脱钩分析英文术语名称的汉译

TOC：Theory Of Constraints 约束理论（限制理论）瓶颈理论F5：Focus Five Step 聚焦五步骤I-E-S-E-GB识别Identify，挖尽Exploit，迁就Subordinate，松绑Etevate，重返Go BackTA：Throughput Account 有效产出会计T: Throughput 生产量，有效产出I（1）：Inventory 库存I（2）：Investment 投资OE：Operational Expensive 营运开支，营运费用NP：Net Profit 纯利润ROI：Return On Investment 投资收益率CF：Cash Flow 现金流量P&L：Profit and Loss Statement (P&L) 损益表BS：Balance Sheet 资产负债表BS：Batch Size 批量大小TP：Thinking Process 思维流程CCR：Capacity Constrain Resource 产能制约资源M(1)：Murphy 墨非M(2)：Measurement 衡量APMB：Assumption，Policy，Measurement，behavior 假设——政策（典范）——衡量——行为CWR：Convergence，Win-Win，Respect 内敛（收敛），双赢，尊重CRT：Current Reality Tree 当前现实树CRD：Conflict Resolution Diagram 冲突消除图FRT：Future Reality Tree 未来现实树PRT：Pre-requisite Tree 前提条件树TT：Transition Tree 转变树S&T：Strategy & Tactics Tree 战略战术树NBR：负面效应OB：Obstacle 障碍RC：Root Cause 根本原因CP：Core Problem 核心问题UDE：Undesirable Effects 不满意效应DE：Desirable Effects 满意效应INJ：Injection 注入，激发方案IO：Inter-mediate Objectives 中间（中程）目标SA：Specific Action 特别行动IE：Inter-mediate Effect 中间效应R：Requirements 需求，必要条件PR：Pre-requisite 前提条件CLR：Categories of Legimitate Reseration 逻辑（分类）测试CCPM：Critical Chain Project Management 关键链（项目管理）PB：Project Buffer 项目缓冲FB：Feeding Buffer 接驳缓冲RB：Resource Buffer 资源缓冲OPT：Optimized Production Technology，最优生产技术DBR：Drum,Buffer,Rope 鼓——缓冲——绳子S-DBR：S-DBR 简单DBRDBR-BM ：Drum,Buffer,Rope- Buffer Management 鼓——缓冲——绳子—缓冲管理POOGI：Process Of On Going Improvement 持续改善程序GC：高德拉特机构MTS：Make to Stock 面向库存生产MTO：Make to Order 面向定单生产ATO：Assemble to Order 面向定单装配ETO：Engineering to Order 面向定单设计NEB（NBR）：Negative Effect Branches负效应枝条The buy-in process：说服的流程MO：Mafia Offer 黑手党方案VV：Viable Vision 可行愿景TOS：Throughput based Operating Strategy基于有效产出战略TDD ：Throughput Dollar Day 有效产出/元/天IDD：Inventory Dollar Day 库存/元/天OP：Objection Prevention 异议预防CWM：Central Warehouse Management 中央库存管理TLT：Transportation Lead Time 运送提前期PLT：Production Lead Time 生产提前期OLT：Order Lead Time 订货提前期RRO：Rapid Response Order 快速响应订单Retailer：retailer模板（零售商模板）Consumer goods：consumer goods模板（生活消费品模板）TOCICO：Theory of Constraints International Certification Organization ——TOC国际认证组织CSS：Common Sense Solution 常识解决方案SKU：单位库存MBO ：Management by Objectives 目标管理PL： Parkinson's Law 帕金森定律CL：Cannikin Law 木桶定律ML： Murphy's Law 墨菲定律BE： Butterfly Effect 蝴蝶效应DE：Domicile Effect 多米诺效应LO：Learning Organization 学习型组织Ever Flourishing 基业长青Exponential Growth 指数性之成长Sales Approach 销售方式Profitability And Sales Volume 利润率和销售额CRM ：Customer Relationship Management客户关系管理TE：Throughput Effectiveness有效产出率（T与OE的比率）Student Syndrome 学生综合征Parkinson”s Law 帕金森定律不良多任务APS：Advanced Planning and Scheduling 高级计划排程→APS：Advanced Production Scheduling 高级生产排程FCS：Finite-Capacity Scheduling 有限产能排程MRP：Material Requirements Planning 物料需求计划→（MRP：More Reams of Papers 更多令的纸）→（MRP：More Ridiculous Priorities 更荒缪的优先顺序）ERP：Enterprice Resource Planning 企业资源计划Justification 价值认证Distribution Center 分销中心Right-Sizing 适当规模PMS：Performance Measurement System 绩效衡量系统MS：Master Schedule 主排程MPS：Master Production Schedule 主生产排程SC：Safety Capacity 备用产能SB模型：Shipping Buffer出货缓冲模型DV：Dependent Events 依存关系SF：Statistical Fluctuations 统计波动OEM：Original Equipment Manufacturer 原始设备制造商，贴牌生产，代工ODM：Original Design Manufacturer原始设计制造商，设计生产（OEM升级）OBM：Original Brand Manufacturer 原始品牌制造商A方看中B方的产品，让B方生产，用A方商标，对A方来说，这叫OEM；2、A方自带技术和设计，让B方加工，这叫ODM；对B方来说，只负责生产加工别人的产品，然后贴上别人的商标，这叫OBM. 某企业生产的产品没有自己的品牌，专门接受其他企业的OEM或ODM要求为其他企业定牌生产。

美国习惯用语offthehook脱身，摆脱责任英语怎么说很多人擅长在大庭广众之下讲话，比如说婚礼或是生日宴会等场合。

我可不行，还没说话，脸先红了。

不久前，我的一个小师妹结婚，让我发表贺词，害得我好几天没睡好觉。

后来她终于同意，让我帮忙安排婚礼，不用讲话了，真让我如释重负。

在英语里，我们说这叫off the hook。

hook是钩子的意思。

off the hook 脱钩，其实就是“脱身，摆脱责任”的意思。

这回你明白了吧，不用在小师妹的婚礼上讲话让我如释重负就可以说，I am off the hook. off the hook这个习惯用语也可以用在非常严肃的场合下。

在下面这个例子中，一名警察告诉刑警队长说，一名涉案嫌疑人已经不再是调查对象了。

•We have confirmed that the man was two thousand miles away in Los Angeles at the time of the murder, sir. So as far as we're concerned, he is off the hook, and no further investigation is required.•我们已经证实，谋杀案案发的时候，此人正在两千英里以外的洛杉矶市，所以对于我们来说，他不可能参与此案。

不再需要对他进行调查了。

不过有时候，警察也会故意放虎归山，为的是让犯罪嫌疑人自以为脱身了，off the hook。

往往是在这种时候，犯罪嫌疑人非常容易露出马脚，让警察找到线索。

我先生星期六本来要加班，所以没办法跟我们一起去爬山。

谁知星期五的时候，客户突然打电话通知他，要将星期六的电话会议改为下星期。

My husband is off the hook，他因此而脱身了。

不难想象，off the hook这个习惯用语是从钓鱼来的，最早的时候是指一条本来已经咬钩的鱼又脱了钩，重获自由，后来到十九世纪中叶，才引伸为摆脱困境和摆脱责任。

物流行业术语的英文翻译Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) 注册(容积)总吨Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) 注册(容积)净吨Deadweight Tonnage (All Told) (DWT or D.W.A.T) 总载重吨位(量) Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 总载重吨位Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage (DWCT) 净载重吨Light Displacement 轻排水量Load (Loaded)Displacement 满载排水量Actual Displacement 实际排水量Over weight surcharge 超重附加费Bunker Adjustment Factor (Surcharge) (BAS or BS) 燃油附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF) 货币贬值附加费Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费Direct Additional 直航附加费Additional for Optional Destination 选卸港附加费Additional for Alteration of Destination 变更卸货港附加费Fumigation Charge 熏蒸费Bill of Lading 提单On Board (Shipped) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipment B/L 备运(收妥待运)提单Named B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L 不记名提单Order B/L 指示提单Blank Endorsement 空白备书Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 外表状况良好Unclean ( Foul, Dirty) B/L 不清洁提单Direct B/L 直航提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单Through B/L 联运提单Multi-modal (Inter-modal, combined) transport B/L 多式联运提单Long Form B/L 全式提单Short Form B/L 简式提单Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Stale B/L 过期提单On Deck B/L 甲板货提单Charter Party B/L 租约项下提单House B/L 运输代理行提单Seaworthiness 船舶适航Charter Party ( C/P) 租船合同(租约)Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Time Charter Party 定期租船合同Bareboat (demise) Charter Party 光船租船合同Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Single trip C/P 单航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次租船合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Contract of Affreightment (COA) 包运合同Voyage Charter Party on Time Basis 航次期租合同Fixture Note 租船确认书Free In (FI) 船方不负责装费Free Out (FO) 船方不负责卸费Free In and Out (FIO) 船方不负责装卸费Free In and Out ，Stowed and Trimmed (FIOST) 船方不负责装卸、理舱和平舱费Declaration of ship´s Deadweight Tonnage of Cargo 宣载通知书Dunnage and separations 垫舱和隔舱物料Lump-sum freight 整船包价运费Weather working days (W.W.D) 良好天气工作日Notice of Readiness (NOR) 船舶准备就绪通知书Idle formality 例行手续Laytime statement 装卸时间计算表Damage for Detention 延期损失Customary Quick Despatch (CQD) 习惯快速装运International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG) 国际海上危险品货物规则(国际危规)Booking Note 托运单(定舱委托书)Shipping Order (S/O) 装货单 (下货纸)Mate´s Receipt 收货单Loading List 装货清单Cargo Manifest 载货清单(货物舱单)Stowage Plan 货物积载计划Dangerous Cargo List 危险品清单Stowage Factor 积载因素(系数)Inward cargo 进港货Outward cargo 出港货Container yard (CY) 集装箱堆场Container Freight Station ( CFS) 集装箱货运站Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单Conventional Container Ship 集装箱两用船Semi-container Ship 半集装箱船Full Container Ship 全集装箱船Full Container Load (FCL) 整箱货Less Container Load (LCL) 拼箱货Delivery Order (D/O) 提货单(小提单)Dock receipt 场站收据Twenty equivalent unit (TEU) 二十尺集装箱换算单位Equipment Interchange Receipt ( EIR) 集装箱设备交接单Demurrage 滞期费Crew List 船员名册Log book 航行日志Liner transport 班轮运输Tramp transport 不定期(租船)运输Minimum Freight 最低运费Maximum Freight 最高运费Accomplish a Bill of Lading (to) 付单提货Ad valorem freight 从价运费Address commission (Addcomm) 回扣佣金Adjustment 海损理算Average adjuster 海损理算师Average bond 海损分摊担保书Average guarantee 海损担保书Act of God 天灾All in rate 总运费率Annual survey 年度检验All purposes (A.P) 全部装卸时间All time saved (a.t.s) 节省的全部时间Always afloat 始终保持浮泊Anchorage 锚地Anchorage dues 锚泊费Arbitration award 仲裁裁决Arbitrator 仲裁员Arrest a ship 扣押船舶Area differential 地区差价Addendum (to a charter party) ( 租船合同)附件Apron 码头前沿Bale or bale capacity 货舱包装容积Back (return) load 回程货Back to back charter 转租合同Backfreight 回程运费Ballast (to) 空载行驶Barge 驳船Barratry 船员不轨Barrel handler 桶抓Base cargo (1) 垫底货Base cargo (2) 起运货量Bundle (Bd) 捆(包装单位)Beam 船宽Bearer ( of a B/L) 提单持有人Both ends (Bends) 装卸两港Boatman 缆工Buoy 浮标Bunker escalation clause 燃料涨价条款Derrick 吊杆Fork-lift truck 铲车Boom of a fork-lift truck 铲车臂Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Book space 洽订舱位Bottom 船体Bottom stow cargo 舱底货Bottomry loan 船舶抵押贷款Breakbulk 零担Breakbulk cargo 零担货物Broken stowage 亏舱Brokerage 经纪人佣金Bulk cargo 散装货Bulk carrier 散货船Bulk container 散货集装箱American Bureau of Shipping (A.B.S.) 美国船级社Bureau Veritas (B.V.) 法国船级社Cabotage 沿海运输Canal transit dues 运河通行税Capsize vessel 超宽型船Captain 船长Car carrier 汽车运输船Car container 汽车集装箱Cargo hook 货钩Cargo sharing 货载份额Cargo superintendent 货物配载主管Cargo tank 货箱Cargo tracer 短少货物查询单Cargoworthiness 适货Carryings 运输量Certificate of seaworthiness 适航证书Cesser clause 责任终止条款Chassis 集装箱拖车Claims adjuster 理赔人Classification certificate 船级证书Classification register 船级公告Classification society 船级社Classification survey 船级检验Paramount clause 首要条款Clean (petroleum ) products 精练油Clean the holds (to) 清洁货舱Closing date 截至日Closure of navigation 封航Collapsible flattrack 折叠式板架集装箱Completely knocked down (CKD) 全拆装Compulsory pilotage 强制引航Conference 公会Congestion 拥挤Congestion surcharge 拥挤费Con-ro ship 集装箱/滚装两用船Consecutive voyages 连续航程Consign 托运Consignee 收货人Consignor 发货人Consignment 托运；托运的货物Consolidation (groupage) 拼箱Consortium 联营Constants 常数Container barge 集装箱驳船Container leasing 集装箱租赁Containerization 集装箱化Containerised 已装箱的，已集装箱化的Containership 集装箱船Contamination (of cargo ) 货物污染Contributory value 分摊价值Conveyor belt 传送带Corner casting (fitting) 集装箱(角件)Corner post 集装箱(角柱)Crane 起重机Crawler mounted crane 履带式(轨道式)起重机Custom of the port (COP) 港口惯例Customary assistance 惯常协助Daily running cost 日常营运成本Deadfreight 亏舱费Deadweight (weight) cargo 重量货Deadweight cargo (carrying)capacity 载货量Deaiweight scale 载重图表Deck cargo 甲板货Delivery of cargo (a ship) 交货(交船) Despatch or Despatch money 速遣费Destuff 卸集装箱Det Norske Veritas (D.N.V.) 挪威船级社Deviation 绕航Direct discharge (车船)直卸Direct transshipment 直接转船Dirty(Black) (petroleum) products ( D.P.P.) 原油Disbursements 港口开支Discharging port 卸货港Disponent owner 二船东Dock 船坞Docker 码头工人Door to door 门到门运输Downtime (设备)故障时间Draft (draught) 吃水；水深Draft limitation 吃水限制Dropping outward pilot (D.O.P.) 引航员下船时Dry cargo 干货Dry cargo(freight) container 干货集装箱Dry dock 干船坞Demurrage half despatch (D1/2D) 速遣费为滞期费的一半Efficient deck hand (E.D.H.) 二级水手Elevator 卸货机Enter a ship inwards (outwards) 申请船舶进港(出港) Entrepot 保税货Equipment 设备(常指集装箱)Equipment handover charge 设备使用费Estimated Time of Arrival(ETA)预计到达时间Estimated time of completion (ETC) 预计完成时间Estimated time of departure (ETD) 预计离港时间Estimated time of readiness (ETR) 预计准备就绪时间Estimated time of sailing (ETS) 预计航行时间Europallet 欧式托盘Even if used (E.I.U.) 即使使用Excepted period 除外期间Exception 异议Exceptions clause 免责条款Excess landing 溢卸Expiry of laytime 装卸欺瞒Extend suit time 延长诉讼时间Extend a charter 延长租期Extension of a charter 租期延长Extension to suit time 诉讼时间延长Extreme breadth 最大宽度Fairway 航道Feeder service 支线运输服务Feeder ship 支线船Ferry 渡轮First class ship 一级船Flag of convenience (FOC) 方便旗船Floating crane 浮吊Floating dock 浮坞Force majeure 不可抗力Fork-lift truck 铲车Forty foot equivalent unit (FEU) 四十英尺集装箱换算单位Four-way pallet 四边开槽托盘Freeboard 干舷Freight all kinds (FAK) 包干运费Freight canvasser 揽货员Freight collect (freight payable at destination) 运费到付Freight prepaid 运费预付Freight quotation 运费报价Freight rate (rate of freight) 运费率Freight tariff 运费费率表Freight ton (FT) 运费吨Freight manifest 运费舱单Freighter 货船Fresh water load line 淡水载重线Fridays and holidays excepted (F.H.E.X .) 星期五和节假日除外Full and complete cargo 满舱满载货Full and down 满舱满载Gantry crane 门式起重机(门吊)Gencon 金康航次租船合同General average 共同海损General average act 共同海损行为General average contribution 共同海损分摊General average sacrifice 共同海损牺牲General cargo (generals) 杂货General purpose container 多用途集装箱Geographical rotation 地理顺序Germanischer Lloyd (G.L.) 德国船级社Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) 格林威治时间Grabbing crane 抓斗起重机Grain or grain capacity 散装舱容Gross weight(GW) 毛重Grounding 触底Gunny bag 麻袋Gunny matting 麻垫Hague Rules 海牙规则Hague-Visby Rules 海牙维斯比规则Hamburg Rules 汉堡规则Hand hook 手钩Handymax 杂散货船Handy-sized bulker 小型散货船Harbour 海港Harbour dues 港务费Hatch (hatch cover) 舱盖Hatchway 舱口Head charter (charter party) 主租船合同Head charterer 主租船人Heavy lift 超重货物Heavy lift additional (surcharge) 超重附加费Heavy lift derrick 重型吊杆Heavy weather 恶劣天气Heavy fuel oil (H.F.O) 重油Hire statement 租金单Hold 船舱Home port 船籍港Homogeneous cargo 同种货物Hook 吊钩Hopper 漏斗House Bill of Lading 运输代理行提单Hovercraft 气垫船Husbandry 维修Inland container depot 内陆集装箱Ice-breaker 破冰船Identity of carrier clause 承运人责任条款Idle (船舶、设备)闲置Immediate rebate 直接回扣International Maritime Organization (IMO) 国际海事组织Import entry 进口报关Indemnity 赔偿Inducement 起运量Inducement cargo 起运量货物Inflation adjustment factor ( IAF) 通货膨胀膨胀调整系数Infrastructure (of a port) (港口)基础设施Inherent vice 固有缺陷Institute Warranty Limits (IWL) (伦敦保险人)协会保证航行范围Insufficient packing 包装不足Intaken weight 装运重量International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) 国际船级社协会Inward 进港的Inward cargo 进港货物International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) 国际运输工人联合会Itinerary 航海日程表Jettison 抛货Joint service 联合服务Joint survey 联合检验Jumbo derrick 重型吊杆Jurisdiction (Litigation)clause 管辖权条款Knot 航速(节)Laden 满载的Laden draught 满载吃水Landbridge 陆桥Landing charges 卸桥费Landing,storage and delivery 卸货、仓储和送货费Lash 用绳绑扎Lashings 绑扎物Latitude 纬度Lay-by berth 候载停泊区Laydays (laytime) 装卸货时间Laydays canceling (Laycan或L/C) 销约期Laytime saved 节省的装卸时间Laytime statement 装卸时间记录Lay up 搁置不用Leg (of a voyage) 航段Length overall (overall length ,简称LOA) (船舶)总长Letter of indemnity 担保书(函)Lien 留置权Lift-on lift-off (LO-LO) 吊上吊下Lighter 驳船Limitation of liability 责任限制Line (shipping line) 航运公司Liner ( liner ship) 班轮Liner in free out (LIFO) 运费不包括卸货费Liner terms 班轮条件Lloyd´s Register of Shipping 劳埃德船级社Loadline (load line) 载重线Loading hatch 装货口Log abstract 航海日志摘录Long length additional 超长附加费Long ton 长吨Longitude 经度Lump sum charter 整笔运费租赁Maiden voyage 处女航Main deck 主甲板Main port 主要港口Manifest 舱单Maritime declaration of health 航海健康申明书Maritime lien 海事优先权Marks and numbers 唛头Mate´s receipt 大副收据Mean draught 平均吃水Measurement cargo 体积货物Measurement rated cargo 按体积计费的货物Measurement rules 计量规则Merchant (班轮提单)货方Merchant haulage 货方拖运Merchant marine 商船Metric ton 公吨Misdelivery 错误交货Misdescription 错误陈述Mixed cargo 混杂货Mobile crane 移动式起重机More or less (mol.) 增减More or less in charterer’s option (MOLCHOP) 承租人有增减选择权More or less in owner’s option (MOLOO) 船东有增减选择权Mother ship 母船Multideck ship 多层甲板船Multi-purpose cargo ship 多用途船Multi-purpose terminal 多用途场站Narrow the laycan 缩短销约期Net weight 净重New Jason clause 新杰森条款New York Produce Exchange charter-party (NYPE) 纽约土产交易所制定的定期程租船合同格式Newbuilding 新船Nippon kaiji kyokai (NKK) 日本船级社No cure no pay 无效果无报酬Not otherwise enumerated (N.O.E.) 不另列举Nominate a ship 指定船舶进行航行To be nominated (TBN) 指定船舶Non-conference line (Independent line ,Outsider) 非公会成员的航运公司Non-delivery 未交货Non-negotiable bill of lading 不可流通的提单Non-reversible laytime 不可调配使用的装卸时间Non-vessel owning(operating) common carrier (NVOCC) 无船承运人Not always afloat but safe aground 不保持浮泊但安全搁浅Note protest 作海事声明Notice of redelivery 还船通知书Notify party 通知方Ocean (Liner, Sea) waybill 海运单Off hire 停租Oil tanker 油轮On-carriage 货运中转On-carrier 接运承运人One-way pallet 单边槽货盘Open hatch bulk carrier 敞舱口散货船Open rate 优惠费率Open rated cargo 优惠费率货物Open side container 侧开式集装箱Open top container 开顶集装箱Operate a ship 经营船舶Optional cargo 选港货物Ore/bulk/oil carrier 矿石/散货/油轮Out of gauge 超标(货物)Outport 小港Outturn 卸货Outturn report 卸货报告Outward 进港的Overheight cargo 超重货物Overlanded cargo or overlanding 溢卸货Overload 超载Overstow 堆码Overtime (O/T) 加班时间Overtonnaging 吨位过剩Owner´s agents 船东代理人Package limitation 单位(赔偿)责任限制Packing list 装箱单Pallet 托(货)盘Pallet truck 托盘车Palletized 托盘化的Panamax 巴拿马型船Parcel 一包，一票货Performance claim 性能索赔Perishable goods 易腐货物Permanent dunnage 固定垫舱物Per freight ton (P. F. T.) 每运费吨Phosphoric acid carrier 磷酸船Piece weight 单重Pier 突码头Pier to pier 码头至码头运输Piggy –back 驮背运输Pilferage 偷窃Pilot 引航员Pilotage 引航Pilotage dues 引航费Platform 平台Platform flat 平台式集装箱Pooling (班轮公司间分摊货物或运费)分摊制Port 港口，船的左舷Port of refuge 避难港Portable unloader 便携式卸货机Post fixture 订约后期工作Post-entry 追补报关单Preamble (租船合同)前言Pre-entry 预报单Pre-shipment charges 运输前费用Pre-stow 预定积载Private form 自用式租船合同Pro forma charter-party 租约格式Produce carrier 侧开式集装箱Product (products) carrier 液体货运输船Promotional rate 促销费率Prospects 预期Protecting (protective, supervisory) agent 船东利益保护人Protection and indemnity club (association) (P.& I. Club ,Pandi club) 船东保赔协会Protective clauses 保护性条款Protest 海事声明Pumpman 泵工Purchase (吊杆)滑车组Quarter ramp 船尾跳板Quarter-deck 后甲板Quay 码头Quote 报价Ramp 跳板Ramp/hatch cover (跳板)舱口盖Rate 费率 Rate of demurrage 滞期费率Rate of discharge (discharging) 卸货率Rate of freight 运费率Rate of loading 装货Receiving dates 收货期间Recharter 转租Recovery agent 追偿代理Redelivery (redly) 还船Redelivery certificate 还船证书Refrigerated (reefer)container 冷藏集装箱Refrigerated (reefer) ship 冷藏船Register 登记，报到Register (registered) tonnage 登记吨位Registration 登记，报到Registro Italiano Navale (R.I.) 意大利船级社Release a bill of lading 交提单Release cargo 放货Remaining on board (R.O.B.) 船上所有Removable deck 活动甲板Reporting point ( calling-in-point) 报告点Reposition containers 调配集装箱Respondentia loan 船货抵押贷款Return cargo 回程货Return load 回程装载Reversible 可逆的。

国际贸易实务英文名词解释英to英What’s International TradeThe international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services producedin another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the di sposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises 法定地址 or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. T his means that thebuyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of sh ipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA; Free carrier …Named placeIt means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods; cleared for export; into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point.If no precise point is indicated by the buyer; the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When; according to commercial practices; the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with th e carrier; the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.CPT; Carriage paid to …named place of destination 运费付至…指定目的地It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination; the risk of; loss of;or damage to the goods; as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier; is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP; Carriage and insurance paid to …named place of destination 运费保险费付至…指定目的地It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of; loss of; or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.DES; Delivered Ex Ship…n amed port of destination 船上交货…指定目的港It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.DEQ; Delivered ex Quay…names port of destination 码头交货…指定目的港It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract.The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.DDU; Delivered Duty Unpaid …named place of destination 未完税交货…指定目的地It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there; as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP;Delivered Duty Paid…named place of destination完税后交货…指定目的地It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties; taxes and other charges for delivering the goods; clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF; Delivered At Frontier …named place 边境交货…指定地点It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available; cleared for export; at the named point of place at the frontier; but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods; such as shape; structure; color; flavors well as chemical composition; physical and mechanical property; biological feature; etc.In international trade; quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods; but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases; i.e.; sale by the seller’s sample and sale; sale by the buyer’s sample and sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality: 以实际品质交货In this case; the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal; the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goodsexamined.Sale by description:以说明表示In international business; most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:凭规格买卖The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods; such as composition; content; purity; size; length; etc.Sale by grade: 凭等级买卖The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words; numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities; weights; compositions; appearances;properties; etc.Sale by standard: 凭标准买卖The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce; etc.良好平均品质Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable; reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar; we may sellit by brand name or trade mark.奔驰汽车Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities; such as technological instruments; electric machines; etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes; instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure; material; performance as well as method of operation. If necessary; pictures; photos;etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products; which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences withina certain range since such differences are usually unavoidableand commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade.Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial products Quality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking; only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field; and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin; nor a name of the factory; nor a trade mark; a brand; or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌;这种做法叫定牌生产..Shipping mark: 运输标志这种标志又称唛头;通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的丈字组成..It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams; letters;figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows:1.Consignee’s code or Consignor’s code2. Reference Number3.Destination4.Package numberThe shipping mark also include the contract number; gross and net weight; origin; etc..Indicative mark: 指示性标志This kind of mark is used to reminder the relative workers of the items for attention when they load; unload; carry and store the goods; such as ‘ handle with care’; ‘keep dry’ etc. Warning mark: 警告性标志It is also called dangerous cargo mark; which is brushed clearly and definitely on the shipping packing of the inflammable; explosive; poisonous; corrosive goods; so as to give warnings to the workers.Commodity InspectionThe inspection of commodities refers to that inspection institutions should examine the quality; quantity; packing; etc. of commodities delivered by the seller in order to make sure that the goods are exactly in conformity with the terms of sales contract or the stipulations of documentary credit.International Cargo TransportationThe international cargo transportation refers to the act of the seller delivering the contracted cargoes at the agreed time;place and in the agreed manners; to the buyer Physical delivery of goods. Actually; in modern business society; international cargo transportation also means to transfer the shipping documents at the stipulated time to the buyer Symbolic delivery of goods.TrampShipping by chartering 租船运输It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into3 kinds:Natural calamities自然灾害They are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature; e.g.; vile weather; thunder; lightning;tsunami/tsu'nɑ:mi/海啸; earthquake; flood; etc.Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故They include accidents resulting from unexpected causes; the carrying conveyance being grounded; stranded; or in collision with floating ice or other objects; as well as fire or explosion. Actual Total Loss: 实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably un-savable lost.Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.General Average: 共同海损It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extraexpense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner; the insurer; and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship.When a ship is in danger; the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice;all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average: 单独海损It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss; i.e.; onlya partial loss; which shall be borne by the owner of thisindividual consignment.水渍险All risks: 一切险Additional risks 附加险This kind of risk can’t be covered independently; They shall be underwritten depending on one kind of the basic risks.General additional risks 一般附加险Special additional risks 特殊附加险General Additional RisksIt includes theft; fresh and rain water damage; shortage;leakage; sweating and heating ;intermixture and contamination;odor; hook damage; breakage of packing; rusting; etc. Special additional risks includesIt includes war risk;strikes risk;failure to delivery;import duty risk;on deck risk;rejection risk and aflatoxin risk. Insurance Certificate 保险凭证It is a kind of simplified insurance policy; and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy.Bill of exchange 汇票A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing;addressed by one person to another; signed by the person giving it; requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand; or at a fixed or determinable further time;a sum certain in money to; or to the order of; a specifiedperson; or to any bearer.The drawer出票人The person who draws the bill of exchange and he is usually the exporter or his banker in import or export trade.The drawee付款人The person who is to pay the money and he is usually the importer or the appointed banker under a letter of credit in import and export trade.The payee 受款人The person who is to receive the money; he may be; and often is; the same person as the drawer and he is usually the exporter himself or his appointed banker in business or he may be the bearer of the bill.Drawing issuing 出票It means the act of the drawer in filling up the bill of exchange with particulars as to the name of the drawee; the amount payable; the date of payment and the name of the payee;and after signature; the drawer may present the bill to thedrawee through the medium of the payee or a banker. Presentation提示It refers to the act of the holder of the bill of exchange presenting the bill to the drawee; asking the later either to pay or to accept the bill. The drawee’s receiving or seeing the bill is called sight.Acceptance承兑It means the act of the drawee to show his responsibility by accepting the usance bill for payment at a fixed future date by writing the word “accepted”; marking the date of acceptance and signing on the face of the bill. Endorsement背书It may be a negotiable instrument; and may be transferable in the international money market. In the case of a “to order” bill of exchange; endorsement is needed in the procedure of negotiation or transfer by the payee by signing his name on the back of the bill; either blank endorsement which makes the bill payable to the bearer or holder; or full endorsement with the name of the transferee and his order; who is called the endorsee.Dishonour Protesting 拒付When a bill has been duly presented for acceptance orpayment and the acceptance or payment has been refused; the bill is said to be dishonored.Promissory Note: 本票A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writingmade by one person to another signed by the maker; engaging in paying; on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time;a sum certain in money to; or to a order of; a specified personor to a bearer.Classification of the promissory note 本票的分类A Promissory Note is classified into bank note andcommercial note. Bank note is issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business unit or the individual.Cheque 支票A cheque is an unconditional order in writing drawn ona banker signed by the drawer; requiring the banker to pay ondemand a sum certain in money to or to the order of specified person or to a bearer.Remittance 汇付 The definition and parties of remittance 汇付的定义及其当事人Remittance means that the buyer remits money to the seller through a bank on his own initiative.Parties of remittanceRemitter汇款人Payee or beneficiary收款人Paying bank汇入行Remitting bank汇出行Mail transfer M/T:信汇The buyer gives money to a local bank which sends a trust deed契约for payment to its correspondent bank at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller.Telegraphic transfer T/T电汇At the request of the buyer; a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable or tested telegram directly to its corresp ondent bank at the seller’s end and en trusts the work to it to pay money to the seller.Demand draft D/D: 票汇The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller; the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.Collection 托收Collection means that the exporter asks his bank toarrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas;and the bank will carry his task through it’s own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank.Collection on Clean billIt means that the exporter collects the purchase price against the draft only; without any shipping documents attached thereto.Collection on documentary billIt means that the exporter collects the purchase price against the documentary bill. It can be subdivided into two kinds:Document against payment D/PD/P calls for actual payment against the transfer of shipping documents. There is D/P at sight and D/P after sigh .. D/P at sightAfter shipment of the goods; the exporter shall drawa sight bill of exchange; and send it as well as shippingdocuments to a local bank; through which and whose correspondent bank the documentary draft is presented to the importer. The importer shall pay against the documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight. It requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.Documents against acceptance D/AIt calls for deliver of documents against acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter.D/A is always after sight; and it makes the importer get hold of shipping documents and take delivery of the goods before payment. So the exporter would have to take great risks L/CIn simple terms; a L/C is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.Expressed more carefully; it is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller at the request and in accordance with the instructions of the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money; within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents.Issuing bank开证行which is the bank receiving the application from the applicant to issue the L/C and will be responsible for payment.It is usually a bank at the place where t he importer’s premise is located.The negotiating bank议付行which is a bank ready to accept or discount the documentary bill drawn by the beneficiary under the L/C. The negotiating bankmay be the advising bank or another bank appointed to negotiate under the L/C.paying bank付款行which is a bank responsible for the payment specified in the L/C.It is usually the issuing bank or it may be another bankappointed by the issuing bank according to stipulation inthe L/C.Confirming bank保兑行which is the bank confirmed in the L/C at the request of the issuing bank.Revocable L/C: 可撤消信用证The opening bank may amend or revoke the credit before negotiation; acceptance or payment without agreement of the beneficiary.Irrevocable L/C: 不可撤消信用证Once the L/C is opened; without agreement of the beneficiary; the opening bank can’t amend or revoke the L/C within its validity. As long as the beneficiary provides the documents in accordance with the stipulation in the L/C; the opening bank shall perform its duty of paymentConfirmed L/C: 保兑信用证The confirmed L/C should be an irrevocable L/Cconfirmed by the confirming bank. Once an L/C is confirmed;there are two banks to be responsible for the payment of the purchase price; i.e.; the opening bank and the confirming bank.Unconfirmed L/C: 不可保兑信用证The L/C isn’t confirmed by any bank.Transferable L/C: 可转让信用证It allows the beneficiary to transfer the amount partly or wholly of the L/C to one or more than one parties; i.e.;the second beneficiary.Non-transferable L/C: 不可转让信用证The beneficiary can’t transfer the L/C to other parties.Acceptance L/C: 承兑信用证This kind of L/C is accepted by the bank. When the beneficiary presents the time draft to the bank; the bank will accept it and pay the price on the due date.Negotiation L/C: 议付信用证The opening bank invites other bank to buy draft and /or documents. This kind of L/C allows the beneficiary to negotiate the purchase price from an indicated bank or any bank.Back to back L/C:The exporter sends the L/C established by the importer in his favor to a bank as sole security; requiring the local bank to reopen an L/C in favor of the actual exporter. The L/C opened by the importer is called the original L/C; while the second L/C issued in favor of the actual exporter at the request of the exporter is called the subsidiary L/C. Anticipatory credit: 预支信用证It is called the packing credit. The opening bank allows the beneficiary to collect the purchase price against the draft or other evidence; but he must give a receipt and an undertaking to present the required shipping documents within the validity of the credit.Standby L/C: 备用信用证It is also called the commercial paper L/C; which is a guaranty issued by the opening bank on behalf of the applicant declaring that the bank will undertake certain obligations.It is a special L/C which Northern American countries usually use instead of a letter of guarantee. The roles assumed by the standby not only include making payment but also include guaranteeing to perform a contract; making repayment for loan;and fulfilling other agreed obligations.Letter of guarantee L/G: 银行保函It is a written document issued by the bank on behalf ofthe importer or exporter in favor of the latter or the formerguaranteeing to undertake payment; conclusion or performanceof a contract; etc.The definition of claim and satisfaction:Claim means that in international trade; one party breaks thecontract and cause losses to the other party directly orindirectly; the party suffering the losses may ask forcompensation for the losses. Satisfaction means that the partybreaking the contract declares that he will accept and handle the claim.Arbitration 仲裁It means that the two parties; before or after the disputesarise; reach a written agreement that they will submit thedisputes which can’t be settled through amicablenegotiations to the third party for arbitration.。

物流术语英汉对照基本概念术语∙物品Article∙物流Logistics∙物流活动Logistics activity∙物流作业Logistics operation∙物流模数Logistics modulus∙物流技术Logistics technology∙物流成本Logistics cost∙物流管理Loglstics management∙物流中心Logistics center∙物流网络Logistics network∙物流信息Logistics information∙物流企业Loglstics enterprise∙物流单证Logistics documents∙物流联盟Logistics alliance∙供应物流Supply logistics∙生产物流Production logistics∙销售物流Distribution logistics∙回收物流Returned logistics∙废弃物物流Waste material logistics∙绿色物流Environmental logistics∙企业物流Internal logistics∙社会物流External logistics∙军事物流Military logistics∙国际物流International logistics∙第三方物流（Third-party logistics）∙第四方物流（Fourth party logistics）∙定制物流Customized logistics∙虚拟物流Virtual logistics∙增值物流服务Value-added logistics service ∙供应链Supp1y chain∙条码Barcode∙电子数据交换Electronic data interchange ∙有形损耗Tangible loss∙无形损耗Intangible loss[编辑]物流作业术语∙运输Transportation∙联合运输Combined transport∙直达运输Through transport∙中转运输Transfer transport∙甩挂运输Drop and pull transport∙集装运输Containerized transport∙集装箱运输Container transport∙门到门Door-to-door∙整箱货Full container load∙拼箱货Less than container load∙储存Storing∙保管Storage∙物品储备Article reserves∙库存Inventory∙经常库存Cycle stock∙安全库存Safety Stock∙库存周期Inventory cycle time∙前置期（或提前期）Lead time∙订货处理周期0rder cycle time∙货垛Goods stack∙堆码Stacking∙搬运Handling／carrying∙装卸Loading and unloading∙单元装卸Unit loading and unloading ∙包装Package／packaging∙销售包装Sales package∙定牌包装Packing of nominated brand ∙中性包装Neutral packing∙运输包装Transport package∙托盘包装palietizing∙集装化Containerization∙散装化In bulk∙直接换装Cross docking∙配送Distribution∙共同配送Joint distribution∙配送中心Distribution center∙分拣Sorting∙拣选0rder picking∙集货Goods collection∙组配Assemb1y∙流通加工Distribution processing∙冷链Cold chain∙检验Inspection[编辑]物流技术装备与设施术语∙仓库warehouse∙库房Storehouse∙库房Depot∙自动化仓库Automatic Warehouse∙立体仓库Stereoscopic Warehouse∙虚拟仓库virtual warehouse∙保税仓库Bonded Warehouse∙出口监管仓库Export supervised warehouse∙海关监管货物Cargo under custom’Ssupervision ∙冷藏区Chill space∙冷冻区Freeze space∙控湿储存区Humidity controlled space∙温度可控区Temperature controlled space∙收货区Receiving space∙发货区Shipping space∙料棚Goods shed∙货场Goods yard∙货架Goods shelf∙托盘Pallet∙叉车Forklift truck∙输送机Conveyor∙输送机Conveyor∙箱式车Box car∙集装箱Container∙换算箱Twenty-feet equiva1ent unit∙特种货物集装箱Specific cargo container∙全集装箱船Full container ship∙铁路集装箱场Railway container yard∙公路集装箱中转站Inland container depot∙集装箱货运站Container freight station∙集装箱码头Container terminal∙国际铁路联运International through raiIway transport∙国际多式联运International multimodal transport∙大陆桥运输Land bridge transport∙班轮运输Liner transport∙租船运输Shipping by chartering∙船务代理Shipping agency∙国际货运代理International freight forwarding agent∙理货Tally∙国际货物运输保险International transportation cargo insurance ∙报关Customs declaration∙报关行Customs broker∙进出口商品检验Commodity inspection[编辑]物流管理术语∙物流战略Logistics strategy∙物流战略管理Logistics strategy management∙仓库管理Warehouse management∙仓库布局warehouse layout∙库存控制Inventory control∙经济订货批量Economic order quantity∙定量订货方式Fixed-quantity system∙定期订货方式Fixed-interval system∙ABC分类管理ABC classification∙电子订货系统Electronic order system∙准时制Just in time∙准时制物流Just-in-time logistics∙零库存技术Zero-inventory Technology∙物流成本管理Logistics cost control∙物料需求计划Material requirements planning MRP∙制造资源计划Manufacturing resource planning MRP∙配送需求计划Distribution requirements planning DRP∙配送资源计划Distrlbution resource planning∙物流资源计划Logistics resource planning∙企业资源计划Enterprise resource planning∙供应链管理Supp1y chain management∙快速反应Quick response∙有效客户反应Efficient customer response∙连续库存补充计划Continuous replenishment program∙计算机辅助订货系统Computer assisted ordering ∙供应商管理库存Vendor managed inventory∙业务外包Outsourcing。

第25卷 第8期自 然 资 源 学 报V ol 25N o 8 2010年8月J OURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES A ug .,2010收稿日期:2010-02-25;修订日期:2010-05-09。

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(40801063,40971104);国家科技部 十一五 支撑项目!!!村镇节地控制关键技术研究资助(2006BAJ05A08,2006BA J 05A03);江苏省国土资源科技项目(200905,2009021)。

第一作者简介:钟太洋(1976-),男,江西于都人,讲师,博士,中国自然资源学会会员(S300000335M ),主要从事土地资源方面的研究。

E m ai:l tai yangz hong @163.co m*通信作者简介:黄贤金(1968-),男,江苏扬中人,教授、博士生导师,中国自然资源学会会员(S300000423M ),主要从事土地资源方面的研究。

E m ai:l hx j 369@nju .edu .cn资源环境领域脱钩分析研究进展钟太洋1,黄贤金1*,韩 立2,王柏源2(1 南京大学国土资源与旅游学系,南京210093;2 中国土地勘测规划院,北京100035)摘要:为掌握资源环境领域脱钩分析的研究进展,论文采用概括和比较分析的手段,从脱钩概念界定、脱钩分析的主要关注领域、脱钩分析的测度方法以及脱钩指标4个方面对资源环境领域的脱钩分析进行了梳理和概括。

归纳出已有研究的几个特点:∀不同研究对于脱钩的定义和类型划分不同,就脱钩而言,主要区别在于所包含绝对脱钩、相对脱钩和衰退性脱钩中的类型不同;#目前脱钩分析的研究领域主要集中在宏观层面以及部分行业(产业)层面的环境(资源)压力与其驱动因素之间的脱钩分析;∃不同研究所采用的脱钩测度方法有很大差别,目前大致有8类不同的脱钩测度方法;%脱钩指标也是脱钩分析中的一项重要研究内容,目前还没有一个统一的指标体系,越来越多的研究将各类有关环境压力和资源消耗的指标应用到脱钩分析作为脱钩指标。

Usotki商务企业和经济管理专业英语名词生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。

－－泰戈尔商务企业和经济管理专业英语名词activity-basedcosting业务量成本法/作业成本法acrs(acceleratedcostrecoverysystem)快速成本回收制度actionmessage行为/措施信息ais(accountinginformationsystem)会计信息高?nbsp;allocation已分配量anticipateddelayreport拖期预报a/p(accountspayable)应付帐款apics(americanproduction&inventorycontrolsociety)美国生产及库存掌控协会aql(acceptablequalitylevel)可以拒绝接受质量水平a/r(accountsreceivable)应收账款帐款automaticrescheduling自动重排产availabletopromise(apt)可以签下量backflush好像冲法backlog未完成订单/未结订单backscheduling倒序排产beanalysis(break-evenanalysis)盈亏临界点分析，保本分析billofmaterial(bom)物料目录businessplan经营规划b/v(bookvalue)帐面价值capacityrequirementsplanning(crp)能力需求计划cba(cost-benefitanalysis)成本效益分析ceo首席执行官cfo(chieffinancialofficer)财务总裁closedloopmrp闭环物料市场需求计划cpm(criticalpathmethod)关键路线法cppaccounting(constantpurchasingpoweraccounting)不变购买力会计cumulativeleadtime累计提前期cyclecounting周期盘点demand需求demandmanagement市场需求管理demonstratedcapacity实际能力dependentdemand非独立需求dfl(degreeoffinancialleverage)财务杠杆系数direct-deductinventorytransactionprocessing直接增减库存法dispatchlist派工单dol(degreeofoperatingleverage)经营杠杆系数els(economiclotsize)经济批量eoq(economicorderquantity)经济订货批量fifo(fist-in,fist-out)先进先出法firmplannedorder确认计划订单fish/lifo(fist-in,still-here)后进先出法fixedorderquantity紧固订货批量法flowshop流水车间focusforecasting集中预测fullpegging完全跟踪generallyacceptedmanufacturingpractices普遍认为生产管理原则independentdemand单一制市场需求inpu/outputcontrol资金投入/生产量掌控interplantdemand厂际市场需求inventoryturnover库存周转次数item物料项目itemrecord项目记录jobshop加工车间just-in-time(jit)准时制生产leadtime提早期前置期，指订单从接到具体内容明细表发货至货仓接到落下货纸这一段时间，可以用评估工厂的综合实力。

脱钩论名词解释
所谓脱钩，是指两个或多个事物之间的联系减弱或断裂，不再像以前那样密切地互相影响。

在经济领域，脱钩是指某个国家或地区将其经济与世界其他地区的经济联系减弱或断裂，以实现更大的经济独立性和自主性。

脱钩论是指在全球化时代，一些国家或地区主张通过脱离国际经济体系中的某些环节，从而减少对外依赖，提高自主研发和创新能力，以及保护本土产业和就业机会等方面的一种观点和理论。

脱钩论认为，全球化导致国家之间经济联系的加强，产业和市场的全球化程度越来越高，也使得一些国家或地区面临着越来越大的风
险和挑战，如国际金融危机、贸易战争、技术封锁等，因此应该考虑通过脱钩来减少这些风险和挑战。

脱钩论的支持者认为，脱钩能够带来多方面的好处。

首先，脱钩可以减少对外依赖，提高自主研发和创新能力，从而推动本土产业的发展和升级。

其次，脱钩可以保护本土产业和就业机会，避免外来竞争对本土产业的冲击和破坏。

再次，脱钩可以提高国家的安全性和稳定性，避免受到其他国家或地区的经济制裁和封锁。

最后，脱钩可以促进国家和地区之间的平等和合作，减少经济和政治上的不平等和冲突。

当然，脱钩也面临着很多挑战和风险。

一方面，脱钩可能导致本土产业的封闭和闭塞，降低国家和地区的国际竞争力和影响力。

另一方面，脱钩可能导致国际合作和交流的减少，影响全球经济和社会的发展和进步。

因此，脱钩是否可行，需要综合考虑国家和地区的实际情况、利益和目标，以及全球经济和社会的趋势和发展方向。

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screw with flat head 平头铜螺钉brass screw with round head 圆头铜螺钉brass screw with square head 方头铜螺钉brass screw 铜螺钉brass sheat 黄铜保管brass sheath 测深化学管的)铜保管brass sheath 铜保管brass sheet 黄铜板brass sheet 黄铜薄板brass soldering 黄铜焊brass sounding rod 黄铜测深杆brass spring 黄铜弹簧brass stud 铜双头螺柱brass tube 黄铜管brass ware 黄铜器皿brass washer 黄铜垫圈brass water valve 黄铜水阀brass welding powder 黄铜焊粉brass welding wire 黄铜焊丝brass welding wire 黄铜焊条brass wire brush 铜丝电刷brass wire gauge 黄铜丝网brass wire gauze 黄铜丝网brass wire 黄铜丝brass wood screw 黄铜木螺钉brass work polish 擦铜剂brass work polishing 擦铜剂brass work polishing 黄铜木螺钉brass work 铜制品brass 黄铜brass 黄铜;黄铜轴衬brass 黄铜黄铜轴衬黄铜的brass 黄铜黄铜轴衬黄铜制的brat bratul or bratu 分支brat 支流brattice 临时木建筑bratu 支流bratul 支流brave west winds 咆哮西风brave west winds 咆哮西风(见于北纬40～65度braze 铜焊braze 镶饰焊铜焊braze 用黄铜制造brazed flange 焊接凸缘brazed joint 硬焊结合brazed pipe 铜焊接管brazed seam 铜焊缝brazed 铜焊的brazen 黄铜制的brazier 铜工brazil current 巴西暖流brazil current 巴西洋流巴西暖流brazing alloy 铜焊焊料brazing brass 黄铜焊料brazing brass 钎焊黄铜brazing bruner 铜焊焊枪brazing metal 铜焊焊料brazing metal 硬焊合金brazing rod 铜焊条brazing seam 焊缝brazing seam 铜焊焊缝brazing solder 铜焊焊料brazing spelter 黄铜焊条brazing spelter 黄铜钎料brazing torch 喷灯brazing wire 黄铜焊丝brazing 钎焊brazing 铜焊brazo 狭长海湾brda 山山brdo 山山breach of condition 违反要件breach of confidence 破坏信用breach of contract 违反契约breach of contract 违约breach of discipline 破坏纪律breach of intermediate terms 违反中间条款breach of law 违法breach of peace 扰乱治安breach of promise 违背许诺breach of recognizance 违反保证书breach of regulation 违反规则breach of the contract of carriage 违反运输契约breach of trading warranty 违反对航行范围的保证breach of warranty 违背诺言breach of warranty 违反担保breach 破口breach 违犯breaching 模拟板实验性电路板功能试验breaching 烟道导管breaching 烟道总管bread and butter model 多木片胶合而成的航模bread and butter model 水平板层胶合的船体模型bread and butter model 由许多水平层木片胶合而成的航模bread 面包breadboard 模拟板breadboard 模拟板实验性电路板breadboard 烟道总管breadload 采集片breadth amidships 船中部宽度breadth depth ratio 宽深比breadth depth ratio 型宽型深比breadth draught ratio 船宽吃水比breadth extreme 最大宽度breadth limit of ships laying alongside 并靠限度breadth line 宽度线breadth maximum 最大宽度breadth molded 型宽breadth moulded 型宽breadth of penetration 穿透宽度breadth of territorial sea 领海宽度breadth of tooth 齿宽breadth overall submerged 浸体总宽breadth 船宽宽breadth 宽breadth 宽度breadth 宽度宽breadth 宽度型宽breadth-depth ratio 宽深比breadth-draft ratio 船宽吃水比breadth-length ratio 宽长比break a contract 违反契约break a flag 打开旗号break adrift 断链漂流break adrift 砍断锚链或系缆break adrift 使随风漂流break adrift 锁锚break back contact 静触点break before--make contact 先开后合触点break bulk cargo carrier 杂货运输船break bulk cargo 件货break bulk cargo 杂货break bulk ship 杂货船break bulk 开舱卸货break bulk 开舱卸货;杂货break bulk 开始卸货break bulkhead 船楼端舱壁break bulkhead 楼端舱壁break contact 断开触点break contract 违反契约break deck 船楼甲板break distance of switch 电门启断距离break down clause 停租条款break down 破除break down 破损break ground 锚破土break ground 破土break head 船首破冰板break her sheer 锚链缠绞break impluse 切断脉冲break impulse 切断脉冲break in oil 磨合油break in period 磨合运转时间break in the chain of causation 原因链中断break in two 折断为二break in 插入打断break in 训练;逐渐合用;开始工作;打断;插入break induced current 断路感应电流break into 破门而入;突然……起来break joint 错缝接合break leave 超过假期break length 断裂长度break liberty 超过假期break line 破裂线break machanism 开关break make contact 断合触点break make ratio 通断比break of an engagement 解约break of conductor 断线break of contact 触点切断break of forecastle 船首楼后端break of load 负载中断break of poop 船尾楼前端break of poop 尾楼前端break off 突然改变航向break off 突然改变航向突然停止break off 突然停止;使脱落;断绝;暂停break off 因顶风而改航向break out 爆发break out 破土;把舱内货物移到舱口;打开旗号break out 破土把舱内货物移到舱口break out 移货至舱口待卸break over voltage 转折电压break over 转换break point 断点break point 强度极限break pulse generator 断脉冲发生器break request signal 中断请求信号break request 中断请求break sheer 锚链缠绞break sign 分段符号break strength 断裂强度break through 突破技术革新break through=breakthrough 突破技术革新break time 切断时间break to crush 压碎break to pieces 击碎break up 中断破裂break up 中断破裂缺口分裂分散分解break 破坏break 碎;破;浪开花;船楼端;断路器break-before-make spring combination 先后开合簧组break-before-make 先开后合break-bulk berth 杂货泊位break-bulk cargo carrier 杂货运输船break-bulk container ship 杂货集装箱船break-bulk general cargo berthes 普通杂货船的泊位break-in oil 磨合油break-in period 磨合运转时间break-over rope 安全带breakage of packages 包装破损breakage of packing clause 包装破裂险breakage of packing 破损breakage 击穿breakage 亏舱;破损;货物破损breakage 亏舱破损货物破损breakage 亏舱剩余空位breakage 破损breakaway device 安全分离装置breakaway torque 最小起动转矩起步转矩breakaway 破裂脱离breakaway 起步breakbulk 件杂货breakbulk 开卸breakbulk 杂货breakdown clause 故障条款breakdown clause 中断条款breakdown clause 租赁中断条款breakdown crane 应急起重机breakdown crane 应急起重机机车起重机breakdown diode 稳压二极管breakdown flag 求救旗breakdown light 失控信号灯breakdown lights 事故识别标志灯breakdown maintenance 故障维修breakdown maintenance 故障维修故障排除breakdown of delivery 输送中断breakdown of machinery 机器故障breakdown of main engine 主机故障breakdown point 击穿点breakdown point 击穿点屈服点breakdown point 击穿点屈服点崩溃点breakdown potential 击穿电位breakdown potential 击穿电压breakdown repair 破损修理breakdown signal 故障信号breakdown slip 临界转差率breakdown steering gear 应急舵机breakdown strength 击穿强度breakdown switch 应急开关breakdown test 断裂试验breakdown torque 崩溃转矩breakdown value clause 分项价值条款breakdown voltage 击穿电压崩溃电压breakdown 绝缘击穿;故障;开启;破坏breakdown 损坏breaker bolt 安全螺栓breaker box 开关箱breaker brush 开关电刷breaker closing push-button 断路器闭合按钮breaker on-off switch 断路器通断开关breaker 淡水桶breaker 淡水桶;断路器;水密容器breaker 断路器breaker's yard 拆船场breaker'syard 拆船场breakers ahead! 前面有暗礁breakers along ashore 岸边浪花breakers 浪花breakers 碎浪区breakhead 首破冰板破冰甲breaking and entering vessel 私闯轮船breaking arrangement 断路器断路开关配置breaking bulk 开舱breaking bulk 开舱开卸breaking bulk 开卸breaking capacity 断流容量breaking current 断路电流breaking down dield strength 击穿场强breaking down field strength 击穿场强breaking down point 断裂点breaking down shovel 平煤器breaking effect 碎波效应breaking force 破断力breaking in period 试车时期breaking in 试运转磨合breaking limit 断裂极限breaking limit 破坏限界breaking load 断裂负荷breaking load 断裂负荷破断负载breaking load 断裂载荷breaking load 破断负载breaking load 破坏载荷breaking machine 断裂试验设备breaking machine 拉力试验机breaking moment 破裂力矩breaking of contact 触点断开breaking of monsoon 季风爆发breaking off 用撑木顶船靠码头用撑木顶住靠码头的船breaking off 用撑木顶住靠码头的船breaking rating 断流容量断流功率breaking seas 开花浪breaking sheer 船首偏离锚链方向breaking spark 断续火花breaking state 断裂状态breaking step 失步breaking strain 断裂应变breaking strength 极限强度击穿强度breaking strength 抗断强度breaking strength 抗断强度破断强度breaking strength 抗断强度破断强度极限强度breaking strength 破断强度breaking stress 断裂应力breaking stress 破坏应力breaking test 断裂试验breaking test 破断力试验breaking test 破断试验breaking wave 开花浪breaking wieght 断裂重量breaking 破坏;切断;打开breaking 破坏切断打开破裂breaking 破裂breaking-down shovel 煤舱内平煤器breakneck 危险的breakout cathead 卸杆猫头breakover 转换breakthrough 突破breakthrough 突破技术革新breakup clause 破损条款(船壳保险船舶全损时不论是推定全损还是实际全损breakup of barge train 散队breakup of raft 散排breakup of voyage 中止航程breakup 破坏;解散;中断;天气变坏breakup 破坏解散中断天气变坏破裂分散解体breakup 中断破裂分散解体breakwall 防波堤breakwater caisson 防波堤沉箱breakwater end 防波堤端breakwater entrance 防波堤入口breakwater entrance 防波堤入口处breakwater entrance 防波堤入口处防波堤入口breakwater gap 港的口门breakwater head 防波堤堤头breakwater light 防波堤灯标breakwater wall 防波堤壁breakwater 防波堤breakwater 防波堤;船首楼锚链孔后的挡浪板breakwater 防波堤船首楼锚链孔后的挡浪板breakwater 防波堤防波堤船首楼锚链孔后的挡浪板船首楼锚链孔后的挡浪板breakwaterlight 防波堤灯标bream 烧除bream 用加热和刮擦的方法清扫船底;烘船底breaming 烘船底breast anchor 船舷锚breast anchor 舷锚breast backstay 横后牵breast band 安全带breast band 胸带breast beam 船楼端梁breast beam 船楼端梁;中段横梁;船首楼后梁;船尾楼前梁breast beam 首楼后梁breast brace 胸压手摇钻breast buoy 中舷部系船浮标breast clectric drilling machine 胸压电钻breast dolphin 靠泊木墩breast drill 胸压手摇钻breast fast 横缆breast hook 船首肘板breast hook 强胸蹼板breast hook 首顶肘板breast in 带缆靠拢breast lead 胸前铅块breast line 横缆breast off 撑离码头一定距离靠泊breast off 横向离岸breast plate 船首舷墙水平衬板breast rail 船楼侧拦杆breast rail 船楼端栏杆breast rail 横向栏杆船楼端栏杆breast rail 桥楼横向栏杆breast rope 安全带breast rope 横缆breast rope 横缆;安全带breast shore 船边撑木;横撑木breast shore 舷侧撑柱breast shore 舷侧撑柱船边撑木breast stroke 推桨breast the sea 破浪前进breast work 船楼端栏杆breast 胸breast 胸部;船的中段;逆而进breast 胸船胸breastdolphin 胸桩breasthook 尖蹼板breasting float 船与码头间的护岸材breastwork 船首尾楼甲板的栏杆breath 呼吸breather apparatus 呼吸装置breather breathing 呼吸喘振breather cock 通气旋塞breather hole 通气孔breather hole 透气孔breather line 通气管breather mask 呼吸面罩breather pipe 通气管breather plug 呼吸塞breather plug 通气塞breather valve 呼吸阀breather valve 通气阀breather valve 通气控制阀breather vane 导流叶片breather vane 导流叶片通气控制阀breather 热带飑breather 热带飑通气装置breather 通气装置breathing apparatus 呼吸器呼吸器具breathing apparatus 呼吸器呼吸装置breathing apparatus 呼吸器具breathing apparatus 氧气面罩breathing area 通气面积breathing gas pack 呼吸气容器breathing gas 呼吸气体breathing hole 通气孔breathing medium 呼吸介质breathing mixture 混合呼吸气breathing supply hose 呼吸供气软管breathing valve 呼吸阀breathing 呼吸喘振bred material 增殖材料breech mechanism 锁紧机构breech 臀部;滑车尾breech 臀部滑车尾breeches buoy 裤形救生圈breeches buoy 连裤救生圈breeches pipe y 形三通管breeches pipe y形三通管breeches pipe 叉管breeches pipe 叉形管breeches 裤形breeching bolt 火砖螺栓breeching brick 砖breeching 烟道;后支索breeching 烟道叉形汇集管breeching 烟道后支索烟道叉形汇集管breed reactor 增殖反应堆breeder effect 增殖反应堆breeding 核分裂的增殖;繁殖breeding 核分裂的增殖繁殖breeze up 风开始吹起来breeze 微风breeze 微风海陆风不很强烈的强风微风bremen 不来梅brereton scale 柏里列顿木材容积计算法bressummer 大木brest 布勒斯特bretesse 望楼;突出的木材bretesse 望楼突出的木材bretton woods monetary system 布雷顿森林货币体系breva 意大利哥莫湖的一种日风brevity code 简码brewer's grain pellets 酿洒用谷物球团brewing 即将来临bribe 贿赂bribee 受贿者briber 行贿者bribery crime 受贿罪bribery 行贿brick cock 软木砖brick cork 软木砖brick dust 砂砖粉brick kiln 砖窑brick works 砖石建筑brick 砖;砖形物brick 砖砖形物brickfielder 拔立克斐儿特风brickwork 砖砌炉墙brickwork 砖墙brickwork 砖墙;;砌砖工程bridge aft bulkhead 桥楼后舱壁bridge aft 尾驾驶室的bridge after 驾驶台后端bridge after 驾驶台后端bridge after 驾驶台后端舱壁bridge amplifier 桥式放大器bridge approach 桥区航道bridge approach 引桥bridge arch 船尾拱架bridge arch 尾框顶部)船体)尾框顶部bridge arch 尾框顶拱bridge arm ratio 电桥比bridge arm 桥臂bridge balance 电桥平衡bridge beam 桥楼梁bridge board 桥板bridge boat 浮桥墩船bridge boat 浮桥趸船bridge book 航海日志草本bridge cable 固定锚锚链bridge calculating circuit 桥式计算电路bridge calibration 电桥校准bridge circuit 桥式电路bridge clearance 高潮时桥梁架空高度bridge clearance 高潮时桥梁净空高度bridge column 驾驶室控制台bridge connecting 电桥联结bridge connecting 电桥连接bridge connector 电桥接线器bridge connector 电桥接线器桥式联接器bridge connector 桥式联接器bridge console 驾驶室控制台bridge console 驾驶台控制台bridge contact 桥接式触点bridge control console 驾驶室控制台bridge control internal combustion engine 驾驶室控制内燃机bridge control of main propulsion unit 主推进装置的驾驶室控制bridge control of main propulsion unit 主推进装置的驾驶台控制bridge control of propulsion machinery 推进机械的驾驶室控制bridge control request push button 驾驶室控制请求按钮bridge control request push button 驾驶台控制请求按钮bridge control system 驾驶室控制系统bridge control system 驾驶台控制系统bridge control 驾驶室控制电桥控制bridge control 驾驶台操纵bridge control 舰桥控制bridge controller 驾驶室操纵台bridge controller 驾驶室控制器bridge controller 驾驶台电力推进装置操纵台bridge crane 桥式吊车bridge crane 桥式吊运车bridge crane 桥式起重机bridge current indicator 电桥电流指示器bridge cut-off relay 桥式断路继电器bridge cut-off 桥式断路bridge deck stringer 桥楼甲板边板bridge deck 驾驶甲板bridge deck 驾驶甲板驾驶台甲板桥楼甲板船桥甲板bridge deck 驾驶台甲板bridge deck 驾驶台甲板桥楼甲板bridge deck 桥楼甲板bridge design 驾驶室设计bridge diagram 电桥图bridge display 驾驶室显示bridge dodger 防浪屏bridge dodger 桥楼挡雨幔bridge duplex 桥接双工bridge engine-room control switch 驾驶室-机舱控制转换开关bridge equipment 驾驶室设备bridge erection 桥楼上层建筑bridge extension 桥楼伸展平台bridge fault 桥接故障bridge fittings 桥式联接器bridge front 驾驶台前端舱壁bridge front bulkhead 桥楼前舱壁bridge front 驾驶台前端舱壁bridge front 桥楼前壁bridge front 桥楼室bridge gauge value 桥规值bridge gauge 桥规电阻电桥bridge guage 桥规bridge gunwale 桥楼舷缘bridge house 驾驶台bridge house 桥楼室bridge instrument 驾驶室仪器bridge instrumentation 驾驶室仪表bridge islet 涨潮岛bridge key 电桥按键bridge key 电桥接键bridge ladder 驾驶台楼梯bridge lamp 信号灯bridge lights including traffic signals 桥路交通信号站bridge limiter 桥式限幅器bridge maneuvering system 驾驶室操纵系统bridge maneuvering system 驾驶台操纵系统bridge mast 信号桥柱bridge measurement 电桥测量bridge megger 桥式高阻计bridge method 电桥法bridge network 桥接网络bridge network 桥形网络bridge opening mark 桥涵标bridge opening marks 桥涵标bridge operation 驾驶室操作bridge over 跨接bridge passage signal station 桥路信号站bridge piece 船体)尾框顶部bridge piece 尾框顶部bridge piece 尾柱上框bridge pier 桥墩bridge plate 桥板bridge procedure 驾驶室程序bridge rail 驾驶室栏杆bridge rail 驾驶台甲板栏杆bridge receiving room 桥楼无线电室bridge rectifier circuit 桥式整流电路bridge rectifier 桥式整流器bridge rectifier 桥式整流器桥式整流器bridge remote control system 驾驶室遥控系统bridge remote control 驾驶台遥控bridge safety alarm 驾驶室安全报警bridge safety system 驾驶室安全系统bridge secondary control station 驾驶台遥控站bridge shelter 桥楼遮蔽bridge sign 驾驶台位置标志bridge space 桥楼bridge structure 桥楼结构bridge structure 桥楼上层建筑bridge superstructure 桥楼上层建筑bridge telegraph console 驾驶室车钟台bridge telegraph console 驾驶台车钟台bridge telegraph 桥楼传令钟bridge test 电桥测试bridge to bridge communication 驾驶台对驾驶台通信bridge to bridge radio telephone 驾驶台驾驶台无线电话bridge transporter 桥式装卸机bridge type frequency meter 电桥式频率计bridge watchkeeper 驾驶室值班人员bridge watchkeeping 驾驶室值班bridge weld seam 盖板焊缝bridge wing console 翼桥操纵台bridge wing 驾驶室侧翼平台bridge wing 驾驶室两侧的翼台bridge wing 驾驶室翼桥bridge wing 驾驶台两侧的翼台bridge wire 电桥测量导线bridge 电桥驾驶室桥接线桥bridge 驾驶室bridge 驾驶台bridge 桥bridge 桥电桥驾驶室bridge 桥梁bridge 桥楼bridge-aft ship 尾桥楼船bridge-aft 尾桥楼的bridge-balance 电桥平衡bridge-deck superstructure 船中上层建筑bridge-erection 桥楼上层建筑bridge-t network 桥t形网络bridge-to-bridge communication 船间通信bridge-to-bridge communications 驾驶台对驾驶台通信bridge-to-bridge communications 驾驶台与驾驶台通信bridgebuilder 斡旋者bridgeforecastle 驾驶室首楼bridgewing 驾驶台侧翼平台bridgework 桥楼上层建筑bridging amplifier 桥式放大器bridging beam 渡梁bridging capacitor 隔直电容器bridging condenser 分流电容器隔直流电容器bridging 桥接bridging 桥形的桥形分路bridle beam 舱口活动梁bridle beam 舱口活动梁舱口梁bridle chain 短链bridle chain 固定锚锚链bridle line 系船索bridle room 短索舱bridle type four arm mooring 马辔头式四臂系船设施bridle wire 跳线bridle 短系船索bridle 系船索或链;束带;限制物;系带bridle 系船索或链束带限制物系带系索绝缘跨接线短系船索bridle 系索bridle 系索绝缘跨接线brief a barrister 聘请律师brief acceleration 瞬时加速度brief 概要brief 简短的;概要;摘要;短文;向……下达简令briefing bright 鲜明的briefing cherry red heat 鲜樱桃红热briefing finished 抛光到发亮的briefing line 明线briefing 简报briefing 简报briefly cloudy 少云brig 双桅横帆船brigantine (前桅为横帆brigantine 一种双桅帆船brigantine 一种双桅帆船(前桅横帆briggsian logarithm 常用对数bright coal 优质沥青煤bright display 亮度显示bright stock 高粘度油;透明油bright stock 高粘度油透明油bright up 辉亮bright white light 明亮白灯bright 明亮的;鲜明的;生气勃勃的bright 明亮的鲜明的生气勃勃的brightening pulse 辉亮脉冲brightening 磨光的brightness control 亮度控制brightness regulator 亮度调节器brightness 亮度brightness 亮度亮度brightwork 镀或擦得发光的金属部分brightwork 五金器具brightwork 五金器具擦亮的铜制器brilliance control 亮度控制brilliance modulation 亮度调制brilliance 发光强度brilliance 亮度;辉度;明亮度brilliance 亮度光泽brilliant image 清晰图像brilliant image 清晰图象brim 边缘;水边;注满;满溢brim 边缘水边注满满溢briming 海面磷光brimstone 硫磺brine pump 盐水泵brine agitator 盐水搅拌机brine balance tank 盐水膨胀箱brine calculating pipe 盐水测管brine calculation pipe 卤咸水测管brine circulating pump 盐水循环泵brine circulation system 盐水循环冷却装置brine circulation system 盐水循环系统brine cock 上部吹泄旋塞盐水旋塞brine cooler 盐水冷却器brine cooling system 盐水冷却系统brine corrosion 盐腐蚀brine density 盐度brine discharge pump 盐水排出泵brine discharging regulating valve 排盐调节阀brine disposal 海水处理brine ejector 排盐喷射器brine exchanger 盐水热交换器brine expansion tank 盐水膨胀箱brine freezing point 盐水凝固点brine gauge 盐液密度计brine guage 盐水相对密度计brine header 盐水集管brine heater 盐水加热器brine mixer 盐水混合器brine pipe insulation 盐水管隔热brine pipe 盐水管brine rate 排盐量brine refrigerating machine 盐水制冷机brine refrigeration 盐水制冷brine return bank 盐水回流柜brine return tank 盐水回流箱brine scale 盐水比重计brine spray system 盐水喷淋系统brine system 盐水冷却系统brine system 盐水系统brine tank 盐水柜brine tube 盐水管brine valve 盐水阀brine water dissolving tank 融盐水箱brine water pump 海水泵brine 海水盐水brine 盐水brine 盐水;海水;用盐水处理brine 盐水海水用盐水处理brinell figure 布氏度数brinell hardness 布氏硬度brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值布氏硬度数布式硬度数brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验brinell hardness tester 布氏硬度试验机brinell hardness 布氏硬度brinell magnifier 布氏硬度测量放大镜brinell testing machine 布氏试验机brinell testing machine 布氏硬度试验机brinell 布里涅尔brinelling 渗碳brinelling 渗碳硬化brinepump 盐水泵bring a cable 链绕在起锚机上bring about 带来bring about 掉转头来bring alongside 使靠bring an action 起诉bring bringing into service 投入运行bring briquette 砖形块煤砖bring down 降低;打倒;击落;转次页bring down 降低打倒击落转次页bring forward 转次页bring home anchor 绞锚bring home anchor 绞锚绞锚bring home 恢复原状bring home 恢复原状;收紧锚或索bring home 收紧锚或索bring in focus 焦聚bring in phase 使同相bring into effect 实施bring into force 生效bring into step 使同步bring into stop 使同步bring off 救出bring round 使船转向相反方向bring ship in 将船靠近bring ship in 将船靠近bring the light to 把灯光放在……上bring the light to 把灯光放在…上bring the ship to a step 倒车停船bring to bearing 把船对准…方位bring to bearing 把船对准某方位bring to justice 绳之以法bring to rest 停车bring to rest 停止运行bring to the notice 引起注意bring to trial 审判bring to 将绳挽上;使船停止前进bring to 停船bring up all standing 全力把船急速停住bring up all standing 全力急速停船bring up anchor 抓住海底的锚bring up to the wind 将船迎风停止bring up to the wind 将船迎风停住bring up with a round turn 急速拉住正松出的缆绳bring up with a round turn 急速停住bring up with a round turn 急速挽住松出的缆绳bring up 船停住;船到终点;教育bring up 船停住船到终点教育bring up 使船停住bring 拿来bring 引起bringing back 反向电流;送回bringing back 反向电流送回brink 边;岸边brink 边岸边briny 海水的brisa 南美沿岸东北风brisa 南美沿岸东北风;菲律宾信风季节吹的东风brisote 拔立沙脱风brisote 拔立沙脱风bristle 猪鬃bristles 猪鬃bristol channel 布里斯托尔海峡bristol 布里斯托尔britainbritish 英国britannia metal 锡锑铜合金british & european shipping lines joint container service 英国和欧洲定期航运联合集装箱运输业务british admiralty chart 英版海图british admiralty 英国海军部british advisory committee on oil pollution of the sea 英国海上油污染咨询委员会british agricultural export council 英国农业出口委员会british aircraft carrier escort 英国护航航空母舰british aircraft corporation 英国飞机公司british airports authority 英国机场当局british and foreign maritime agencies 英国国内外海运代理商协会british and foreign sailor's society 英国国内外海员协会british approvals service for electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres 英国防爆电子设备鉴定局british association for commercial and industrial education 英国工商业教育协会british association for the advancement of science 英国科学促进协会british association of screw gauge 英国标准螺纹协会british association of ship suppliers 英国船舶供应商联盟british association of standard 英国标准协会british association ohm 英制欧姆英制欧姆british association unit 英国标准单位英国标准单位协会british astronomical association 英国天文协会british broadcasting corp. 英国广播公司british broadcasting corporation 英国广播公司british candle 英国坎德拉british cargo ship 英国货船british chamber of shipping 英国航运公会british columbia 大不列颠哥伦比亚british commonwealth of nations 英联邦british communications corp.ltd. 英国通讯有限公司british compressed air society 英国压缩空气学会british corporation register 英国船级社british corporation 英国船级社british council for promotion of international trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会british department of energy 英国能源部british double summer time 提前二小时的夏令时british double summer time 英国双夏令时british double summer time 英国双夏令时间提前二小时的夏令时英国双夏令时british east africa 英属东非british electrical and allied industries research association 英国电器工业研究协会british electrical and allied manufacturer's association 英国电气制造商协会英国电器联合制造商协会british electrical research association 英国电器研究协会british electrical research association 英国电气british electricity authority 英国电子管理局british empire radio union 英帝国无线电联合会british engineering standards association 英国工程标准协会british escort ship 英国护卫舰british european airways 英国欧洲航空公司british export houses association 英国出口商协会british export trade research organization 英国出口贸易研究组织british federation of ship stores merchants 船用物料商英联盟british fishing and small vessel equipment association 英国渔船和小船设备协会british guiana time 英属圭亚那时间british horse-power 英制马力british horsepower 英制马力british hovercraft corporation 英国气垫船公司british hydromechanics research association 英国流体力学研究协会british institute of engineering technology 英国工程技术学会british institute of materials 英国材料学会british institute of radio engineers 英国无线电工程师学会british institute of radiology 英国应用辐射学研究会british institution of radio engineers 英国无线电工程师学会british insurance association 英国保险协会british insurance broker's association 英国保险经纪人协会british insurance group 英国保险集团british insurance law association 英国保险法协会british internal combustion engine maunfacturer's association 英国内燃机制造商协会british internal combustion engine research association 英国内燃机研究协会british internal combustion engine research institute 英国内燃机研究所british interplanetary society 英国星际协会british legal association 英国法律协会british marine association 英国海运协会british marine equipment council 英国船用设备委员会british marine gambling insurance act 英国海上赌博保险法british maritime law association 英国海商法协会英国海事法协会british maritime law association 英国海事法协会british maritime law association 英国海事法协会英国海商法协会british maritime law association's agreement 英国海商法协会合同british mean time 英国平时british merchant marine equipment association 英国商船运输设备协会british merchant navy 英国商船队british mile 英里british ministry of war transport 英国战争运输部british motor and sailing ship owner's association 英国机帆船船东协会british motor trade association 英国发动机贸易协会british national committee for ocean engineering 英国国家海洋工程委员会british national oil corporation 英国国家石油公司british national radio school 英国国家无线电学校british north america 英国保险公会北美洲保险区域british north atlantic 英国保险公会北大西洋保险区域british north borneo 英国保险公会北婆罗洲保险区域british oceanic authority 英国海洋局british offshore equipment association 英国近海设备协会british overseas trade board 英国海外贸易局british oxygen co.ltd. 英国氧气公司british patent 英国专利british ports association 英国港口协会british preferential tariff 英国特惠关税british productivity countil 英国生产委员会british radio communication 英国无线电通信british refrigeration association 英国制冷协会british relay wireless 英国中继无线电台british sailor's institute 英国海员学会british sailor's society 英国海员委员会british scientific instrument research association 英国科学仪器研究协会british seaman's card 英国海员证british ship adoption society 英国船舶验收委员会british ship research association 英国船舶研究协会british ship research association 英国船舶研究协会英国船舶研究协会british shipbreakers association 英国废船收购商协会british shipbrokers association 英国船舶经纪人协会british shipbuilders 英国造船公司british shipbuilding research ass. 英国造船研究协会british shipper's council 英国托运人委员会british shipping careers service 英国航运职业服务british shipping federation 英国航运联合会(曾用名british sound recording association 英国录音协会british south american airways 英国南美航空公司british standard beam 英国标准波束british standard channel 英国标准频道british standard dimension 英国度量标准british standard gauge 英国标准线径规british standard hardness 英国标准硬度british standard institute 英国标准协会british standard pipe 英国标准管british standard pipe 英国标准管子british standard specification 英国标准规范英国标准技术条件英国技术标准规范british standard specification 英国标准规范英国技术标准规范british standard teak 英国标准柚木british standard thread 英国标准螺纹british standard time 英国标准时british standard whit-worth 英国惠氏标准螺纹british standard whitworth screw thread 英国惠氏标准螺纹british standard wire gauge 英国标准线规british standard wire gauge 英国标准线规英国标准线径规british standard wire gauge 英国标准线径规british standard 英国标准british standards institution 英国标准学会british summer time 英国夏令时(4月最后一个星期日始british system of unit 英国单位制british tariffs 英国关税british television corporation 英国电视公司british thermal unit 英国热量单位。

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中英文对照术语表A Absorption costing（完全成本法）Accelerated depreciation method（加速折旧法） Account（账户） Account form （账户式） Account payable（应付账款） Account receivable （应收账款） Accounting（会计） Accounting cycle（会计循环）Accounting equation（会计恒等式） Accounting period concept （会计期间概念） Accounting system（会计系统） Accounts payable subsidiary ledger（应付账款明细分类账）（应付账款明细分类账） Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger（应收账款明细分类账）（应收账款明细分类账） Accounts receivable turnover （应收账款周转率） Accrual basis（应计制；权责发生制）Accruals（应计项目） Accrued assets（应计资产） Accrued expenses（应计费用） Accrued liabilities（应计负债） Accrued revenues（应计收入） Accumulated depreciation（累计折旧）Accumulated other comprehensive income（累计其他全面收益）（累计其他全面收益） Activity base (driver)（作业基础/动因）Activity-based costing (ABC)（作业成本计算法） Adjusted trial balance（调整后试算平衡表） Adjusting entries（调整分录）Adjusting process（调整过程）Administrative expenses (general expenses)（管理费用（一般费用））Aging the receivables（应收账款账龄分析） Allowance method（备抵法）1/ 12Amortization（摊销）Annuity（年金）Assets（资产）Available-for-sale securities（可供出售证券） Average cost method（平均成本法） Average rate of return（平均回报率） B Balance of the account（账户余额） Balance sheet（资产负债表） Balanced scorecard（平衡记分卡） Bank reconciliation （银行存款余额调节表） Bond（债券） Bond indenture（债券契约） Book value（账面价值） Book value of the asset（资产的账面价值） Boot（补价） Bottleneck（瓶颈） Break-even point （盈亏临界点） Budget（预算） Budget performance report（预算业绩报告） Budgetary slack（预算松弛） Business（企业）Business entity concept（企业主体概念） Business stakeholder （企业利益相关者） Business strategy（企业战略） Business transaction（经济业务） C Capital expenditures（资本性支出） Capital expenditures budget（资本支出预算） Capital investment analysis（资本投资分析）Capital leases（资本性租赁） Capital rationing（资本分配）Carrying amount（账面金额） Cash（现金） Cash basis（现金制；收付实现制） Cash budget（现金预算） Cash dividend（现金股利） Cash equivalents（现金等价物） Cash flows from financing activities（筹资活动现金流量）（筹资活动现金流量）Cash flows from investing activities（投资活动现金流量）（投资活动现金流量） Cash flows from operating activities（经营---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 活动现金流量）（经营活动现金流量） Cash payback period（现金回收期） Cash payments journal（现金付款日记账） Cash receipts journal（现金收款日记账） Cash short and over account （现金余缺账户） Certified public accountant (CPA)（注册会计师） Chart of accounts（会计科目表） Clearing account(清理账户) Closing entries（结账分录） Closing process（结账程序） Combination strategy（混合战略） Common stock（普通股）Common-size statement（通用报表） Component（成分；组成部分）Comprehensive income（全面收益）Consolidated financial statements（合并财务报表）（合并财务报表） Consolidation（创立合并） Continuous budgeting（滚动预算） Contra account （抵减账户） Contract rate（约定利率） Contribution margin(贡献毛益) Contribution margin ratio（贡献毛益率） Controllable expenses（可控费用）Controllable variance（可控差异）Controller（主计长）Controlling account（控制账户）Conversion costs（加工成本） Copyright（版权） Corporation （公司） Cost（成本） Cost accounting system（成本会计系统）Cost allocation（成本分配） Cost behavior（成本性态） Cost center（成本中心） Cost of goods sold（产品销售成本） Cost of goods sold budget（产品销售成本预算） Cost of merchandise sold（商品销售成本） Cost of production report（生产成本报3/ 12告） Cost per equivalent unit（单位约当产量成本） Cost price approach（成本价格法）Cost variance（成本差异）Cost-volume-profit analysis（本－量－利分析）Cost-volume-profit chart（本－量－利图） Credit memorandum （贷项通知单） Credits（贷记） Cumulative preferred stock （累积优先股） Currency exchange rate（货币汇率） Current assets（流动资产） Current liabilities（流动负债） Current ratio（流动比率） Currently attainable standards（当前可达标准） D Debit memorandum（借项通知单）Debits（借记） Decentralization（分权） Declining-balance method（余额递减法） Deferred expenses（递延费用） Deferred revenues（递延收入） Deficiency（亏损） Deficit（亏损）Defined benefit plan（固定收益计划） Defined contribution plan （固定缴款计划） Depletion（折耗） Depreciation（折旧）Depreciation expense（折旧费用） Differential analysis（差异分析） Differential cost（差异成本） Differential revenue （差异收入） Differential strategy（差异化战略） Direct labor cost（直接人工成本） Direct labor rate variance（直接人工工资率差异） Direct labor time variance（直接人工工时差异）Direct materials cost（直接材料成本） Direct materials price variance（直接材料价格差异）（直接材料价格差异） Direct materials purchases budget（直接材料采购预算）（直接材料采购---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 预算） Direct materials quantity variance（直接材料数量差异）（直接材料数量差异） Direct method（直接法） Direct write-off method（直接注销法） Discontinued operations（停止经营）Discount（贴现息；折价） Discount rate（贴现率） Dishonored note receivable（拒付应收票据） Dividend yield（股利收益率）Division（分部） Doomsday ration（终极流动比率） Double-entry accounting（复式会计） Drawing（提款） DuPont formula（杜邦公式） E Earnings per common share (EPS)（每股收益）Earnings per common share (EPS) on common stock（普通股每股收益） E-commerce（电子商务） Effective interest rate method （实际利率法）Effective rate of interest（实际利率）Electronic funds transfer (EFT)（电子资金转账） Elements of internal control（内部控制要素） Employee fraud（员工舞弊）Employee s earnings record（员工收入记录） Equity method（权益法） Equity securities（权益证券） Equivalent units of production（约当产量） Ethics（伦理） Expenses（费用）Extraordinary items（非常项目） F Factory overhead cost（制造费用） FICA tax（联邦社会保险税） Financial accounting （财务会计） Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)（财务会计准则委员会） Financial statements（财务报表） Finished goods inventory（完工产品存货） Finished goods ledger（完工5/ 12产品分类账） First-in, first-out (fifo) method（先进先出法）Fiscal year（会计年度） Fixed (plant) assets（固定资产） Fixed asset impairment（固定资产减值） Fixed assets（固定资产）Fixed costs（固定成本） Flexible budget（弹性预算） FOB (free on board) destination（目的地交货） FOB (free on board) shipping point（装运地交货）（装运地交货） Free cash flow（自由现金流量） Fringe benefits（额外福利） Future value（未来价值，终值） G General journal（普通日记账） General ledger（总分类账） Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)（公认会计原则） Goal conflict（目标冲突） Goodwill （商誉） Gross pay（工资总额） Gross profit（毛利） Gross profit method（毛利法） H Held-to-maturity securities（持有至到期证券） High-low method（高低点法） Horizontal analysis （水平分析） I Ideal standards（理想标准） Income from operations (operating income) （营业利润）（营业利润） Income statement（损益表） Income summary（收益汇总） Indirect method （间接法） Inflation（通货膨胀） Initial public offering (IPO)（首次公开招股） Intangible assets（无形资产） Internal controls（内部控制） Internal rate of return method（内含回报率法） Inventory shrinkage（存货损耗） Inventory turnover （存货周转率） Investment center（投资中心） Investment turnover（投资周转率） Investments（投资） Invoice（发票）---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------J Job cost sheet（分批成本计算单） Job order cost system（分批成本计算法） Journal（日记账） Journal entry（日记账分录）Journalizing（编制分录） Just-in-time (JIT) processing（适时加工制） L Last-in, first-out (lifo) method（后进先出法）Ledger（分类账） Leverage（杠杆收益） Liabilities（负债）Limited liability corporation (LLC)（有限责任公司）（有限责任公司） Liquidation（清算） Long-term liabilities（长期负债）Low-cost strategy（低成本战略） Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method（成本与市价孰低法）（成本与市价孰低法） M Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA)（管理层讨论与分析） Managerial accounting（管理会计） Manufacturing business（制造企业）Manufacturing cells（制造单元） Margin of safety（安全边际）Market price approach（市场价格法） Markup（加成） Master budget（全面预算） Matching concept（配比概念） Materiality concept（重要性概念）Materials inventory（材料存货）Materials ledger（材料分类账） Materials requisitions（领料单） Maturity value（到期值） Merchandise inventory（商品存货） Merchandising business（商业企业） Merger（吸收合并）Minority interest（少数股权）Mixed cost（混合成本）Multiple-step income statement （多步式损益表） N Natural business year（自然营业年度） Negotiated price approach（协7/ 12议价格法） Net income（净利润） Net loss（净亏损） Net pay （工资净额） Net present value method（净现值法） Net realizable value（可变现净值） Nonparticipation preferred stock（非参与优先股）（非参与优先股） Note receivable（应收票据） Number of days sales in inventory（存货销售周期）（存货销售周期） Number of days sales in receivables（应收账款周转天数）（应收账款周转天数） Number of times interest charges are earned(利息保障倍数) O Operating leases（经营性租赁）Operating leverage（经营杠杆） Opportunity cost（机会成本）Other comprehensive income（其他全面收益） Other expense（其他费用） Other income（其它收入） Outstanding stock（流通在外股票） Overapplied factory overhead（制造费用过度分配）（制造费用过度分配） Owners equity（所有者权益） P Paid-in capital（实缴资本） Par（面值） Parent company（母公司）Partnership（合伙企业） Partnership agreement（合伙契约）Patents（专利权） Payroll（工资） Payroll register（工资表）Period costs（期间成本） Periodic method（定期盘存制）Permanent differences（永久性差异） Perpetual method（永续盘存制） Petty cash fund（备用金） Physical inventory（实地盘存） Post-closing trial balance（结账后试算平衡表）Posting（过账） Predetermined factory overhead rate（预定制造费用分配率）（预定制造费用分配率） Preferred stock（优先股）---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Premium（溢价） Prepaid expenses（预付费用） Present value （现值） Present value concept（现值概念） Present value index（现值指数） Present value of an annuity（年金现值）Price-earnings (P/E) ratio（市盈率） Price-earnings ratio （市盈率） Prior period adjustments（前期调整） Private accounting（内部会计） Proceeds（贴现净额） Process（流程；步骤）Process cost system（分步成本计算法）Process manufacturers（分步制造企业） Product cost concept（产品成本概念） Product costs（产品成本） Production budget（生产预算） Profit center（利润中心） Profit margin（销售利润率）Profitability（获利能力） Profit-volume chart（利润－产量图）Promissory note（承兑票据） Property, plant, and equipment （财产、厂房和设备）（财产、厂房和设备） Proprietorship(独资企业) Public accounting（公共会计） Purchase method(购买法) Purchase return or allowance（购货退回或折让） Purchases discounts（购货折扣） Purchases journal（采购日记账） Q Quick assets（速动资产） Quick ratio（速动比率） R Rate earned on common stockholders equity（普通股股东权益收益率） Rate earned on stockholders equity（股东权益收益率）（股东权益收益率） Rate earned on total assets（总资产收益率） Rate of return on investment (ROI)（投资回报率）（投资回报率） Ratio of fixed9/ 12assets to long-term liabilities（固定资产对长期负债比率）（固定资产对长期负债比率） Ratio of liabilities to stockholders equity（负债对股东权益比率）（负债对股东权益比率） Real accounts（实账户） Realization（变现） Receivables（应收款项） Receiving report（收货单） Relevant range（相关范围）Report form（报告式） Residual income（剩余收益） Residual value（残值）Responsibility accounting（责任会计）Responsibility center（责任中心）Restrictions（限制）Restructuring charge（重组费用） Retail inventory method（零售价格法） Retained earnings（留存收益） Retained earnings statement（留存收益表） Revenue expenditure（收益性支出）Revenue journal（收入日记账） Revenue recognition concept （收入确认概念） Revenues（收入） Reversing entry（转回分录） S Sales（销售收入） Sales budget（销售预算） Sales discounts（销售折扣） Sales mix（销售组合） Sales returns and allowances（销售退回与折让） Selling expenses（销售费用）Service business（服务企业） Service department charges（服务部门费用） Single-step income statement（单步式损益表）Sinking fund（偿债基金） Slide（滑位） Solvency（偿债能力）Special journals（专用日记账） Standard cost（标准成本）Standard cost systems（标准成本系统） Stated value（设定价值） Statement of cash flows（现金流量表） Statement of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ members equity（成员权益报表） Statement of owner s equity （所有者权益表） Statement of partnership equity（合伙企业权益表）（合伙企业权益表）Statement of partnership liquidation（合伙企业清算表）（合伙企业清算表） Statement of stockholders equity（股东权益表） Static budget（固定预算）Stock（股票） Stock dividend（股票股利） Stock split（股票分割） Stockholders（股东） Stockholders equity（股东权益）Straight-line method（直线法） Subsidiary company（子公司）Sunk cost(沉没成本) T T account（T 型账户） Target costing （目标成本法） Taxable income（应税所得） Temporary (nominal) accounts（临时性（虚）账户）（临时性（虚）账户） Temporary differences（暂时性差异） Temporary investments（临时性投资）Theory of constraints (TOC)（限制理论） Time tickets（计工单） Time value of money concept（货币时间价值概念）（货币时间价值概念） Total cost concept（完全成本概念） Trade discounts（商业折扣） Trade-in allowance（以旧换新折让）Trademark（商标） Trading securities（交易证券） Transfer price（转移价格） Transposition（换位） Treasury stock（库藏股票） Trial balance（试算平衡） Two-column journal（两栏式日记账） U Uncollectible accounts expense（坏账费用）Underapplied factory overhead（制造费用分配不足）（制造费用分11/ 12配不足） Underwriting firms（证券包销公司） Unearned revenue （预收收入） Unearned revenues（预收收入） Unit contribution margin（单位贡献毛益） Unit of measure concept（计量单位概念） Units-of-production method（产量法） Unrealized holding gain or loss（未实现持有利得或损失） V Value chain（价值链）Variable cost concept（变动成本概念） Variable costing（变动成本计算） Variable costs（变动成本） Venture capitalist (VC)（风险投资家） Vertical analysis（垂直分析） Volume variance（产量差异） Voucher（付款凭单） Voucher system（付款凭单制度） Work in process inventory（在产品存货） Work sheet（工作底稿） Working capital（营运资本） Yield（收益率） Zero-based budgeting（零基预算）。

市场研究术语中英文对照市场研究行业词汇英语翻译《财富》杂志?Fortune案头调研?Desk Research奥美公司?Ogilvy & Mather白色商品?White Goods百乐门?Parliament百威啤酒?Budweiser包裹销售法?Banded Pack宝洁公司?Procter & Gamble宝丽来?Polaroid宝马?BMW边际成本?Marginal Cost边际收益?Marginal Benefit标准差，均差?Standard Deviation别克?Buick波立兹调查公司?"Alfred Politz Research, Inc" 波旁王朝?Ancient Age Bourbon波特福洛分析?Portefolio Analysis产品差异?Product Differentiation产品生命周期?Product Life Cycle产品系列?Product Line产品组合?Product Mix阐述?Presentation超级市场?Supermarket成对比较法?Paired Comparisons成功的理想主义者?Successful Idealist承诺型消费者?Committed Buyer程度测试?Tachistoscope橙色商品?Orange Goods冲动购买?Impulse Buying重叠率?Duplication抽样?Sampling传销?Pyramid Selling传阅发行量?Pass-on Circulation词语联想法?Word Associaton刺激营销?Incentive Marketing促销?Promotion达彼思广告公司?Ted Bates & Copany大卫·奥格威?David Ogilvy戴比尔斯?De Beers丹尼尔·斯塔奇公司?Danile Starch & Staff 弹性?Elasticity到达率?Reach道奇?Dodge第三者法?Third-Person Technique第一提及?Top of Mind电话访问?Telephone Interview电通广告公司?Dentsu电子售点数据?EPOS Data定量研究?Quantitative Research定位?Positioning定性研究?Qualitative Research动机研究?Motivation Research读者?Readers读者人数?Readership独特销售主张?Unique Selling Proposition 杜邦公司?Du Pont 多方面衡量?Multi-dimensional Scaling多品牌战略?Multi-brand Strategy惰性销售?Inertia Selling恩格尔曲线?Engel Curves二手资料?Secondary Data发行量?Circulation发行量稽核组织?ABC仿造?Me Too访谈?Interview访问员?Interviewer非处方药?OTC菲力普·莫里斯公司?Philip Morris Company菲亚特?FIAT肥皂剧?Soap Opera分刊测试?Split-run Test分销?Distribution丰田?TOYATA缝隙分析?Gap Analysis浮动插播?Floating Spot辅助回想?Aided Recall付费发行量?Paid Circulation复核?Back Checking复核?Validation富豪汽车?VOLVO富可视?Infocus富士胶卷?FUJI FILM覆盖率?Coverage盖凡尼克皮肤反应测试仪?Galvanic Skin Response Meter 盖洛普暨罗宾逊调查公司?"Gallup & Robinson,Inc"概念测试?Concept Testing高度介入产品?High Invovement Procuct革新消费者?Innovators葛瑞广告?Grey Advertising公众调查公司?"Audience Research,Inc"贡献?Contrubution购买周期?Buying Cycle孤独守巢人?Empty Nesers鼓动销售?Hard Sell故事板/分镜头表?Storyboard故事完成法?Story Completion观察调研法?Obseravtion Study广告?Advertising广告/销售比率?Advertising/Sales Ratio广告比重?Advertising Weight广告标准?Advertising Standard广告调查基金会(美国)?Advertising Research Foundation广告概要?Advertising Brief广告口号?Slogan广告目标即广告效果评测?Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results国际商用机器公司?IBM过度杀伤?Overkill过滤审查?Screening哈佛商学院?Harvard Business School红色商品?Red Goods互补品?Complements花旗集团?Citigroup华尔街?Wall Street黄金时段?Prime Time辉瑞?Pfizer混合调查?Omnibus Research混和调研?Omnibus Research基本读者?Primary Reader稽核?Audit吉芬商品?Giffen Goods吉列?Gillette集团购买?Organizational Buying集中度?Affinity集中市场细分?Concentrated Segmentation计算机辅助的电话采访?Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing 记忆测试?Recall Test记忆性?Memorability佳能?Canan家乐福?Carrefour家庭(户)?House Hold家庭稽核?Home Audit家庭生活周期?Family Life Cycle甲壳虫?Bettle价格分析?Values Analysis价格敏感?Price Sensitive价格歧视?Price Discrimination价格战?Price War间接调研?Off-the-research建议价格?Recommended Price箭牌口香糖?Wrigley讲究派头的诉求?Snob Appeal交叉销售?Cross-selling交替需求?Alternate Demand焦点小组(讨论)?Focus group (Discussion)/Interview-FGD/FGI 角色扮演?Role Playing阶式渗透?Cascading结构化访问?Structured Interview金佰利?Kimberly-Clark浸透策略?Penetration Strategy精工?SEIKO句子完成法?Sentence Completion决策群?Decision Making Unit决定性调研?Conclusive Research卡通测试?Cartoon Tests开放题?Open-ended Question开机率?Homes Using TV柯达?Kodak壳牌?Shell可变价格?Variable Pricing可口可乐?Coca-Cola可丽舒?Kleenex可信度?Believability克莱斯勒?Chrysler克劳德·霍普金斯?Claude Hopkins客观看法?Outside View肯德基炸鸡?Kentucky Fried Chicken口碑广告?Word-of-mouth Advertising快流量消费品?Fast-moving Consumer Goods 拉力?Pulling Power拦截访问?Intercept Interview乐观奔命者?Optimistic Striver离差?Deviation李奥·贝纳?Leo Burnett李佛兄弟公司?Lever Brothers力士?Lux连带外部效应?Network Externality联合调研/辛迪加?Syndicated Research 联合分析?Conjoint Analysis联合利华公司?Unilever联想?Association Techniques练习性预演?Dry Run两步收费?Two-part Tariff量表?Scale劣等商品?Inferior Goods零售周期?Wheel of Retailing零头定价法?Odd-even Pricing漏斗深入法?Funnel Approach露华浓?Revlon乱数表?Random-number Table罗塞·瑞夫斯?Rosser Reevse罗夏测试?Rorschach Test骆驼?Camal马丁·迈耶?Martin Mayer麦当劳?McDonald’s麦肯爱里克森广告公司?Mccann-Erickson麦氏威尔咖啡?Maxwell House Coffee卖方市场?Seller’s Market满意购买者?Satisfied Buyer盲测?Blind Test毛评点?Gross Ratting points媒体分析?Media Analysis每千人(户)成本?Cost Per Thousand Figure每千人成本?Cost Per Mille美孚?Mobil美国报纸发行人协会?American Newspaper Publisher’s Association 美国电报电话公司?AT&T美国广播公司?ABC美国广告代理商协会?4A’sThe American Association of Advertising Agencies?美国民意研究中心?American Institute of Public Opinion美国营销协会?American Marketing Association美国运通?American Express描述性调研?Descriptive Research民意测验?Opinion Poll明尼苏达矿务及制造业公司?3M模似?Simulation姆姆巧克力?M&M耐克?Nike尼尔逊公司?A. C. Nielsen尼尔逊全国电视指数?Nielsen National Television Index 尼尔逊受众测定器?Nielsen audiometer尼尔逊指数?Nielsen Index欧宝?OPEL欧洲民意测验和市场调研协会?ESOMAR帕累托原理?Pareto Principle派生需求?Derived Demand攀比效应?Bandwagon Effect判断性抽样?Judgement Sampling旁氏?Pond’s陪伴购物?Accompanied Shopping配额?Quota配额抽样?Quota Sampling频率分布?Frequency Distribution品牌?Brang品牌测试?Brang Test品牌估价?Brang Valuation品牌管理?Brang Management品牌偏好?Brang Preference品牌认知?Brang Awareness品牌形象?Brang Image品牌性格?Brang Personalities品牌忠诚度?Brang Loyalty品牌转换成本?Switching Cost品质认知度?Perceived Quality七喜?7UP期望值?Expectations期望值?Expected Value其他指导人?Other-directed Person 企业标志?Corporate Logo 企业识别?Corporate Identity前导性研究?Pilot Study潜意识广告?Subliminal Advertising 强生公司?Johnson & Johnson乔治·格里宾?George Gribbin情感购买者?Like Friend情感象征?Emotional Symbol渠道冲突?Channel Conflict全国性涵盖度?Blanket人口统计学特征?Demographics人员推销?Personal Selling认识差距?Cognitive Dissonance认知?Awareness认知图表?Perceptual Mapping日后记忆?Day-after-recall入户访问?Door-to-door Interview 软性促销?Soft Sell萨奇公司?Saatchi & Saatchi三维营销?3-D商店稽核?Store Audit社会等级?Social Grading社会接受度?Social Acceptability 社会营销?Social Marketing 深度访谈?Depth Interview生存者?Survivor生活方式?Lifestyle声音比例?SOV声音份额?Share of Voice施乐?Xerox时代华纳?Time Warner时机感?Sense of Timing时间档次?Time Slot时序分析?Time-Series analysis 识阈效应?Threshold Effect使用与态度?Usage and Attitude市场策略的利润效果?Profit Impact of Market Strategy 市场调研?Market Research市场调研/营销调研?Marketing Research市场细分?Market Segmentation市场占有率?Market Share视听众暴露度?Impession收获战略?Harvesting Strategy收入效应?Income Effect收视(听)率?Ratings收视率?Television Rating售点?POP售点?POS斯塔奇数字?Starch Figure斯坦利·里索?Stanley Resor斯沃琪?Swatch四点分析?SWOT Analysis随机抽样?Random Sampling索尼?SONY态度?Attitude探索性调研?Exploratory汤橱浓汤?Campbell’s Soup特许经营?Franchise替代品?Substitutes替代效应?Substitution Effect天美时?Timex听众调查?Audience Research通用汽车?General Motor同类相食?Cannibalisation投射研究?Projective Research图片响应法?Picture Response Techniques推拉战略?Push and Pull Strategies推力?Push Power完成法?Completion Techniques完全竞争市场?Perfectly Competitive Market 万宝路?Marlboro 万事达卡?Master Card威廉·伯恩巴克?William Bernbach威士卡?VISA维持者?Sustainer伟哥?Viagra胃溃疡峡谷?Ulcer Gulch稳定插播?Anchored Spot问卷?Questionnaire沃尔玛?Wal-Mart Stores无品牌忠诚度?No Brand Loyalty无提示认知?Unaided Awareness无准备调查访问?Cold Calling西门子?SIEMENS习惯购买者?Habitual Buyer习惯性购买?Habit Buying喜力?Heineken系统销售?System Selling细流战?Drip Campaign显着特征?Salient Attribute现场调研?Field Research现场督导?Conductor现场督导?Field Supervisor现场工作?Field Work现场人员?Field Force线上活动?Above-the-line线下活动?Below-the-line相关群体?Reference Group象牙牌香皂?Ivory消费者购物固定样本?Consumer Purchase Panel 消费者内在需求?Consumer Insight消费者偏好?Consumer Preferences消费者剩余?Consumer Surplus消费者形象描述?Consumer Profile销售定额?Sales Quota销售反馈功能?Sales Response Function 销售领域?Sales Territory销售预测?Sales Forecast销售专集?Sales Literature销售组合?Sales Mix小组讨论?Group Discussion心理图案学?Psychographics心理戏剧?Motivational Theater心智索引?Mindex心智占有率?Share of Mind新奇士?Sunkist新人训练?Orientation Training形象?Image虚荣效应?Snob Effect选择性分销?Selective Distribution雪佛兰?Chevrolet雅皮?YUPPY眼睛轨迹研究?Eye Tracking Research扬雅广告公司?Young & Rubicam样品?Sample一次性购物?One-stop Shopping一手资料?Primary Data伊莱克斯?Electrolux宜家?IKEA移情作用?Empathy意见领导?Opinion Leader因果性调研?Causal Research营销会计稽核?Marketing Audit营销近视?Marketing Myopia营销组合?10P’s营销组合?4C’s’营销组合?4P’s营销组合?Marketing Mix营业额/到达率增长指数?Turnover影响力等级?Hierarchy of Effects 佣金制?Commission System 由报纸决定(刊登位置)?Run-of-paper 邮购?Mail Order有提示认知?Aided Awareness有效贮藏期限?Shelf Life诱导转向法?Bait and Switch语义差异法?Semantic Differential预检验?Pre-testing原创性?Originality原子状测试?Atomistic Test岳母研究?Mother-in-law Research载波技术?ZAP赞助?Sponsorship詹姆士·韦伯扬?James Webb Young展览会?Exhibition争夺经营?Scrambled Merchandising正常商品?Normal Goods直递?Direct Mail直销?Direct Marketing智威汤逊?J. Walter Thompson重度消费者?Heavy User主持人?Moderator主题类化法?Thematic Apperception属性特征?Attributes住地居民细分法?A Classification of Residential Neighborhoods 专家调研?Specialist Research资料手册?Fact Book。

国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民国境外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯) International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国法)National Monetary Systems（国金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织) Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement （知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）.Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。

脱钩论名词解释脱钩论是一个经济学术语，指的是一种经济政策，旨在降低一个国家与其他国家之间的经济依赖性。

脱钩论的主要思想是，一个国家应该减少与其他国家的经济联系，以便更好地控制自己的经济发展和保护自己的利益。

脱钩论的背景脱钩论的起源可以追溯到20世纪60年代末期和70年代初期。

当时，许多发展中国家正在经历一系列经济和政治危机，包括国际贸易和金融危机、政治不稳定和内部经济问题。

这些问题导致了发展中国家对外部经济依赖性的增加，使它们更加容易受到国际经济波动的影响。

在这种情况下，一些经济学家开始提出脱钩论的思想。

他们认为，发展中国家应该减少对国际市场的依赖，以保护自己的经济和政治利益。

这些经济学家包括阿尔贝托·达尔马、拉尔夫·纳德尔、萨米尔·阿明、阿尔文·托夫勒和弗朗西斯·福山等人。

脱钩论的实践在20世纪80年代和90年代，一些发展中国家开始采取脱钩论的政策。

例如，墨西哥在1982年遭遇了一场金融危机，随后采取了一系列脱钩政策，包括限制进口、保护本国产业和鼓励出口等。

这些政策使墨西哥的经济逐渐恢复，并在1992年加入北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）。

其他一些国家也采取了类似的政策，如印度、巴西和阿根廷等。

这些国家通过限制进口、保护本国产业和鼓励出口等方式，减少了对国际市场的依赖性，从而更好地控制了自己的经济发展。

脱钩论的争议脱钩论的实践和效果一直备受争议。

一些人认为，脱钩论有助于发展中国家保护自己的经济和政治利益，促进本国产业的发展，并减少对国际市场的依赖性。

但也有一些人认为，脱钩论可能会导致国际贸易和投资的减少，进而影响全球经济的发展。

此外，一些人认为，脱钩论的实践可能会导致发展中国家与发达国家之间的经济差距进一步扩大。

因为发达国家在经济和技术领域拥有更多的资源和优势，他们更容易控制国际市场，而发展中国家则可能会失去与发达国家竞争的机会。

结论总之，脱钩论是一个复杂的经济学术语，涉及到国际贸易、投资和发展等多个领域。

国际贸易专有名词及翻译1.Uneven distribution2. comparative advantage3. absolute advantage.4 cost advantage5 market share6 economies of scale7 labor /capital /tech/resourceintensive economy8 supplying /demanding country1.2.比较优势3绝对优势4.成本优势5.市场份额6 规模经济7劳动/资金/技术/资源密集型经济8供给/需求国9. Foreign/local currency10. Exchange rate11. Target market12.Export license13.Quota14. Cargo flow : import/export /transit trade9. 外/本币10. 汇率11. 目标市场12.出口许可证13. 定量、配额14: （进、出口、过境）贸易15.Credit referencehttp://ponents in a standard format of a price:? A code of currency: USD, CAD,CNY, EUR, GBP(货币代码）? A number indicating（表示）the price unit? A unit for measuring quantity: kg, gr, m/t, yd, set? A certain trade term: FOB, CFR, CIF?Examples:?USD225.30/piece CIF New York?FOB Guangzhou EUR12.80/set?Cost of production（生产成本）?Direct cost（直接成本）: material costs, labour costs, allocation of fixed costs, packing costs, etc.?Administrative costs: overhead经常费用?Cost of sales?Marketing costs: advertising, sales trip expenses, commissions ，intermediary services?Cost of delivery?Warehousing and transporting charge, insurance premium保险费,taxes税收and tariffs征收关税, customs duties （进口税）?Anticipated profit margin（预期利润率）?in an absolute number?in a per centage →profit margin?Capability of target market（目标市场潜力）?Referring to the consumption power（消费能力）, income level, supply and demand relationship需求关系The higher the capitalincome of the targetmarket, the higher the price?Payment terms（付款条件）?The lower the financing charges, the higher the risk of payment ?Other factors to be considered?foreign exchange rates?international market price for similar productspolicies and regulations规章制度in a particular?If FOB price is available–CFR = FOB + Ocean Freight?Ocean freight（海洋运费）–Provided by shipping lines（航运公司）–Quoted as packaged price（组合价格）–Others like “additionals”and “surcharges”（附加费）–CIF If FOB price is available = FOB + Ocean Freight + Insurance Premium?If CFR price is available–CIF = CFR + Insurance Premium?Calculation of Insurance Premium (I)–Based on contract value/invoice value +– A markup（上浮，涨价幅度）(normally 10%) to cover incidental costs（杂费）–Formula: I = CIF x (1+10%) x Premium Rate (R)（保险费率）?Therefore–CIF = CFR + CIF x (1+10%) x Premium Rate (R) or–CIF = CFR / (1 –110% x R)?Conversion of FOB to other prices?CFR = FOB + F–CIF = (FOB + F) / [1 –(1+markup) x R]?Conversion of CFR to other prices–FOB = CFR –F–CIF = CFR / [1 –(1+markup) x R]?Conversion of CIF to other prices–FOB = CIF x [1 –(1+markup) x R] –F–CFR = CIF x [1 –(1+markup) x R]?Net price（净价，实价）= basic costs + profit?Commission–An incentive payment made to the middlepersons for their intermediary services–Expressed in a fixed figure or in a percentage–Examples?CFR London GBP100 per doz, including 2% commission?USD200 per M/T CIFC2% London?CIFC3 Hamburg USD100/set?Two ways of calculating计算commission–based on invoice/contract value? C = contract value x C rate–based on FOB or FCA:?Under such terms as CFR, CIF, C is calculated before F（freight) and I( insurance) are deducted?Formula:– C = price including C (FOB/FCA) x C rate–Net price = price including C (FOB/FCA) –C= price including C x (1- C rate)–Price including C (FOB/FCA) = net price / (1-C rate)–a llocation cost 分摊成本–fixed cost 固定成本–overhead 管理经费–insurance premium保险费–tariff 关税–outlet 甩卖,工厂清仓–Factory price 出厂价–Consumption power 消费能力–Per capita income 个人平均收入–segment 市场细分–Production cost 生产成本–Marketing strategy 营销策略–Sales cost 销售成本–Delivery cost 运送成本–Financing cost 融资成本–anticipated profit 预期利润–terms of payment 付款方式–cost-plus pricing 成本加成定价法–marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价法–buyer based pricing 买方价值定价法competition based pricing 竞争定价法export profit margin28 出口盈亏率export cost for foreign exchang出口换汇成本?break-even point 盈亏平衡点?Local currency 本币?markup 加价，上浮?Face value 票面值，表面价值?premium rate 保险率?net price净价?commission 佣金?discount折扣?Exchange rate汇率?Final price最终价格?total price总价?unfixed price非固定价?money of account计价货币?initial pric 最初价格?Money of payment支付货币?Unit price 单价?Price adjustment clause 价格调整条款?Price including commission含佣价?rebate 减免、退款?wage index工资指数?出现下列一类的词句者，皆为虚盘:?- Without engagement. 不负任何责任。

商检费commodity inspection fee海运费ocean freight集卡运费、短驳费Drayage订舱费booking charge转运费transportation charge污箱费container dirtyness change坏箱费用container damage charge清洁箱费container clearance charge分拨费dispatch charge报关费customs clearance fee操作劳务费labour fee or handling charge商检换单费exchange fee for CIP换单费D/O fee拆箱费De-vanning charge港杂费port sur-charge电放费B/L surrender fee冲关费emergent declearation change海关查验费customs inspection fee提箱费container stuffing charge滞期费demurrage charge滞箱费container detention charge卡车运费cartage fee车上交货FOT ( free on track )电汇手续费T/T fee转境费/过境费I/E bonded charge待时费waiting charge仓储费storage fee改单费amendment charge拼箱服务费LCL service charge动、植检疫费animal & plant quarantine fee移动式其重机费mobile crane charge进出库费warehouse in/out chargePRICE 价格FOB Liner Terms FOB 班轮条款FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed (FOBS) 船上交货并理舱FOB trimmed (FOBT) 船上交货并平舱FOB stowed and trimmed (FOBST) 船上交货并理舱和平舱CFR Liner Terms 贸易术语款CFR Landed CFR 卸到岸上CFR EX Tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR EX Ship’s Hold CFR舱底交货Documents against acceptance (D/A) 承兑交单Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交单Documents against payment after sight (date) 远期付款交单PAYMENT 支付Draft 汇票Draft (bill of exchange) 汇票Trade bill 商业汇票Banker’s draft 银行汇票Clean bill (of exchange) 光票Documentary bill (of exchange) 跟单汇票Draft with (without) recourse 有(无)追索权的汇票Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft (usance draft) 远期汇票To order 空白抬头Blank endorsement 空白背书Discount 贴现Remittance 汇付方式M/T (Mail transfer) 信汇T/T (telegraphic transfer) 电汇D/D (demand draft，remittance by bank’s demand draft) 票汇Check (cheque) 支票Promissory note 本票International postal money order 国际邮政汇票Payment 支付方式Cash payment (cash against documents) 现付Cash on delivery ( 交货付现Cash with order ( 随订单付现Deferred (delayed) payment 延付Dishonour 拒付，退票Payment by installments 分期支付Open account trade ( 记账交易Collection 托收Clean collection (collection on clean bill) 光票托收Documentary collection (collection on documents) 跟单托收Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P after sight 远期付款交单D/A (Documents against acceptance) 承兑交单L/G (letter of guarantee) 银行保证书Payment by banker’s letter of guarantee (payment by banker’s L/G) 凭银行保证书支付L/C (letter of credit)Payment by letter of credit (payment by L/C) 凭信用证支付信用证L/C (letter of credit) 信用证信用证Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证Revocable credit 可撤销信用证Confirmed credit 保兑信用证Unconfirmed credit 未加保兑信用证Documentary credit 跟单信用证Clean credit 光票信用证Acceptance credit 承兑信用证Sight credit 即期信用证Usance (time) credit 远期信用证Transferable credit 可转让信用证Non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证Divisible credit 可分刈信用证Anticipatory credit 预支信用证Red clause credit 红条款，预支信用证Back to back credit 背对背信用证Revolving credit 循环信用证Unrevolving credit 非循环信用证Reciprocal credit 对开信用证Stand-by credit (commercial paper credit，guarantee credit，performance credit) 备用信用证CONTRACT 合同Sales contract (confirmation) 销货合同(确认书)Purchase contract(confirmation) 购货合同(确认书)Confirmation of order 订单确认书Distributorship contract (agreement) 经销合同(协议)Sole distributorship contract (agreement) 独家经销合同(协议)Exclusive (sole) sales contract (agreement) 包销合同(协议)Consignment contract (agreement) 寄售合同(协议)Agency contract (agreement) 代理合同(协议)Time to volume 及时大量生产Time to money 及时大量交货FOUR CONTROL YSTEM 四大管制系统Engineering control system 工程管制系统Quality control system质量管理系统Manufacturing control system生产管制系统Management control system经营管制系统Classification整理(sorting, organization)-seiriRegulation整顿(arrangement, tidiness)-seitonCleanliness清扫(sweeping, purity)-seisoConservation清洁(cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsuCulture教养(discipline)-shitsukeSave 节约Safety安全质量人员名称类QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 质量工程人员质量保证类FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析FQC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收质量水平S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径N Number 样品数其它质量术语类QIT Quality Improvement Team 质量改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 质量改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM Total Quality Management 全面质量管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部门类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制DC Document Center 资料中心QE Quality Engineering 质量工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 质量保证(处)QC Quality Control 质量管理(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部。

“脱钩”的概念最早在20世纪60年代就已经被提出来了。

20世纪末,经济合作与开发组织(OECD)逐步将脱钩理论的概念引入到农业政策发展研究中,并逐步扩展到环境经济等领域上面，“脱钩”(decoupling)的概念指的是在工业发展的进程中,物质能耗总量在工业化发展之初随经济总量的增长而共同增长,但是会在以后某个特定的阶段出现后反向变化,从而实现经济增长的同时物质能耗的下降。

按照单位GDP环境压力降低是否会引起环境压力总量的下降, “脱钩”类型主要可以分为两类:相对脱钩和绝对脱钩。

前者是指在经济发展时,对资源利用以及在对环境压力以一种相对较低的比率增长,也就是说,经济的快速发展,资源利用和环境压力增加的相对较少,主要是由于经济发展和资源利用或者环境压力之间的距离变得越来越大,这就是所谓的“相对脱钩”而绝对脱钩是要是发生在经济发展的过程中资源利用和环境压力的增长率在减小,尽管资源利用的总量变得越来越大。

相对脱钩最先发生，在人为的控制之下将最终转变为绝对脱钩。

从相对脱钩向绝对脱钩转化的点,就是资源/环境的拐点,即倒“U”型曲线的顶点"脱钩指标主要反映驱动力(如GDP的增长)与压力(环境污染)在同一时期的增长弹性变化情况，二者可以看作是对不同脱钩程度的不同描述,在研究中这两种脱钩类型也存在相互转化的关系（如图1所示）。

另外,随着学者们研究的深入细化,脱钩理论体系的逐步形成,脱钩理论就是通过简单的数量关系阐述了经济发展与能源资源环境消耗的内在之间联系,并可以根据面板数据的横向进行比较,从而对区域经济发展和碳排放量的趋势来进行预测,因此获得了广泛的运用。

图1相对脱钩与绝对脱钩关系图“脱钩”状态是可以最终实现的,随着经济的发展,环境压力会在达到一个峰值之后逐渐降低,从而与经济呈现出倒“U”型的关系,实质就是环境库兹涅兹曲线。

然而,在某些情况下,环境的压力在下降一段时间后又会再次上升,即出现了“复钩”状态,因此,需要最终实现绝对脱钩需要一个漫长的过程,是一个反复发展的过程。

装运shipment. loading装上货轮to ship, to load, to take on a ship装运费shipping charges, shipping commission装运单||载货单shipping invoice装运单据shipping documents大副收据mates receipt装船单shipping order提货单delivery order, dandy note装船通知shipping advice包裹收据parcel receipt准装货单shipping permit租船契约charter party租船人charterer程租船||航次租赁voyage charter期租船time charter允许装卸时间lay days, laying days工作日working days连续天数running days, consecutive days滞期费demurrage滞期日数demurrage days速遣费dispatch money空舱费dead freight退关short shipment, goods short shipped, goods shut out, shut-outs 赔偿保证书(信托收据) letter of indemnity, trust receipt装载loading卸货unloading, discharging, landing装运重量shipping weight, in-take-weight卸货重量landing weight压舱ballasting压舱货in ballast舱单manifest船泊登记证书ships certificate of registry航海日记ships log船员名册muster-roll(船员, 乘客)健康证明bill of health光票clean bill不清洁提单foul bill有疑问提单suspected bill包装用语用木箱包装to be cased. to be encased用袋装to be bagged用纸箱包装to be boxed用席包to be matted用捆包to be baled包装费另计casing extra包装费不另计算cased free装箱免费boxed free代费免除bagged free席包免费matted free捆包免费baled free出口用包装packed for export箱外附铁箍cases to be iron-hooped施以铁箍iron-hooping施以铁条iron-banding用绳捆roping鞭打||用藤捆包caning情况良好in good condition. In good order. in good state 情况特别好in excellent condition情况差劲in bad condition呈腐败状况in rotten condition已有发霉现象in musty condition已受潮in wet condition呈干燥状况in dry condition已有破损in damaged condition呈受热状况in heated condition情况不很完整, 有瑕疵in defective condition搬运注意事项小心搬运Handle with care. With care此端向上This side up. This end up请勿用钩Use no hooks. Do not use dog hooks. No hooks不可滚转Don’t turn over不可掉落Don’t drop. Not to be dropped保持干燥Keep dry不可横置Keep flat. Stow level保持直立Stand on end. To be kept upright易腐物品Perishable goods保持冷冻(不可近热) Stow in a cool place。