来语神是好的15.Todd 英语狐狸16.Tom Thomas 希腊语双胞胎17.Tomas Thomas 西班牙语双胞胎18.Tommy Thomas 希腊语双胞胎19.Tony Anthony 拉丁语无价的20.Tracis 拉丁语十字路口21.Trevor 盖尔语进深的22.Trey 英语三23.Truman 盎格鲁撒克逊语忠实的人24.Tymon 希腊语荣耀神25.Tyson 日耳曼语Ty的儿子U1.Uba 非洲语父亲，神2.Ulric 日耳曼语狼3.Ulysses 拉丁语愤怒的4.Urban 拉丁语来自城市5.Uri 希伯来语我的光V1.Vail 盎格鲁撒克逊语山谷2.Vernon 拉丁语年轻的3.Victor 拉丁语征服者4.Vincent 拉丁语征服者5.Vinnie 未知征服者W1.Walden 日耳曼语有力的2.Waldo 日耳曼语统治者3.Walid 阿拉伯语儿子4.Walker 英语把布变厚的人5.Wallace 法语一位陌生人6.Walter 德语强大的战士7.Ward 英语卫士8.Warner 德语给予保护的战士9.Wayne 英语车夫10.Webster 英语织工11.Wesley 英语西部的草场12.Whitby 斯堪迪纳维亚语有白墙的农场13.Whitfield 盎格鲁撒克逊语来自小块土地14.Whitley 盎格鲁撒克逊语一位小朋友15.Wilbur Gilbert 德语被信赖的16.Wiley 未知柳树的17.Wilfred 日耳曼语和平的或者靠近浅滩的柳树18.Will William 日耳曼语坚定的卫士19.William 德语坚定的卫士20.Willie 日耳曼语坚定的保护人21.Willis 日耳曼语William的儿子22.Wilson 德语William的儿子23.Winslow 日耳曼语胜利之山24.Winston 英语胜利之城25.Wolfgang 日耳曼语狼之路X1.Xanthus 希腊语黄色2.Xavier 拉丁语救世主3.Xerxes 波斯语统治者Y1.Yale 德语付帐或者生产制造的人2.Yancy 美洲印第安人英国人3.Yank Yancy 未知英国人4.Yannis 希伯来语上帝的礼物5.Yaro 非洲语儿子6.Yasir 阿拉伯语富足的7.Yehudi 希伯来语来自Judah的男子，犹太人8.York 凯尔特语来自遍布紫杉树的农场9.Yosef Joseph 希伯来语上帝会添加一个10.Yule 盎格鲁撒克逊语圣诞节的Z1.Zach Zachary 未知被上帝记住的2.Zaki 阿拉伯语纯洁的3.Zalman 希伯来语和平而安静的4.Zane 希伯来语上帝仁慈的礼物5.Zion 希伯来语极好的。

一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普 John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯 Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Americ a”二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

本杰明•富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。

Nathanial Hawthorne/Herman Melville/Edgar Allan Poe/Walt WhitmanNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1. Worksa)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《重述故事》b)Mosses from an Old Manse 1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Scarlet Letter 1850 《红字》d)The House of the Seven Gables 1851 《七个尖角阁的房子》e）The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》f) The Marble Faun 1860 《大理石雕像》g)“Young Goodman Brown”《好小伙布朗》h)“The Minister’s Black Veil”《教长的黑面纱》i)“Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter”《拉普奇尼博士的女儿》2. LifeLike James Fenimore Cooper, Hawthorne was extremely concerned with conventionality; his first pseudonymously published short stories imitated Sir Walter Scott, as did his 1828 self-published Fanshawe.His later works show some Transcendentalist influence, including a belief in individual choice and consequence, and an emphasis on symbolism. As America's first true psychological novel, The Scarlet Letter would convey these ideals; contrasting puritan morality with passion and individualism.⏹The Scarlet Letter represents the height of Hawthorne's literarygenius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for itsphilosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read asa classic tale on a universal theme.3. Reasons for Hawthorne's Current Popularity⏹One of the most modern of writers, Hawthorne is relevant in themeand attitude. According to H. H. Waggoner, Hawthorne's attitudesuse irony, ambiguity, and paradox.⏹Hawthorne rounds off the puritan cycle in American writing - beliefin the existence of an active evil (the devil) and in a sense ofdeterminism (the concept of predestination).⏹Hawthorne's use of psychological analysis (pre-Freudian) is ofinterest today.⏹In themes and style, Hawthorne's writings look ahead to Henry James,William Faulkner, and Robert Penn Warren4.Influences on Hawthorne⏹Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House.⏹Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was JudgeHawthorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692.⏹Belief in the existence of the devil.⏹Belief in determinism.5.Major Themes in Hawthorne's Fiction⏹Alienation - a character is in a state of isolation because ofself-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.⏹Initiation -involves the attempts of an alienated character to getrid of his isolated condition.⏹Problem of Guilt -a character's sense of guilt forced by thepuritanical heritage or by society; also guilt vs. innocence.⏹Pride - Hawthorne treats pride as evil. He illustrates the followingaspects of pride in various characters: physical pride (Robin), spiritual pride (Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand), and intellectual pride (Rappaccini).⏹Puritan New England - used as a background and setting in many tales.⏹Italian background - especially in The Marble Faun.⏹Allegory - Hawthorne's writing is allegorical, didactic andmoralistic.⏹Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs.accommodation or frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs.hate, exploitation vs. hurting, and fate vs. free will.6. Hawthorne as a Literary Artist⏹First professional writer - college educated, familiar with thegreat European writers, and influenced by puritan writers like Cotton Mather.⏹Hawthorne displayed a love for allegory and symbol. He dealt withtensions involving: light versus dark; warmth versus cold; faith versus doubt; heart versus mind; internal versus external worlds.⏹His writing is representative of 19th century, and, thus, in themainstream due to his use of nature, its primitiveness, and as a source of inspiration; also in his use of the exotic, the gothic, and the antiquarian.7. Features of his worksSettings -> Puritan New EnglandThemes -> Evil & sinIdea ->“black vision” toward human beingsFeature -> AmbiguityTechnique -> symbolism8. The Scarlet Letter⏹Hester sin⏹Chillingwhoth evil⏹Dimmesdale sin⏹Pearl-> Adultery/Ability/Angel Herman Melville （1819-1891)andMoby DickWorks1. Redburn 18492. Typee 18463. Omoo 18744. Moby Dick 18515. Mardi 18496. White Jacket 18507. Pierre 18528. Billy Budd 1924LifeIn 1839, Melville began his affair with sea when he joined the crew of the St. Lawrence and set sail for Liverpool England.In 1840, Melville set sail aboard the Acushnet, a whaling ship headed for the South Pacific. The rough conditions of the sea toughened the romantic New Englander and he took such a liking to sea life that he sailed around the globe four years aboard various ships.Melville was welcomed home by his family who was entertained by his tales of the high seas and encouraged him to write them down. Herman wrote Typee quickly in 1845, and published it the next year. Typee became a criticaland financial successTo make himself more financially stable for his impending marriage, Melville sought a position with the U.S. Treasury and took on extra work writing book reviews.Moby Dick published in November 1851, received poor reviews and did not sell.Despite this continued output and the fact his earlier novels continued to be reprinted and sold fairly well, Melville's literary reputation was in rapid decline.His death from a heart attack on September 28, 1891 went entirely unheeded by the general public.Melville's literary reputation remained in decline until he was rediscovered in the 1920's, when a generation, disillusioned by the Great War began to appreciate the depth of Melville's spiritual struggles and the 'modern' experimental style of his stories.Moby Dick⏹Type of work: symbolic novel⏹First publication: 1851⏹Setting: Most of the book takes place on various oceans, such asthe Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific, in the early to mid 1800’s. However, a good deal of the first part of the novel takes place in New England inside and around Nantucket.Principal Characters:⏹IshmaelSchoolteacher and part-time sailor; a Presbyterian, like Melville, he projects Calvinistic thinking tempered by his background in literature and philosophy. He discusses such issues as free will, predestination, necessity, and damnation. He is the sole survivor of the Pequod.⏹Captain AhabA man who is obsessed with the killing of a white whale that has maimed him. He has a scar which extends from his head to his leg.⏹StarbuckT he first mate, is bold enough to criticize Ahab's vengeance, considers mutiny but fails.⏹StubbThe second mate who is carefree, indifferent, and fatalistic.⏹Moby DickIt is the White Whale; the world’s largest creature. It is powerful, legendary image of nature. It swims peacefully in the sea until disturbed by humans, then shows a terrible fury and anger. For Ahab, Moby Dick is the symbol of evil.Themes of Moby Dick✓Search for truth：The story deals with the human pursuit of truth and the meaning of existence.✓ Conflict between Good and Evil.✓ Conflict between Man and Nature.✓ Isolation between man and man; man and nature; man and society.✓ Solipsism（唯我论）.SymbolsThe PequodThe Pequod is a symbol of doom. It is painted a gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones, literally bristling with the mementos of violent death. It is, in fact, marked for death. Adorned like a primitive coffin, the Pequod becomes one.Moby DickMoby Dick possesses various symbolic meanings for various individuals.1) Symbol of nature for human beings, because it is mysterious, powerful, unknown.2) Symbol of evil for the Captain Ahab.3) Symbol of good and purity because of its whiteness.Voyage of the PequodSymbol of the pursuit of ideals, adventure, and the hunt in the vast wilderness.AhabSymbol of solipsism, revenge and then evil.StarbuckSymbol of good and noble.the DoubloonSymbol of the lure of evil and enticements to greed.SeaSymbol of vastness, loneliness, and isolation.Evaluation⏹Moby Dick is, critics have agreed, one of the world’s greatestmasterpieces. To get to know the 19th century American mind and America itself, one has to read this book.⏹One of the classics of American Literature and even worldliterature.⏹Moby Dick is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy,religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.Walt WhitmanOne of the great innovators in American literatureHe gave America its first genuine epic poem: Leaves of Grass （Leaves of Grass(1855) a collection of poems by Walt Whitman, written in free verse (=poetry without regular patterns) , which strongly express his love of nature and his respect for freedom. These poems are important because they made free verse more accept able and influenced later US writers.）In 1855, Whitman took out a copyright on the first edition of Leaves of Grass, which consisted of twelve untitled poems and a preface.Whitman released a second edition of the book in 1856, containing thirty-three poems, a letter from Emerson praising the first edition, and a long open letter by Whitman in response.After suffering a stroke, Whitman found it impossible to return to Washington. He stayed with his brother until the 1882 publication of Leaves of Grass gave Whitman enough money to buy a home in Camden.In the simple two-story clapboard （装有护墙板的）house, Whitman spent his declining years working on additions and revisions to a new edition of the book and preparing his final volume of poems and prose, Good-Bye, My Fancy (1891).WORKSPoetry⏹Drum Taps (1865)⏹Good-Bye, My Fancy (1891)⏹Leaves of Grass (1855)⏹Leaves of Grass (1856)⏹Leaves of Grass (1860)⏹Leaves of Grass (1867)⏹Leaves of Grass (1870)⏹Leaves of Grass (1876)⏹Leaves of Grass (1881)⏹Leaves of Grass (1891)⏹Passage to India (1870)⏹Sequel to Drum Taps (1865)Prose⏹Complete Prose Works (1892)⏹Democratic Vistas (1871)⏹Franklin Evans; or, The Inebriate (1842)⏹Memoranda During the War (1875)⏹November Boughs (1888)⏹Specimen Days and Collect (1881)Poetic Features⏹Walt Whitman was one of the most important American poets in thenineteenth century and one of the great innovators in American literature. In the preface to his Leaves of Grass, he says that one of his focuses is on the sort of poet America required and the sort of poetry America needed.⏹The great American poet would create both new forms and new subjectmatter for poetry⏹In terms of content, American poetry would not echo the sadcomplaints of the Graveyard school nor follow the moral preaching of didactic教诲的，说教的poets. As a matter of fact, Whitman himself was that poet and his Leaves of Grass is an example of that poetry.⏹Whitman’s poetry is typical of America’s.⏹Leaves of Grass grew and changed as he and his nation, America, grewand changed.⏹He saw reality as a continuous flow, without a beginning or end.He disliked the nineteenth-century poetic forms that are stiff and patterned. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature, especially common people and ordinary Americans.⏹He wanted his poetry to be for the common people. He was determined“to meet people and the States face to face, to confront them with an American rude tongue”.⏹In the area of poetic form, Whitman made his great contributions.Through him, American poets finally freed themselves from the old English traditions. Throughout his life he advocated a completely new and completely American form of poetic expression.⏹The poetic form he employed is now called free verse ---- the versethat does not follow a fixed metrical pattern, the verse withouta fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.⏹Whitman thought that message was always more important than form.So he always developed his style to suit his message and the audience he hoped to reach⏹He abandoned conventional and hackneyed （陈腐）poetic figures anddrew his symbolism freely from his experience. He remains one of American most important poets because he announced and instructeda completely new age.Poem AppreciationO Captain, My Captain⏹The following is a three-stanza poem by Walt Whitman. The poem waspublished in Sequel to Drum-Taps in 1865.It is an elegy on the death of President Abraham Lincoln and it is noted for its regular form, meter, and rhyme, though it is also known for its sentimentality verging on the maudlin（感伤落泪的）.⏹The poem is highly popular among American people. It portraysLincoln as the captain of a sea-worn ship which represents or symbolizes the Union that had experienced the American Civil War and triumphant at last.⏹While “The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed anddone”, the captain lies on the deck, “Fallen cold and dead.”⏹The poem expresses Whitman’s deep sorrow for the death of AbrahamLincoln who was assassinated on April 14 1865, five days after the declaration of the triumphant close of the Civil War.⏹The poem contains three stanzas, each of which consists of 8 lines.The first four lines are two couplets and the last four are in the form of a regular ballad with the fifth and seventh lines iambic tetrameter and the sixth and eighth lines iambic trimeter. The rhyme scheme is aabbcdedO Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! Heart! Heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O Captain! My Captain! Rise up and hear the bells;Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths –for you the shores a crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father!This arm beneath your head!It is some dream that on the deck,You’ve fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still.My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won:Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!But I, with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.I Hear America SingingI hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe （欢快）and strong,The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,The mason （瓦工）singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat,The deckhand （舱面水手）singing on the steamboat deck,The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench,The hatter （制帽工）singing as he stands,The wood-cutter's song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning,or at noon intermission （午休）or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work,or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day （白天歌唱白天的事情）--at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.(The end)Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)father of modern short storyfather of detective storyfather of psychoanalytic criticism1. Worksa)Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事集》b)“MS. Found in a Bottle” 《瓶子里发现的手稿》c) “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”《毛各街杀人案》d)“The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》e)“The Masque of the Red Death”《红色死亡化装舞会》f)“The Cask of Amontillado”《一桶酒的故事》PoetryThe Raven，Israfel，Annabel Lee， To Helen“ ….the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world”__ Allen PoeFamous American Poet, short-story writer and critic.Poe remained the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.Emerson dismissed him in three words “the jingle man” （招摇的人），Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable. And Whitman was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in 1875.Ironically, it was in Europe that Poe enjoyed respect and welcome.Bernard Shaw said: “Poe was ‘the greatest journalistic critic of his time; his poetry is exquisitely refined; and his tales are “complete works of art”.Poe’s reputation was first made in France.Charles Baudelaire said that “Edgar Poe, who isn’t much in America, must become a great man in France.”Today, Poe’s particular power has ensured his position among the greatest writers of the world. The majority of critics today, in America as well as in the world, have recognized the real, unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, and a critic of great insight. His works are read the world over. His influence is world-wide in modern literature.The RAVEN"The Raven" is noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere.It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore.The raven, sitting on a bust of Pallas, seems to further instigate (加剧）his distress with its constant repetition of the word, "Nevermore".Throughout the poem, Poe makes allusions to folklore and various classical works."The Raven" follows an unnamed narrator who sits reading "forgotten lore" as a method to forget the loss of his love, Lenore. A "rapping at [his] chamber door" reveals nothing, but excites his soul to "burning". A similar rapping, slightly louder, is heard at his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven steps into his chamber.Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas.Amused by the raven's comically serious disposition, the man demands that the bird tell him its name. The raven's only answer is "Nevermore". The narrator is surprised that the raven can talk, though it will say nothing further. He reasons that the bird learned the word "Nevermore" from some "unhappy master" and that it is theonly word it knows.The narrator remarks that his "friend" the raven will soon fly out of his life, just as "other friends have flown before“ along with his previous hopes. As if answering, the raven responds again with "Nevermore". The narrator is convinced that this single word, possibly learned from a previous owner with bad luck, is all that the bird can say.Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment, not saying anything, but his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels. Confused by the association of the angels with the bird, the narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a "thing of evil" and a "prophet". As he yells at the raven it only responds, "Nevermore".Finally, the narrator asks the raven if he will be reunited with Lenore in heaven. When the raven responds with its typical “Nevermore”, he shrieks and commands the r aven to return to the “Plutonian shore”, though it never moves. Presumably at the time of the poem‘s recitation （重述）by the narrator, the raven "still is sitting“ on the bust of Pallas. The narrator's final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the raven's shadow and shall be lifted "Nevermore".The narrator questions, then, are purposely self-deprecating （驳斥）and further incite his feelings of loss. Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poem‘s narrator. The narrator begins as weak and weary, becomes regretful and grief-stricken, before passing into a frenzy（狂乱） and, finally, madness.The Fall of the House of UsherThe tale opens with the unnamed narrator arriving at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher, having received a letter from him ina distant part of the country complaining of an illness and askingfor his comfort.Usher's symptoms can be described according to its terminology.They include hyperesthesia(extreme hypersensitivity to light, sounds, smells, and tastes), hypochondria(an excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness), and acute anxiety.It is revealed that Usher‘s twin sister, Madeline, is also ill and falls into cataleptic, death-like trances（昏厥）. The narrator is impressed with Usher’s paintings, and attempts to cheer him by reading with him and listening to his improvised musicalcompositions on the guitar. Usher sings “The Haunted Palace”, then tells the narrator that he believes the house he lives in to be sentient（有知觉力的）, and that this sentience arises from the arrangement of the masonry and vegetation surrounding it.Usher later informs the narrator that his sister has died and insists that she be entombed for two weeks in a vault in the house before being permanently buried. They inter （料理后事，如埋葬等）her, but over the next week both Usher and the narrator find themselves becoming increasingly agitated for no apparent reason.A storm begins. Usher comes to the narrator‘s bedroom, which issituated directly above the vault, and throws open his window to the storm. He notices that the bog（沼泽）surrounding the house seems to glow in the dark, as it glowed in Roderick Usher's paintings, although there is no lightning.The narrator attempts to calm Usher by reading aloud The Mad Trist,a novel involving a knight named Ethelred who breaks into a hermit'sdwelling in an attempt to escape an approaching storm, only to finda palace of gold guarded by a dragon. He also finds hanging on thewall a shield of shining brass of which is written a legend: that the one who slays the dragon wins the shield. With a stroke of his mace, Ethelred fells the dragon, who dies with a piercing shriek, and proceeds to take the shield, which falls to the floor with an unnerving clatter.As the narrator reads of the knight's forcible entry into the dwelling, cracking and ripping sounds are heard somewhere in the house. When the dragon is described as shrieking as it dies, a shriek is heard, again within the house.As he relates the shield falling from off the wall, a reverberation, metallic and hollow, can be heard. Usher becomes increasingly hysterical, and eventually exclaims that these sounds are being made by his sister, who was in fact alive when she was entombed and that Usher knew that she was alive.The bedroom door is then blown open to reveal Madeline standing there. She falls violently in death upon her brother, who dies of his own terror. The narrator then flees the house, and, as he does so, notices a flash of light causing him to look back upon the House of Usher, in time to watch it break in two, the fragments sinking into the tarn."The Fall of the House of Usher" shows Poe's ability to create an emotional tone in his work, specifically feelings of fear, doom, and guilt. These emotions center on Roderick Usher who, like many Poe characters, suffers from an unnamed disease. His disease causes his hyperactive senses.The illness manifests physically but is based in Roderick's mentalor even moral state. He is sick, it is suggested, because he expects to be sick based on his family's history of illness and is, therefore, essentially a hypochondriac. Similarly, he buries his sister alive because he expects to bury her alive, creating his own self-fulfilling prophecy.Major themesThe doppelgänger theme . The reflection of the house in the tarn is described in the opening paragraph, and “a striking similitude between the brother and sister” is mentioned when Madeline “dies”.（*1）Poe uses the theme of the death and resurrection of a woman here as well as in "Ligeia" and "Morella."The theme of mental illness is explored in this work, as it is in numerous other tales such as "Berenice".Interment while alive is also explored in "The Premature Burial"and "The Cask of Amontillado".There are also various Gothic elements, such as the decrepit castle and tarn, whose signs of decay reflect the mental condition of Usher, which is rapidly deteriorating.（*1） The doppelgänger theme：German: “double goer”), in German folklore, a wraith （生魂，传说中人临终或刚死显现的幽灵）or apparition of a living person, as distinguished from a ghost. The concept of the existence of a spirit double, an exact but usually invisible replica of every man, bird, or beast, is an ancient and widespread belief. To meet one’s double is a sign that one’s death is imminent. The doppelgänger becamea popular symbol of horror literature, and the theme took onconsiderable complexity.In The Double (1846), by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, for example, a poor clerk, Golyadkin, driven to madness by poverty and unrequited love, beholds his own wraith, who succeeds in everything at which Golyadkin has failed. Finally the wraith succeeds in disposing of his original. An earlier, well-known story of a doppelgänger appears in the novel Die Elixiere des Teufels, 2 vol. (1815–16;“The Devil’s Elixir”), by the German writer of fantastic talesE.T.A. Hoffmann.The Masque of the Red DeathThe story takes place at the castellated abbey of the "happy and dauntless and sagacious" Prince Prospero. Prospero and one thousand other nobles are taking refuge in a walled abbey to escape the Red Death, a terrible plague that has been sweeping the land. The symptoms of theRed Death are gruesome to behold: the victim is swept by convulsive agony and sweats blood instead of water.The plague is said to kill within half an hour. Prospero and his court are presented as being indifferent to the sufferings of the population at large, intending to await the ending of the plague in luxury and safety behind the walls of their secure refuge.One night, Prospero holds a masquerade ball（假面舞会）to entertain his guests in seven colored rooms of the abbey. Six of the rooms are each decorated and illuminated in a specific color: blue, purple, green, orange, white, and violet. The last room is decorated in black and is illuminated by a blood-red light; because of this chilling pair of colors, few guests are brave enough to venture into the seventh room.Enraged, the revelers （狂欢参与者）surge into the black room and remove the mask, only to find both of the masks and the costumes empty.To the horror of all, the figure reveals itself as the personification of the Red Death itself, and all the guests suddenly contract and succumb to （死于）the disease.The final line of the story sums up: “And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable （无限的）dominion （控制）over all." In the story, Poe adapts many conventions of traditional Gothic fiction, including the setting of a castle. The multiple single-toned rooms may be representative of the human mind, showing different personality types.The imagery of blood and time throughout also indicate corporeality （实体化事物）. The plague may, in fact, be typical attributes of （属性）human life and mortality. This would imply the entire story is an allegory about man's futile attempts to stave off death, the commonly accepted interpretation.The Cask of AmontilladoThe story is set in a nameless Italian city in an unspecified year (possibly sometime during the eighteenth century) and concerns the deadly revenge taken by the narrator on a friend who he claims has insulted him. Like several of Poe's stories, and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject, the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive – in this case, by immurement （被封闭而死）.As in "The Black Cat" and "The Tell-Tale Heart", Poe conveys the story through the murderer's perspective.Montresor tells the story of the night that he took his revenge on。

名字词形来源语言来源象征或含义1.Aaron 希伯来语被启迪的2.Abel 希伯来语呼吸，空虚3.Achilles 希腊语力量4.Adam 希伯来语红土5.Adan 西班牙语大地6.Addison 英语 Adam 的儿子7.Ade 非洲语王冠，皇家的8.Adley 希伯来语鹰9.Adolph 日耳曼语高贵的英雄10.Agustin 西班牙语尊贵的人，兴奋的人11.Ahren 德语鹰12.Aidan 凯尔特语火13.Alan 盖尔语英俊的，快乐的14.Alban 拉丁语白色15.Albert 盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵，聪明16.Alcander 希腊语强壮的17.Alfred 盎格鲁撒克逊语顾问18.Allen Alan 凯尔特语高贵19.Alphonse 盎格鲁撒克逊语渴望，高贵20.Alvin 盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵的朋友21.Anders 斯坎迪纳维亚语强壮的，男子气概的22.Andrew 拉丁语男子气概的23.Andy Andrew 希腊语男子气概的24.Angelo 希腊语信使25.Angus 凯尔特语被选中的人，唯一的力量26.Anker 希腊语男子气概的27.Anthony 拉丁语无价的28.Armand 德语属于军队的29.Asher 希伯来语幸运的，快乐的30.August Augustus 拉丁语被尊敬的，尊贵的1.Baldwin 日耳曼语勇敢的朋友2.Bali 北印度语强大的战士3.Barclay 英语白桦树牧场4.Barnett 英语高贵的人5.Barney Bernard 希伯来语勇敢的熊6.Baron 德语自由的男子7.Barrett 日耳曼语像熊一样的8.Barth Bartholomew 希伯来语小山，犁沟9.Beck 斯坎迪纳维亚语小溪10.Ben 希伯来语儿子11.Benjamin 希伯来语右手的儿子12.Benson 希伯来语优秀的儿子13. Berkeley 盎格鲁撒克逊语 白桦树牧场14. Bern Bernard 德语 勇敢的熊15. Bert 英语 聪明的16. Bill William 德语 坚定的卫17. Billy William 德语 坚定的卫士18. Bob Robert 德语 显赫的声望19. Bobby 德语 著名的20. B owen 凯尔特语 Owen 的儿子21. B radley 英语 来自宽阔的牧场22. B rady 英语 宽阔的岛23. B rand 斯坎迪纳维亚语 剑刃24. B rian 凯尔特语 强壮的25. B rooks 英语 流淌的水 日耳曼语 褐色凯尔特语 强壮的 英语 朋友 英语 显赫的声望 30.Byron 盎格鲁撒克逊语熊 C1. Caesar Cesar 拉丁语头发长的2. C ain 希伯来语 工匠3. C lavin 拉丁语 光秃的，枯燥的4. Cari 德语 男子5. Carlos Charles 西班牙语 自由的男子6. Carson Carr 斯堪迪纳维亚语 Carr 的儿子 26.Bruno27.Bryan t 28.Buddy7.Carter 英语货车司机8.Cavan 盖尔语英俊的9.Chale 西班牙语强壮而有男子气概的10.Chandler 法语蜡烛制造者11.Charles 德语男子，强壮的12.Chen 汉语伟大的，辽阔的13.Chevalier 法语骑士14.Chilton 盎格鲁撒克逊语靠近河边的城市15.Christoph 希腊语基督的信使16.Clark 法语学者17.Clement 法语慈悲的18.Clinton 盎格鲁撒克逊语小山上的城镇19.Colin 希腊语胜利20.Conan 凯尔特语聪明的21.Conrad 德语大胆而聪明的顾问22.Cornell Cornelius牛角色的拉丁语23.Crispin 拉丁语卷发的24.Curtis 法语有礼貌的25.Cyrus 波斯语1.Dalton 英语山谷农场2.D an Daniel 希伯来语上帝是我的审判者3.D aniel 希伯来语上帝是我的审判者帝是我的审判者4.Danny Daniel 希伯来语5.Dante 意大利语持久的6.Daren 尼日利亚语夜晚出生7.Darin 波斯语珍贵的礼物8.Darren 盖尔语伟大的9.Dave David 英语被爱的10.David 希伯来语被爱的11.Davin 斯堪迪纳维亚语芬兰的12.Davis 苏格兰语 David 的儿子13.Delbert 盎格鲁撒克逊语亮如白昼14.Dennis 希腊语 Dionysius （酒神）的15.Derek 德语统治者16.Devlin 盖尔语勇敢的17.D ick Richard 日耳曼语像统治者一样强壮、有力量的18.Dionysius 希腊语酒神和狂欢之神19.Dirk Derek 荷兰语统治者20.Dixon 日耳曼语 Richard 的儿子21.Dominick 拉丁语属于上帝的22.Donal 凯尔特语自豪的首领，世界统治者23.Douglas/ Douglass 苏格兰语黑色的溪流24.Duncan 凯尔特语黑皮肤的战士25.Dustin 德语英勇的斗士1.Eddy Edward 英语财产的守护者2.Edison 英语 Edward 的儿子3.Edward 英语财产的守护者4.Edwin 英语富足的朋友5.Elden 日耳曼语年长的6.Elgin 英语高贵的7.Elkan 希伯来语他属于上帝8.Elliot Elijah 希伯来语主是我的上帝9.Elmo 德语保护者10.Elvin 盎格鲁撒克逊语精灵的朋友11.Emanuel 希伯来语帝和我们在一起12.Emil 德语勤奋的13.Emmanel 希伯来语上帝和我们在一起14.Enos 未知男子15.Ennis 希腊语 Dennis 的缩写形式16.Enrico Henry 西班牙语家庭统治者17.Er 未知卫士18.Erek 波兰语可爱的19.Eric 斯堪迪纳维亚语最有力量的20.Erik Eric 德语最有力量的21.Ernest 日耳曼语热切的22.Ervin Erving 盖尔语英俊而公正23.Ethan 希伯来语强壮，坚定24.Eugene 希腊语出身高贵的25.Evan John 威尔士语上帝是仁慈的1.Fabian 拉丁语种豆子的人2.Faris 阿拉伯语骑士3.Felix 希伯来语快乐4.Ferdinand 德语做有胆量的人5.Fergus 凯尔特语有勇气的6.Ferguson 未知 Fergus 的儿子7.Fidel 拉丁语忠实的8.Finley 英语阳光光束，快乐的人9.Finn 斯堪迪纳维亚语拉普兰人10.Fisk 斯堪迪纳维亚语渔夫11.Floyd 凯尔特语山谷12.Forrest 拉丁语森林13.Forster 未知森林的14.Foster 盎格鲁撒克逊语森林的15.Frank Francis 拉丁语自由的男子16.Franklin 拉丁语自由的男子17.Franz Francis 德语自由的男子18.Frasier 英语头发卷曲的19.Fred Frederick 日耳曼语和平20.Freddy Frederick 未知和平21.Frederick 日耳曼语和平22.Freeman 盎格鲁撒克逊语自由的人23.Fremont 日耳曼语自由之山24.Fritz Frederick 德语和平25.Fuller 英语衣服熨烫工1.Gabe 希伯来语上帝是我的力量2.Gabriel 希伯来语上帝是我的力量3.Gage 法语保证，誓言4.Galen 盖尔平静的语5.Galeno 西班牙语聪明的小家伙6.Galvin 爱尔兰语麻雀7.Gamal 希伯来语骆驼8.Garfield 英语战场9.Garrick 英语强大的矛枪手10.Garrison 希伯来语征服之柱11.Gavin 威尔士语亚瑟王的一个骑士12.Gaylord 法语勇敢13.Geoffrey 英语天堂一样的地方14.George 希腊语农夫15.Gerald 日耳曼语用矛枪的战士16.Gibson 盎格鲁撒克逊语 Gilbert 的儿子17.Gideon 希伯来语伟大的战士18.Gilbert 日耳曼语被信任的19.Giles 希腊语盾牌20.Glenn 盖尔语山谷21.Gordon 英语来自偏僻的山区22.Grady 盖尔语高贵的、杰出的23.Graham 盎格鲁撒克逊语好战的24.Grant 拉丁语伟大的25.Grayson 英语执行官之子1.Habib 阿拉伯语被爱的2.Hackett 德语住在森林里的小人3.Hadley 英语石南覆盖的草地4.Hale 英语英雄5.Hamdi 阿拉伯语赞美6.Hamilton 英语美丽的山7.Hamlet 德语家8.Hank 德语房产的统治者9.Hans 斯堪迪纳维亚语上帝是仁慈的10.Hardy 日耳曼语强壮的11.Harlan 日耳曼语来自军队12.Harman 英语战士13.Harold 英语军队力量14.Harper 英语竖琴弹奏者15.Harry Harold 日耳曼语军队力量16.Hassan 阿拉伯语英俊的17.Heath 盎格鲁撒克逊语荒地18.Hector 希腊语矛，坚定的19.Henry 德语家庭统治者20.Herbert 日耳曼语杰出的军队或统治者21.Herman 德语军人22.Hilton 英语山上的庄园23.Holden 日耳曼语和蔼的，仁慈的24.Hollis 盎格鲁撒克逊语英雄25.Howard 日耳曼语家庭卫士帝仁慈的礼物上帝是仁慈1.Iain 盖尔语2.Ian 苏格兰3.lbrahim Abraham 阿拉伯语4.ld 阿拉伯语 节日5.lggi 非洲语 唯一的儿子6.lggy lggi 希腊语 唯一的儿子7.lgnatius 拉丁语 燃烧的8.lhsan 阿拉伯语 善行9.lke lsaac 希伯来语 笑着的人10.llias Elijah 拉丁语 主是我的上帝11.lman 阿拉伯语 忠诚 12.Ingmar 斯堪迪纳维亚语 有名的儿子 13.Ingram 日耳曼语 Ing 的大乌鸦 14.Irving 盖尔语 英俊而公正15.lsa Jesus 阿拉伯语 上帝会帮助的16.Isaac 希伯来语 笑着的人 17.lsaiah 希伯来语 18.lshmael 希伯来语 19.lsmail lshmael 希伯来语拉伯人的祖先20.Israel 希伯来语 愿上帝统治一切21.Issay 非洲语 多毛的22.Itzak 希伯来语 笑声 23.Ivan 希伯来语位大家庭的父亲帝的救赎上帝在听帝在听；他被认为是阿帝仁慈的礼物24.Ivar 斯堪迪纳维亚语射手；一位挪威人的神25.Ivo Yves 日耳曼语射手.Jaafar 阿拉伯语小溪2.J ack John 英语上帝是仁慈的3.J ackson希伯来语Jack的儿子4.Jacob 希伯来语替代者5.Jake Jacob希伯来语替代者6.J ames 希伯来语替代者7.J amison阿拉伯语James的儿子8.J arek 波兰语一月出生9.J arvis 英语司机10.J ason 希腊语治疗者11.J asper 波斯语司库12.J edrek 波兰语强壮而有男子气概的13.J eff Jeffrey 未帝的和平知14.J efferson 盎格鲁撒克逊语 Jeffrey 的儿子15.J effrey 日耳曼语上帝的和平16.J eremiah 希伯来语被上帝指定的17.J erry Gerald 希伯来语带矛的的战士18.J esus 希伯来语帝会帮助19.Jim James 希伯来语替代者20.Jimmy James 希伯来语替代者21.J oe Jose ph希伯来语上帝会添加22.J ohn 希伯来语上帝是仁爱的23.Joseph 希伯来语上帝会增添（一个儿子）帝就是就赎25.Justin 拉丁语公正24.Joshua 希伯来语 .Kai 夏威夷语大海2.Kalman 匈牙利语强壮而有男性气概的3.Karl Charles 希腊语男性的，强壮的4.Keith 苏格兰语森林5.Kelemen Clement 匈牙利语善良6.Kellen 德语沼泽7.Kelvin 盖尔语来自狭窄的河流8.Ken Kenneth 未知英俊的9.Kenelm 英语勇敢的头盔10.Kennard 英语强壮的11.Kenneth 盖尔语英俊的12.Kent 英语宽广的13.Kenton 英语来自王宫14.Kenny Kenneth 盖尔语英俊的15.Kenyon 盖尔语金色头发的16.Kermit 凯尔特语自由的男子17.Kern 盖尔语黑暗18.Kester 拉丁语来自罗马军队营地19.Kevin 盖尔语温柔的，可爱的20.Khalil 阿拉伯语朋友21.Kiefer 德语做桶的人22.Kimball 盎格鲁撒克逊语战士的领袖23.Kiros 非洲语国王24.Koen 德语诚实的顾问25.Kontar 加纳语唯一的孩子 .Lamar 拉丁语大海的mont 斯堪迪纳维亚语律师nce 德语陆地ncelot 拉丁语陆地ng 斯堪迪纳维亚语高个男子rry Lawrence 拉丁语月桂王冠urence Lawrence 拉丁语月桂王冠8.Leo 拉丁语一头狮子9.Leon Leonard 拉丁语像狮子一样10.Leonard 日耳曼语像狮子一样11.Leroy 法语国王12.Levi 希伯来语加入13.Lewis Louis 日耳曼语在战斗中有名气14.Lexi Alexander 未知人类的助手和守护者15.Lian 汉语优雅的六书16.Lisle 法语岛屿的17.Livvy Oliver 未知一棵橄榄树18.Lloyd 威尔士语灰色的19.London 拉丁语月亮堡垒20.Lou 德语在战斗中有名气21.Lucas 拉丁语光的携带者22.Luce Lucus 未知光23.Lucius Lucus 拉丁语光24.Luke Lucus 拉丁语光25.Lyndon 英语灵活的 .Maarten 拉丁语不欺骗2.Madison 日耳曼语 Matthew 的儿子巨大的3.Magnus 拉丁语4.Mahmud/Mahmoud 阿拉伯语被称赞的5.Malcolm 拉丁语一只鸽子6.Marc 拉丁语好战的7.Marcel Marc 拉丁语好战的8.Marcello 拉丁语勇敢9.Marco Marc 意大利语好战10. Mark 拉丁语 好战11. Marlon 法语 小鹰12. Marshall 法语 马匹看守人13. Marvin 日耳曼语 大海的朋友14. Matthew 希伯来语 15. Maurice 希腊语 沼地 ;黑色皮肤16. Max 拉丁语 最伟大的19. Mick Michael 希伯来语 他像神一样20. Mike Michael 未知 他像神一样21. Miles 拉丁语 战士22. Milo Miles 希腊语 战士23. Montgomery 拉丁语 属于大山的24. Morris 拉丁语 黑色皮肤的25. Morrison 拉丁语 Morris 的儿子1. Nabil 阿拉伯语 贵族2. Nalu 夏威夷语 波浪3. Nasir 阿拉伯语 胜利的4. Nate Nathan 希伯来语 他给了5. Nathan 希伯来语 他给了6. Nathaniel 希伯来语未知 伟大18.Merlin 凯尔特语 在海边17.Maxime Maximilian 帝的礼物帝的礼物7. Neal 凯尔特语 一8. Neely 英语 冠军9. Neil 盖尔语 冠军10. Nelson 英语 Neil 的儿子11. Nessan 爱尔兰语 白鼬12. Neville 拉丁语 来自新城13. Nevin 盖尔语 侄子 /外甥14. Nicholas 希腊语 人民的胜利15. Nick Nicholas 希腊语 人民的胜利16.Niel Nathaniel 未知 17. Nigel 拉丁语 黑暗18. Nika 希腊语 胜利19. Nils 斯堪迪纳维亚语 冠军20. Noah 希伯来语 休息，舒适21. Noel 拉丁语 出生在圣诞节22. Nolan 盖尔语 著名的，高贵的23. Norman 日耳曼语 古代挪威人或者统治24. Norton 盎格鲁撒克逊语 来自北方1.Oakes 英语 来自橡树林2.Oakley 盎格鲁撒克逊语 橡树林3.Obert 德语 水獭位冠军帝的礼物4.Octavio 拉丁语第八5.Odon 匈牙利语财产保护人6.Odysseus 未知愤怒至极7.Olin 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的 8.Oliver 拉丁语一棵橄榄树9.Omar／ Umar 阿拉伯语生命10.Oran 盖尔语绿色 11.Oren 希伯来语灰树12.Oringo 非洲语她喜欢蛄 ?lt;/td>13.Orion 希腊语火之子，猎人 14.Orlando德语黄金之地 15.Orman 英语矛枪手16.Ormand 未知大毒蛇 17.Orsen Orson 未知一只熊 18.Orson 拉丁语一只熊19.Orville 盎格鲁撒克逊语黄金城20.Oscar 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量21.Oskar Oscar 斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量22.Othello 未知富足的 23.Ovid 拉丁语蛋形24.Owen Evan 凯尔特语年轻的战25.Ozzie Oz 希伯来语力量1.P ablo Paul 拉丁语小2.P addy Patrick 爱尔兰语高尚的人3.P alma Pamela 拉丁语蜂蜜4.P almer 英语带着棕榈叶朝圣5.P aris 英语巴黎6.P arker 英语公园的保护人7.P arry 威尔士语 Harry 的儿子8.P arson 未知部长，牧师9.P ascal 希伯来语逾越节10.P asi 未知过往11.P atrick 拉丁语高尚的人12.P aul 拉丁语小13.P aulo 非洲语休息的地方14.P enn 英语围栏15.P erry 英语梨树16.P eter 希腊语一块岩石17.P hilip 希腊语爱马之人18.P hillip 希腊语钟情的19.P ierre Peter 法语一块岩石20.P ierson英语 Peter的儿子21.P laton 西班牙语宽肩膀的22.P olo 非洲语鳄鱼23.Porter 拉丁语看门人24.Prince 未知王子1.Qasim 阿拉伯语英俊的2.Qays 阿拉伯语测量3.Quentin 拉丁语第五4.Quillan 盖尔语幼兽5.Quincy 法语第五个儿子拥有的庄1.Ranen 希伯来语快乐的2.Raymon 英语强大的保护人3.Regan 凯尔特语皇家的4.Reuben 希伯来语看，一个儿子5.Rex 拉丁语国王6.Reynard 日耳曼语狐狸7.Riane 盖尔语小国王8.Rich Richard 未知强大的统治者9.Richard 德语强大的统治者10.Rick Richard 日耳曼语强大的统治者11.Rider 英语骑师12.Riordon 盖尔语国王的诗人13.Robert 英语显赫的声望14.Rock Rockne 英语一块岩石15.Roderick 德语著名的统治者16.Rodman 英语有名的17.Roger 德语有名的矛18.Roland 日耳曼语闻名整个地区 19.Roman 拉丁语罗马的20.Romeo 拉丁语罗马人的21.Ronald 英语有力的22.Roy 法语国王23.Royce 英语过往的儿子24.Ruben 希伯来语看，一个儿25.Rudolph 日耳曼语著名的狼 1.Sabri 阿拉伯语耐心 2.Salah 阿拉伯语美德3.Salman 阿拉伯语和平的4.Salvador 西班牙语救世主5.Sam 希伯来语去听6.Samson 希伯来语像太阳一样7.Samuel 希伯来语向上帝祈求8.Sanders 英语 Alexander 的儿子 9.Santos Santo 未知以为圣人10.Saunders 希腊语 Alexander 的儿子11.Saxon 英语剑客12.Seott 英语一位苏格兰男子13.Seamus James爱尔兰语替代者 14.Seth 希伯来语被指定的人15.Simba 斯瓦希里语狮子 16.Simon 希伯来语倾听的人17.Slade 英语山谷之子18.Smith 英语铁匠 19.Solomon 希伯来语和平的 20.Stanley 英语多石头的草场21.Stephen 希腊语王冠 22.Steve Steven 希腊语王冠 23.Steven 希腊语王冠 24.Stuart 英语乘务员，管家 25.Sylvester 拉丁语来自森林的1.Ted Theodore 希腊语神圣的礼物2.T errenee Terenee拉丁语优雅的，好的3.T haddeus 希腊语帝的礼物4.T hanos 希腊语贵族5.T heodore 希腊语神圣的礼物6.Theron 希腊语猎人7.Thierry 日耳曼语人民的统治者8.Thomas 希伯来语双胞胎9.Tierney 盖尔语10.Tilden 盎格鲁撒克逊语肥沃的山谷11.Tim 希腊语荣耀神12.Timothy 希腊语荣耀神13.Tino 未知小14.Tobey 希伯来语神是好的15.Todd 英语狐狸16.Tom Thomas 希腊语双胞胎17.Tomas Thomas 西班牙语双胞胎18.Tommy Thomas 希腊语双胞胎19.Tony Anthony 拉丁语无价的20.Tracis 拉丁语字路口21.Trevor 盖尔语进深的22.Trey 英语三23.Truman 盎格鲁撒克逊语忠实的人24.Tymon 希腊语荣耀神25.Tyson 日耳曼语 Ty 的儿子U1.Uba 非洲语父亲，神2.Ulric 日耳曼语狼3.Ulysses 拉丁语愤怒的4.Urban 拉丁语来自城市5.Uri 希伯来语我的光1.Vail 盎格鲁撒克逊语山谷2.Vernon 拉丁语年轻的3.Victor 拉丁语征服者4. Vincent 拉丁语 征服者5. Vinnie 未知 征服者1. Walden 日耳曼语 有力的2. Waldo 日耳曼语 统治者3. Walid 阿拉伯语 儿子4. Walker 英语 把布变厚的人5. Wallace 法语6. Walter 德语 强大的战士7. Ward 英语 卫士8. Warner 德语 给予保护的战士9. Wayne 英语 车夫10. Webster 英语 织工11. Wesley 英语 西部的草场12. Whitby 斯堪迪纳维亚语 有白墙的农场13. Whitfield 盎格鲁撒克逊语 来自小块土地14. Whitley 盎格鲁撒克逊语 15. Wilbur Gilbert 德语 被信赖的16. Wiley 未知 柳树的17. Wilfred 日耳曼语 和平的或者靠近浅滩的柳树位陌生人位小朋友18.Will William 日耳曼语坚定的卫19.William 德语坚定的卫士20.Willie 日耳曼语坚定的保护人21.Willis 日耳曼语 William 的儿子22.Wilson 德语 William 的儿子23.Winslow 日耳曼语胜利之山24.Winston 英语胜利之城25.Wolfgang 日耳曼语狼之路1.Xanthus 希腊语黄色2.Xavier 拉丁语救世主3.Xerxes 波斯语统治者1.Yale 德语付帐或者生产制造的人2.Yancy 美洲印第安人英国人3.Yank Yancy 未知英国人帝的礼物4.Yannis 希伯来语5.Yaro 非洲语儿子6.Yasir 阿拉伯语富足的7.Yehudi希伯来语来自Judah的男子，犹太人8.Y ork 凯尔特语来自遍布紫杉树的农场9.Yosef Jose ph希伯来语上帝会添加一个10.Y ule 盎格鲁撒克逊语圣诞节的1.Z ach Zachary 未知被上帝记住的2.Z aki 阿拉伯语纯洁的3.Z alman 希伯来语和平而安静的帝仁慈的礼物4.Z ane 希伯来语5.Z ion 希伯来语极好的。

各种英文名意思名字词形来源语言来源象征或含义A1.A aron希伯来语被启迪的2.A bel希伯来语呼吸，空虚3.A chilles希腊语力量4.A dam 希伯来语红土5.A dan西班牙语大地6.A ddison英语Adam的儿子7.A de非洲语王冠，皇家的8.A dley希伯来语鹰9.A dolph日耳曼语高贵的英雄10.A gustin西班牙语尊贵的人，兴奋的人11.A hren德语鹰12.A idan凯尔特语火13.A lan盖尔语英俊的，快乐的14.A lban拉丁语白色15.A lbert盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵，聪明16.A lcander希腊语强壮的仃.Alfred盎格鲁撒克逊语顾问18.Allen Alan凯尔特语高贵佃.Alphonse盎格鲁撒克逊语渴望，高贵20. Alvin盎格鲁撒克逊语高贵的朋友21.A nders斯坎迪纳维亚语强壮的，男子气概的22.A ndrew拉丁语男子气概的23.A ndy Andrew希腊语男子气概的24.A ngelo希腊语信使25.A ngus凯尔特语被选中的人，唯一的力量26.A nker希腊语男子气概的27.A nthony拉丁语无价的28.A rmand德语属于军队的29.A sher希伯来语幸运的，快乐的30.A ugust Augustus拉丁语被尊敬的，尊贵的1.B aldwin日耳曼语勇敢的朋友2.B ali北印度语强大的战士3.B arclay英语白桦树牧场4.B arnett英语高贵的人5.B arney Bernard希伯来语勇敢的熊6.B aron德语自由的男子7.B arrett日耳曼语像熊一样的8.B arth Bartholomew希伯来语小山，犁沟9.B eck斯坎迪纳维亚语小溪10.B en希伯来语儿子11.B enjamin希伯来语右手的儿子12.B enson希伯来语优秀的儿子13.B erkeley盎格鲁撒克逊语白桦树牧场14.B ern Bernard德语勇敢的熊15.B ert英语聪明的16.B ill William 德语坚定的卫士仃.Billy William德语坚定的卫士18.Bob Robert德语显赫的声望佃.Bobby德语著名的20.B owen凯尔特语Owen的儿子21.B radley英语来自宽阔的牧场22.B rady英语宽阔的岛23.B rand斯坎迪纳维亚语剑刃24.B rian凯尔特语强壮的25.B rooks英语流淌的水26.B runo日耳曼语褐色27.B ryant凯尔特语强壮的28.B uddy英语朋友29.B urton英语显赫的声望30.B yron盎格鲁撒克逊语熊C1.C aesar Cesar拉丁语头发长的2.C ain希伯来语工匠3.C lavin拉丁语光秃的，枯燥的4.C ari德语男子5.C arlos Charles西班牙语自由的男子6.C arson Carr斯堪迪纳维亚语Carr的儿子7.C arter英语货车司机8.C avan盖尔语英俊的9.C hale西班牙语强壮而有男子气概的10.C handler法语蜡烛制造者11.C harles德语男子，强壮的12.C hen汉语伟大的，辽阔的13.C hevalier 法语骑士14.C hilton盎格鲁撒克逊语靠近河边的城市15.C hristoph希腊语基督的信使16.C lark法语学者仃.Clement法语慈悲的18.C linton盎格鲁撒克逊语小山上的城镇19.C olin希腊语胜利20.C onan凯尔特语聪明的21.C onrad德语大胆而聪明的顾问22.C ornell Cornelius 拉丁语牛角色的23.C rispin拉丁语卷发的24.C urtis法语有礼貌的25.C yrus波斯语D1.D alton英语山谷农场2.D an Daniel希伯来语上帝是我的审判者3.D aniel希伯来语上帝是我的审判者4.D anny Daniel希伯来语上帝是我的审判者5.D ante意大利语持久的6.D aren尼日利亚语夜晚出生7.D arin波斯语珍贵的礼物8.D arren盖尔语伟大的9.D ave David英语被爱的10.D avid希伯来语被爱的11.D avin斯堪迪纳维亚语芬兰的12.D avis苏格兰语David的儿子13.D elbert盎格鲁撒克逊语亮如白昼14.D ennis 希腊语Dionysius （酒神）的15.D erek德语统治者16.D evlin盖尔语勇敢的仃.Dick Richard日耳曼语像统治者一样强壮、有力量的18.D ionysius希腊语酒神和狂欢之神19.D irk Derek荷兰语统治者20.D ixon日耳曼语Richard的儿子21.D ominick拉丁语属于上帝的22.D onal凯尔特语自豪的首领，世界统治者23.D ouglas/ Douglass苏格兰语黑色的溪流24.D uncan凯尔特语黑皮肤的战士25.D ustin德语英勇的斗士E1.E ddy Edward英语财产的守护者2.E dison英语Edward的儿子3.E dward英语财产的守护者4.E dwin英语富足的朋友5.E lden日耳曼语年长的6.E lgin英语高贵的7.E lkan希伯来语他属于上帝8.E lliot Elijah希伯来语主是我的上帝9.E lmo德语保护者10.E lvin盎格鲁撒克逊语精灵的朋友11.E manuel希伯来语上帝和我们在一起12.E mil德语勤奋的13.E mmanel希伯来语上帝和我们在一起14.E nos未知男子15.E nnis希腊语Dennis的缩写形式16.E nrico Henry西班牙语家庭统治者17.E r未知卫士18.E rek波兰语可爱的佃.Eric斯堪迪纳维亚语最有力量的20.E rik Eric德语最有力量的21.E rnest日耳曼语热切的22.E rvin Erving盖尔语英俊而公正23.E than希伯来语强壮，坚定24.E ugene希腊语出身高贵的25.E van John威尔士语上帝是仁慈的1.F abian拉丁语种豆子的人2.F aris阿拉伯语骑士3.F elix希伯来语快乐4.F erdinand德语做有胆量的人5.F ergus凯尔特语有勇气的6.F erguson 未知Fergus 的儿子7.F idel拉丁语忠实的8.F inley英语阳光光束，快乐的人9.F inn斯堪迪纳维亚语拉普兰人10.F isk斯堪迪纳维亚语渔夫11.F loyd凯尔特语山谷12.F orrest拉丁语森林13.F orster未知森林的14.F oster盎格鲁撒克逊语森林的15.F rank Francis拉丁语自由的男子16.F ranklin拉丁语自由的男子仃.Franz Francis德语自由的男子18.F rasier英语头发卷曲的19.F red Frederick日耳曼语和平20.F reddy Frederick 未知和平21.F rederick日耳曼语和平22.F reeman盎格鲁撒克逊语自由的人23.F remont日耳曼语自由之山24.F ritz Frederick 德语和平25.F uller英语衣服熨烫工1.G abe希伯来语上帝是我的力量2.G abriel希伯来语上帝是我的力量3.G age法语保证，誓言4.G alen盖尔语平静的5.G aleno西班牙语聪明的小家伙6.G alvin爱尔兰语麻雀7.G amal希伯来语骆驼8.G arfield英语战场9.G arrick英语强大的矛枪手10.G arrison希伯来语征服之柱11.G avin威尔士语亚瑟王的一个骑士12.G aylord法语勇敢13.G eoffrey英语天堂一样的地方14.G eorge希腊语农夫15.G erald日耳曼语用矛枪的战士16.G ibson盎格鲁撒克逊语Gilbert的儿子仃.Gideon希伯来语伟大的战士18.Gilbert日耳曼语被信任的佃.Giles希腊语盾牌20.G lenn盖尔语山谷21.G ordon英语来自偏僻的山区22.G rady盖尔语高贵的、杰出的23.G raham盎格鲁撒克逊语好战的24.G rant拉丁语伟大的25.G rayson英语执行官之子1.H abib阿拉伯语被爱的2.H ackett德语住在森林里的小人3.H adley英语石南覆盖的草地4.H ale英语英雄5.H amdi阿拉伯语赞美6.H amilton英语美丽的山7.H amlet德语家8.H ank德语房产的统治者9.H ans斯堪迪纳维亚语上帝是仁慈的10.H ardy日耳曼语强壮的11・Harlan日耳曼语来自军队12.H arman 英语战士13.H arold英语军队力量14.H arper英语竖琴弹奏者15.H arry Harold日耳曼语军队力量16.H assan阿拉伯语英俊的仃.Heath盎格鲁撒克逊语荒地18.Hector希腊语矛，坚定的佃.Henry德语家庭统治者20.H erbert日耳曼语杰出的军队或统治者21.H erman德语军人22.H ilton英语山上的庄园23.H olden日耳曼语和蔼的，仁慈的24.H ollis盎格鲁撒克逊语英雄25.H oward日耳曼语家庭卫士1.1 ain盖尔语上帝仁慈的礼物2.Ian苏格兰语上帝是仁慈3.Ibrahim Abraham 阿拉伯语一位大家庭的父亲4・ld阿拉伯语节日5.Iggi非洲语唯一的儿子6.Iggy Iggi希腊语唯一的儿子7.Ignatius拉丁语燃烧的8.Ihsan阿拉伯语善行9.Ike Isaac希伯来语笑着的人10.Ilias Elijah拉丁语主是我的上帝11.Iman阿拉伯语忠诚12.Ingmar斯堪迪纳维亚语有名的儿子13.Ingram 日耳曼语Ing的大乌鸦14.Irving盖尔语英俊而公正15.Isa Jesus阿拉伯语上帝会帮助的16.Isaac希伯来语笑着的人仃.Isaiah希伯来语上帝的救赎18.Ishmael希伯来语上帝在听19.Ismail Ishmael希伯来语上帝在听；他被认为是阿拉伯人的祖先20.Israel希伯来语愿上帝统治一切21.Issay非洲语多毛的22.Itzak希伯来语笑声23.Ivan希伯来语上帝仁慈的礼物24.Ivar斯堪迪纳维亚语射手；一位挪威人的神25. Ivo Yves日耳曼语射手.Jaafar阿拉伯语小溪2.J ack John英语上帝是仁慈的3.J ackson希伯来语Jack的儿子4.J acob希伯来语替代者5.J ake Jacob希伯来语替代者6.J ames希伯来语替代者7.J amison阿拉伯语James的儿子8.J arek波兰语一月出生9.J arvis英语司机10.J ason希腊语治疗者11.J asper波斯语司库12.J edrek波兰语强壮而有男子气概的13.J eff Jeffrey未知上帝的和平14.J efferson盎格鲁撒克逊语Jeffrey的儿子15.J effrey日耳曼语上帝的和平16.J eremiah希伯来语被上帝指定的仃.Jerry Gerald希伯来语带矛的的战士18.Jesus希伯来语上帝会帮助佃.Jim James希伯来语替代者20.J immy James希伯来语替代者21.J oe Joseph希伯来语上帝会添加22.J ohn希伯来语上帝是仁爱的23.J oseph希伯来语上帝会增添（一个儿子）24.J oshua希伯来语上帝就是就赎25.J ustin拉丁语公正.Kai夏威夷语大海2.K alman匈牙利语强壮而有男性气概的3.K arl Charles希腊语男性的，强壮的4.K eith苏格兰语森林5.K elemen Clement匈牙利语善良6.K ellen德语沼泽7.K elvin盖尔语来自狭窄的河流8.K en Kenneth未知英俊的9.K enelm英语勇敢的头盔10.K ennard英语强壮的11.K enneth盖尔语英俊的12.K ent英语宽广的13.K enton英语来自王宫14.K enny Kenneth盖尔语英俊的15.K enyon盖尔语金色头发的16.Kermit凯尔特语自由的男子仃.Kern盖尔语黑暗18.Kester拉丁语来自罗马军队营地佃.Kevin盖尔语温柔的，可爱的20.K halil阿拉伯语朋友21.K iefer德语做桶的人22.K imball盎格鲁撒克逊语战士的领袖23.K iros非洲语国王24.K oen德语诚实的顾问25.K ontar加纳语唯一的孩子丄amar拉丁语大海的2.L amont斯堪迪纳维亚语律师3.L ance德语陆地4.L ancelot拉丁语陆地5.L ang斯堪迪纳维亚语高个男子6.L arry Lawrence拉丁语月桂王冠7.L aurence Lawrence 拉丁语月桂王冠8.L eo拉丁语一头狮子9.L eon Leonard拉丁语像狮子一样10.L eonard日耳曼语像狮子一样11.L eroy法语国王12.L evi希伯来语加入13^Lewis Louis日耳曼语在战斗中有名气14.L exi Alexander未知人类的助手和守护者15.L ian汉语优雅的六书16.L isle法语岛屿的仃^Livvy Oliver未知一棵橄榄树18丄loyd威尔士语灰色的佃.London拉丁语月亮堡垒2O.Lou德语在战斗中有名气21丄ucas拉丁语光的携带者22.Luce Lucus 未知光23^Lucius Lucus 拉丁语光24.Luke Lucus 拉丁语光25^Lyndon英语灵活的.Maarten拉丁语不欺骗2.M adison日耳曼语Matthew的儿子3.M agnus拉丁语巨大的4.M ahmud/Mahmoud阿拉伯语被称赞的5.M alcolm拉丁语一只鸽子6.M arc拉丁语好战的7.M arcel Marc拉丁语好战的8.M arcello拉丁语勇敢9.M arco Marc意大利语好战10.M ark拉丁语好战11.M arlon法语小鹰12.M arshall法语马匹看守人13.M arvin日耳曼语大海的朋友14.M atthew 希伯来语上帝的礼物15.M aurice希腊语沼地;黑色皮肤16・Max拉丁语最伟大的仃.Maxime Maximilian 未知伟大18.Merlin凯尔特语在海边佃.Mick Michael希伯来语他像神一样20.M ike Michael未知他像神一样21.M iles 拉丁语战士22.M ilo Miles 希腊语战士23.M ontgomery拉丁语属于大山的24.M orris拉丁语黑色皮肤的25.M orrison 拉丁语Morris 的儿子1.N abil阿拉伯语贵族2.N alu夏威夷语波浪3.N asir阿拉伯语胜利的4.N ate Nathan希伯来语他给了5.N athan希伯来语他给了6.N athaniel希伯来语上帝的礼物7.N eal凯尔特语一位冠军8.N eely英语冠军9.N eil盖尔语冠军10.N elson英语Neil的儿子11.N essan爱尔兰语白鼬12.N eville拉丁语来自新城13.N evin盖尔语侄子/外甥14.N icholas希腊语人民的胜利15.N ick Nicholas希腊语人民的胜利16.N iel Nathaniel未知上帝的礼物仃.Nigel拉丁语黑暗18.Nika希腊语胜利佃.Nils斯堪迪纳维亚语冠军20.N oah希伯来语休息，舒适21.N oel拉丁语出生在圣诞节22.N olan盖尔语著名的，高贵的23.N orman日耳曼语古代挪威人或者统治24.N orton盎格鲁撒克逊语来自北方1.0akes英语来自橡树林2.0 akley盎格鲁撒克逊语橡树林3.Obert德语水獭4.Octavio拉丁语第八5.Odon匈牙利语财产保护人6.0dysseus未知愤怒至极7 Olin斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的8.Oliver拉丁语一棵橄榄树9.0mar/ Umar阿拉伯语生命10.Oran盖尔语绿色11.Oren希伯来语灰树12.Oringo非洲语她喜欢蛄？lt;/td>13.0rion希腊语火之子，猎人14.0rlando德语黄金之地15.Orman英语矛枪手16.Ormand未知大毒蛇仃.Orsen Orson未知一只熊18.Orson拉丁语一只熊佃.Orville盎格鲁撒克逊语黄金城20.0 scar斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量21. Oskar Oscar斯堪迪纳维亚语神圣的力量22.0thello未知富足的23.Ovid拉丁语蛋形24.0wen Evan凯尔特语年轻的战士25.0zzie 0z希伯来语力量1.P ablo Paul 拉丁语小2.P addy Patrick爱尔兰语高尚的人3.P alma Pamela 拉丁语蜂蜜4.P almer英语带着棕榈叶朝圣5.P aris英语巴黎6.P arker英语公园的保护人7.P arry威尔士语Harry的儿子8.P arson未知部长，牧师9.P ascal希伯来语逾越节10.P asi未知过往11.P atrick拉丁语高尚的人12.P aul拉丁语小13.P aulo非洲语休息的地方14.P enn英语围栏15.P erry英语梨树16.P eter希腊语一块岩石17.P hilip希腊语爱马之人18.P hillip希腊语钟情的佃.Pierre Peter法语一块岩石20.P ierson英语Peter的儿子21.P laton西班牙语宽肩膀的22.P olo非洲语鳄鱼23.P orter拉丁语看门人24.P rince未知王子1.Q asim阿拉伯语英俊的2.Q ays阿拉伯语测量3.Q uentin拉丁语第五4.Q uillan盖尔语幼兽5.Q uincy法语第五个儿子拥有的庄1.R anen希伯来语快乐的2.R aymon英语强大的保护人3.R egan凯尔特语皇家的4.R euben希伯来语看，一个儿子5.R ex拉丁语国王6.R eynard日耳曼语狐狸7.R iane盖尔语小国王8.R ich Richard未知强大的统治者9.R ichard德语强大的统治者10.R ick Richard日耳曼语强大的统治者11.R ider英语骑师12.R iordon盖尔语国王的诗人13.R obert英语显赫的声望14.R ock Rockne英语一块岩石15.R oderick德语著名的统治者16.R odman英语有名的17.R oger德语有名的矛18.R oland日耳曼语闻名整个地区佃.Roman拉丁语罗马的20.R omeo拉丁语罗马人的21.R onald英语有力的22.R oy法语国王23.R oyce英语过往的儿子24.R uben希伯来语看，一个儿子25.R udolph日耳曼语著名的狼I.S abri阿拉伯语耐心2.Salah阿拉伯语美德3.Salman阿拉伯语和平的4.Salvador西班牙语救世主5.Sam希伯来语去听6.Samson希伯来语像太阳一样7.Samuel希伯来语向上帝祈求8.Sanders 英语Alexander 的儿子9.Santos Santo未知以为圣人10.Saunders 希腊语Alexander 的儿子II.S axon英语剑客12.Scott英语一位苏格兰男子13.Seamus James爱尔兰语替代者14.Seth希伯来语被指定的人15.Simba斯瓦希里语狮子16.Simon希伯来语倾听的人仃.Slade英语山谷之子18.Smith英语铁匠19.Solomon希伯来语和平的20.Stanley英语多石头的草场21.Stephen希腊语王冠22.Steve Steven希腊语王冠23.Steven希腊语王冠24.Stuart英语乘务员，管家25.Sylvester拉丁语来自森林的1.T ed Theodore希腊语神圣的礼物2.T errence Terence拉丁语优雅的，好的3.T haddeus希腊语上帝的礼物4.T hanos希腊语贵族5.T heodore希腊语神圣的礼物6.T heron希腊语猎人7.T hierry日耳曼语人民的统治者8.T homas希伯来语双胞胎9.T ierney盖尔语上帝10.T ilden盎格鲁撒克逊语肥沃的山谷11.T im希腊语荣耀神12.T imothy希腊语荣耀神13.T ino未知小14.T obey希伯来语神是好的15.T odd英语狐狸16.T om Thomas希腊语双胞胎17.T omas Thomas西班牙语双胞胎18.T ommy Thomas希腊语双胞胎佃.Tony Anthony拉丁语无价的20.T racis拉丁语十字路口21.T revor盖尔语进深的22.T rey英语三23.T ruman盎格鲁撒克逊语忠实的人24.T ymon希腊语荣耀神25.T yson日耳曼语Ty的儿子U1.U ba非洲语父亲，神2.U lric日耳曼语狼3.U lysses拉丁语愤怒的4.U rban拉丁语来自城市5・Uri希伯来语我的光V1.V ail盎格鲁撒克逊语山谷2.V ernon拉丁语年轻的3.V ictor拉丁语征服者4.V incent拉丁语征服者5.V innie未知征服者W1.W alden日耳曼语有力的2.W aldo日耳曼语统治者3.W alid阿拉伯语儿子4.W alker英语把布变厚的人5.W allace法语一位陌生人6.W alter德语强大的战士7.W ard英语卫士8.W arner德语给予保护的战士9.W ayne英语车夫10.W ebster英语织工11 .Wesley英语西部的草场12.W hitby斯堪迪纳维亚语有白墙的农场13.W hitfield盎格鲁撒克逊语来自小块土地14.W hitley盎格鲁撒克逊语一位小朋友15.W ilbur Gilbert德语被信赖的16.W iley未知柳树的仃.Wilfred日耳曼语和平的或者靠近浅滩的柳树18.Will William 日耳曼语坚定的卫士佃.William德语坚定的卫士20.W illie日耳曼语坚定的保护人21.W illis日耳曼语William 的儿子22.W ilson 德语William 的儿子23.W inslow日耳曼语胜利之山24.W inston英语胜利之城25.W olfgang日耳曼语狼之路X1.X anthus希腊语黄色2.X avier拉丁语救世主3.X erxes波斯语统治者Y1.Y ale德语付帐或者生产制造的人2.Y ancy美洲印第安人英国人3.Y ank Yancy未知英国人4.Y annis希伯来语上帝的礼物5.Y aro非洲语儿子6.Y asir阿拉伯语富足的7.Y ehudi希伯来语来自Judah的男子，犹太人8.Y ork凯尔特语来自遍布紫杉树的农场9.Y osef Joseph希伯来语上帝会添加一个10.Y ule盎格鲁撒克逊语圣诞节的Z1.Z ach Zachary未知被上帝记住的2.Z aki阿拉伯语纯洁的3.Z alman希伯来语和平而安静的4.Z ane希伯来语上帝仁慈的礼物5.Z ion希伯来语极好的。

CharactersEthan Brand: Mysterious man from western Massachusetts who travels the world in search of what he calls the Unpardonable Sin. After eighteen years, he returns home to report that he has found the sin. Ironically, he says, it is in his own heart. He presents his findings at the scene of a lime kiln on Mount Greylock, (spelled Gray-lock by Hawthorne) near his home village. He tended the kiln before going on his quest.Bartram: Man who now tends the kiln on Mount Greylock. His job is to keep the fire hot while it burns marble into lime. He greets and talks with Brand after the latter returns from his quest. Joe: Bartram's obedient and loving child.Stage Agent: Tavern patron in the village near Bartram's lime kiln. He favors brandy and cigars and has a dry sense of humor.Giles: Tavern patron in the village near Bartram's lime kiln. Heavy drinking caused him to fail as a lawyer. He now makes soap.Village Doctor: Fifty-year-old tavern patron in the village near Bartram's lime kiln. He is a bad-tempered man whom "brandy possessed . . . like an evil spirit." However, he is a skillful practitioner who regularly visits his patients.Humphrey: Elderly tavern patron in the village near Bartram's lime kiln. He asks Ethan Brand whether he encountered his daughter on his world travels.Humphrey's Daughter: Young woman from the village who ran off to join a circus. Before she left, she was the subject of an evil experiment conducted by Brand before he set out on his quest for the Unpardonable Sin.German Jew: Traveler who stages a diorama show in a box he carries.Young Townspeople: Residents of the village near Bartram's lime kiln. News of Ethan Brand's return attracts them to the kiln, but they soon become more interested in the traveling showman's diorama.Setting.......The story is set on Mount Greylock (spelled Gray-lock by Hawthorne) in northwestern Massachusetts. At 3,491 feet, the mountain is the highest point in Massachusetts. The Greylock region is rich in marble deposits. Because the name of the mountain was not widely used until after 1830, the action in the story probably takes place between 1830 and 1848, the year Hawthorne was believed to have written the story. Hawthorne himself visited the region in 1838, when he climbed the mountain.Narration.......Hawthorne tells the story in omniscient third-person point of view. This approach enables the narrator to reveal the thoughts of the characters, as in the following passage in which the narrator tells the reader what Bartram is thinking:He felt that the little fellow's presence had been a barrier between his guest and himself, and that he must now deal, heart to heart, with a man who, on his own confession, had committed the one only crime for which Heaven could afford no mercy. That crime, in its indistinct blackness, seemed to overshadow him. The lime-burner's own sins rose up within him, and made his memory riotous with a throng of evil shapes that asserted their kindred with the Master Sin, whatever it might be, which it was within the scope of man's corrupted nature to conceive and cherish.SymbolismFire: Obsession; passion. When tending and looking into the kiln fire, Ethan Brand becomes obsessed with the idea of finding the Unpardonable Sin. When drinking in the tavern or from the black bottle they carry with them, the village men feed their passion for what Brand calls "fiery liquors." When observing the subjects of his research, Brand "looked into many a human heart that was seven times hotter with sinful passions than yonder furnace fire," he says.Joe: Christlike love, sympathy, understanding; innocence. Joe is the opposite of Brand but is the only character who feels sympathy for him: "As the boy followed his father into the hut, he looked back at the wayfarer, and the tears came into his eyes, for his tender spirit had an intuition of the bleak and terrible loneliness in which this man had enveloped himself."Black Bottle: See fire, above.Old Dog: Common sense. The old dog's pursuit of his tail parallels Ethan Brand's pursuit of the Unpardonable Sin. However, when the dog fails to catch his tail after going round and round in a frenzy, he settles down and becomes "mild, quiet, sensible, and respectable in his deportment. . . . ," as he was before he began his pursuit. But after Ethan Brand ends his pursuit, he remains frenzied and fiendish—full of the devil, as it were—making the claim that he has found the Unpardonable Sin within himself. Unlike the dog, he lacks the common sense to abandon his obsession and become what he was before he embarked on his pursuit.Marble: Ethan Brand's hardness of heart.Brass buttons: The brass buttons on the coat of the stage agent may suggest that he, like his companions from the village tavern, is a tainted creature. Brass is an alloy, a mixture of metals, and therefore inferior to pure metals such as gold and silver.ThemesInordinate Thirst for Knowledge.......Ethan Brand lives uprightly and respects others until the day that he becomes obsessed with a question: Of all the sins that man commits, which is the only one that God will not forgive? Researching this question intensifies his obsession to the point that he fiendishly manipulates others into committing sin in order to find his answer. In so doing, Brand does the work of the devil—or, in a sense, becomes a devil. Desire for knowledge is good, but inordinate desire that cancels morality is evil.Unprincipled Scientific Research.......Like scientists of the Enlightenment, scientists in the first half of the nineteenth century generally conducted objective research that emphasized reason over emotions and religious faith. Such objectivity in scientific experimentation is good. However, any experimentation that goes beyond the bounds of morality is evil. Ethan Brand, with his "marble heart," reflects the attitude of scientists who seek answers without regard to the morality of their actions. Perhaps in "Ethan Brand" Hawthorne—a man of faith who was committed to the ideals of romanticism, including the importance of the heart and the imagination—was taking a jab at coldly objective, and sometimes unethical, scientific research.Alienation.......Ethan Brand’s unholy undertaking hardens his heart; he cares only about the knowledge he seeks. As a result, he isolates himself from the rest of humanity. At the end of his search, his alienation gnaws at him, and he returns to Western Massachusetts to renew his bond with humanity by announcing the result of his quest. But his listeners regard him as crazed and frightful—a man to stay away from.Sin and Its Consequences.......Nathaniel Hawthorne focused many of his stories on sin (including the concept of original sin) and its consequences. For example, his short story "Young Goodman Brown" and his novel The Scarlet Letter both center on sin and its moral and psychological consequences. How the characters in these and other Hawthorne stories, including "Ethan Brand," respondto their own sins or the sins of others becomes a major issue that drives the plot. In "Ethan Brand," Bartram's awareness of his own sins links him as a fallen creature with Ethan Brand and kindles in him memories of the frightening stories about this night visitor.Climax and Conclusion.......The climax of the story occurs when Ethan Brand hurls himself into the kiln fire. The conclusion, or denouement, begins immediately afterward. Bartram and little Joe awaken from nightmares to go forth into a sunny day and discover Brand's remains in the lime kiln.What Is the Unpardonable Sin?.......The story reports only what Ethan Brand believes to be the Unpardonable Sin, not what the Bible or the consensus of scholarly research says it is. From Brand's perspective, it "is a sin that grew within my own breast . . . [a] sin that grew nowhere else! The sin of an intellect that triumphed over the sense of brotherhood with man and reverence for God, and sacrificed everything to its own mighty claims! The only sin that deserves a recompense of immortal agony! " He committed this sin, he believes, when he manipulated others into iniquity as part of his empirical research and, in so doing, severed his relationship not only with the rest of humankind but also with God........Of course, for a sin to be unpardonable, the sinner must be unrepentant. Brand makes known his disposition in this regard when he says, "Freely, were it to do again, would I incur the guilt."Barn BurningIn Barn Burning by William Faulkner we have the theme of loyalty, conflict, power, control, authority, justice and renewal. Taken from his Selected Short Stories collection the story is narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator and from the beginning of the story it becomes clear to the reader that Faulkner is exploring the theme of loyalty and conflict. The narrator tells the reader that Sarty, as he is sitting in the store, thinks of Harris as ‘our enemy…ourn! mine and hisn both.’ This statement is significant as even though Sarty knows that his father is guilty of burning Harris’ barn he still views Harris as the enemy. However it is also interesting that Sarty’s loyalty to his father does cause a conflict within Sarty. This internal conflict within Sarty is important as it suggests that Sarty is torn between loyalty to his father and doing the right thing (telling the Justice of the Peace that his father is guilty). Harris himself, though only mentioned at the beginning of the story is also an important character as he symbolizes the southern land owner, an individual in authority (jus t like de Spain) who Sarty’s father, Abner, is answerable to. It is this sense of social order which causes conflict for Sarty and his family, due to this father’s continued fight against what he perceives to be social and economic inequality.Faulkner continues to explore the theme of loyalty after Sarty and his father leave the store. Sarty ends up getting into a fight with some other children, again it being clear to the reader that he is doing so to defend his father. Sarty fighting the other children is also important for another reason as it highlights further the conflict (external) that Sarty encounters due to his father’s actions. It is also interesting that Faulkner, as Sarty is getting into the wagon, mentions the mother’s clock, which is stuck at fourteen minutes past two. This may be significant as it symbolically suggests that despite their constant moving from town to town neither Sarty nor his family are moving forward. If anything they are stuck or trapped in the same cycle.There is other symbolism in the story which is also worth noting. Cheese appears to be used in the story to suggest family unity against the judicial system. At the beginning of the story Sarty thinks he can smell cheese which causes him to feel fear, despair and grief. Sarty is aware that his father is expecting him to lie about what happened Harris’ barn, which in turn causes a conflict within Sarty, as he wants to do the right thing (family unity versus justice). Also later in the story, Abner, Sarty and his brother share some cheese outside another store (which also acted as a courtroom). This may suggest again that Abner wants his family to show some unity against the judicial systemFire also acts as symbolism in the story and appears to represent power. By burning dow n Harris’ and de Spain’s barn Abner feels that in some way it is him who is in control or who has taken power. There is a sense that Abner is reliant on fire to achieve power, without it his life is a continuous struggle. It may also be significant that Abner is able to control fire. This is noticeable from the small fire that he lightsfor his family after they have left town. The narrator describing it as ‘a small fire, neat, niggard almost, a shrewd fire.’ By describing the fire as ‘shrewd’ it is possib le that Faulkner is suggesting that when it comes to fire, Abner knows what is needed which again may suggest that he is in control. It is also interesting that the narrator tells the reader that Abner, when he hits Sarty, he does so ‘without heat.’ This m ay be significant as it again suggests the idea of control, Abner knows what is needed to make others (particularly his family) do as he wants. His actions, just like his barn burning, are calculated.The rug which Abner soils is also significant as it symbolizes prosperity, other peoples (de Spain’s). The reader learns that it cost $100, a sum of money that Abner has no hope of ever earning and by soiling it Abner is in some ways attacking the financial security of Major de Spain. It is also possible that the rug symbolizes de Spain’s authority over Abner and that Abner is subservient to de Spain. By soiling the rug Abner may be attacking what he believes to be unjust (other people’s authority).There is also a shift in Sarty’s loyalty to his father near the end of the story. When Sarty discovers that his father plans on burning de Spain’s barn he wants to warn de Spain. This is significant as it suggests that Sarty wants to do the right thing (morally and legally), rather than show a continued, if not blind loyalty to his father. It may also be significant that Faulkner describes Sarty as seeing ‘the lighted house’and ‘the lighted door,’ as he is running to warn de Spain This may suggest that no longer is Sarty living his life in darkness, by being blindly loyal to his father. If anything there would appear to be a renewal within Sarty.This idea or theme of renewal is explored at the end of the story. Though the reader doesn’t know if Sarty’s father has been killed by de Spain (it is assumed he has), what is certain is that by running away Sarty is no longer under the control of his father. As he walks along the road he can hear the ‘liquid silver voices of the birds’singing. This sound which Faulkner describes as ‘unceasing’ in many ways mirrors the renewed spirit of Sarty. It may also be significant that Faulkner mentions that it is spring, as symbolically spring would be associated with a time of renewal. By doing the right thing, and telling de Spain that Abner was planning on burning down the barn, Sarty has started the journey from boyhood to manhood and the reader is left aware that Sarty will make the journey alone, without his father’s influence.In Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway we have the theme of communication and conflict. Taken from his The Complete Short Stories collection the story is narrated in the third person by an unknown narrator and is set at a train station in Spain. The setting of the story is important because it acts as symbolism for where both protagonists are in life. They are at a crossroads, unsure of which direction to take as can be seen through the conversation they have. Though the reader never fully knows what the American and Jig are talking about (simple operation), it is widely accepted by critics that both are discussing whether or not Jig should have an abortion. It is obvious to the reader that the American thinks Jig should have an abortion, while she remains unsure (sense of conflict between both characters).Hemingway uses symbolism to highlight to the reader the possibility that Jig may be pregnant or is pregnant and has to make a decision. On one side of the landscape there are no trees (barren) and no shade while on the other side there are fields of grain and trees along the banks of the River Ebro (fertile ground). Also the two sets of train lines that the narrator describes to the reader at the beginning of the story act as symbolism to suggest to the reader that there are two ways that Jig can go. She can agree to have the abortion (which is what the American wants) or she can decide that she wants to keep the baby.Hemingway also uses symbolism very early on in the story when Jig tells the American that the hills ‘looked like white elephants.’ This is important because it is through this suggestion that the reader gains some insight into what Jig and the American may be talking about. A white elephant is a gift that a person may not particularly want or something that doesn’t fit into their lives. In this case it is Jig’s unborn child (the white elephant). It is obvious that the child doesn’t fit into the American’s life, hence him asking Jig to have the operation. An operation that he assures her is ‘really an awfully simple operation.’From the beginning of the story it is obvious that Jig relies (or is dependent) on the American. An example of this reliance is when they order drinks. Jig doesn’t speak Spanish so she is relying on the American to order the drinks for her. However by the end of the story the reader is not as sure as to whether Jig still needs the American. There is no doubt that she is discontent with the way they live their lives as can be seen when she tells the American ‘that’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks.’ This remark by Jig is important beca use it not only suggests to the reader that Jig is unhappy about how she and the American live their lives (in essence out of a suitcase) but also suggests that she is open to change (open to having the baby). There is also a sense that the relationship between Jig and the American may have run its course, a point that can be seen at the end of the story when the American is at the bar in the train station having a drink while Jig remains sitting down at the table. They are separated from each other.There is also a sense of confinement in the story, particularly with the American. He believes that a child would change the relationship. While Jig is telling him that they ‘can have the whole world,’ he tells her that ‘No, we can’t. It isn’t ours any more.’ This suggests to the reader that things would change for the American if Jig has the child and that the change (in the American’s eyes) would not be for the better. A child would restrict the American from living the life that he wants to live.Hemingway ends Hills Like White Elephants with an open ending. It is never certain as to whether Jig will agree to have an abortion, though there is the sense that she is no longer reliant on the American. She realizes that the relationship may have come to an end and that it is time to move on and live her life without the American. The idea that she is stronger now, than she was at the beginning of the story can be seen in the way she asks the American to stop talking (end communication). It is as if she has heard all she needs to hear and her mind is made up (about the child and the path the relationship is talking).However her decision is not made clear to the reader. What is clear to the reader at the end of the story is that the American is using logic to try and persuade Jig to have an abortion (no child means they can continue living as they have been) while Jig knows that even if she does not have the child, things will not be the same with the American.。