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英语语法三之数词1、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。
英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。
1、英语中常用的基数词有：1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million,108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.2、[注]：(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。
(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。
(3)hundred、thousand、million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。
语法专题专题三代词I、重点难点解析代词是代替名词的一种词类。
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中下面举例说明，其中疑问代词见“句子种类”，关系代词见“定语从句”。
一人称代词的用法1 作主语，用主格。
作宾语用宾格。
She teaches us English.2 在句中作表语，常用宾格。
Who is it? It’s me. 但有时用主格。
If I were she, I would’t go there.It was I who told him about it.二物主代词的用法1．形容词性物主代词——只作定语：This is our classroom. His father is an engineer.2说明：①英语中必须有形容词性物主代词，而汉语中往往省略不译。
如：Jack took off his coat and went to bed.杰克脱掉外套就上床睡觉了。
② “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。
如：Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.我的一些朋友要出席我的生日晚宴。
四指示代词的用法1.时空的差别e.g. There is this seat here, near me, or there is that one in the fourth row. Which will you have, this or that？2. This 和that 在行文叙述上的差别。
E.g.I shall say this to you: he is a poor man. He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.3.that 和those 用于表比较的结构。
The weather of Zhanjiang is better than that of my hometown. TV sets made in Nanjing are better than those made here.4. 打电话时this 表示我,that表示你.五不定代词的用法1．none, no one, nothing 的用法区别1）none 既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用来回答how many /much 引导的疑问句；no one 只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用来回答who 引导的疑问句；nothing “什么也没有”，否定一切，常用来回答what 引导的疑问句。
初中英语语法公式（3）形容词和副词Part1：形容词 (1)Part2：副词 (3)Part1：形容词公式1（限定词+）观点形容词+大小、形状词+新旧、长幼词+颜色形容词+产地、来源词+材料、种类词+用途词（+名词）● a tall gray building 一幢灰色的高楼●that square new red box那个新的红色方形盒子公式2（not+）as+形容词/副词原级+as：Our house is as big as yours. 我们的发你和你们的一样大。
公式3形容词/副词比较级+than：Jimmy is five years older than Tina. 吉米比蒂娜大5岁。
公式4形容词/副词比较级+and+形容词/副词比较级“越来越……”We are getting on better and better with one another. 我们之间相处的越来越融洽。
公式5the+形容词比较级，the+形容词比较级“越……，就越……”The more friends you have, the happier you will be. 你朋友越多，你就越开心。
公式6the+形容词/副词最高级+表示比较范围的短语/从句“是……中最……的”I like spring (the) best of the four seasons. 在四季中，我最喜欢春天。
公式7one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+表示范围的短语/从句“是……中最……之一”One of the hardest language in the world is English. 世界上最难得语言之一就是英语。
公式8名词+形容词短语，形容词短语作定语时需后置。
●Australia is a country famous for its beautiful scenery.澳大利亚是一个以风景秀丽闻名的国家。
高三英语专题复习要点回顾与精练专题04 名词性从句一【语境检测】用适当的连接词、连接代词或链接副词填空使得文章的语意通顺完整。
Light’s Many Colors多彩的光1_______white light is made up of different colors was proved through Newton’s work.The English scientist, Isaac Newton (1643-1727), did a lot of experiments to study light. 2________interested him was the color of light. 3_______light is “white”or “colorful”was still unknown to the people of his time. Few doubted the common knowledge 4_______white light was “pure” light without colors.The question is 5_______he did the experiment. It is quite simple. He allowed a beam of light to pass through a piece of triangular(三角形) glass and then fall on a white wall.6_______he saw on the wall was a band of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Were the colors produced by the glass? NO. When Newton passed the light that had come out of the triangular glass through a second triangular glass, all he got was white light.7_______light is colorful was still a question. However, 8_______the colors came from was answered through the experiment. It is certain9_______the colors of light are from the light itself, not form the glass or anything else. The experiment showed 10_______ light had to be looked upon in a new way. Man need to learn more about light.1.That2.what3.Whether4. That5.how6.What7.Why8.where9.that 10.that二【知识导图】三、名词性从句常用关联词的选择三、易混淆的引导词的区别类别说明what与that的区别（见考题1，2）what作复合关系代词并表示“所……的(东西)”之意,相当于“the +名词+ that /which”或“all that”,可指代不确定的事物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;而that在名词性从句中只起引导作用,不表达任何意思。
专题三非谓语动词◆非谓语动词的考查要点1．动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题(1)不定式作表语与“be＋to do sth.”的异同。
不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
My job is to teach English.(说明内容)be＋to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)He is to go abroad.(2)后接不定式作宾语的词语。
下列词语常接不定式作宾语：afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire 等。
下列词语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。
(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。
①动词(短语)see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，taste，smell，make，let，have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
②常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语＋ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like＋sb.to do sth.主语＋think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/feel＋sb.＋to be/to have done主语＋call on/upon/depend on/wait for/ask for＋sb.＋to do sth.(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。
英语语法三三制原则三三制原则是英语语法中的一个原则，它指的是在使用并列连词连接三个或三个以上的并列成分时，需要遵循的一些规定。
这个原则主要适用于并列连词and、but、or以及nor，以下是三三制原则的具体规定：1.使用逗号分隔：在并列连词之前和之后需要使用逗号来分隔每一个并列成分。
例如：I like to read books, watch movies, and play sports.2.平行结构：每一个并列成分需要保持相同的结构，即同为名词、形容词、动词或者从句等。
例如：She is kind, intelligent, and hardworking. (形容词)I enjoy swimming, biking, and hiking. (动词)I have a book, a pen, and a notebook. (名词)3.强调最后一个成分：在一些情况下，可以通过强调最后一个并列成分来表达特殊的意义。
例如：I went to the store, bought some groceries, and then went home.4.不重复使用连词：在使用三个或三个以上的并列成分时，只需要使用一个并列连词，不需要在每个成分之间重复使用连词。
He likes to read books, watch movies, and play video games.5.不改变连词顺序：在并列成分之间，不改变连词的顺序。
例如：She likes to read books and watch movies.总之，三三制原则是英语语法中的一个重要原则，正确使用并列连词来连接三个或三个以上的并列成分有助于提高语言的清晰度和流畅度。
英语的学习总共分为三部分，分别是语法、词法、句法。
所谓语法就是指句子的成分，我把它分为三部分内容：谓语动词；非谓语动词；句子结构。
谓语动词这部分我又将它分成了三部分：时（时态）；态（语态）；气（语气）。
非谓语动词我也把其分成了三部分：动名词（to do）；不定式（doing）；分词（现在分词v+ing;过去分词v+ed）。
句子结构我把它仍分为三部分：句子的分类（三类）；句子的结构（五类）；复合句的分类（三类）名词性从句（四个）－－主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句。
形容词性从句（一个）－－定语从句（两类）：限定性定语从句及非限定性从句。
副词性从句12个（常用的有9个）。
所谓词法就是指单词的构成、意思、用法、发音、拼写及每个词背后所含的文化背景。
这就会涉及到单词的来源，构词的方法及词的使用。
所谓句法主要是指每一句话的句子结构，避免语法懂、词义知但却翻不出来的情况。
下面我将将语法结构以图表的方式给出：语法谓语动词非谓语动词句子tense voice mood to do doing (v+ed; v+ing) kinds structure cause英语语法三三制原则：一：谓语动词；二：非谓语动词；三：句子。
1. 时态；2. 语态；3. 语气。
1.时态：（a）一般现在时与现在完成时的区别：一般现在时指一个点时间（其时间状语前的介词必是at; in; on 等），现在完成时指一段时间（其时间状语前的介词必是on; for;in; by; for 等）；一般现在时后的时间状语必是准确的时间（如：at six; in 1998; on Sunday），现在完成时的时间状语必是不准确的时间（如：ever; never; since; already; just;yet 等）。
For example: I’ve (already)finished my job; I finished my job at 8-yesterday night.（b）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两个都是一段时间，现在完成时有表示动作现在结束的意思，现在完成进行时没有明确的表示。
非谓语动词：动词不定式一、不定式结构作主语To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory!注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： It’s a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：It took us five hours to get there.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组”来表示，如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of + 名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：It’s kind of you to think so much of us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.It was careless of her to make such a mistake.二、不定式结构作表语1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.My suggestion is to start work at once.What I would suggest is to start work at once.注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”，如：All we have to do is push the button.The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.All I could do was send him a telegram.三、不定式结构作动词宾语1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。
这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock.I didn’t expect to find you here.2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。
（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。
这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which （why 除外），如：I d on’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注①：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注②：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如：He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.He will do anything for you except lend you money.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！四、不定式结构作定语1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：It’s time to go t o bed.He is not a man to bow before difficulties.Have you anything to declare?She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.I want to get something to read during the vocation.2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：I don’t wish to quarrel with you.→I have no wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight.→ They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again.→ She made a promise not to do that again.3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go.→ His anxiety to go was obvious.4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： She has a lot of things to attend to.The nurse has five children to look after.Let’s first find a room to put the things in.5．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如：Here’s a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
1．表示目的：They ran over to welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：He came here in order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.He went early in order not to miss the train.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。
但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如：To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)To get the best results, use clean water.2. 表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：①so …as to …Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?②such (…) as to …I’m not such a fool as to believe that.③enough to …The boy is old enough to go to school.④too … to …His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) 〖 only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很〗☆☆有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：She woke early to find it was raining.He got home to learn that his father was ill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：①不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.He arrived late and found the others had gone home.②不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。
